View source for Government-in-exile

{{Short description|Governing body located outside its claimed territory}}
{{Redirect|GiE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Basic forms of government}}

A '''government-in-exile''' ('''GiE''') is a political group that claims to be the legitimate [[government]] of a [[sovereign state]] or [[Sovereign state#Semi-sovereign states|semi-sovereign state]], but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=government-in-exile|title=Princeton University WordNet|publisher=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> Governments in [[exile]] usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a [[rump state]] in the sense that the latter controls at least part of its remaining territory.<ref>Tir, J. (22 February 2005).[https://archive.today/20120721042748/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72056_index.html Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States]". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</ref> For example, during [[World War I]], nearly all of [[Belgium]] was [[German occupation of Belgium during World War I|occupied]] by [[German Empire|Germany]], but Belgium and its allies held on to [[Yser Front|a small slice in the country's west]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=De Schaepdrijver|first=Sophie|author-link=Sophie de Schaepdrijver|title=Violence and Legitimacy: Occupied Belgium, 1914–1918|journal=The Low Countries: Arts and Society in Flanders and the Netherlands|year=2014|volume=22|oclc=948603897|page=46}}</ref> A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice, the distinction may be unclear; in the above example, the [[Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse]] was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Governments-in-exile and associated organisations employ strategies such as investigative reporting and diaspora mobilisation to sustain political visibility, engage supporters, and address ethical and operational challenges.<ref>Chumakov, A. (2023). Media Strategies of Russian Opposition in Exile: Values, Visibility, and Virtual Mobilisation. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1800879&dswid=-1474</ref>

Governments in exile tend to occur during wartime occupation or in the aftermath of a [[civil war]], [[revolution]], or [[Coup d'état|military coup]]. For example, during German expansion and advance in [[World War II]], some European governments sought refuge in the [[United Kingdom]], rather than face destruction at the hands of [[Nazi Germany]]. On the other hand, the [[Provisional Government of Free India]] proclaimed by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] sought to use support from the invading [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] to gain control of the country from what it viewed as [[British Raj|British]] occupiers, and in the final year of WWII, after Nazi Germany was driven out of France, it maintained the remnants of the Nazi-sympathising [[Vichy government]] as a French government in exile at the [[Sigmaringen enclave]].

A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. Due to the outbreak of the [[Syrian Civil War]] in 2011, for instance, the [[National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces]] was formed by groups whose members sought to end the rule of the ruling [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba'ath Party]].

The governments in exile may have [[List of states with limited recognition|little or no recognition from other states]]. The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of support it receives, either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some exiled governments come to develop into a formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the incumbent [[regime]] of the country, while others are maintained chiefly as a symbolic gesture.

Governments in exile predate the formal use of the term. In periods of [[Monarch|monarchical government]], exiled monarchs or dynasties sometimes set up exile courts, as the [[House of Stuart]] did when driven from their throne by [[Oliver Cromwell]] and again at the [[Glorious Revolution]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Corp|first1=Edward|title=A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689–1718|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521108379|page=12}}</ref> (see {{section link|James Francis Edward Stuart|Court-in-exile}}). The [[House of Bourbon]] would be another example because it continued to be recognised by other countries at the time as the legitimate government of France after it was overthrown by the populace during the [[French Revolution]]. This continued through the rule of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] from 1803–04 to 1815. With the spread of [[constitutional monarchy]], monarchical governments which were exiled started to include a [[prime minister]], such as the [[Dutch government-in-exile|Dutch government during World War II]] headed by [[Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy]].

The [[capital city|capital]] of a government-in-exile is known as a capital-in-exile, located outside the government's proclaimed territory. This differs from a [[temporary capital]], which is located somewhere inside the government's controlled territory.

== Current governments in exile ==
=== Current governments regarded by some as a "government-in-exile" ===
These governments once controlled all or most of their claimed territory, but continue to control a smaller part of it while also continuing to claim legitimate authority of the entire territory they once fully controlled.
{|class="wikitable"
! width=120|Name
! width=100|Year of exile
!|Territory that<br>the government<br>still controls
! width=120|Government presently controlling claimed territory
! Notes
! width=60|Refs.
|-
| {{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1949
| [[Free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan and associated islands]]
| {{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}}
| {{See also|Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan|Chinese Civil War}}
The currently [[Taipei]]-based [[Republic of China]] government does not regard itself as a government-in-exile, but is claimed to be such by some participants in the debate on the [[political status of Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Lori Reese|title=China's Christian Warrior|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/cks.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=23 August 1999|volume=154|number=7/8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511072633/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/cks.html|archive-date=11 May 2010|url-status=dead|quote=After four years of civil war, Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to the island of Taiwan. There they established a government-in-exile and dreamed of retaking the mainland.}}<br />{{cite web|title=Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/chiang_kaishek.shtml|website=[[BBC]]|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118163641/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/chiang_kaishek.shtml|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=live|quote=There Chiang established a government in exile which he led for the next 25 years.}}<br />{{cite web|title=Timeline: Milestones in China-Taiwan relations since 1949|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/12/uk-china-taiwan-idUSSP28081420080612|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=4 March 2015|quote=1949: Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists lose civil war to Mao Zedong's Communist forces, sets up government-in-exile on Taiwan.|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134019/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/12/uk-china-taiwan-idUSSP28081420080612|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|title=Establishment of the People's Republic Of China (Oct 1, 1949)|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/china-republic-establishment/|website=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228230102/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/peopleevents/pande05.html|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live|quote=after the inauguration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing on October 1, 1949, Chiang and the Nationalists installed the rival Republic of China (ROC) as a government in exile on Taiwan.}}<br />{{cite web|title=Tsai blasted for R.O.C. legitimacy remark|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/05/27/258201/Tsai-blasted.htm|newspaper=China Post|date=27 May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010|archive-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530025941/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/05/27/258201/Tsai-blasted.htm|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|title=Treaty confirmed sovereignty: Ma|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/04/29/2003442293|access-date=14 June 2010|newspaper=[[Taipei Times]]|date=29 April 2009}}<br />{{cite web|author=Kerry Dumbaugh|title=Taiwan's Political Status: Historical Background and Ongoing Implications|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:NhvZCrb8NXkJ:fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/64794.pdf+Congressional+Research+Service+Report+RS22388&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgeH4MCQxphwU3lnhP3Rgf5W7CTDRmNredoBazcx9QZb7wFOuoaqq43CjT5xD54tlnmFK6Gp1rV8dpiqgh8esxb_jdVjlWtCT84p7-Bryun69QoMgfPzuohYPUsoH1J_wBvDHDK&sig=AHIEtbS6cTCYiceVtiHn0z52yXq1HWU-mA|date=23 February 2006|access-date=20 December 2009|quote=While on October 1, 1949, in Beijing a victorious Mao proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Chiang Kai-shek re-established a temporary capital for his government in Taipei, Taiwan, declaring the ROC still to be the legitimate Chinese government-in-exile and vowing that he would "retake the mainland" and drive out communist forces.}}<br />{{cite web|author=John J. Tkacik Jr. |title=Taiwan's "Unsettled" International Status: Preserving U.S. Options in the Pacific|publisher=Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/asiaandthepacific/bg2146.cfm|date=19 June 2008|access-date=20 December 2009|quote=Chiang Kai-shek wanted to fight it out on an all-or-nothing basis. There are also reports that Chiang's advisors convinced him that if the ROC mission stayed to represent Taiwan, Chiang would be under pressure to demonstrate in some constitutional way that his Chinese government-in-exile represented the people of Taiwan rather than the vast population of China. Doing so would require Chiang to dismantle his existing regime (which was elected in 1947 on the Chinese mainland and continued to rule in Taiwan under emergency martial law provisions without benefit of elections), adopt an entirely new constitution, and install an entirely new government.|archive-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727011735/http://www.heritage.org/Research/asiaandthepacific/bg2146.cfm|url-status=unfit}}<br />{{cite web|title=ROC Government in Exile Is Illogical (English transl.)|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=115&anum=8153|date=1 June 2010|publisher=NOWnews Network|access-date=7 October 2010|archive-date=14 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614082346/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=115&anum=8153|url-status=dead}}<br />''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', [[Stanford University]], the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]], [[PBS]], [[BBC]], [[US Congressional Research Service]], [[UK Parliament]], [[UK Foreign Office]], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', and numerous law journals have all referred to the Republic of China on Taiwan as a government in exile. However, the ROC has diplomatic relations with {{Numrec|Republic of China||UN member states}} and the [[Holy See]]. The [[PRC]] claims that the ROC government no longer exists. {{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanbasic.com/taiwanus/rocinexile.htm|title=Republic of China government in exile|access-date=2010-02-27}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.asil.org/ajil/chinatai.htm|title=Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan|author1=Jonathan I. Charney|author2=J. R. V. Prescott|publisher=American Journal of International Law|date=July 2000|access-date=2011-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622182920/http://www.asil.org/ajil/chinatai.htm|archive-date=2004-06-22}}</ref> In addition to the [[island of Taiwan]] and some [[List of islands of the Republic of China|other islands]] it currently controls, the Republic of China formally maintains claims over territory now controlled by the [[People's Republic of China]] as well as some parts of [[Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]]. The usual formal reasoning on which this "government-in-exile" claim is based relies on an argument that the sovereignty of [[History of Taiwan since 1945|Taiwan]] was not legitimately handed to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] at the end of [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/06/09/2003564336|title=CIA report shows Taiwan concerns|work=Taipei Times|date=9 June 2013|quote=[Quoting from a declassified CIA report on Taiwan written in March 1949] From the legal standpoint, Taiwan is not part of the Republic of China. Pending a Japanese peace treaty, the island remains occupied territory in which the US has proprietary interests.|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> and on that basis the Republic of China is located in foreign territory, therefore effectively making it a government in exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanbasic.com/historical/starr.htm|title=Starr Memorandum of the Dept. of State|author=Robert I. Starr|date=13 July 1971|quote=Following World War II, the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang (KMT) became the governing polity on Taiwan. In 1949, after losing control of mainland China following the Chinese civil war, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to occupied Taiwan and Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. Japan formally renounced all territorial rights to Taiwan in 1952 in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, but neither in that treaty nor in the peace treaty signed between Japan and China was the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan awarded to the Republic of China.|access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> By contrast, this theory is not accepted by those who view the sovereignty of Taiwan as having been legitimately [[Retrocession of Taiwan|returned]] to the Republic of China at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aao.sinica.edu.tw/download/publication_list/en/109.pdf|title=Disputes over Taiwan Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II|author=Tzu-Chin Huang|website=Institute of Modern History, Academia sinica|publisher=Central Academic Advisory Committee and Academic Affairs Office|access-date=25 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114506/http://aao.sinica.edu.tw/download/publication_list/en/109.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Charles Holcombe|title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHeb7wQu0xIC&pg=PA337|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51595-5|page=337}}<br />{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA15|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=15}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT705|date=21 December 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=705}}</ref> Both the [[Government of China|government of the People's Republic of China]] and the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] (including the [[Kuomintang]]) in the Republic of China hold the latter view. However, there are also some who do not accept that the sovereignty of Taiwan was legitimately returned to the Republic of China at the end of the war nor that the Republic of China is a government-in-exile, and China's territory does not include Taiwan. The current [[Democratic Progressive Party]] in Taiwan is inclined to this view.
|-
| {{flagicon|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1976
| [[Free Zone (region)|Southeastern parts of Western Sahara]]
| {{flag|Morocco}} 
| Proclaimed on 27 February 1976, following the [[Spain|Spanish]] withdrawal from what was until then [[Spanish Sahara]] after the [[POLISARIO insurgency]]. It is not strictly a government in exile since it does control 20–25% of its claimed territory. Nevertheless, it is often referred to as such, especially since most day-to-day government business is conducted in the [[Tindouf Province|Tindouf]] [[refugee camp]]s in [[Algeria]], which house most of the Sahrawi exile community, rather than in the proclaimed [[temporary capital]] (first [[Bir Lehlou]], moved to [[Tifariti]] in 2008).
| align=center|
|}

