View source for Gothenburg

{{Short description|City in Västergötland, Sweden}}
{{about|the city in Sweden}}
{{redirect2|Göteborg|Goteborg|other uses|Göteborg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Gothenburg
| native_name        = {{lang|sv|Göteborg}}
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Sweden|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 280
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/3/2/2
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Göteborg 2503 stitch (28573994096).jpg
  | alt1                   = Central Gothenburg River
  | caption1               = [[Museum of Gothenburg]] and [[German Church, Gothenburg|German Church]] in [[Nordstaden]]
  | image2                 = Palmhuset5.jpg
  | alt2                   = Trädgårdsföreningen
  | caption2               = [[Trädgårdsföreningen|The Garden Society]]
  | image3                 = GIIA-Torg-göteborg.JPG
  | alt3                   = Gustaf Adolfs torg
  | caption3               = [[Gustaf Adolf's square]]
  | image4                 = Göteborgs domkyrka september 2011.jpg
  | alt4                   = Gothenburg Cathedral
  | caption4               = [[Gothenburg Cathedral]]
  | image5                 = Sweden skansenlejonet by fred pettersonic.jpg
  | alt5                   = Skansen Lejonet
  | caption5               = [[Skansen Lejonet]]
  | image6                 = Feskekorka2.jpg
  | alt6                   = The Fish Church
  | caption6               = [[Feskekôrka|Feskekôrka building]]
  | image7                 = Karlatornet May 2025 04.jpg
  | caption7               = [[Karlatornet]]                
  | image8                 = Gunnebo slott September 2012 17.jpg
  | caption8               = [[Gunnebo House]]
  }}
| image_flag         = Flag of Gothenburg.svg
| image_shield       = Göteborg kommunvapen - Riksarkivet Sverige.svg
| coordinates        = {{Coord|57|42|27|N|11|58|03|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map        = Sweden Västra Götaland#Sweden South#Sweden
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Västra Götaland##Location within South Sweden##Location within Sweden
| nicknames          = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Sweden}}
| subdivision_type3  = [[Municipalities of Sweden|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Gothenburg Municipality]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Sweden|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Västra Götaland County]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Sweden|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Västergötland]], [[Bohuslän]] and [[Halland]]
| leader_title       = 
| leader_name        = 
| established_title3 = [[City status in Sweden|Charter]]
| established_date3  = 1621
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="scb">{{cite web |url=https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/environment/land-use/localities-areas-population/pong/tables-and-graphs/localities-2016-population-area-overlap-holiday-home-areas-coordinates/ |title=Localities 2015; population 2010–2016, area, overlap holiday home areas, coordinates |date=28 May 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121921/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 447.76
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 14.5
| area_water_percent = 3.2
| area_urban_km2     = 203.67
| area_metro_km2     = 3694.86
| population_as_of   = 2025; 2023 for urban area
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enhetssida/statistik-och-analys/statistik/kommunen-i-siffror/manadsstatistik-befolkningen- |title=Månadsstatistik - Befolkning |publisher= [[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/miljo/tatorter-i-sverige/ |title=Tätorter i Sverige |publisher=[[Statistiska centralbyrån]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>
| population_total   = 612,231
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 1080980
| population_urban   = 674529
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = ''Göteborgare'' / Gothenburger
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = €79.086&nbsp;billion (2021)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = €73,400 (2021)
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| elevation_m        = 12
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 40xxx – 41xxx – 421xx – 427xx
| area_code          = (+46) 31
| website            = *{{URL|https://goteborg.se}}
*{{URL|https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/english|goteborg.se – Short ENG description}}
*{{URL|https://international.goteborg.se}}
}}
'''Gothenburg''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|θ|ən|b|ɜːr|ɡ|audio=En-Gothenburg.ogg}}{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|θ|ən|b|ɜːr|ɡ|audio=En-Gothenburg.ogg}} {{respell|GOTH|ən|burg}}; {{langx|sv|Göteborg}} {{IPA|sv|jœtɛˈbɔrj||Sv-Göteborg.ogg}}) is the [[List of urban areas in Sweden by population|second-largest city]] in [[Sweden]], after the capital [[Stockholm]], and the [[List of urban areas in the Nordic countries|fifth-largest]] in the [[Nordic countries]]. Situated by the [[Kattegat]] on the west coast of Sweden, it is the gubernatorial seat of [[Västra Götaland County]], with a population of approximately 600,000 in the [[city proper]] and about 1.1&nbsp;million inhabitants in [[Metropolitan Gothenburg|the metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Göteborg över 600 000 invånare – och Sverige har fått en ny minsta kommun |url=https://www.scb.se/pressmeddelande/goteborg-over-600-000-invanare--och-sverige-har-fatt-en-ny-minsta-kommun/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2021 och befolkningsförändringar 1 oktober −31 december 2021. Totalt |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-4-2021/ |publisher=SEB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200213/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-4-2021/ |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

