View source for Gratianus Funarius

{{short description|Roman army officer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Gratianus
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  = [[Cibalae]], [[Pannonia Secunda]]
| death_date   = before 24 August 367
| death_place  = 
| spouse       =
| issue        = [[Valentinian I]]<br/> [[Valens]]
| dynasty      = [[Valentinianic dynasty|Valentinianic]]

}}
'''Gratianus "Funarius"''' ({{fl}} 4th century) was an [[Illyro-Roman|Illyrian]] soldier of the [[Roman Empire]] who flourished in the 4th century. He was the father of [[Roman emperor]]s, [[Valentinian I]] and [[Valens]], founders of the [[Valentinianic dynasty]].

==Life==
Gratianus originated from the town of [[Cibalae]] ([[Vinkovci]]), in southern [[Pannonia Secunda]] (modern [[Croatia]]), possibly in the 280s.{{sfn|Lenski|2002|p=46}} During his youth, he obtained the nickname {{lang|la|Funarius}}, meaning "the rope-man" because he was a [[rope]] [[salesman]]. Gratianus joined the army and rose through the ranks to become ''[[protector domesticus]]'' during the reign of [[Constantine the Great]].{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=2}} A ''protector domesticus'' named "...atianus" is attested at [[Salona]] ([[Split, Croatia|Split]]) during this time, leading some to think Gratianus could have been stationed there.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=2}} Gratianus's first independent command was as a [[tribune]], probably in the mobile field army of Constantine.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=2}} During the late 320's or early 330's he was made ''[[comes]]'' of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], possibly to supervise the frontier.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=3}}{{sfn|Hughes|2013|p=7}} However, Gratianus was soon accused of embezzlement and was forced to retire.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=4}} Gratianus was recalled during the early 340s and was made ''comes'' of [[Roman Britain|Britannia]]. He may have been recalled to command a unit of ''[[comitatenses]]'' under emperor [[Constans I]] during his campaign on the island in the winter of 342/3.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=4}}{{sfn|Hughes|2013|p=7}} After his military career ended, Gratianus returned to his birthplace and lived as a private citizen with good reputation.{{sfn|Tomlin|1973|p=5}}

In Gratianus's retirement, the emperor [[Constantius II]] confiscated all of his estates because of his suspected support of the [[Roman usurper|usurper]] [[Magnentius]].{{sfn|Hughes|2013|p=8}} Nevertheless, he was still popular within the army; this popularity could have contributed to the successful careers of his sons.{{sfn|Drijvers|2015|p=480}}

His death is not mentioned in literary sources. The PLRE cites as inscription dedicated to him, dated to the year 367 at the latest, and presumes he was dead by that time.{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=401}} Drijvers additionally observed that, since his [[Gratian| grandson of the same name]] was not named in the inscription, the elder Gratian must have died before his grandson’s accession on 24 August 367.{{sfn|Drijvers|2015|p=485-486}} After his son [[Valens]] became emperor, the [[Byzantine Senate|Senate]] in [[Constantinople]] decreed a brass statue of him.{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=401}}

==Family tree==
{{Valentinian family tree}}

==Sources==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite journal |last=Drijvers |year=2015 |first=Jan Willem |title=Ammianus Marcellinus 30.7.2–3: Observations on the Career of Gratianus Maior|journal=[[Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]] |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.25162/historia-2015-0020 |jstor=45019208}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ian |title=Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople |date=5 August 2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-2863-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5b9AwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Kienast et al|2017}} |last1=Kienast |first1=Dietmar |last2=Eck |first2=Werner |last3=Heil |first3=Matthäus |title=Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYRorgEACAAJ |year=2017 |orig-year=1990 |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |location=Darmstadt |isbn=978-3-534-26724-8 |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |year=1971 |first=A.H.M. |author2=J.R. Martindale |author3=J. Morris |title=Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-07233-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I |name-list-style=amp |author-link=A. H. M. Jones |author-link2=John Robert Martindale |author-link3=John Morris (historian) |ref={{sfnref|Jones|Martindale|Morris}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Lenski |first=Noel Emmanuel |title=Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvXo39xOV8kC&pg=PA46 |access-date=2010-10-12 |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23332-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Tomlin |first=R. S. |title=The Emperor Valentinian I |year=1973 |oclc=163531986  }}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Stephen |last2=Friell |first2=Gerard |title=Theodosius: The Empire at Bay |url=https://archive.org/details/theodosiusempire0000will |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07447-5}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/vali.htm |work=De Imperitoribus Romanis |publisher=Roman Emperors |title=Valentinian I (364-375 A.D) |first=Walter E. |last=Roberts |date=2010-08-10}}
* {{cite book |last=Rodgers |first=N. |title=The History and Conquests of Ancient Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/historyconquests00rodg |url-access=registration |publisher=Hermes House |year=2005|isbn=9780681643031 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=William |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |volume=2 |page=301 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1409.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516084430/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1409.html |archive-date=2006-05-16 |via=The Ancient Library |url-status=usurped |year=1870}}

[[Category:4th-century deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century Romans]]
[[Category:Ancient Romans in Britain]]
[[Category:Comites rei militaris]]
[[Category:Illyrian people]]
[[Category:Valentinianic dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Romans from Pannonia]]