=== Deposed governments in exile ===
==== Deposed governments of current states ====
These governments in exile were founded by [[Deposition (politics)|deposed]] governments or rulers who continue to claim legitimate authority of the state they once controlled.

{|class=wikitable
! Name
! Exile since
! State controlling its claimed territory
! Notes
! Refs.
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} [[Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1919
| {{flag|Belarus|name=Republic of Belarus}}
| {{See also|Belarusian Democratic Republic|Polish–Soviet War}}
It is the oldest government in exile in the world, led by [[Ivonka Survilla]] since 1997; based in [[Ottawa, Ontario]]. Declared an "extremist formation" in Belarus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Раду БНР признали экстремистским формированием|url=https://reform.by/radu-bnr-priznali-jekstremistkim-formirovaniem|newspaper=Reform.by|date=2023-06-07|accessdate=2023-06-14|language=ru}}</ref>
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radabnr.org/english/|title=Official website of the Belarusian National Republic|publisher=Radabnr.org|access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZJntMQtkSYC&pg=PA96|access-date=8 May 2013|year=2011|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300134353|page=96}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[National Unity Government of Myanmar]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2021
| {{flag|Myanmar|name=Republic of the Union of Myanmar}}
| {{See also|2021 Myanmar coup d'état}}
This government was formed in response to the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]]. The cabinet members of the National Unity Government are in hiding within Myanmar.
| align=center| <ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/attack-myanmars-kachin-minority-signals-deepening-crisis-76784547 Profile], abcnews.go.com; accessed 31 March 2021.
</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Opponents of Myanmar coup form unity government, aim for 'federal democracy'|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/opponents-myanmar-coup-announce-unity-government-2021-04-16/|access-date=18 April 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Who's Who in Myanmar's National Unity Government|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/whos-myanmars-national-unity-government.html|access-date=18 April 2021|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==== Deposed governments of de facto states ====
These governments in exile were founded by [[Deposition (politics)|deposed]] governments or rulers who continue to claim legitimate authority of the state they once controlled, even if their claimed territory is now controlled by another country.

{|class=wikitable
! Name
! Exile since
! State controlling its claimed territory
! Notes
! Refs.
|-
| {{flagicon|Tibet}} [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1959/2011
| {{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}} ([[Tibet Autonomous Region]])
| {{See also|Tibetan sovereignty debate|Tibetan independence movement}}
Founded by the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], [[India]] with cooperation of Indian [[Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210104240/http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2011|title=Tibet.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/people/dalailama_1.shtml|title=Religions - Buddhism: Dalai Lama|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of South Moluccas.svg|23px|border]] [[Republic of South Maluku]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1963/66
| {{flag|Indonesia|name=Republic of Indonesia}} ([[Maluku (province)|Province of Maluku]])
|The [[Republic of South Maluku]] was an unrecognised independent state that existed between 1950 and 1963. Between 1963 and 1966, the Head of government [[Chris Soumokil]] was imprisoned on [[Java]]. In 1966, after his execution by firing squad by order of President [[Suharto]], [[Johan Manusama]] formed a government in exile; based in the [[Netherlands]]. [[John Wattilete]] is its president.
| align=center| <ref name="autogenerated2007">Widjojo, Muridan S. "Cross-Cultural Alliance-Making and Local Resistance in the Moluccas during the Revolt of Prince Nuku, c. 1780–1810" PhD Dissertation, Leiden University, 2007 (Publisher: KITLV, Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 1, 2008) Pp. 141–149 {{ISSN|1979-8431}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
| {{flag|Russia}} ([[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]])
| Some members are fighting as rebels against the [[Russian Armed Forces]]; based in [[London]]. There are contested claims that it has been succeeded by the [[Caucasus Emirate]] and the [[Islamic State – Caucasus Province]]. In October 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], as a response to Russia's recognition of the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic]] as independent nations, the government of [[Ukraine]] [[Ukraine's recognition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|voted to recognised the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as an independent nation]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=Peace-Building From The Bottom: A Case Study Of The North Caucasus|author=Huseyn Aliyev|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/peace-building-from-the-bottom-a-case-study-of-the-north-caucasus-24022011/|newspaper=Eurasia Review|date=24 February 2011|access-date=10 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-recognizes-chechen-republic-ichkeria-154900042.html|title=Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|website=news.yahoo.com|date=18 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-recognizes-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-ukraine-news-50277623.html|title=Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|website=english.nv.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/ukraines-parliament-recognizes-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-as-temporarily-occupied-by-russia|title=Ukraine's parliament recognizes Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as temporarily occupied by Russia|date=2022-10-18|website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of Artsakh}} [[Republic of Artsakh (government in exile)|Republic of Artsakh]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023
|{{Flag|Republic of Azerbaijan}} ([[Karabakh Economic Region]], [[East Zangezur Economic Region]])
|The [[Republic of Artsakh]] was supposed to dissolve on 1 January 2024, after Artsakh surrendered in the [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|2023 Azerbaijani offensive against Artsakh]]. A [[Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians|mass exodus]] occurred soon after the announcement, and a government-in-exile was set up in [[Yerevan]]. 10 days before the state would be dissolved, the President of Artsakh, [[Samvel Shahramanyan]] annulled its dissolution, and despite pushback from the Prime Minister of Armenia, [[Nikol Pashinyan]], it stayed in Yerevan.
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Nagorno-Karabakh dissolution not valid, says Armenian separatist leader |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231222-nagorno-karabakh-dissolution-not-valid-says-armenian-separatist-leader |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=oragark |date=2024-06-22 |title=Artsakh Office In Yerevan Raided After Pashinyan's Threats |url=https://www.oragark.com/artsakh-office-in-yerevan-raided-after-pashinyans-threats/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Oragark |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==== Deposed governments of subnational territories ====
These governments in exile claim legitimacy of autonomous territories of another state and have been founded by deposed or inactive governments or rulers, who do not claim [[independence]] as a separate state.

