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{{Short description|Period of Finnish history from 1714 to 1721}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=hist}}
{{Campaignbox Great Northern War}}

[[File:Koivu ja Tahti Muhos 2006 08 26.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial stone for the Great Wrath in [[Muhos]], Finland]]
The '''Great Wrath''' ({{langx|fi|isoviha|lit=the great wrath/hostility}}, in contemporary sources: {{lang|fi|venäläisen ylivallan aika}}, {{lit|era of Russian domination/supremacy}}; {{langx|sv|Den Stora Ofreden|lit=The Great Unrest}}) was a period of [[Finnish history]] dominated by the Russian invasion and subsequent military occupation of [[Finland under Swedish rule|Finland]], then part of the [[Swedish Empire]], from 1714 until the [[Treaty of Nystad]] (1721), which ended the [[Great Northern War]].

==Background==
[[Finland]] was left largely to fend for itself after the [[Battle of Poltava]] in 1709. The Russians laid [[siege of Viborg (1710)|siege to Viborg]] in 1710, ultimately seizing the city, and by 1712 had already started their first campaign to capture Finland, which ended in failure.{{sfn|Mattila|1983|pp=27–33}} A more organised campaign, beginning in 1713, succeeded at the [[Battle of Helsinki (1713)|Battle of Helsinki]] and drove defending Swedes away from the coast.{{sfn|Mattila|1983|pp=33–35}} The Swedish army in Finland was defeated at the [[Battle of Napue|Battle of Storkyro (Isokyrö)]] in February 1714 with a decisive Russian victory.{{sfn|Mattila|1983|p=35}} Swedish efforts to hinder the Russian advance by blockading the coastal sea route at [[Hanko, Finland|Hangö]] ended in failure in late July at the [[Battle of Gangut]]. In the end, the presence of a Russian galley fleet in the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] forced both the Swedish fleet and army to largely abandon Finland in late 1714.{{sfn|Mattila|1983|pp=38–46}} As a result of the conflict, large areas of Swedish land were destroyed by the Russians, including the city of [[Umeå]], which was burned to the ground on 18 September 1714 and, after struggling to rebuild, was razed again in 1720, 1721, and 1722.

==Russian occupation of Finland==
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}
After the victory at the Battle of Storkyro, [[Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (field marshal)|Mikhail Golitsyn]] was appointed the governor of Finland. Finns began waging [[partisan (military)|partisan warfare]] against the Russians, and as retaliation, the Finnish peasants were forced to pay large contributions to them, as was the custom at the time. Plundering and raping were widespread, especially in [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]] and in communities near the major roads. Churches were looted and [[Isokyrö]] was burned to the ground. A [[scorched-earth]] zone, several hundred kilometres wide, was created by the Russians to hinder Swedish counter-offensives. At least 5,000 Finns were killed and some 10,000 taken away as slaves, of whom only a few thousand would ever return.<ref name="Zetterberg">{{cite book |title=Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen |publisher=[[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-951-0-14253-0 |editor-last=Zetterberg |editor-first=Seppo |location=Helsinki |language=fi}}</ref>{{rp|p=265}} According to more recent research, the number of casualties would have been closer to 20,000.<ref name="HS">''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' monthly supplement 7/2009, pp. 28–33. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> Recent research also estimates the number of enslaved children and women to have been closer to 30,000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kurki-Suonio |first=Ossi |date=23 October 2015 |title=Historioitsija: Synkkyyden Suomi kärsi orjuudesta jopa enemmän kuin mikään Afrikan maa |url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/historioitsija-synkkyyden-suomi-karsi-orjuudesta-jopa-enemman-kuin-mikaan-afrikan-maa/6b127f6a-c9d3-387f-9cc0-8acf6a108b26 |newspaper=[[Uusi Suomi]] |language=fi |access-date=2024-08-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200612112528/https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/historioitsija-synkkyyden-suomi-karsi-orjuudesta-jopa-enemman-kuin-mikaan-afrikan-maa/6b127f6a-c9d3-387f-9cc0-8acf6a108b26 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most severe of these massacres took place on 29 September 1714, when during one night, the [[Cossacks]] killed about 800 inhabitants of the island of [[Hailuoto]] with axes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaitasuo |first=Pia |date=15 August 2015 |title=Pietari Suuren synkkä tuhon kylvö |newspaper=[[Kaleva (newspaper)|Kaleva]] |language=fi |issue=221 |pages=34–35}}</ref> Thousands fled to the relative safety of Sweden with the poorer peasants hiding in the woods to avoid the occupiers and their [[impressment|press gangs]].<ref name="UF">{{cite encyclopedia |date=2017-06-04 |title=stora ofreden |url=https://www.uppslagsverket.fi/sv/sok/view-170045-StoraOfreden |encyclopedia=[[Uppslagsverket Finland]] |language=sv |publisher=[[Svenska folkskolans vänner]] |access-date=2024-08-08}}</ref> The atrocities were at their peak between 1714 and 1717 when the Swedish Count [[Gustaf Otto Douglas]], who had defected to the Russian side during the war, was in charge of the occupation.