[[Gustavus Adolphus|King Gustavus Adolphus]] founded Gothenburg by [[royal charter]] in 1621 as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony. In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoing [[Thirty Years' War]], e.g. tax relaxation, he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast; this trading status was furthered by the founding of the [[Swedish East India Company]]. At a key strategic location at the mouth of the {{lang|sv|[[Göta älv]]|italic=no}}, where Scandinavia's largest [[drainage basin]] enters the sea, the [[Port of Gothenburg]] is now the largest port in the Nordic countries.<ref name="selimw">[https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=189651&i_word=G%F6teborg&i_whole_article=true&i_history=1 Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)]</ref> The presence of the [[University of Gothenburg]] and [[Chalmers University of Technology]] has led Gothenburg to become home to many students. [[Volvo]] was founded in Gothenburg in 1927,<ref name="volvo-founders">{{cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%20group/history/volvosfounders/Pages/volvo_founders.aspx |title=Volvo's founders – Our founders & presidents: Volvo Group Global |work=volvogroup.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409224701/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%20group/history/volvosfounders/Pages/volvo_founders.aspx |archive-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> with both [[Volvo Cars]], and its original parent [[Volvo Group]] (today makers of trucks, buses and marine engines) still headquartered on the island of [[Hisingen]] in the city. Other key companies in the area are [[AstraZeneca]], [[Ericsson]], and [[SKF]].

Gothenburg is served by [[Göteborg Landvetter Airport]] {{cvt|25|km}} southeast of the city centre. The smaller [[Göteborg City Airport]], {{cvt|15|km}} from the city centre, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts the [[Gothia Cup]], the world's largest youth football tournament, and the Göteborg Basketball Festival, Europe's largest youth basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. The [[Gothenburg Film Festival]], held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival and attracts over 155,000 visitors each year.<ref name=filmfestival/> In summer, a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popular [[Way Out West Festival]].

== Name ==
{{further|Name of the Goths}}
The city was named Göteborg in the city's charter in 1621<ref>''För det första, skal denne Stad, heta och kallas Götheborgh.''</ref> and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/ovrigt,city_of_goteborg_blir_ater_city_of_gothenburg |title=City of Göteborg blir åter City of Gothenburg |language=sv |trans-title=City of Gothenburg will again be City of Gothenburg |date=9 December 2009 |website=Vårt Göteborg |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115523/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/ovrigt,city_of_goteborg_blir_ater_city_of_gothenburg |archive-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref> The Swedish name was given after the ''Göta älv'', called [[Göta River]] in English,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gothenburg-Sweden |title=Gothenburg &#124; Sweden |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031024709/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gothenburg-Sweden |url-status=live}}</ref> and other cities ending in ''-borg''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hellquist |first=Elof |year=1922 |title=219 (Svensk etymologisk ordbok) |url=https://runeberg.org/svetym/0307.html |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=runeberg.org |language=sv |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095023/http://runeberg.org/svetym/0307.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv.</ref><ref>AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.</ref> The city's name is often abbreviated to '''Gbg'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Göteborg |url=https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/G%C3%B6teborg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104956/https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/G%C3%B6teborg |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=Förkortningar för svenska och utländska ortnamn |url=http://itu.se/ortnamn.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219110943/http://itu.se/ortnamn.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Göteborg |title=Göteborg |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235647/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/G%C3%B6teborg |url-status=live}}</ref> Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used [[exonym]].

