View source for Green Hackworth

{{Short description|American jurist (1883-1973)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Green Hackworth
| office              = Judge of the [[International Court of Justice]]
| term_start          = 1946
| term_end            = 1961
| predecessor         = Seat established
| successor           = [[Philip Jessup]]
| office2             = President of the [[International Court of Justice]]
| term_start2         = 1955
| term_end2           = 1958
| predecessor2        = [[Arnold McNair]]
| successor2          = [[Helge Klaestad]]
| office3             = 1st [[Legal Adviser of the Department of State|Legal Adviser to the Department of State]]
| president3          = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br>[[Harry S. Truman]]
| term_start3         = July 1, 1931
| term_end3           = March 1, 1946
| predecessor3        = Position established
| successor3          = [[Charles Fahy]]
| birth_name          = Green Haywood Hackworth
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1883|1|23}}
| birth_place         = [[Prestonsburg, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1973|6|24|1883|1|23}}
| death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| education           = [[Valparaiso University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Kentucky]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])<br>[[George Washington University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
}}
'''Green Haywood Hackworth''' (Prestonsburg, Kentucky, January 23, 1883 – [[Washington, DC]], June 24, 1973) was an American [[jurist]] who served as the first U.S. judge on the [[International Court of Justice]], as President of the International Court of Justice, as the longest running Legal Adviser to the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] (1925 -1946) and as a member of Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]]'s inner circle of advisers.<ref name="FDR1">Hoopes, Townsend & Brinkley, Douglas. ''FDR & The Creation of the U.N.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. p.112. Print.</ref>  Hackworth was instrumental in the development of plans for the post World War II world order and was a key member of the U.S. delegation to the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] (1944).<ref name="Dumboaks1a">Hilderbrand, Robert C. ''Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security'',  Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. p.18. Print.</ref> He served as a member of the [[Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy]] (1942), as a member of Post War Programs Committee (1944) and as Chairman of the Committee of Jurists that drafted the initial statutes for the [[International Court of Justice]] (1945).<ref name="FDR1"/> Hackworth also represented the U.S. Delegation on Committee IV at the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] where the articles in the [[United Nations Charter]] pertaining to the International Court of Justice were finalized.<ref name="Amjournal92">Whiteman, Marjorie M.  "Green Haywood Hackworth: 1883 - 1973"  ''The American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan., 1974) p.92.</ref>

==Early life and education==

Green Haywood Hackworth was born in [[Prestonsburg, Kentucky|Prestonburg]]  Kentucky and his youth was spent in the area of the [[Big Sandy River (Ohio River)|Big Sandy River]].  He received a B.A. degree from [[Valparaiso University]], a [[Juris Doctor]] degree from the [[University of Kentucky]] and an [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] degree from [[George Washington University]].<ref name="Amjournal1">Whiteman, Marjorie M.  "Green Haywood Hackworth: 1883 - 1973" ''The American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan., 1974) p.91.</ref> In 1916, after completion of his legal studies, Hackworth secured a job as a law clerk with the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] and in 1918 was promoted to Assistant Solicitor within the department.  Although a Democrat, Hackworth was chosen in 1925 by Republican U.S. Secretary of State [[Charles Evans Hughes]], for nomination by the President and subsequent approval by the Senate to become Solicitor of the Department of State.<ref name="Amjournal1"/>

==Legal Adviser to the U.S. Department of State==

As the longest running [[Legal Adviser of the Department of State]], Hackworth was relied upon for legal advice by five successive U.S. Secretaries of States: [[Charles Evans Hughes]], [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[Henry L. Stimson]], [[Cordell Hull]] and [[Edward Stettinius Jr.|Edward Stettinius Jr]].  Hackworth was noted for being a skilled legal draftsman concerning the area of treaty provisions and was a perforce in matters involving the U.S. and its foreign relations from the period of U.S. neutrality to the country's entry into [[World War II]]. He provided advice to the U.S. President, the [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]], members of congress and other departments within the U.S. State Department. As Legal Adviser to the Department of State, Hackworth represented the U.S Government before the International Joint Commission formed by the United States and Canada under the [[Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909|Boundary Waters treaty of 1909]].  He was a U.S. delegate in 1930 to the [[League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|First Conference for the Codification of International Law]], held at the Hague under the auspices of the [[League of Nations]].  Hackworth participated in the [[Pan-American Conference|8th Conference of American States]] (1939) held in Lima, in the 8th Scientific Congress of American States (1940), and in the Inter-American Maritime Conference (1941).  Following the outbreak of war in Europe, Hackworth served as Adviser to Secretary of State Hull at the 2nd Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics (1941) held in Havana.<ref name="Amjournal92"/>

