View source for Gronings dialect

{{Short description|Friso-Saxon dialect group}}
{{Distinguish|text=Groningen Dutch or a Groningen accent which denotes the [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]]/regional variety of [[Dutch language|Standard Dutch]] spoken in the Groningen province}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gronings
| nativename       = ''Grunnegs'', ''Grönnegs''
| states           = [[Netherlands]]: [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], parts in the north and east of [[Drenthe]], the easternmost part of the [[Frisia]]n municipality [[Noardeast-Fryslân]]
| region           = [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|592,000|2}}
| date             = 2003
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4             = [[North Sea Germanic]]
| fam5             = [[Low German]]
| fam6             = [[West Low German]]
| fam7             = [[Northern Low Saxon]]
| nation           = the [[Netherlands]]
| iso3             = gos
| glotto           = gron1242
| glottorefname    = Gronings
| map              = Gronings kaart.png
| mapcaption       = Gronings area (blue) in [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] and [[Drenthe]] provinces
| notice           = IPA
|script=Latin
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Theo speaking Gronings.webm|thumb|A Gronings speaker, recorded in the [[Netherlands]].]]
{{Dutch dialects}}
'''Gronings''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈɣroːnɪŋs|-|Nl-Gronings.ogg}}; {{langx|gos|Grunnegs}} or '''Grönnegs'''), is a collective name for some [[Low Saxon|Low Saxon dialects]] spoken in the province of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] and around the Groningen border in [[Drenthe]] and [[Friesland]]. Gronings and the strongly related [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] in [[East Frisia]] have a strong [[Saterland Frisian language|East Frisian]] influence and take a remarkable position within [[West Low German]]. Its typical accent and vocabulary differ strongly from the other Low Saxon dialects.

== Area ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}
The name ''Gronings'' can almost be defined geographically, as can be seen on the map below. This is especially true for the northern part of Drenthe (number 8 on that map). ''Drents'', spoken in the north of the province of [[Drenthe]] ([[Noordenveld]]) is somewhat related with the Groninger language, but the core linguistics is ''Drents''. For the dialects in the southeast, called ''[[Veenkoloniaals]]'', it is a bit different on both sides of the Groningen-Drenthe border, as the dialect spoken there is much more related to ''Gronings''. In the easternmost part of the [[Friesland|Frisian]] municipality of [[Noardeast-Fryslân]], the western dialect called ''[[Westerkwartiers]]'' is also spoken, as well as a separate Groningen dialect called ''[[Kollumerpompsters]]''. The latter is spoken in the Frisian village of [[Kollumerpomp]] and has more [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] influences, while most Groningen dialects have a strong influence from the [[Saterland Frisian language|East Frisian language]].

== Dialects ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Gronings can be subdivided into eight dialects:

{|style="border:1px solid lightblue; float:left; margin-right:2.5em;"
|style="background-color:steelblue; color:white; text-align:center;" | Subdivision of the Groningen dialects
|-
|[[File:Groninger Dialekte.png|300px|center]]
|-
|Gronings dialects in the provinces <br />of Groningen, Friesland, and Drenthe
|}

#''Kollumerpompsters''
#''Westerkwartiers''
#''Stadjeders''
#''Hogelandsters''
#''Oldambtsters''
#''Westerwolds''
#''Veenkoloniaals''
#''Noord-Drents''

=== Example ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Though there are several differences between the dialects, they form a single dialect group. Most words are written the same way, but the pronunciation can differ. The examples, all using the sentence "The only thing we're not doing is giving out sweets", show the pronunciation.

*''Westerkertiers'': t Eenege dat wie niet doun is slik uutdeeln.
*''Stadsgrunnegs'' (city): t Oinege dat wie noit doun is baaltjes oetdailn.
*''Hoogelaandsters'': t Ainege dat wie nait dudden is slik oetdijln.
*''Westerwoolds'': t Einege dat wie nich dun is slikkerij uutdeiln.
*''Veenkelonioals'': t Ainege wat wie nait dudden is slikke uutduiln.
*[[East Frisian Low Saxon]]: Dat eenzige, dat wi neet doon is Slickeree utdelen.
*[[Northern Low Saxon|North German Low Saxon]]: Dat eenzige, dat wi nich doot, (dat) is Snabbelkraam uutdeeln.
*Standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: Het enige wat we niet doen is snoep uitdelen.
*Standard [[German language|German]]: Das einzige, was wir nicht machen [="was wir nicht ''tun''"], ist Süßigkeiten austeilen.