The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. In [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Scots language|Scots]], English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is or was (in the case of German) used for the city. 

Variations of the official German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French form of the city name is ''Gothembourg'', but in French texts, the Swedish name ''Göteborg'' is more frequent.

In 2003, the city decided to promote the name ''Göteborg'' in international contexts, a decision which was reversed six years later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikel |first=David |title=7 Fascinating Facts About Gothenburg, Sweden's Second City |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2022/09/19/7-fascinating-facts-about-gothenburg-swedens-second-city/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> However, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, or ''Gotemburgo'' in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish ''Göteborg'', for example by [[The Göteborg Opera]] and the Göteborg Ballet. However, ''Göteborgs universitet'', previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, changed its name to the [[University of Gothenburg]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/current/the-university-s-new-english-name.cid778745 |publisher=University of Gothenburg |title=University of Gothenburg&nbsp;– the University's new English name |date=4 February 2008 |access-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080218/http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/current/the-university-s-new-english-name.cid778745 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://international.goteborg.se/ |title=City of Gothenburg |publisher=City of Gothenburg |access-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215183929/http://international.goteborg.se/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref>

In 2009, ''Göteborg & Co'', the municipal [[destination management]] organisation of [[Gothenburg Municipality|Gothenburg]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Göteborg & Co — Göteborg & Co |url=https://goteborgco.se/en/about-goteborgco/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=goteborgco.se |language=en-GB}}</ref> launched a new promotional logo for Gothenburg spelled "Go:teborg". Since the name "Göteborg" contains [[Ö#Ö in other languages|the Swedish letter "ö"]], they planned to make the name more "international" and "up to date" by turning the "ö" sideways. {{As of|2015}}, the name was spelled "Go:teborg" on logos on various signs around the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Valkonen |first1=Jorma |title=Göteborg blir go:teborg |trans-title=Göteborg becomes go:teborg |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article11956437.ab |work=[[Aftonbladet]]|date=12 August 2009 |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131650/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article11956437.ab |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2021, the city removed the "Go:teborg" branding from its English communications and switched back to using the logo with "Gothenburg".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=Official Visitor's Guide to Gothenburg |url=https://www.goteborg.com/en/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227205332/https://www.goteborg.com/en/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Official Visitor's Guide to Gothenburg |url=https://www.goteborg.com/en |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322101534/https://www.goteborg.com/en |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== History ==
{{further|History of Gothenburg}}
{{For timeline}}