=== World War Two ===
On Sunday 7 December 1941, Hackworth was in conclave with Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull|Hull]] at the State Department prior to a scheduled meeting with Japanese ambassadors [[Kichisaburo Nomura]] and [[Saburo Kurusu]], when at 1:30pm President Roosevelt called to inform Hull of the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor]].  Hull consulted with Hackworth and Joseph Ballentine, a State Department expert on the Far East, on whether or not to see the waiting Japanese diplomats.<ref name="pearl1">Greaves Jr., Percy L. 2010  ''Pearl Harbor: The Seeds and Fruits of Infamy''  Auburn: Mises Institute, 2010 p.324.</ref>  After seeing and then dismissing the diplomats, Hull met with President Roosevelt and then later again with Hackworth where the two discussed the drafting of a proclamation of war between Japan and the United States.  As World War II progressed, Hackworth advised Secretary Hull, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]], Special (now White House) Counsel [[Samuel Irving Rosenman|Samuel Rosenman]], and numerous agencies within the government.  His role was to consider legal developments in the laws of war, laws of neutrality, laws of belligerency, and the effects of these laws upon the U.S. and other countries.  In 1943, Hackworth served as an adviser to Secretary Hull at the [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]].  In 1945 he served as Adviser to Secretary of State [[Edward Stettinius]] at the Conference of American States on Problems of War and Peace, held in Mexico City.<ref name="Amjournal1" />

===Post War Planning===

In February 1942, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull organized the [[Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy]] which was followed by the Special Subcommittee on International Organization<ref name="Dumboaks1a"/> of which Hackworth was an integral part.  The subcommittee prepared draft proposals that helped clarify the State Department's vague views on a postwar organization.  In over 40 meetings in 1943, the Special Subcommittee on International Organization made intensive studies of key issues upon which any plans for a future world organization would pivot.<ref name="Dumboaks1a"/> In March 1943, Hull formed the Informal Political Agenda Group which was composed of Hackworth, [[Edward R. Stettinius]], and other members of Hull's inner circle.  This group championed a ''global'' organization, as opposed to Undersecretary of State [[Sumner Welles]]' vision of a regional post war system.  In December 1943, the group prepared and delivered to President Roosevelt a detailed post-war plan that became the founding framework of the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Architects1">Hearden, Patrick J. ''Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order During World War II'' Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002. p.165. Print.</ref> After President Roosevelt approved an outline of the plan, Hull created The Policy Committee and the Post War Programs Committee, composed of Hackworth and other close advisers from the previously established Informal Political Agenda Group, to implement the vision of a United Nations.<ref name="FDR1"/>

===Dumbarton Oaks Conference===
Prior to the Dumbarton Oaks conference, the State Department originated the American Planning Group for preparation. This group was divided into three sections and each section was responsible for a different topic that was to be addressed at Dumbarton Oaks.<ref name="Dumboaks1">Hilderbrand, Robert C. ''Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. p.72.</ref>  Hackworth headed the second group charged with studying arrangements for the peaceful settlements of international disputes and the development of a world court.  At the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]], Hackworth chaired a special legal subcommittee that was established to deal with the issue of a world court.  The subcommittee used as a base the American draft statute that Hackworth's section had developed prior to the conference.<ref name="Dumboaks1b">Hilderbrand, Robert C. ''Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. p.116.</ref> The subcommittee first dealt with the technically complex issue of whether or not the present court should be continued or a new court established and also what the relationship should be of the new court with the new international organization.  Hackworth championed the American's view that retaining as much of the existing court statutes as possible should be preferred.  However, the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] strongly opposed the continuing membership of certain neutral states in the world court and favored the creation of a new tribunal.  This dispute and others over the world court were settled at the general [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|U.N. Conference at San Francisco]] where Hackworth represented the U.S. on Committee IV, which was tasked with finalizing statutes for the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref name="Dumboaks1"/>

==International Court of Justice==

Hackworth was nominated by three former U.S. Secretaries of State for an initial six-year term on the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which he commenced in 1946.  He was subsequently elected to a full nine-year term in 1951.  In 1955, he began a three-year term as President of the International Court of Justice, succeeding [[Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair|Sir Arnold McNair]] of Great Britain.  