{|class="unsortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:25%;" class="unsortable" |Name
! colspan="2" style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |Exile
! colspan="2" style="width:15%;" class="unsortable" |Current control of claimed territory
! rowspan="2" style="width:50%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |References
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{n/a|'''since'''}}
| {{n/a|'''as'''}}
| {{n/a|'''by'''}}
| {{n/a|'''as'''}}
|-
| {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Fujian Provincial Government]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1949
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Province]]
| {{flagicon|PRC}} [[China|People's Republic of China]] ([[Fujian]])
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Provinces of China|Province]]
| Chinese provincial government seat was exiled from its capital [[Fuzhou]] (Foochow) in [[Fuchien Province, Republic of China|Fukien]] in 1949 during the closing years of the [[Chinese Civil War]] to [[Jincheng, Kinmen|Jincheng Township]] in [[Kinmen]] County. Government moved to [[Xindian District|Hsintien Township]] in [[Taipei County]], [[Taiwan Province]] in 1956 due to increased militarisation. Seat relocated back to Jincheng in 1996. Despite the provincial government's ''de facto'' dissolution in 2019 and replacement with the [[Kinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center]], this province continues to exist ''de jure'' without administrative function.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China|Sinkiang Provincial Government]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1949
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Province]]
| {{flagicon|PRC}} [[China|People's Republic of China]] ([[Xinjiang]])
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| Relocated to [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan Province|Taiwan]] in 1949 after [[Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China|Sinkiang fell to the communists]]. Despite the provincial government's ''de facto'' dissolution in 1992 after the [[Government of the Republic of China|Taiwan government]] accepted the [[1992 Consensus|"One China" Consensus]], this province continues to exist ''de jure'' without administrative function.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Abkhazia (GE).svg}} [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Autonomous republic]]
| {{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Government of the Republic of Abkhazia|Republic of Abkhazia]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[List of states with limited recognition|''de facto'' independent state]]
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] provincial government, led by [[Ruslan Abashidze]], whose territory is under the control of [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] [[Separatism|separatists]]; based in [[Tbilisi]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Georgia (country)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of South Ossetia.svg}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2008
| style="text-align:center;"| Provisional administration
| {{flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[Government of South Ossetia|Republic of South Ossetia]]
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] provincial administration, led by [[Tamaz Bestayev]], whose territory is under the control of South Ossetian separatists; based in [[Tbilisi]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}}{{flagicon|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}} [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Autonomous republic]]
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Russia}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]]
| [[Autonomous republic of Ukraine|Ukrainian autonomous republic]], [[Russo-Ukrainian War|whose territory was seized]] and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in March 2014, following a [[2014 Crimean status referendum|disputed status referendum]]; was based in [[Kherson]] until the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], now operating remotely in [[Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.ppu.gov.ua/ Official website]. Presidential representative of Ukraine in Crimea.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Представництво Президента України в Автономній Республіці Крим |url=https://ppu.gov.ua/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112114705/https://ppu.gov.ua/ |archive-date=2024-01-12}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}}{{flagicon|Sevastopol}} [[Sevastopol]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[City with special status|Special city]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Federal cities of Russia|Federal city]]
| [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] special city, [[Russo-Ukrainian War|whose territory was seized]] and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in March 2014, following a [[2014 Crimean status referendum|disputed status referendum]]; was based in [[Kherson]] until the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], now operating remotely in [[Ukraine]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Luhansk Oblast.svg}} [[Luhansk Oblast]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Oblast]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Luhansk People's Republic]]
| [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Ukrainian oblast]], whose territory was [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|partially seized]] (approx. 30%) by the [[Luhansk People's Republic]] (LPR) in 2014, and then subsequently [[Battle of Lysychansk|completely seized]] in 2022 during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Russia [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed]] the LPR on 30 September 2022. Previously, the LPR was a [[Secession|breakaway state]] formed by [[Russian people's militias in Ukraine|Russian-backed separatists]]. Currently operating remotely in [[Ukraine]], despite Ukraine regaining control of a small slice of Luhansk Oblast's territory near [[Kharkiv Oblast]] during the [[2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ЛУГАНСЬКА ОБЛАСНА ДЕРЖАВНА АДМІНІСТРАЦІЯ |url=https://loga.gov.ua/ |access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref> By July 2025, Russian forces had captured the last Ukrainian-held areas in Luhansk Oblast, bringing the entire Luhansk Oblast under Russian occupation again.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Russia takes full control of Ukraine's Luhansk region, Russian-backed official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-takes-full-control-ukraines-luhansk-region-russian-backed-official-says-2025-07-01/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
| align=center|
|}

=== Alternative governments in exile ===
==== Alternative governments of current states ====
{{See also|Rival government}}
These governments have been founded in exile by [[political organisation]]s and [[Opposition (politics)|opposition parties]], aspire to become actual governing authorities or claim to be legal successors to previously deposed or inactive governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments.

<!-- For the smallest width columns, it is the header text length (width of words) that prevents the column from getting to the optimal intended width. -->
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! style="width:15%;" |Name
! style="width:3%;" |Claimed exile
! style="width:3%;" |Exile proclamation
! style="width:15%;" |Government presently controlling claimed territory
! style="width:61%;" |Notes
! style="width:3%;" |References
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces.svg}} [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1949
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| Based in [[Seoul]], the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean government]]'s provisional administration for the five pre-1945 provinces which became North Korea at the end of [[World War II]] and the [[division of Korea]]. The five provinces are [[North Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)|North Hamgyeong]], [[South Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)|South Hamgyeong]], [[Hwanghae Province (Republic of Korea)|Hwanghae]], [[North Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)|North Pyeongan]], [[South Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)|South Pyeongan]].
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="WSJ2">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/03/18/south-koreas-governors-in-theory-for-north-korea/|title=South Korea's Governors-in-Theory for North Korea|date=18 March 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|NCRI National Council of Resistance of Iran Lion & Sun Flag.jpg}} [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]]
|  colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1981
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Iran|name=Islamic Republic of Iran}}
| Political umbrella coalition of Iranian opposition political organisations, the largest organisation being the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]]. Led by [[Maryam Rajavi|Maryam]] and [[Massoud Rajavi]], based in Paris with the aim to establish the "Democratic Republic of Iran" to replace the current religious rule in Iran.
|align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncr-iran.org/content/view/6046/|title=National Council of Resistance of Iran|work=ncr-iran.org|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620071351/http://ncr-iran.org/content/view/6046/|archive-date=20 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[National Council of Iran]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| Political umbrella coalition of [[Iranian opposition]] political organisations, led by Prince [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]; based in [[Potomac, Maryland]].
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web |author=Parker Richards |url=http://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |title=Pahlavi, Elie Wiesel, Rev. King to Be Honored for Promoting Peace |website=[[New York Observer|Observer]] |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007183637/https://observer.com/2016/01/breaking-yoko-ono-iranian-prince-and-others-to-be-honored-for-promoting-peace/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} {{ill|Third Republic of Vietnam|vi|Chính phủ quốc gia Việt Nam lâm thời}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991
| {{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam}}
|The Third Republic of Vietnam, previously named the Provisional National Government of Vietnam, was formed in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[California]], by former soldiers and refugees from [[South Vietnam]]. Declared a [[Terrorism|terrorist organisation]] in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.bocongan.gov.vn/khungbo/Pages/bai-viet-to-chuc-khung-bo.aspx?ItemID=2|title=Thông báo về tổ chức khủng bố "Việt Tân"|last=Công An|first=Bộ|website=demo.bocongan.gov.vn|access-date=27 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Progress Party of Equatorial Guinea]]
|  colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea|name=Second Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}
| Proclaimed [[Severo Moto Nsá|Severo Moto]] as a president of Equatorial Guinea who seeks to establish Third Republic of Equatorial Guinea and overthrowing [[Teodoro Obiang]]'s regime; based in [[Madrid]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1023158.stm|work=BBC News|title=Timeline: Equatorial Guinea|date=14 April 2010|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine Salvation Committee]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| {{flag|Ukraine|name=Ukraine}}
| After the [[Revolution of Dignity]], Prime Minister [[Mykola Azarov]], as well as pro-Russian and [[Viktor Yanukovych|pro-Yanukovych]] members of the [[Second Azarov government]] fled to [[Russia]] and set up a government in exile. Aims to restore the Azarov government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine's former prime minister Azarov announces establishing Ukraine Salvation Committee|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/812210|access-date=3 August 2015|agency=[[Russian News Agency TASS]]|date=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Экс-премьер Азаров заявил о создании "Комитета спасения Украины"|url=http://ria.ru/world/20150803/1160170696.html|access-date=3 August 2015|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=3 August 2015}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Free Joseon|The Provisional Government of Free Joseon]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2017
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| Based in [[Seoul]], notable for protecting the family of [[Kim Jong-nam]] (including [[Kim Han-sol]]) following [[Assassination of Kim Jong-nam|his assassination in Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=[Newsmaker] Group claims establishment of NK provisional government |date=March 1, 2019 |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190301000072 |access-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174844/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190301000072 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shadowy group declares 'government-in-exile' for North Korea |date=March 1, 2019 |work=[[France24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190301-shadowy-group-declares-government-exile-north-korea |access-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306113315/https://www.france24.com/en/20190301-shadowy-group-declares-government-exile-north-korea |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} [[Coordination Council for the Transfer of Power|Coordination Council]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2020
| {{flag|Belarus|name=Republic of Belarus}}
| Opposes [[Alexander Lukashenko]]'s rule, led by candidate [[Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya]] (exiled in [[Lithuania]]) her alleged victory over Lukashenko<ref>{{cite web | url=https://belarus2020.org/election?lon=4.391662&lat=50.8296&z=15 | title=Голос }}</ref> in [[2020 Belarusian presidential election|disputed election]] sparked [[2020–21 Belarusian protests|nationwide protests]] in order for him to be removed from power. In 2020, Tsikhanouskaya was recognised as the legitimate president by the [[Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic]]. Declared an "extremist organisation" in Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/obedinennyy-perehodnyy-kabinet-ekstremistskoe-formirovanie/32023749.html|title=В Беларуси признали "экстремистским формированием" созданный Светланой Тихановской Объединенный переходный кабинет|website=[[Current Time TV]]|date=2022-09-08|access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|White-blue-white flag.svg}} [[Congress of People's Deputies (Russia, 2022)|Congress of People's Deputies]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| {{flag|Russia|name=Russian Federation}}
| The Congress of People's Deputies is a meeting of former deputies of different levels and convocations from Russia, claiming to be the transitional parliament of the Russian Federation or its possible successor. Former State Duma deputy [[Ilya Ponomarev]] became the public initiator of the congress. Sessions of the 1st Congress were held on 5–7 November in [[Jabłonna, Legionowo County|Jabłonna]], [[Poland]]. Does not recognise the results of the [[2024 Russian presidential election]]. Declared an "Undesirable organisation" in Russia.
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://rusdep.org/proekt-akta-o-perexodnom-parlamente/ | title=Акт о Переходном Парламенте (Регламент Съезда, принято 05.11.2022 г.) - Съезд Народных Депутатов | date=4 November 2022 | access-date=2 February 2023 | archive-date=6 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106001550/https://rusdep.org/proekt-akta-o-perexodnom-parlamente/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=July 2025}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} [[United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |2022
|{{flag|Belarus|name=Republic of Belarus}}
|
| align="center" |
|}

==== Alternative separatist governments of current subnational territories ====
{{See also|Lists of active separatist movements}}
These governments have been founded in exile by political organisations, opposition parties, and separatist movements, and desire to become the governing authorities of their territories as independent states, or claim to be the successor to previously deposed or inactive governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments.