In the [[Early modern Europe|early modern period]], the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to [[Skagerrak]], the [[North Sea]] and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish [[Halland]] in the south and Norwegian [[Bohuslän]] in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|King Gustavus Adolphus]] (Gustaf&nbsp;II Adolf).<ref name=stad>{{cite web |last1=Twedberg |first1=Johan |title=Här skulle staden ligga |trans-title=The city would be |url=http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/kultur_o_fritid,har_skulle_staden_ligga |website=vartgoteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |date=9 March 2003 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104246/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/kultur_o_fritid,har_skulle_staden_ligga |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>[[File:Göteborg in moon light.jpg|thumb|left|View from Älvsborg Bridge]]
The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders, is marked by a stone near the north end of the [[Älvsborg Bridge]] in the [[Färjenäsparken|Färjenäs Park]]. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lagerström |first1=Robert |title=Färjenäs – stan under bron |trans-title=Färjenäs – the town under the bridge |url=https://www.gp.se/livsstil/bostad/färjenäs-stan-under-bron-1.1119365 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]]|date=23 November 2008 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017233313/https://www.gp.se/livsstil/bostad/f%C3%A4rjen%C3%A4s-stan-under-bron-1.1119365 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such as [[Amsterdam]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]]) and [[New Amsterdam]] ([[Manhattan]]).<ref name="stad" /> The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta, which was built by the Dutch around the same time.<ref name="kastrup75">{{citation |last=Kastrup |first=Allan |year=1975 |title=The Swedish heritage in America: the Swedish element in America and American–Swedish relations in their historical perspective |publisher=Swedish Council of America}}</ref> The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.<ref name="REF88">{{citation |last1=Henriksson |first1=Dick |first2=Älveby |last2=Rustan |year=1994 |title=Vårt Levebröd&nbsp;– Göteborgregionens näringsliv Igår, I dag och I morgon |publisher=Akademiförlaget |trans-title=Our livelihood – Göteborg region Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow |page=5 |isbn=978-91-24-16635-9}}</ref> During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town. Robust city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's wall. The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Svedberg |first1=Viktor |title=Förstudier och förundersökningar |trans-title=Feasibility studies and preliminary investigations |url=http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3661/rv2002_07.pdf?sequence=3 |website=raa.se |publisher=[[Swedish National Heritage Board]] |pages=28–31 |year=2002 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091837/http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3661/rv2002_07.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Alongside the Dutch, the town was also heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andersson |first1=Dan |title=Varför kom skottarna till Göteborg? |trans-title=Why did the Scots go to Gothenburg? |url=http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/varfor-kom-skottarna-till-goteborg/ |website=Expressen |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Expressen]]}} |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043450/http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/varfor-kom-skottarna-till-goteborg/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[William Chalmers (merchant)|William Chalmers]], the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became the [[Chalmers University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Direktören som grundade industriskola |trans-title=The director who founded the industrial school |url=http://företagsamheten.se/Entreprenorer/Entreprenorer/William-Chalmers/ |website=företagsamheten.se |publisher=Svenskt Näringsliv |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616194134/http://xn--fretagsamheten-vpb.se/Entreprenorer/Entreprenorer/William-Chalmers/ |archive-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> In 1841, the Scotsman [[Alexander Keiller (businessman)|Alexander Keiller]] founded the [[Götaverken]] shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=En industriföretagare danas – Alexander Keillers första år i Sverige |trans-title=The making of an industrialist – Alexander Keiller's first year in Sweden |url=http://www.warne.se/docs/Keiller_8-17.pdf |website=warne.se |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221902/http://www.warne.se/docs/Keiller_8-17.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.<ref name="Keiller">{{cite web |title=Keiller park |url=http://www.goteborg.com/keillers-park/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Göteborgs Turistbyrå |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023218/http://www.goteborg.com/keillers-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Coat of arms of Gothenburg|Gothenburg coat of arms]] was based on the lion of the [[coat of arms of Sweden]], symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the [[Three Crowns]], to defend the city against its enemies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nevéus |first1=Clara |last2=de Wærn |first2=Bror Jaques |last3=Eriksson |first3=Kurt |title=Ny svensk vapenbok |trans-title=The Book of New Swedish Weapons |date=1992 |publisher=Streiffert i samarbete med Riksarkivet |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-7886-092-0 |page=70 |id={{LIBRIS|7672458}}}}</ref>

In the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] (1658), [[Denmark–Norway]] ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or ''Bohuslän'' in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along with [[Marstrand]], was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.<ref name="REF88" />