== Classification ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
There are many uncertainties about the classification and categorization of Gronings. Words used in classifying it are often more political than linguistic, because it encompasses a large group of very differing varieties. Some linguists see it as a variety of [[Low German]], also called ''Nedersaksisch'' in the Netherlands, but there is controversy surrounding whether all the dialects that have been called Low German are similar enough to be placed in one category.

Other linguists, especially in Germany, see Gronings–East Frisian as a separate group of [[German dialects]]. The East Frisian influence, the sounds ''ou'', ''ai'' and ''ui'' and the typical accent are part of that distinction. Other linguists categorize all Gronings–East Frisian dialects as part of North Low German. When that is the case, all the other Low German varieties in the Netherlands are categorized as [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]].

Dutch linguists in particular have classified Gronings as [[Dutch Low Saxon]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}. In this case the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] influence is seen as an essential factor contrasting with the greater influence of [[High German languages]] found in the dialects on the other side of the national border. These influences concern especially the vocabulary: for example the Dutch word "{{lang|nl|voorbeeld}}" is "{{lang|gos|veurbeeld}}" in Gronings, while the East Frisian dialects use ''"biespööl"'', related to the High German word "{{lang|de|beispiel}}". From this point of view the separation is not between Westphalian and Groningen–East Frisian (or North Low Saxon), but rather between Groningen on one side and East Frisian on the other, with the national border also functioning as the linguistic border.

== Origin ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
The Gronings dialects are a kind of mix between two languages: [[Old Frisian]]
([[Saterland Frisian language|East Frisian]]) and Middle Low German. East Frisian was spoken in the ''[[Ommelanden]]'' (surrounding lands of the city of [[Groningen]]), while the city, the surrounding rural area called {{ill|Gorecht|nds-nl|Gerecht (streek)}} and the eastern lordship of [[Westerwolde (region)|Westerwolde]] were Low Saxon. When the city of Groningen developed an important position in the Ommelanden, a switch from East Frisian to Saxon occurred, although it was not a complete switch because there are many East Frisian influences in the "new" Groningen language. Many East Frisian words and grammatic features are still in use today. In less than one century, the same process also started in [[East Frisia]], from the city of Emden, which was influenced by the [[Hanseatic League]]. This explains the strong relation between both varieties.

In the second half of the 16th century Gronings started to evolve towards [[Middle Dutch]] because of the strong influence of the new standard language. But because of the political, geographical and cultural isolation of Groningen, a strong provincialism in the first half of the 19th century caused Gronings to develop itself in a significant way. The sounds that are used today were formed in this period.

== Usage ==
=== Daily life ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Today, according to an investigation among the listeners to the regional broadcasting station (''Radio Noord''), approximately 65% of them can speak and write Gronings. Perhaps, if the larger cities and villages of [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], [[Hoogezand-Sappemeer]], [[Veendam]], [[Stadskanaal]], [[Delfzijl]] and [[Winschoten]] are excluded from this count, the percentage would rise to about 80%. Of course, this is not a representative picture of the linguistic capacity of the inhabitants of Groningen province. Most of the older people use Gronings as their main language. Until the second half of the 20th century, Gronings was more important in Groningen than Dutch. Younger people also speak the language, however in a regiolectical mixed way, because many pure Gronings words are lost. The youngest generation passed to Dutch.
Since the second half of the 20th century, the usage of the language is declining. Because of globalization, other languages like Dutch and English are becoming more important. Parents today choose to raise their children in the Dutch language.

=== Media ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
In the media Gronings is used frequently. For example, on the local radio station ''Radio Noord'', Gronings is used by the presenters and listeners. On local television Gronings is used less, but the [[weather forecast]] is always presented in Gronings. The news is always presented in Dutch, since not all viewers understand Gronings. In the second half of 2007, the local television broadcast a series in Gronings called {{ill|Boven Wotter|nds-nl}}. Another program that is in and about Gronings is ''Grunnegers'', which is actually some kind of education in Gronings.

Examples of Gronings magazines are {{ill|Toal en Taiken|nds-nl}} (language and signs) and {{ill|Krödde|nds-nl}}, which actually means [[cannabis]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

There are many Gronings dictionaries as well. The first official dictionary was the "Nieuw Groninger Woordenboek" and was put together by [[Kornelis ter Laan]]. This dictionary and the writing system used in the book became the basics of each dictionary and writing system ever since.

More recent is "Zakwoordenboek Gronings – Nederlands / Nederlands – Gronings" by {{ill|Siemon Reker|nl}}, which is a little less specific. [[K. G. Pieterman]] wrote a dictionary of Gronings [[alliteration]]s which is titled ''Gezondhaid en Groutnis'' (sanity and greetings).