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! style="width:20%;" |Name
! style="width:5%;" |Claimed exile
! style="width:5%;" |Exile proclamation
! style="width:15%;" |Government presently controlling claimed territory
! style="width:50%;" |Notes
! style="width:5%;" |References
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg}} [[Free City of Danzig Government in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1939
| style="text-align:center;"| 1947
| {{flag|Poland|name=Republic of Poland}}
| Based in [[Berlin]].
| align=| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danzigfreestate.org/|title=Official website of the Government in Exile of the Free City of Danzig|publisher=Free State of Danzig|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406195957/http://www.danzigfreestate.org/ |access-date=8 May 2013|archive-date=6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb0VULJ8g5MC&dq=danzig+government-in-exile&pg=PA25|title=Asserting Jurisdiction: International and European Legal Approaches', edited by Patrick Capps, Malcolm Evans and Stratos Konstadinidis, which mentions Danzig on page 25 and has a footnote directly referencing the Danzig Government in exile website in a footnote also on page 25|access-date=8 May 2013|isbn=9781841133058|last1=Capps|first1=Patrick|last2=Evans|first2=Malcolm David|year=2003|publisher=Hart }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19471115&id=CBhVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yZMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2558,1793699|title=Sydney Morning Herald, November 15th, 1947|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|East Turkestan}} [[East Turkistan Government-in-Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1949
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
| {{flag|China|name=People's Republic of China}}
| Campaigns for the restoration of an independent [[East Turkistan]]; based in [[Washington, DC]].
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|title=East Turkistan Government-in-Exile|url=http://www.east-turkistan.net/|website=East Turkistan Government-in-Exile|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of West Papua.svg}} [[United Liberation Movement for West Papua]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1963
| style="text-align:center;"| 1969
| {{flag|Indonesia|name=Republic of Indonesia}}
| Campaigns for an independent [[Republic of West Papua]]; based in [[Vanuatu]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite book|title=Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict|author=Saha, Santosh C.|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2006|page=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqYDX_4XQscC&dq=Perspectives%20on%20Contemporary%20Ethnic%20Conflict%20Republic%20of%20West%20Papua&pg=PA63|access-date=20 May 2011|isbn=9780739110850}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z|last=Minahan|first=James|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-32384-3|page=2055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&dq=Republic%20of%20West%20Papua&pg=PA2055|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Biafra}} [[Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1970
| style="text-align:center;"| 1999
| {{flag|Nigeria|name=Federal Republic of Nigeria}}
| An arm of the [[Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra]], seeking to re-establish the [[Biafra|Republic of Biafra]]; based in [[Washington, DC]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biafraland.com/ProvisionalGovHdr.htm|title=Biafraland|publisher=Biafraland|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=this appears at best like a primary source|date=May 2024}}
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Cabinda.svg}} [[Republic of Cabinda]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1975
| {{flag|Angola|name=Republic of Angola}}
| Based in [[Pointe-Noire|Paris]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Tatarstan Government in Exile]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 1994
| {{flag|Russia}}
| Based in [[London]]. Member of [[Free Idel-Ural]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=Tatar government in exile calls on Tatars not to serve in Russian army|author=Paul Goble|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/op-ed/paul-goble-tatar-government-in-exile-calls-on-tatars-not-to-serve-in-russian-army.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=5 November 2019|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of The Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg|date=May 2010}} [[Ambazonia|(Federal) Republic of Ambazonia]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1999
|{{flag|Cameroon|name=Republic of Cameroon}}
| Former British [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] and [[United Nations trust territories|trust territory]] of [[Southern Cameroons]]; declared independence on 31 December 1999.
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://southerncameroonsig.typepad.com/|title=Southerncameroonsig.typepad.com|publisher=Southerncameroonsig.typepad.com|date=20 August 2012|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Western Kurdistan Government in Exile]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2004
| {{flag|Syria|name=Syrian Arab Republic}}
| Aims to found a Kurdish state in Syria; based in [[London]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knc.org.uk/WKGWashingtoninEnglish.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716170454/http://www.knc.org.uk/WKGWashingtoninEnglish.pdf|url-status=dead|title=KNC.org.uk|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg}} [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| style="text-align:center;"| 2010
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Aims to establish an independent state of [[Tamil Eelam]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=The Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam|url=http://www.tgte-us.org/mission.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921170550/http://www.tgte-us.org/mission.html|archive-date=21 September 2012|access-date=20 September 2012|publisher=Tgte-us.org}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag-kabyle.svg}} [[Kabyle Provisional Government]] 
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2010
| {{flag|Algeria}}
| Aims for an independent state of [[Kabylia]]; based in [[Paris]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02177367|title=La construction d'un mouvement national identitaire kabyle: du local au transnational|first=Mohand|last=Tilmatine|page=28}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Western Armenia Government in Exile}} [[Western Armenia Government in Exile]]<sup>[[:hy:Արևմտյան_Հայաստանի_վտարանդի_կառավարություն|[hy]]] [[:pt:Governo_da_Armênia_Ocidental_no_Exílio|[pt]]] [[:ru:Правительство_Западной_Армении_в_изгнании|[ru]]], [[:simple:Republic of Western Armenia|[simple]]]</sup>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2011
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} [[Turkey]]
|Aims to establish an independent [[Republic]] of [[Western Armenia]]; based in [[Yerevan]]
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westernarmeniangovernment.org/|title=westernarmeniangovernment.org - ԳԼԽԱՎՈՐ|website=www.westernarmeniangovernment.org}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Pattani.svg}} [[Patani United Liberation Organisation|Patani government in exile]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2014
| {{flag|Thailand}}
|
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Council for the Republic]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2017
| {{flag|Spain}}
| Aims to establish an independent state of [[Catalonia]]; based in [[Brussels]].
|-
| {{flagicon|British Indian Ocean Territory}} [[Chagossian Government-in-Exile]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2025
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| Aims to prevent the transfer of the [[Chagos archipelago]] to [[Mauritius]].
| align=center| <ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|date=16 December 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216200439/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2025/12/16/chagos-island-sir-keir-starmer-form-government-in-exile/|last=Martin|website=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2025/12/16/chagos-island-sir-keir-starmer-form-government-in-exile/|first=Daniel|accessdate=16 December 2025|title=Chagos Islanders defy Starmer by forming government in exile|archive-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Exiled governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories ===
These governments in exile are governments of [[Self-governance|non-self-governing]] or occupied territories. They claim legitimate authority over a territory they once controlled, or claim legitimacy of a [[Decolonization|post-decolonisation]] authority. The claim may stem from an exiled group's election as a legitimate government.

The [[United Nations]] recognises the [[right of self-determination]] for the population of these territories, including the possibility of establishing independent sovereign states.
{|class=wikitable
! Name
! Exile since
! Government presently controlling claimed territory
! Notes
! Refs.
|-
|{{Flagdeco|Palestinian Authority}} [[State of Palestine]] ([[Palestinian Authority]])
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|{{Flag|State of Israel}} ([[Palestinian territories]])
|From the [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence]] in 1988 in exile in [[Algiers]] by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], it has effectively functioned as the government in exile of the [[State of Palestine|Palestinian State]]. In 1994, however the PLO established the [[Palestinian Authority|Palestinian National Authority]] interim [[Palestinian territories|territorial]] administration as result of the [[Oslo Accords]] signed by the PLO, Israel, the United States, and [[Russia]]. Between 1994 and 2013, the PNA functioned as an autonomy, thus while the government was seated in the [[West Bank]] it was not sovereign. In 2013, Palestine was upgraded to a non-member state status in the UN. All of the above founded an ambiguous situation, in which there are two distinct entities: The Palestinian Authority, exercising a severely limited amount of control on the ground and the State of Palestine, recognised by the United Nations and by numerous countries as a sovereign and independent state, but not able to exercise such sovereignty on the ground. Both are headed by the same person—as of 2022, President [[Mahmoud Abbas]]—but are judicially distinct.
|}