In addition, Finland was struck by the [[plague (disease)|plague]]. In [[Helsinki]], 1,185 people died: nearly two-thirds of the city's population. The plague had already struck Finland before the Russian invasion, sapping the strength of Sweden in Finland.<ref name="UF" />

==Atrocities==
Many torture methods were used, including hanging captives by the wrists with their hands behind their backs, exposing them to freezing temperatures, or baking them in ovens. When a man named Esko Juhonpoika Eskonsipo returned to [[Oulunsalo]] in 1716, only a few of his acquaintances were alive, and "they were also tortured until they were weak". He found the corpses of children as well as tortured people languishing in pain, eventually dying from their injuries. According to Professor {{ill|Kustaa H. J. Vilkuna|fi}}, many authentic sources depict the torture. It was not rare for females of any age to be raped and taken as long-term sex slaves. Children, in particular, were taken to Russia as prisoners.<ref name="Aittokoski">{{cite news |last=Aittokoski |first=Heikki |date=2021-08-07 |title=Täystuhon jäljillä |url=https://www.hs.fi/kuukausiliite/art-2000008112188.html |newspaper=[[Helsingin Sanomat]] |language=fi |access-date=2024-08-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240121082605/https://www.hs.fi/kuukausiliite/art-2000008112188.html |archive-date=2024-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The main reason for the torture was to get information about Finns' money stashes. Finns were forced to reveal the caches, and afterwards they were usually killed. [[Peter the Great]] had also twice ordered the destruction of [[North Ostrobothnia]] into wasteland, making the conditions impossible for the Swedish army to live in. In [[Porvoo]], corpses of the locals were put on display as early as 1708, some of which had their genitals burned. Typically, all the houses except the soldiers' quarters were burned. Everyone in {{ill|Kirkonkylä|fi}} would be killed.<ref name="Aittokoski" />

Peasants were slaughtered at [[Raahe]]'s market square. Matti Puusti laid wounded for the town to see, which lasted for three days before he died. His wife Marjatta was [[flagellation|whipped]] multiple times and later underwent further, more extreme torture in 1716. The peasants were stripped naked and whipped with lead-tipped knotted whips. On some occasions they were made to stand naked in the snow, their backs burned with [[birch]] and their eyes [[blinding (punishment)|blinded]] with burning [[tallow]].<ref name="Aittokoski" />

Cossack Stones were laid when a Cossack has given orders of destruction, or when a Cossack was shot or killed by the Finnish.<ref name="DailyKos">{{cite web |author=Bo Realis |date=2023-01-25 |title=The Great Wrath |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/1/25/2149165/-The-Great-Wrath |website=[[Daily Kos]] |access-date=2024-05-02}}</ref>

===Enslavement===
The Russian military abducted and enslaved a number of people, many of whom were trafficked via Russia and the [[Crimean slave trade]] to Persia and the Middle East, where blonde people were exotic; between 20,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have been abducted<ref>{{cite book |last=Vilkuna |first=Kustaa H. J. |url=https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-dor-000605 |title=Viha. Perikato, katkeruus ja kertomus isostavihasta |publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-951-746-784-1 |location=Helsinki |page=120 |language=fi}}</ref> and about a quarter of the Finnish farm houses were reportedly empty at the end of the occupation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |author-link=Kari Tarkiainen |title=Moskovalainen. Ruotsi, Suomi ja Venäjä 1478–1721 |publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-951-858-576-6 |location=Helsinki |pages=304–310 |language=fi}}</ref> Between 10,000 and 20,000 people were taken to serve as slave labourers during the building of [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Zetterberg" /> Approximately 2,000 men were forcibly enlisted in the Russian army,<ref>{{cite book |last=Karonen |first=Petri |title=Pohjoinen suurvalta. Ruotsi ja Suomi 1521–1809 |publisher=[[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]] |year=1999 |isbn=951-0-23739-6 |location=Helsinki |language=fi}}</ref> but many women and children were also abducted as serfs or sex slaves by Russian officers, who in some cases sold them on to the Crimean slave trade; about 4,600 people, the majority of whom were children, were abducted from Ostrobothnia and Eastern Finland.<ref name="HS" />
Many of the Swedish citizens captured and sold by Russian soldiers ended up via the Crimean slave trade in the slave market of [[Constantinople]], where the Swedish ambassador to Constantinople managed to buy the freedom of some, many of whom were women.<ref>{{cite book |title=Karolinska förbundets årsbok |publisher=Karolinska förbundet |year=1991 |pages=7–10 |language=sv}}</ref>

==Consequences==
It took several decades for the Finnish population and economy to recover after the peace in 1721. At that point, Finland was scourged again during the [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)|Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743]], although less devastatingly. Ostrobothnia was destroyed to create a {{convert|100|km|adj=on}} buffer zone of wasteland.<ref name="DailyKos" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Russification of Finland]], policies of the Russian Empire aimed at cultural, social, and political domination of Finland in 1899–1917
* [[Finlandization]], term used to describe political influence of the Soviet Union over Finland during the Cold War in the 20th century
* [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], autonomous state under the Russian Empire in 1809–1917
* [[History of Finland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Mattila |first1=Tapani |year=1983 |title=Meri maamme turvana |trans-title=Sea Safeguarding Our Country |language=fi |location=Jyväskylä |publisher=K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-99487-0-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Ericson Wolke |first=Lars |year=2003 |title=Svenska slagfält |language=sv |location=Stockholm |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |isbn=978-91-46-20225-7}}

{{Finland topics}}

[[Category:1710s in Europe]]
[[Category:18th century in Finland]]
[[Category:Great Northern War]]
[[Category:Looting in Europe]]
[[Category:Massacres in Finland]]
[[Category:Russian military occupations]]
[[Category:Slavery in Europe]]