=== Education and culture ===
Although Gronings, as part of Low Saxon, is an official language, it is not a mandatory subject in schools. Still, many primary schools in Groningen choose to give attention to the regional language. This attention varies from inviting storytellers to teaching about the language. In secondary schools Gronings does not receive much attention.

At the [[University of Groningen]] it is possible to study the language. In October 2007 Gronings became an official study within the faculty of ''letteren'' (language and literature).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Another possible way to learn Gronings is taking classes. In the last few years the trend of people taking courses has risen. More and more people, also people from outside who come to live in the area in which Gronings is spoken, are interested in the language and are willing to take courses. There are two types of courses. The first one is understanding and the second one is understanding and speaking.

Every year around March Het Huis van de Groninger Cultuur ([[English language|English]]: House of the Groningen Culture) organises a writing contest in every municipality in Groningen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pervinzioale Schriefwedstried|url=https://www.huisvandegroningercultuur.nl/activiteiten/pervinzioale-schriefwedstried-2/|website=Huis van de Groninger Cultuur|access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> Everyone can participate and send in a poem or some prose. The winners of the different ages succeed to the provincial round.

=== Music ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Notable Groningen musical artists include Wia Buze, Alje van Bolhuis, Alex Vissering, Eltje Doddema, Pé Daalemmer & Rooie Rinus, Burdy, Wat Aans!, Hail Gewoon, Erwin de Vries, and [[Ede Staal]] (†). Every year the supply of successful artists in regional languages in the Netherlands is rising.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== Frisian substratum ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Some linguists classify Gronings to North Low Saxon, to which also [[East Frisian Low Saxon]] belongs. Both related dialects are characterized by an East Frisian influence. Hence other linguists classify Gronings-East Frisian as a separate group of Northwest Low Saxon or Friso-Saxon dialects. The most important similarities are grammar features and the vocabulary. The most important differences are the writing system and the loanwords. The East Frisian writing system is based on High German while Gronings uses many Dutch features. For example, the word for “ice skate” is in Gronings “scheuvel” and in East Frisian “Schöfel”, while the pronunciation is almost alike. Here are a few examples of words compared to West Frisian, East Frisian Low Saxon, German, Dutch and English.

{|
| '''[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]'''
| '''[[East Frisian Low Saxon]]'''
| '''Gronings'''
| '''[[Standard German|German]]'''
| '''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]'''
| '''[[English language|English]]'''
|-
| Reed
| Schöfel
| Scheuvel
| Schlittschuh
| Schaats
| Ice skate
|-
| Lyts
| Lüttje
| Lutje
| Klein
| Klein or Luttel
| Little
|-
| Foarbyld
| Bispööl/Bispill
| Veurbeeld
| Beispiel
| Voorbeeld
| Example
|-
|Bloet
|Bloot/Blood [blaʊt]
|Bloud
|Blut
|Bloed
|Blood
|}

The East Frisian combination oo (for example in ''Bloot/Blood'' = blood) is pronounced like ow in the English word “now” ([aʊ]) (''[blaʊt]''; Gronings: ''blowd''). In some parts of the [[Rheiderland]] they say ''blyowt'', which is a leftover of Frisian in this area. The East Frisian combination aa (for example in ''quaad'') is pronounced like a in the British English word “water” ([ɔː]). In Gronings this sound is written like oa. The word water would be written like “woatah” in Gronings. The pronunciation of the word “quaad” is similar to the Gronings word “kwoad”, which means “angry”. The East Frisian combination ee and eei (for example in ''neet'') are pronounced like the y in the English word “fly” ([aɪ]) (''[naɪt]''; Gronings: ''nyt'')*.

== Linguistic distance from Standard Dutch ==
After [[Limburgish]], Gronings is the dialect with the farthest distance from Standard Dutch. Reasons for this are vocabulary and pronunciation. The Gronings vocabulary is quite different from Dutch, for example:

:Gronings: ''Doe hest n hail ìnde luu dij scheuvellopen kinnen'', {{small|pronounced:}} {{IPA|[du‿ɛst‿n̩ ɦaɪ̯l‿ɪndə ly daɪ̯‿sχøːvəloːʔm̩ kɪnː]}}
:Dutch: ''Jij hebt heel veel werknemers (werklui) die kunnen schaatsen'', {{small|pronounced:}} {{IPA|nl|jə ˈɦɛpt ˈɦeːl veːl ˈʋɛr(ə)kˌneːmərs ti ˈkʏnə(n) ˈsxaːtsə(n)|}}
:English: ''You have a lot of employees who can ice skate''

The pronunciation differs from the writing system. The -en ending of many words is pronounced like (ə or ən) in most varieties of [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. In Gronings and many other [[Low German|Low Saxon]] dialects these words are pronounced with a [[glottal stop]], thus making the words ending in {{IPA|[ʔŋ]}}, {{IPA|[ʔn]}} or {{IPA|[ʔm]}}.
The Groningen people speak quite fast compared to the Dutch people, with the result that a lot of words are pronounced together as one word.