== Former governments in exile ==
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! style="width:20%;" class="unsortable" |Name
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |Exiled or founded (*) since
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |Defunct, reestablished (*) or integrated (°) since
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable" |State that controlled its claimed territory
! style="width:50%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |References
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandera de Siena.png}} [[Republic of Siena#End of the Republic|Republican Government of Siena]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1555
| style="text-align:center;"| 1559
| {{flagicon image|Medici Flag of Tuscany.png}} [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
| After the [[Italian city-states|Italian city-state]] of [[Siena]] was defeated in the [[Battle of Marciano]] and annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], 700 Sienese families did not concede defeat, established themselves in [[Montalcino]] and declared themselves to be the legitimate Republican Government of Siena. This lasted until 1559, when Tuscan troops arrived and annexed Montalcino, too.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of The Electoral Palatinate (1604).svg}} Exile government of the [[Electoral Palatinate]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1622–1623*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1648°
| {{flagicon image|Electoral Standard of Bavaria (1623-1806).svg}} [[Electorate of Bavaria]]
| In the early stages of the [[Thirty Years' War]], [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]], [[Elector of Bavaria]], occupied the [[Electoral Palatinate]] and was awarded possession of it by [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. In late 1622 and early 1623, the fugitive [[Frederick V of the Palatinate|Frederick V]], [[Elector palatine|Elector Palatine]] organised a Palatinate government-in-exile at [[The Hague]]. This Palatinate Council was headed by [[Ludwig Camerarius]], replaced in 1627 by [[Johann Joachim Rusdorf]]. Frederick himself died in exile in 1632, but his son and heir [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine|Charles Louis]] was able to regain the Lower Palatinate following the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Privy Council of England]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1649
| style="text-align:center;"| 1660°
| {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of The Commonwealth.svg}} [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1653)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Commonwealth (1658-1660).svg}} [[The Protectorate|Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]] (1653–1659)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of The Commonwealth.svg}} [[Commonwealth of England]] (1659–1660)}}
| Based for most of the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] and headed by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]; actively supported Charles' claim to the thrones of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]
| align=center|
|-
| [[East Tennessee]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1861
| style="text-align:center;"| 1862
| [[State of Tennessee]]
| 
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Missouri State Guard.svg}} [[Confederate government of Missouri]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1861
| style="text-align:center;"| 1865
| [[State of Missouri]]
| [[Missouri]] had both [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] governments, but the Confederate government was exiled, eventually governing out of [[Marshall, Texas]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hem01|title=Tshaoline.org|publisher=Tshaonline.org|date=20 September 1967|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Confederate government of Kentucky]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1861
| style="text-align:center;"| 1865
| [[Kentucky|Commonwealth of Kentucky]]
| [[Kentucky]] had both Union and Confederate governments. The Confederate government was soon forced out of the state, and was an exiled government traveling with the Confederate [[Army of Tennessee]], except for during a short return when the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate army]] briefly occupied [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]].
| align=center|
|-
| [[Restored Government of Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1861
| style="text-align:center;"| 1865
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Virginia (1861–1865).svg}} [[Commonwealth of Virginia]]
| 
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Hannover.svg}} [[Hanover]] exile court/[[Guelphic Legion]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1866
| style="text-align:center;"| 1878
| {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] (1866–1867)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the German Empire.svg}} [[North German Confederation]] (1867–1871)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the German Empire.svg}} [[German Empire]] (1871–1878)}}
| On 20 September 1866 [[Prussia]] annexed [[Hanover]]. Living in exile in Austria, at [[Hietzing]] and [[Gmunden]], King [[George V of Hanover]] never abandoned his claim to the Hanoverian throne and from 1866 to 1870 maintained at his own expense an exile Hanoverian armed force, the [[Guelphic Legion]].<ref name=Schmitt>Schmitt, Hans A. ''Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866''. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.</ref> George was forced to give up this Legion after the Prussian lower chamber passed in 1869 a law sequestering his funds.<ref>{{cite book|last=Windell|first=George|title=The Catholics and German unity, 1866–1871|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1954|isbn=9780816658916}}</ref> George V died in 1878. Though his son and heir [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|Prince Ernest Augustus]] retained a formal claim to be the legitimate King of Hanover until 1918 (when all German Royal Families were dethroned), he does not seem to have kept up a government-in-exile.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flag|Hawaiian Kingdom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1893
| style="text-align:center;"| 1895
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hawaii.svg}} [[Republic of Hawaii]]
| Royal government exiled following the [[Hawaiian Revolution of 1893]], dissolved after the abdication of Queen [[Liliuokalani]] in response to the [[Hawaiian Counter-revolution of 1895]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1914
| style="text-align:center;"| 1918
| {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire]]
| Formed in 1915 by the [[Government of Belgium]] following the German invasion during [[World War I]]. It was disbanded following the restoration of Belgian sovereignty with the [[Armistice with Germany]]. 
| align=center|
|-
| {{flag|Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1919*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1948°
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg}} [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]]
| Based in [[Shanghai]], and later in [[Chongqing]]; after [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's defeat]] in World War II, [[President of South Korea|President]] [[Syngman Rhee]] became the first president of the [[First Republic of South Korea]]
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} [[Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1921
| style="text-align:center;"| 1954
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union]]
| Formed after the [[Soviet invasion of Georgia]] of 1921; based in [[Leuville-sur-Orge]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1921
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992
| Formed after the [[Soviet invasion of Ukraine]] of 1921; disbanded following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Persia (1910).svg}} [[Sublime State of Persia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1923
| style="text-align:center;"| 1943
| {{flagicon image|State Flag of Iran (1964).svg}} [[Imperial State of Iran]]
| The [[Qajar dynasty]] went into exile in 1923 and continued to claim the Iranian throne until the death of [[Mohammad Hassan Mirza]] in 1943.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Spanish Republic}} [[Spanish Republican government in exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1939
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977°
| {{flag|Spanish State}}
| Founded after [[Francisco Franco]]'s coup d'état; first based in [[Paris]] from 1939 until 1940 when [[Battle of France|France fell to the Nazis]]. The exiled government was then moved to [[Mexico City]] and stayed there from 1940 to 1946, when it was moved back to Paris, where it lasted until Franco's death and democracy in Spain was restored in the [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1939
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977°
| {{flag|Spanish State}}
| In 1939, as the [[Spanish Civil War]] ended with the defeat of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]], the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] abolished the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]], the autonomous government of [[Catalonia]], and its president [[Lluís Companys]] was tortured and executed. However, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile from 1939 to 1977, led by presidents [[Josep Irla#Generalitat de Catalunya in exile|Josep Irla]] (1940–1954) and [[Josep Tarradellas]] (1954–1980). In 1977 Tarradellas returned to [[Catalonia]] and was recognised by the post-Franco Spanish government, ending the Generalitat's exile.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Polish government-in-exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1939*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990°
| {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|Germany|Nazi}}{{flagdeco|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Occupied Poland]] (1939–1945)
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Provisional Government of National Unity]] (1945–1947)
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[People's Republic of Poland]] (1947–1990)}}
| Based in [[Paris]], [[Angers]] and [[London]], it opposed [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[satellite state]], the [[People's Republic of Poland]]; disbanded following the [[fall of communism in Poland]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian government-in-exile]] (Tief)
| style="text-align:center;"| 1940*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1953
| rowspan="4" | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union]]
| Split into 2 factions in January 1953 following [[Otto Tief]]'s removal by August Rei and the dispute over succession.
| align=center| <ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Recognition of governments in international law|last=Talmon|first=Stefan|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-826573-5|page=299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scc8EboiJX8C&dq=%22Estonian+Government+in+Exile%22&pg=PA299}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian government-in-exile]] (Rei)
| style="text-align:center;"| 1940/1953*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991°
| Established in [[Sweden]] by several members of [[National Committee of the Republic of Estonia|Otto Tief's government]] loyal to [[August Rei]]; it did not achieve any international recognition. In fact, it was not recognised even by Estonian diplomatic legations that were seen by western countries as legal representatives of the annexed state. However the government in exile was recognized by the restored [[Government of Estonia]] when the government in exile ceased its activity in 1992 and gave over its credentials to the restored Republic of Estonia. A rival electoral committee was founded by another group of Estonian exiles loyal to [[Alfred Maurer (politician)|Alfred Maurer]] in the same year in [[Detmold]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[West Germany]], but it was short lived.
| align=center| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian diplomatic service in exile|Latvian diplomatic service-in-exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1940*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991°
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuanian Diplomatic Service|Lithuanian diplomatic service-in-exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1940*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991°
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Philippine Commonwealth}} [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth in exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1942
| style="text-align:center;"| 1944°
| {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Empire of Japan}} (1943)
*{{flag|Second Philippine Republic}} (1943–1945)}}
| After Japanese forces took control over the Philippine islands, the Philippine commonwealth government led by [[Manuel Quezon]] fled first to [[Melbourne]] and later to [[Washington, D.C.]] It existed from May 1942 to October 1944 before returning to the Philippines along with U.S. forces during the [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1948*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1949°
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch East Indies]]
| Based in [[Bukittinggi]]; led by [[Sjafruddin Prawiranegara]], founded after [[Operatie Kraai]] in December 1948. Disbanded after [[Roem–Van Roijen Agreement]].
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|All-Palestine}} [[All-Palestine Government]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1948
| style="text-align:center;"| 1959
| {{plainlist|
*{{flag|Israel}}
*{{flag|Egypt|1958}} ([[All-Palestine Protectorate|Gaza Strip]])
*{{flag|Jordan}} ([[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|West Bank]])}}
| The All-Palestine government was [[1948 Palestinian Declaration of Independence|proclaimed]] in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in September 1948, but was shortly relocated to [[Cairo]] in fear of Israeli offensive. Despite Egyptian ability to keep control of the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[All-Palestine Government]] was forced to remain in exile in Cairo, gradually stripping it of its authority, until in 1959 it was dissolved by [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s decree.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[President of Ukraine (in exile)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1948
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992°
| {{flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
| Founded on 10 July 1948, when was adopted a "Provisional law about the reorganisation of the State Centre of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile" which was coordinated between various Ukrainian political organisations. It was disbanded on 22 August 1992, when after an extraordinary session of the Ukrainian National Council on 15 March 1992 adopted a resolution "About handing over authority of the State Centre of UNR in exile to the state power in Kiev and termination of work of the State Centre of UNR in exile".