During his tenure on the Court, Hackworth participated in the adjudication of some 19 contentious cases, and the Court handed down some 10 advisory opinions.  Due to Hackworth's experience as a legal draftsman, the task of consolidating views of Court members was frequently assigned to him.

===Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations===

In the case ''Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations'', Hackworth disagreed with the Court in its interpretation of the implied powers doctrine and in his dissent maintained that, "powers not expressed cannot freely be implied.  Implied powers flow from a grant of express powers, and are limited by those that are 'necessary' to the exercise of powers expressly granted."  He disagreed with the majority in that he felt that the majority used an unduly wide version of the implied powers doctrine by relating the power to be implied not to an express provision but rather to the functions and objectives of the organization concerned.<ref name="fry1">Fry, James D. ''Legal Resolution of Nuclear Non - Proliferation Disputes'' U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2013. p.69.</ref>

=== International Court of Justice Rulings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 92%;"
|-
! Case #
! Case name
! ICJ Category
! Challenger
! Defendant
! Date of application
! Date of disposition
! Disposition
! Opinion
! Appendment
|-
| 1 ||[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223014817/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/1/1499.pdf] ''[[Corfu Channel Case]]'' 
||Contentious
||  {{flag|UK}}
||  {{ALB}} 
||  {{dts|22 May 1947}}<ref>“Corfu Channel Case”.[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/1/1499.pdf Application] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830053538/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/1/1499.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}. 22 May 1947</ref>
||  {{dts|9 April 1949}} “Corfu Channel Case”.[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/1/001-19490409-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf Judgement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010811/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/1/001-19490409-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}
|| Majority
|| None
|-
| 2 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118173322/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/3/10813.pdf]'' [Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations]'' ||Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
|| {{dts|24 November 1947}} ||  {{dts|9 April 1949}}
|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118173322/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/3/10813.pdf] Opinion on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
| 3 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20140227010139/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/4/10815.pdf] [Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations]
||Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|7 December 1948}} 
||  {{dts|11 April 1949}} 
|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20140223014817/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/1/1499.pdf] Opinion on Merits
||Q1a: Majority<br>Q1b: Dissenting
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/4/1843.pdf] Dissenting Opinion 
|-
|4 || [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/10817.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011622/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/10817.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[[Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway)|Fisheries Case]]''
||Contentious
|| {{flag|UK}}
||  {{NOR}}
||  {{dts|28 September 1949}}<ref>“Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway)”. [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/10817.pdf Application] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011622/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/10817.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}. 28 September 1949</ref>
||  {{dts|18 December 1951}}<ref>“Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway)”. [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/005-19511218-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010452/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/005-19511218-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf|date=2017-08-30}}. 18 December 1951]</ref>
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/005-19511218-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010452/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/5/005-19511218-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
| 5 || [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/7/007-19491015-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718082607/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/7/007-19491015-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-18 }}  ''[[Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru)|Asylum Case]]'' 
||Contentious
||  {{COL}} 
||  {{PER}} 
||  {{dts|15 October 1949}} 
||  {{dts|20 November 1950}} 
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/7/007-19501120-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718083926/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/7/007-19501120-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-18 }} Judgment on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
| 6 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203325/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/8/8915.pdf] ''[Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania]'' || Advisory || colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|31 October 1949}} 
||  {{dts|18 July 1950}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/8/1865.pdf] Opinion on Merits <br> [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/8/1877.pdf]
||Majority
||None
|-
| 7 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122107/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/9/8923.pdf] ''[Competence of the U.N. General Assembly]''||Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]