Gronings is also a dialect with many unique expressions. One third of the language consists of these expressions. In the example sentence ''n hail ìnde'' is an example of those expressions. Many of these are given in the 'Nieuwe Groninger Woordenboek' by K. ter Laan published in 1977, (1280pp).

Because of this far distance from Standard Dutch and the official status of the neighbouring [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]], Gronings is considered as a separate language by some of its native speakers, while linguists consider it part of [[Dutch Low Saxon]].

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|({{IPA link|ɡ}})
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|χ}}
|({{IPA link|h}})
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

* /{{IPA link|ʋ}}/ occurring before and after rounded vowels is pronounced as a labio-velar approximant {{IPAblink|w}}.
*/{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ only occurs in the word-medial position.
*/{{IPA link|ɦ}}/ may also be heard as voiceless [{{IPA link|h}}] in free variation.
*Other word-final consonants occur as syllabic, as a variant of a schwa sound /{{IPA|ə}}/ before a consonant (e.g. [{{IPA|əl}}] ~ [{{IPA|l̩}}]).<ref name=":0" />

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
! colspan="2" |[[Roundedness|<small>unrounded</small>]]
! colspan="2" |[[Roundedness|<small>rounded</small>]]
|-
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
!<small>short</small>
!<small>long</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPA link|y}}
|{{IPA link|yː}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPA link|ʏ}}
|{{IPA link|øː}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
|{{IPA link|œ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ̝ː|ɔː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Diphthongs
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|ɛi}}
|{{IPA|œy}}
|{{IPA|ɔu}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɑi}}
|}

* The starting point of {{IPA|/ɑi/}} varies from back {{IPAblink|ɑ}} to front {{IPAblink|æ}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Veldman|first=Fokko|title=De taal van Westerwolde: Patronen en structuren in een Gronings dialect|publisher=University of Groningen|year=1992}}</ref>

== Example ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
'''Lord’s Prayer'''
:Os Voader in Hemel, ''(litt. Our Father in Heaven)''
:dat Joen Noam haailegd worden zel, ''(litt. May Thy name be hallowed)''
:dat Joen Keunenkriek kommen mag, ''(litt. May Thy kingdom come)''
:dat Joen wil doan wordt ''(litt. May Thy will be done)''
:op Eerd net as in hemel. ''(litt. On earth, like in heaven)''
:t Stoet doar wie verlet om hebben ''(litt. The bread we need so badly)''
:geef os dat vandoag, ''(litt. give it to us today)''
:en reken os nait tou wat wie verkeerd doun, ''(litt. And do not blame us for the things we do wrong)''
:net zo as wie vergeven elk dij os wat aandut. ''(litt. As we forgive those who trespass against us)''
:En breng os nait in verlaaiden, ''(litt. And lead us not into temptation)''
:mor wil van verlaaider ons verlözzen. ''(litt. But deliver us from the tempter)''
:Den Joe binnen t Keunenkriek, ''(litt. Because Thou art the kingdom)''
:de Kracht en de Heerlekhaid. ''(litt. the Power and the Glory)''
:Veur in aiweghaid. ''(litt. For eternity)''
:Amen

== Vocabulary ==
The Gronings vocabulary is strongly related to East Frisian Low Saxon, Saterfrisian and West Frisian. However, today the Gronings vocabulary is in decline. More and more Gronings words are being replaced by Dutch words that have been "Groningized". For example, the word "stevel" (boot, German "Stiefel") is sometimes replaced by the word "leers" (Dutch "laars"). Although most people do know the Gronings words, they are less and less used, for example because people think others will not understand them or because they are too long and the Dutch word is much easier. An example of the latter is the word for sock, which is "Hozevörrel" in Gronings. The Dutch word "sok" is much easier, so it is more often used than hozevörrel.