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Algeria|1958}} [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1958*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1962*
| {{flagicon|France}} [[French Algeria]] ([[France]])
| Established during the latter part of the [[Algerian War of Independence]]; after the war, a compromise agreement with the [[Armée de Libération Nationale]] dissolved it but allowed most of its members to enter the [[People's Democratic Republic of Algeria|post-independence government]]
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1961
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| The CPRK was not a governmental body per se but rather an offshoot of the Korean Workers' Party's United Front Department; the distinction is intended to emphasise the North Korean government's position that the Southern government is illegitimate and should not be dealt with by official bodies.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYIqiKMdhhcC&pg=PA265 | title=Korea Briefing: 2000-2001 : First Steps Toward Reconciliation and Reunification | isbn=9780765609540 | last1=Oh | first1=Kongdan | last2=Hassig | first2=Ralph C. | date=2002 | publisher=M.E. Sharpe }}</ref> Dissolved in 2024, when North Korea stated that it no longer seeks reunification.<ref name="kcna_decision_2024">{{cite news |title=Decision of DPRK Supreme People's Assembly |url=http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/59ff167348aa7bab60621a1741c8f65d522c50790189e8cb4200728e775e4a5d.kcmsf |access-date=16 January 2024 |agency=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1962*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992°
| {{flagicon|Angola}} [[People's Republic of Angola]]
| Based in [[Kinshasa]]; its military branch, the [[National Liberation Front of Angola]], was recognised as a political party in 1992 and holds two seats in [[National Assembly of Angola|Angola's parliament]]
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Namibia|1991}} [[Namibian Government in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1966*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989°
| {{flag|South Africa|1928}}
| Formed after opposition to the [[South Africa under apartheid|apartheid]] [[South Africa]]n administration over [[South-West Africa]], which had been ruled as illegal by the [[United Nations]]; in 1990, [[Namibia]] achieved independence after the [[South African Border War]].
| align=center| <ref>Colin Leys, John S. Saul, and Susan Brown. ''Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-Edged Sword'' (London: James Currey, 1995). pp. 20–21, 40.</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh|1971}} [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1971*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1972°
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[East Pakistan]]
| Based in [[Calcutta]]; led by [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], the first [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]], during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971.
| align=center|
|-
|{{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Crown Council of Ethiopia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1974
| style="text-align:center;"| 2004°
|{{flag|Ethiopia|name=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}
|{{See also|Ethiopian Civil War}}
Formerly opposed the [[Derg]] and the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]], sought to restore the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Monarchy of Ethiopia]]; based in the [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington D.C metropolitan area]]. On 28 July 2004, the Crown Council redefined its role by redirecting its mission from the political realm to a mission of cultural preservation, development and humanitarian efforts in Ethiopia.
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Free Aceh Movement}} [[Free Aceh Movement]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1976*
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Republic of Indonesia]]
| Headquartered in Turkey; surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the [[Politics of Indonesia|Indonesian government]]
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Cambodia|1975}} [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1982*
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993°
| {{flagicon image|Flag Of The State and PR Of Cambodia.svg}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]]
| Established with UN recognition in opposition to the [[Vietnam]]ese-backed government. [[1993 Cambodian parliamentary election|Elections]] in 1993 brought the reintegration of the exiled government into the newly reconstituted [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]].
| align=center|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag-of-Khalistan.svg}} [[Council of Khalistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1984
| style="text-align:center;"| mid-1990s
|{{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[India|Republic of India]]
|The organisation was created On 12 April 1980, when separatist leader [[Jagjit Singh Chohan]] officially announced the formation of the Council of Khalistan at Anandpur Sahib and declared himself to be the president. Balbir Singh Sindhu as its Secretary-General. Chohan presented himself as the president of the Republic of Khalistan, set up a cabinet, and issued Khalistani passports, stamps, and currency. On 13 June 1984, Chohan announced a [[government in exile]].
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Jo |date=1984-06-14 |title=LONDON SIKH ASSUMES ROLE OF EXILE CHIEF |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/world/london-sikh-assumes-role-of-exile-chief.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Burma|1948}} [[National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Burma|1974}} [[State Peace and Development Council|Union of Myanmar]] (1988–2011)
*{{flag|Myanmar|name=Republic of the Union of Myanmar}}}}
| Led by [[Sein Win (Burmese government in exile)|Sein Win]] and composed of members of [[Pyidaungsu Hluttaw|parliament]] elected in 1990 but not allowed by the [[Tatmadaw|military]] to take office; based in [[Rockville, Maryland]], and [[Montgomery County, Maryland]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|last=Mann|first=Zarni|title=Burmese Exile Govt Dissolves After 22 years|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/14042|access-date=15 June 2013|newspaper=The Irrawaddy|date=14 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Myo|first=Nay|title=Burma's exiled government dissolved|url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/8026-burmas-exiled-government-dissolved.html|access-date=15 June 2013|newspaper=Mizzima|date=17 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531091352/http://mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/8026-burmas-exiled-government-dissolved.html|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Republic of Ragusa.svg}} [[Dubrovnik Republic (1991)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992
| {{flag|Croatia|name=Republic of Croatia}}
| Formed in [[Cavtat]] with the help of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] after Croatia declared independence from [[Yugoslavia]]. Claimed to be the historic successor of the [[Republic of Ragusa]] (1358–1808).
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://img202.imageshack.us/img202/9099/dubrovnik.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050107/http://img202.imageshack.us/img202/9099/dubrovnik.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|title=Корак ка оснивању Дубровачке републике, Accessed 2013-12-26.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1994
| style="text-align:center;"| 2021°
| {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]
| Based in [[Baku]]; not a real government in exile, but an [[Azerbaijan]]i association, founded on 24 March 1994 and led by [[Tural Ganjaliyev]], whose territory was under the control of [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[Separatism|separatists]] between 1991 and 2020. On 30 April 2021 was announced the dissolution of the association after the return of most of Nagorno-Karabakh under Azerbaijani control after the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]].<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-begins-controversial-renovation-of-armenian-church Azerbaijan begins controversial renovation of Armenian church], Joshua Kucera, 7 May 2021, [[Eurasianet]]</ref><ref>[https://www.azernews.az/karabakh/178534.html "Nagorno-Karabakh" separate administrative-territorial unit no longer exists - Azerbaijani MP], 30 April 2021, Azernews</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdish Parliament in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995
| style="text-align:center;"| 1999
| {{flag|Turkey|name=Republic of Türkiye}}
| Based in [[The Hague]]; founded in April 1995 and led by [[Yaşar Kaya]]. It was disbanded in 1999.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Government of Free Vietnam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995*
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013°
| {{flag|Vietnam|name=Socialist Republic of Vietnam}}
| The Government of Free Vietnam was an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] political organisation centred in [[Garden Grove, California]] and [[Missouri City, Texas]]. It was disbanded in 2013.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Bongo Doit Partir]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1998
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| {{flag|Gabon}}
| Founded by Daniel Mengara in opposition to president [[Omar Bongo]]; after Bongo's death in June 2009, Mengara returned to Gabon in order to participate in the country's [[2009 Gabonese presidential election|elections]]
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|author=Nom *|url=http://www.bdpgabon.org/articles/2003/04/24/un-gouvernement-en-exil/|title=Bdpgabon.org|publisher=Bdpgabon.org|access-date=20 September 2012|archive-date=10 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910035637/http://www.bdpgabon.org/articles/2003/04/24/un-gouvernement-en-exil/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/gabon.html|title=Gabon |publisher=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources - Stanford University |access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626202256/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/gabon.html|archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg|border}} [[Quetta Shura]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001
| style="text-align:center;"| 2021
| {{flagicon|Afghanistan|2013}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]
| {{See also|Taliban insurgency|United States invasion of Afghanistan}}
Based in [[Quetta]], as a continuation of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]. After the [[Taliban]] were removed from power in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 Afghan war]], the veteran high-ranking leaders of the former government including [[Mullah]] [[Mullah Omar|Mohammed Omar]], founder and spiritual leader of the Taliban, fled to [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan Province]], [[Pakistan]] where they set up Quetta Shura in exile to organise and direct the insurgency and retake Afghanistan which was achieved in [[2021 Taliban offensive|August 2021]].
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print|work=The New York Times|first=Carlotta|last=Gall|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|date=21 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/19/talibanization-spreads-to-southwest-pakistan/|title=Taliban shifts to southwest Pakistan|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/files/The_Talibans_Campaign_For_Kandahar.pdf|title=The Taliban's Campaign for Kandahar|website=www.understandingwar.org|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206042924/http://www.understandingwar.org/files/The_Talibans_Campaign_For_Kandahar.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg}} [[Royal Lao Government in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| style="text-align:center;"| 2023{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
|{{flag|Laos|name=Lao People's Democratic Republic}}
|{{See also|Laotian Civil War}}
Opposed [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party|communist government]] in Laos, sought to institute a [[constitutional monarchy]] until its self-proclaimed prime minister died; based in [[Gresham, Oregon]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Shan State.svg}} [[Interim Government of Federated Shan States]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2005
| style="text-align:center;"| 2006
| {{flagicon|Burma|1974}} [[State Peace and Development Council|Union of Myanmar]]
| Aimed to establish an independent state for the [[Shan people|Shan ethnic group]]; it became defunct within several months.
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=Peacehalle.com|url=http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/english/2005/04/200504211050.shtml|access-date=20 September 2012|publisher=Peacehall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Than|first=Tin Maung Maung|date=2006|title=MYANMAR: Challenges Galore but Opposition Failed to Score|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913310|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|volume=2006|pages=183–207|jstor=27913310|issn=0377-5437}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg}} [[Syrian Interim Government]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| style="text-align:center;"| 2025°
| {{flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syrian Arab Republic}}
| Was [[Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad|opposed]] to [[Ba'athist Syria]], had ties to some [[Free Syrian Army]] groups; was based in [[Azaz]]. After the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in December 2024, the SIG coexisted for a short period of time with the [[Syrian caretaker government]] headed by [[Mohammed al-Bashir]] in Damascus, while the SNC expressed its support for the caretaker government and called for the formation of a government that would be "inclusive of everyone."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241218-syrian-coalition-calls-for-comprehensive-non-sectarian-transitional-government/|title=Syrian coalition calls for 'comprehensive, non-sectarian' transitional government|date=18 December 2024|website= [[Middle East Monitor]]|accessdate=19 December 2024 }}</ref> On 30 January 2025, the SIG officially dissolved and was absorbed into the caretaker government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mustafa Places Interim Government at the Disposal of the Syrian State|url=https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/mustafa-places-interim-government-at-the-disposal-of-the-syrian-state.html|website=Syrian Observer|date=2025-02-05}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Zaire}} [[New Zaire (government in exile)|New Zaire Government in Exile]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024
| {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Democratic Republic of Congo}}
| Established in [[Brussels]] by Congolese opposition politician [[Christian Malanga]] of the [[United Congolese Party]] in May 2017. Malanga was killed during an [[2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt|unsuccessful attempt]] at overthrowing the Congolese government on 19 May 2024.
| align=center|
|}