||  {{dts|28 November 1949}} 
||  {{dts|3 March 1950}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/9/1885.pdf] Opinion on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
|8 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152842/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/10/8931.pdf] ''[International Status of South West Africa]''|| Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|27 December 1949}}
||  {{dts|11 July 1950}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/10/1893.pdf] Opinion on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
|9|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/11/011-19501028-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011711/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/11/011-19501028-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco]''
|| Contentious
||  {{FRA}} 
||  {{USA}}
||  {{dts|28 October 1950}}
||  {{dts|27 August 1952}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/11/011-19520827-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011856/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/11/011-19520827-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits
||Dissenting
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/11/1931.pdf]  Dissenting Opinion (joint)
|-
|10|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161312/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/12/10855.pdf] ''[[Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]''||Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|20 November 1950}} 
||  {{dts|28 May 1951}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/12/4285.pdf] Opinion on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
|11 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042415/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/13/10819.pdf] ''[[Asylum case|Request for Interpretation in the Asylum Case]]'' 
|| Contentious
||  {{COL}} 
||  {{PER}} 
||  {{dts|20 November 1950}} 
||  {{dts|27 November 1950}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/13/013-19501127-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf]  Judgment on Admissibility
||Majority
|| None
|-
|12|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/14/014-19501213-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718094717/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/14/014-19501213-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-18 }} ''[[Haya de la Torre]]''
|| Contentious
||  {{COL}} 
||  {{PER}}
||  {{dts|13 December 1950}} 
||  {{dts|13 June 1951}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/14/014-19510613-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] Judgment on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
|13|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/15/015-19510409-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830054445/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/15/015-19510409-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[[Ambatielos Case (Greece v. United Kingdom)|Ambatielos Case]]''
||Contentious
||  {{GRC}} 
||  {{flag|UK}} 
||  {{dts|9 April 1951}} 
||  {{dts|19 May 1953}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/15/015-19530519-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010923/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/15/015-19530519-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits <br> [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/15/1967.pdf]
||Majority
|| None
|-
|14||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/16/016-19510526-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010858/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/16/016-19510526-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[[Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.(United Kingdom v. Iran)|Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.]]''
||Contentious
||  {{GBR}} 
||  {{IRN}}
||  {{dts|26 May 1951}} 
||  {{dts|22 July 1952}}
||  [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/16/016-19520722-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011339/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/16/016-19520722-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Jurisdiction
|| Dissenting
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/16/2005.pdf] Dissenting Opinion (joint)
|-
|15||[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202630/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/17/8993.pdf] ''[[Minquiers and Ecrehos Case (France v. United Kingdom)|Minquiers and Ecrehos Case]]''
||Contentious
||  {{FRA}} 
||  {{flag|UK}}
||  {{dts|5 December 1951}} 
||  {{dts|17 November 1953}} 
||[https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011839/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/17/017-19531117-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf]  Judgment on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
|16||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/18/018-19511217-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011943/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/18/018-19511217-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[[Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala)|Nottebohm Case]]''
||Contentious
||  {{LIE}} 
||  {{GUA}} 
||  {{dts|17 December 1951}} 
||  {{dts|6 April 1955}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/18/018-19550406-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010514/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/18/018-19550406-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits <br>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/18/2676.pdf]
||Majority
||None
|-
|17||[https://web.archive.org/web/20150118174042/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/19/10707.pdf] '' [[Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 case|Monetary (Nazi) Gold Removed from Rome in 1943]]''
|| Contentious
||  {{ITA}} 
||  {{FRA}} <br> {{flag|UK}}<br> {{USA}}
||  {{dts|19 May 1953}}
||  {{dts|15 June 1954}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/19/019-19540615-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] Judgment on Jurisdiction
|| Majority
|| None
|-
|18||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/20/020-19530815-APP-1-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830053528/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/20/020-19530815-APP-1-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}.''[Electricite de Beyrouth Company Case]''
|| Contentious
||  {{FRA}} 
||  {{LBN}} 
||  {{dts|15 August 1953}} 
||  {{dts|29 July 1954}} 
||  Case Dismissed
|| N/A
|| N/A
|-
|19|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118174609/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/21/9033.pdf] [Compensation Made by the United Nations Administrative Tribunal]||Advisory || colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|21 December 1953}}
||  {{dts|13 July 1954}}
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/21/2125.pdf] Opinion on Merits 
|| Dissenting
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/21/2131.pdf] Dissenting Opinion
|-
|20||[https://web.archive.org/web/20150118173411/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/24/9047.pdf]'' [Voting Procedure - South West Africa]'' ||Advisory|| colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]]
||  {{dts|6 December 1954}} 
||  {{dts|7 June 1955}}
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/21/2125.pdf] Opinion on Merits
|| None
|| None
|-
| 21||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/29/10825.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010553/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/29/10825.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[Certain Norwegian Loans]''
||Contentious
||  {{FRA}}
||  {{NOR}}
||  {{dts|6 July 1955}} 
||  {{dts|6 July 1957}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/29/029-19570706-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830054354/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/29/029-19570706-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
|22
| JUDGMENTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION UPON COMPLAINTS MADE AGAINST UNESCO, Advisory Opinion of 23 October 1956: ICJ Reports 1956, p 77|| Advisory
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|UN}} [[UNESCO]]
||  {{dts|2 December 1955}}
|| {{dts|23 October 1956}}
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/30/2189.pdf] Opinion on Merits
|| Dissenting
|[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/30/2197.pdf] Dissenting Opinion
|-
|23|| [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094904/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/31/9099.pdf]  ''[Admissibility of Hearings - South West Africa]''|| Advisory || colspan="2" | {{flagicon|UN}} [[UN General Assembly]] 
||  {{dts|19 December 1955}}
||  {{dts|1 June 1956}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/31/5503.pdf] Opinion on Merits
|| Majority
|| None
|-
| 24|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/32/9107.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719074305/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/32/9107.pdf |date=2017-07-19 }}'' [Right of Passage over Indian Territory]''
||Contentious
||  {{PRT}}
||  {{IND}}
||  22 December 1955
||  {{dts|12 April 1960}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/32/032-19600412-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719083446/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/32/032-19600412-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-19 }} Judgment on Merits<br> [https://web.archive.org/web/20111222171240/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4523.pdf]
||Majority
||None
|-
| 25||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/33/10705.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830053714/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/33/10705.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} ''[[Boll case|Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants]]'' 
||Contentious
||  {{NLD}}
||  {{SWE}}
||  {{dts|10 July 1957}}
||  {{dts|28 November 1958}} 
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/33/033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011305/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/33/033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
| 26|| [http: / www.icj-cij.org files case-related 34 10823.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719044528/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/34/10823.pdf |date=2017-07-19 }} ''[Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States) |Interhandel Case]
||Contentious
||  {{CHE}}
||  {{USA}}
||  {{dts|2 October 1957}} 
||  {{dts|21 March 1959}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/34/034-19590321-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719045345/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/34/034-19590321-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-19 }} Judgment on Jurisdiction <br>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/34/2299.pdf]
|| Majority
||[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/34/2301.pdf] Separate Opinion
|-
|  27||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/35/9135.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011040/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/35/9135.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}'' [[El Al Flight 402|Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria)]]''
||Contentious
||  {{ISR}}
||  {{BUL}}
||  {{dts|16 October 1957}}
||  {{dts|26 May 1959}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/35/035-19590526-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011029/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/35/035-19590526-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }} Judgment on Jurisdiction
||Majority
||None
|-
| 28||[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111182459/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/38/9155.pdf]''[Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land]''
||Contentious
||  {{BEL}}
||  {{NLD}}
||  {{dts|27 November 1957}} 
||  {{dts|20 June 1959}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/38/038-19590620-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] Judgment on Merits
||Majority
||None
|-
| 29||[http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/39/9171.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718042723/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/39/9171.pdf |date=2017-07-18 }}  ''[Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906]''
||Contentious
||  {{HON}}
||  {{NIC}}
||  {{dts|1 July 1958}} 
||  {{dts|18 November 1960}} 
|| [http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/39/039-19601118-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718044908/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/39/039-19601118-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf |date=2017-07-18 }} Judgment on Merits
||Majority
||None
|}