Some often used Gronings words are listed below:

{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
|- style="background: #efefef;"
! width="20%" |Gronings
! width="20%" |Dutch
! width="20%" |English
|-
|aingoal
|voortdurend
|continuously
|-
|aine
|iemand
|someone
|-
|akkenail
|dakkapel
|dormer
|-
|beune
|zolder
|loft
|-
|boksem
|broek
|trousers
|-
|bolle
|stier
|bull
|-
|boudel
|boel; toestand
|mess
|-
|bözzem
|schoorsteenmantel
|mantelpiece
|-
|dammit
|zometeen
|right away
|-
|edik
|azijn
|vinegar
|-
|eelsk
|verwaand; aanstellerig
|affected
|-
|eerdappel/eerpel
|aardappel
|potato
|-
|elkenain
|iedereen
|everyone
|-
|gounend
|een aantal (mensen)
|some (people)
|-
|hounder; tuten
|kippen
|chickens
|-
|hupzelen
|bretels
|braces (AmE suspenders)
|-
|jeuzeln
|zeuren; janken
|to nag
|-
|jirre
|vies water
|dirty liquid
|-
|graimen, klaaien
|morsen
|to make grimy
|-
|kloede
|klont; dik persoon
|lump; fat person
|-
|koare
|kruiwagen
|wheelbarrow
|-
|kopstubber
|ragebol
|round ceiling mop
|-
|kribben
|ruzie maken
|to wrangle
|-
|krudoorns
|kruisbessen
|gooseberry
|-
|leeg
|laag
|low
|-
|liepen
|huilen
|crying
|-
|loug
|dorp
|village
|-
|lutje
|klein; luttel
|little
|-
|mishottjen
|mislukken
|to fail
|-
|mous
|boerenkool
|kale
|-
|mug
|vlieg
|housefly
|-
|neefie
|mug
|mosquito
|-
|"Om toch!"
|"Daarom!" (nietszeggend antwoord op vraag met "waarom")
|"Because I say so!" (meaningless answer to a "why" question)
|-
|opoe
|oma
|grandmother
|-
|poeppetoon; Woalse boon
|tuinbonen
|broad bean; fava bean
|-
|puut
|(plastic) zak
|(plastic) bag
|-
|plof(fiets)
|brommer
|moped (motorized bicycle)
|-
|rebait
|rode biet
|(red) beet
|-
|raive
|gereedschap
|tools
|-
|schraaien
|huilen
|to weep
|-
|siepel
|ui
|onion
|-
|sikkom
|bijna
|around
|-
|slaif
|pollepel
|ladle
|-
|slik
|snoep
|sweets (AmE candy)
|-
|slim
|erg
|very badly
|-
|smok
|zoen
|kiss
|-
|spèren; spijen
|braken; spugen
|vomiting; spewing
|-
|stoer
|moeilijk
|difficult
|-
|steekruif
|koolraap
|turnip
|-
|riepe
|stoep
|pavement (AmE sidewalk)
|-
|verlet hebben van
|nodig hebben
|to need (badly)
|-
|vernaggeln
|vernielen
|to demolish
|-
|weg; vot
|vandaan
|from (as in "Where do you come from?")
|-
|wicht
|meisje
|girl
|-
|wied
|ver
|far
|-
|zedel
|folder
|leaflet
|}

== References ==
{{InterWiki|code=nds-nl}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Reker
|first=Siemon
|chapter=Groningen
|editor-last1=Kruijsen
|editor-first1=Joep
|editor-last2=van der Sijs
|editor-first2=Nicoline
|title=Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
|publisher=Uitgeverij Contact
|date=1999
|pages=25–36
|url=http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.dideldom.com/ www.dideldom.com]
*[http://www.sillius.nl/groningana/ Groningana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090130043024/http://grunnegertoal.nl/cursussen/ Kursus Grunnegs] Course in Gronings
*[http://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gronings Kursus Grunnegs] Course in Gronings on line
*Press release [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujY9P7hQjAg  Simon Reker has become Regular Chairholder for Gronings at Groningen University] [[YouTube]]
*Press release [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gzSfZ7FUE0&feature=PlayList&p=82762389B59B1A86&index=19 New teaching materials for younger pupils] YouTube
*[http://www.sillius.nl/groningana/groningsvoorbeginners.html#hebben Gronings for beginners]

{{Languages of the Benelux}}
{{Germanic languages}}
{{Frisian languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Northern Low Saxon dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Frisian languages]]
[[Category:Culture of Drenthe]]
[[Category:Culture of Friesland]]
[[Category:Culture of Groningen (province)]]
[[Category:Noardeast-Fryslân]]