=== World War II ===
{{main|List of governments in exile during World War II}}
Many countries established a government in exile after loss of [[sovereignty]] in connection with [[World War II]].

==== Governments in London ====
A large number of European governments-in-exile were set up in [[London]].

{|class=wikitable
! Name
! Leaders
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian government in exile]]
| Prime Minister: [[Hubert Pierlot]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]]
| {{plainlist|
*President: [[Edvard Beneš]]
*Prime Minister: [[Jan Šrámek]]}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Free France}} [[Free France]] 
| [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Henri Giraud]], [[French Committee of National Liberation]] (from 1943)
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[Greek government-in-exile]]
| {{plainlist|
*[[George II of Greece|King George II]]
*Prime Minister: [[Emmanouil Tsouderos]] {{smaller|(1941–1944)}}, [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] {{smaller|(1944)}}, [[Georgios Papandreou]] {{smaller|(1944–1945)}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg government in exile]] 
| {{plainlist|
*[[Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg|Grand Duchess Charlotte]]
*Prime Minister: [[Pierre Dupong]]}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch government-in-exile]]
| {{plainlist|
*[[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]]
*Prime Minister: [[Dirk Jan de Geer]] {{smaller|(1940)}}, [[Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy]] {{smaller|(1940–1945)}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian government-in-exile]]
| {{plainlist|
*[[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon VII]]
*Prime Minister: [[Johan Nygaardsvold]]}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish government-in-exile]] 
| {{plainlist|
*President: [[Władysław Raczkiewicz]]
*Prime Minister: [[Władysław Sikorski]] {{smaller|(1939–1943)}}, [[Stanisław Mikołajczyk]] {{smaller|(1943–1944)}}, [[Tomasz Arciszewski]] {{smaller|(1944–1945)}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]]
| {{plainlist|
*[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]]
*Prime Minister: [[Dušan Simović]] {{smaller|(1941–1942)}}, [[Slobodan Jovanović]] {{smaller|(1942–1943)}}, [[Miloš Trifunović (politician)|Miloš Trifunović]] {{smaller|(1943)}}, [[Božidar Purić]] {{smaller|(1943–1944)}}, [[Ivan Šubašić]] {{smaller|(1944–1945)}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian Democratic Union]] (Unrecognised)
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish Freedom Council]] (Unrecognised)
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Free Thai Movement]] (Unrecognised)
|
|}

Other exiled leaders in Britain in this time included [[King Zog of Albania]] and [[Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia]].

Occupied [[Denmark]] did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Who's who of the Allied Governments and Allied Trade & Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBbUAAAAMAAJ|year=1944|publisher=Allied Publications|page=173}}<br />{{cite book|author=Arthur Durham Divine|title=Navies in Exile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJg-AAAAIAAJ|year=1944|publisher=E.P. Dutton|page=214}}<br />{{cite book|author=Knud J. V. Jespersen|title=No Small Achievement: Special Operations Executive and the Danish Resistance, 1940–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAFnAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=University Press of Southern Denmark|isbn=978-87-7838-691-5|page=48}}</ref> The government remained in Denmark and functioned with relative independence until August 1943 when it was dissolved, placing Denmark under full German occupation. Meanwhile, [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]] were occupied by [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland during World War II]], and [[History of Greenland during World War II]].)

==== Governments-in-exile in Asia ====
The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]] (invaded 9 December 1941) established a [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|government in exile]], initially located in Australia and later in the United States. Earlier, in 1897, the [[Hong Kong Junta]] was established as a government in exile by the Philippine revolutionary [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]].

While formed long before World War II, the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] continued in exile in China until the end of the war.

At the [[Battle of Java (1942)|fall of Java]], and the surrender by the Dutch on behalf of Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many Dutch-Indies officials (including [[Hubertus van Mook|Dr van Mook]] and [[Charles van der Plas|Dr Charles van der Plas]]) managed to flee to [[Australia]] in March 1942, and on 23 December 1943, the Royal Government (Dutch) decreed an official [[Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile]], with Dr van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule was restored in the Indies.<ref name=ba>Lockwood, R. (1975). ''Black Armada and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, 1942–49''. Australasian Book Society Ltd., Sydney, Australia. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9 09916 68 3}}</ref>

==== Axis-aligned governments in exile ====
In the later stages of [[World War II]], with the German Army increasingly pushed back and expelled from various countries, Axis-aligned groups from some countries set up "governments-in-exile" under the auspices of the Axis powers, in the remaining Axis territory - even though internationally recognised governments were in place in their home countries. The main purpose of these was to recruit and organise military units composed of their nationals in the host country.