==Positions==

1916 - Law Clerk, U.S. Department of State<br>
1918 - Assistant Solicitor, U.S. Department of State<br>
1925 - Solicitor of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State,<br>
1931 - Legal Adviser of the Dept. of State, U.S. Department of State<br> 
1930 - Member of U.S. Delegation, [[League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|Conference on the Codification of International Law]] <br>
1939 - Adviser to U.S. Secretary of State, Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics <br>
1940 - Member of U.S. Delegation, Conference of American States <br>
1943 - Member of U.S. Delegation, [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]] <br>
1944 - Member of U.S. Delegation, [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] <br>
1945 - Chairman, Committee of Jurists for Drafting Statutes of the International Court of Justice <br>
1945 - Adviser to US. Delegation, [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|San Francisco Conference on International Organization of the United Nations]]  <br>
1946 - U.S. Judge, International Court of Justice

==Associations==
*Council on Foreign Relations
*District of Columbia Bar
*U.S. Supreme Court Bar
*Permanent Court of Arbitration
*American Society of International Law

==Publications==
*"Digest of International Law" 1940-1944 (eight volumes)

==See also==
*[[Marjorie M. Whiteman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Cox, Graham 2019 ''Seeking'' ''Justice for the Holocaust: Herbert C. Pell, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Limits of International Law'' University of Oklahoma Press. 
*Pomerance, Michla 1996 '' The United States and the World Court As a 'Supreme Court of the Nations''' Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
*Simpson, Christopher 1995  ''The Splendid Blond Beast: Money, Law, and Genocide in the Twentieth Century'', Common Courage Press .

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hackworth, Green}}
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Valparaiso University alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Court of Justice]]
[[Category:American judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:20th-century American judges]]
[[Category:International Court of Justice judges]]