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! style="width:20%;" class="unsortable" |Name
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |Exiled or founded (*) since
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |Defunct, reestablished (*) or integrated (°) since
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable" |State that controlled its claimed territory
! style="width:50%;" class="unsortable" |Notes
! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable" |References
|-
| {{flagdeco|Azad Hind}} [[Azad Hind]]
| 21 October 1943*
| 18 August 1945
| {{flagdeco|British Raj}} [[British Raj]]
| The Provisional Government of Free India, or Azad Hind, was a state founded to oppose the [[British Raj]]. It was based in [[Rangoon]] and later in [[Port Blair]]. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was the leader of the government and the Head of State. The government was initially established in Singapore but later given control of Japanese-controlled territory in far eastern India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The government issued its currency notes and started establishing bilateral relationships with countries aligned against Britain. The [[Azad Hind Fauj]] or [[Indian National Army]] (INA) was the official military of [[Government of India]] led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. This government was disestablished in 1945 following the defeat of the [[Axis powers]] in World War II. The [[Indian National Army trials|trials of INA leaders]] after the war led to the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny|Royal Indian Navy revolt]] in 1946, which hastened the end of British rule in India.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1905–1918, 1941–1944).svg}} [[German-occupied territory of Montenegro|Montenegrin State Council]]
| Summer of 1944
| 8 May 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
| After the Germans withdrew from Montenegro, the fascist leader Sekula Drljević founded a government-in-exile based in [[Zagreb]], capital of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH). Drljević founded the [[Montenegrin National Army]], a military force set up by him and the Croatian fascist leader [[Ante Pavelić]]. However, his government was dissolved after the fall of the NDH.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagdeco|Romania}} [[National Legionary State|Legionary Romania]]
| August 1944
| 8 May 1945
| {{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]
| Germany had imprisoned [[Horia Sima]] and other members of the [[Iron Guard]] following the [[Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom|Legionnaires' rebellion]] of 1941. In 1944, [[King Michael's Coup]] brought a pro-Allied government to power in Romania. In response Germany released Sima to establish a pro-Axis government in exile in Vienna. It raised a Romanian National Army in the SS of 12.000 men that fought along Germany until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA%2C%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%201_0062.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123110127/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA%2C%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%201_0062.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2017|title=Horia Sima Vol. 1_0062|date=19 July 1945|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagdeco|France|1794}} [[Sigmaringen enclave|Sigmaringen Governmental Commission]]
| 7 September 1944*
| 23 April 1945°
| {{flagdeco|France|1794}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]]
| Members of the collaborationist French cabinet at Vichy were relocated by the Germans to the [[Sigmaringen enclave]] in Germany, where they became a government-in-exile until April 1945. They were given formal governmental power over the city of Sigmaringen, and the three Axis governments—Germany, Italy and Japan—established there what were officially their embassies to France. [[Pétain]] having refused to take part in this, it was headed by [[Fernand de Brinon]].
| align=center| <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCE_2I4vyZkC Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945], Henry Rousso, éditions Complexe, Paris, 1984</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian government-in-exile|Kingdom of Bulgaria]]
| 16 September 1944*
| 10 May 1945
| {{flagdeco|Bulgaria}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] ([[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]])
| Formed after the [[1944 Bulgarian coup d'état]] brought socialists to power in Bulgaria, the government was based in [[Vienna]] and headed by [[Aleksandar Tsankov]]. It raised the [[Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Bulgarian)|1st Bulgarian Regiment]] of the SS.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)#Collaborationist government-in-exile|Hellenic State]]
| September 1944
| April 1945
| {{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]
| After the [[Axis occupation of Greece#Liberation and aftermath|liberation of Greece]], a new collaborationist government had been established at [[Vienna]], during September 1944, formed by former collaborationist ministers. It was headed by the former collaborationist minister [[Ektor Tsironikos]]. In April 1945, Tsironikos was captured during the [[Vienna offensive]] along with his ministers.<ref>[http://efimeris.nlg.gr/ns/pdfwin_ftr.asp?c=108&pageid=-1&id=53299&s=0&STEMTYPE=0&STEM_WORD_PHONETIC_IDS=ARwASbASRASZASXASVASHASSASXASa&CropPDF=0 Οι Τσιρονίκος και Ταβουλάρης συνελήφθησαν], Εφημερίδα «Ελευθερία», Παρασκευή 11 Μαΐου 1945, σελίδα 2.</ref><ref>[http://efimeris.nlg.gr/ns/pdfwin_ftr.asp?c=108&pageid=-1&id=53299&s=0&STEMTYPE=0&STEM_WORD_PHONETIC_IDS=ARwASbASRASZASXASVASHASSASXASa&CropPDF=0 Ο Τσιρονίκος παρεδόθη χθες εις τας Ελληνικάς Αρχάς], Εφημερίδα «Εμπρός», Τρίτη 27 Αυγούστου 1946, σελίδα 5.</ref><ref>[http://efimeris.nlg.gr/ns/pdfwin_ftr.asp?c=108&pageid=-1&id=53324&s=0&STEMTYPE=0&STEM_WORD_PHONETIC_IDS=ARwASbASRASZASXASVASHASSASXASa&CropPDF=0 Ο Ε.Τσιρονίκος υπέβαλε αίτηση χάριτος], Εφημερίδα «Εμπρός», Τρίτη 27 Αυγούστου 1946, σελίδα 5.</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungarian Government of National Unity]]
| 28/29 March 1945
| 7 May 1945
| {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]]
*{{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]}}
| The [[Ferenc Szálasi|Szálasi]] government fled in the face of the [[Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive|Soviet advance through Hungary]]. It was first based in [[Vienna]] and then in [[Munich]]. Most of its leaders were arrested in the following months, in the aftermath of the final Allied victory in Europe.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]]
| 4 April 1945
| 8 May 1945
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]
| The government of the Slovak Republic, led by [[Jozef Tiso]], went into exile on 4 April 1945 to the Austrian town of [[Kremsmünster]] when the Red Army captured [[Bratislava]] and occupied Slovakia. The exiled government capitulated to the American General [[Walton Walker]] on 8 May 1945 in Kremsmünster. In summer 1945, the captured members of the government were handed over to Czechoslovak authorities.
| align=center|
|-
| {{flag|Second Philippine Republic|Second Philippine Republic in exile}}
| 11 June 1945
| 17 August 1945
| {{flagdeco|Philippine Commonwealth}} [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]]
| After the Allied forces liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and the reestablishment of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]] in the archipelago after a few years in exile in the United States, the Second Philippine Republic became a nominal government-in-exile<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jose|first1=Ricardo|title=Governments in Exile|url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf|access-date=12 December 2017|publisher=University of the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081702/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> from 11 June 1945, based in Nara / Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/7734-today-is-the-birth-anniversary-of-president-jose-p-laurel/|website=Official Gazette|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505223044/http://malacanang.gov.ph/7734-today-is-the-birth-anniversary-of-president-jose-p-laurel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government was later dissolved on 17 August 1945.<ref name="Ooi">{{cite book|title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|page=776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PP1|access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>
| align=center|
|-
| {{flagdeco|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Government of the Independent State of Croatia#Government in exile|Croatian Government in exile]]
| 10 April 1951
| 28 December 1959
| {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
| Many former members of the [[Government of the Independent State of Croatia]] fled to [[Argentina]]. From there they founded a government in exile.
| align=center| <ref>{{cite book|last1=Adriano|first1=Pino|last2=Cingolani|first2=Giorgo|title=Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War|date=2018|publisher=Central European University Press|page=390|isbn=978-9633862063}}</ref>
|}

=== Persian Gulf War ===
Following the [[Ba'athist Iraq]]i [[Invasion of Kuwait|invasion]] and [[Kuwait Governorate|occupation]] of [[Kuwait]], during the [[Persian Gulf War]], on 2 August 1990, [[Sheikh]] [[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] and senior members of his government fled to [[Saudi Arabia]], where they set up a [[Kuwaiti Government in exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Ta'if]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1990/08/24/exiled-kuwaiti-rulers-set-up-government/|work=Orlando Sentinel|title=Exiled Kuwaiti Rulers Set Up Government|date=24 August 1990|via=Washington Post}}</ref> The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive [[propaganda]] campaign denouncing the Ba'athist Iraqi occupation and mobilising public opinion in the Western world in favor of war with [[Ba'athist Iraq]]. In March 1991, following the defeat of Ba'athist Iraq at the hands of coalition forces in the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.

=== Municipal councils in exile ===
Following the [[Turkish Invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974 and the displacement of many [[Greek Cypriot]]s from [[North Cyprus]], displaced inhabitants of several towns set up what are in effect municipal councils in exile, headed by mayors in exile. The idea is the same as with a national government in exile—to assert a continuation of legitimate rule, even though having no control of the ground, and working towards restoration of such control. Meetings of the exiled [[Lapithos#Former municipality|Municipal Council of Lapithos]] took place in the homes of its members until the Exile Municipality was offered temporary offices at 37 Ammochostou Street, Nicosia. The current Exile Mayor of the town is Athos Eleftheriou. The same premises are shared with the Exile Municipal Council of [[Kythrea]].

Also in the [[Famagusta District]] of Cyprus, the administration of the part retained by the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]], based in [[Paralimni]], considers itself as a "District administration in exile", since the district's capital [[Famagusta]] had been under Turkish control since 1974.

== Fictional governments in exile ==
Works of [[alternate history]] as well as [[science fiction]]al depictions of the future sometimes include fictional governments in exile.
* In [[Len Deighton]]'s ''[[SS-GB]]'', the UK is defeated in [[World War II]] and occupied by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. The story features a British government-in-exile in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Husemann |first=Harald |editor-last=Stark |editor-first=Susanne |year=2000 |chapter=If Adolf Had Come |title=The Novel in Anglo-German Context: Cultural Cross-Currents and Affinities |isbn=9789042006980 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages= 399–424 |doi=10.1163/9789004486720_030|s2cid=239141844 }}</ref>
* In ''[[If Israel Lost the War]]'' by [[Robert Littell (author)|Robert Littell]], Richard Z. Chesnoff and [[Edward Klein]], [[Israel]] is defeated in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] and its territory occupied by Arab armies. Thereupon, [[David Ben-Gurion]] and [[Golda Meir]] set up an Israeli government in exile in North America.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* [[Algis Budrys]]' ''[[The Falling Torch]]'' is set in a future time when [[Earth]] was conquered and occupied by [[Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] humanoid invaders. Many years later, the Earth government in exile, located at a human colony planet orbiting [[Alpha Centauri]], is holding a regular meeting in an atmosphere of dejection and futility—its hosts being indifferent to Earth's plight and unwilling to offer any real help. The exile prime minister is shown more involved with his successful career as the chef of a luxury hotel than with the seemingly non-existent hope of liberating Earth. This depiction might have drawn on the writer's actual experience as a member of the [[Lithuanian Diplomatic Service|exile Lithuanian community]] in the 1950s US, at the time seeing little hope of shaking the Soviet hold of its homeland.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* In the ''[[Hearts of Iron IV]]'' [[Video game modding|mod]], ''[[Kaiserreich (mod)|Kaiserreich]]'' (which portrays an alternate history where Germany wins [[World War I]]), the former governments of France, Britain, and Italy are exiled to Algeria, Canada, and Sardinia, respectively, after [[syndicalist]] revolutionaries assume control.<ref>{{cite web |last=Borsilli |first=Timothy |date=10 March 2022 |work=Wargamer |title=Why Kaiserreich is the ultimate Hearts of Iron 4 mod |url=https://www.wargamer.com/hearts-of-iron-4/mod-kaiserreich}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Embassy without a government]]
* [[Rival government]]
* [[Exclusive mandate]]
* [[Exilarch]]
* [[Provisional government]]
* [[Shadow cabinet]]
* [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil]]
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]

=== Lists ===
* [[Lists of active separatist movements]]
* [[List of historical separatist movements]]
* [[List of historical unrecognized states|List of historical unrecognised states]]
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]
* [[List of territorial disputes]]
* [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Vít|editor1-first=Smetana|editor2-last=Kathleen|editor2-first=Geaney|title=Exile in London: The Experience of Czechoslovakia and the Other Occupied Nations, 1939–1945|date=2018|publisher=Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press|isbn=978-80-246-3701-3|language=en}}
* {{cite book|url=http://governmentsinexile.com/yapoucontents.html|title=Governments in Exile, 1939–1945|last=Yapou|first=Eliezer|year=1998|access-date=9 October 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government In Exile}}
[[Category:Governments in exile| ]]
[[Category:Exile organizations]]
[[Category:Forms of government]]