In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, the [[Swedish East India Company]] was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.<ref name="Nordisk">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ostindiska kompanier |trans-title=East India companies |encyclopedia=[[Nordisk familjebok]]–Uggleupplagan |editor=Leche, V |editor2=Nyström, J.F. |editor3=Warburg, K |editor4=Westrin, Theodor |editor-link4=Theodor Westrin |year=1914 |volume=20 |publisher=Nordisk familjeboks förl. |url=https://runeberg.org/nfbt/0570.html |pages=1060–1062 |location=Stockholm |language=sv |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135021/http://runeberg.org/nfbt/0570.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by [[Gothenburg, Nebraska]], a small Swedish settlement in the United States.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.lasr.net/travel/city.php?City_ID=NE0404010 |title=Gothenburg, Nebraska |publisher=LASR |access-date=15 September 2010 |archive-date=9 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909024026/http://www.lasr.net/travel/city.php?City_ID=NE0404010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).<ref>{{cite book |title=Ur Göteborgs Häfder – om de styrande och de styrde 1621–1748 |trans-title=From Gothenburg's annals – of the rulers and the ruled 1621–1748 |first1=Sigfrid |last1=Wieselgren |publisher=P A Norstedt & Söner |location=Stockholm |date=1878 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/warburyd/0068.html |title=Viktor Rydberg, hans levnad och diktning |trans-title=Viktor Rydberg, his life and poetry |publisher=ALB. Bonniers Book Publishing |place=Stockholm |date=1913 |first1=Karl |last1=Warburg |id={{LIBRIS|383367}}|isbn=978-1-278-68721-6|page=54 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://runeberg.org/warburyd/0068.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Millennium – årtusendets bok |trans-title=Millennium – the millennium book (the awkward title is because the first word of the original title was literally "Millennium") |editor=Jan Hansson |publisher=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=1999 |page=104 |isbn=978-91-973363-2-1 |id={{LIBRIS|7799720}}}}</ref> In the 20th century, major companies that developed included [[SKF]] (1907)<ref>{{cite book |title=Sfären Nr 5 SKF Göteborg: Sven Wingquist 75 år |trans-title=Sphere No. 5 SKF Gothenburg Sven Wingquist 75 years |editor=A. Holber |publisher=Wezäta |location=Göteborg |date=1951 |page=4}}</ref> and [[Volvo]] (1927).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |title=Volvo's founders: Volvo Group – Global |publisher=Volvo.com |date=14 April 1927 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012609/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%2Bgroup/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |archive-date=22 May 2009}}</ref>
{{wide image|Göteborg Panorama.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of Gothenburg's downtown coast line}}

== Geography ==
[[File:Gothenburg bu Sentinel-2, 2020-08-15.jpg|thumb|Satellite picture of Gothenburg|left]]
Gothenburg is located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities of [[Copenhagen]] (Denmark) and [[Oslo]] (Norway). The location at the mouth of the Göta älv, which feeds into the [[Kattegat]], an arm of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as a [[Trading post|trading city]]. The [[Gothenburg archipelago|archipelago of Gothenburg]] consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslän.<ref name=Uggle>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Göteborg |encyclopedia=[[Nordisk familjebok]]–Uggleupplagan |editor=Westrin, Theodor |editor-link=Theodor Westrin |year=1909 |publisher=Nordisk familjeboks förl. |url=https://runeberg.org/nfbj/0481.html |pages=890–898 |location=Stockholm |language=sv |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630232429/http://runeberg.org/nfbj/0481.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[Gulf Stream]], the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation.<ref name=gulf /> It is the second-largest [[List of Swedish cities|city in Sweden]] after its capital [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lunchdebatt om regional utveckling |trans-title=Lunch Debate on Regional Development |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/live/lunchdebatt-om-regional-utveckling |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141650/http://www.svt.se/nyheter/live/lunchdebatt-om-regional-utveckling |url-status=live |last1=Nyheter |first1=SVT}}</ref>

The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area (''Stor-Göteborg'') has 1,080,980 inhabitants (2023) and extends to the municipalities of [[Ale Municipality|Ale]], [[Alingsås]], Göteborg, [[Härryda]], [[Kungälv]], [[Lerum]], [[Lilla Edet]], [[Mölndal]], [[Partille]], [[Stenungsund]], [[Tjörn]], [[Öckerö]] within [[Västra Götaland County]], and [[Kungsbacka]] within [[Halland County]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Folkmängd i Göteborgsregionen 2023 |url=https://goteborgsregionen.se/kunskapsbank/folkmangdigoteborgsregionen2023.5.3d3d65dc17ee36e9de7ce73.html |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=goteborgsregionen.se |language=sv}}</ref>

[[Angered]], a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.<ref name=gatunamn>{{cite book |last1=Baum |first1=Greta |title=Göteborgs gatunamn 1621 t o m 2000 |trans-title=Gothenburg street names between the years 1621 to 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=Tre böcker |location=Gothenburg |isbn=978-91-7029-460-0 |id={{LIBRIS|8369492}}}}</ref> It is a [[Million Programme]] part of Gothenburg, like [[Rosengård]] in Malmö and [[Botkyrka Municipality|Botkyrka]] in Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spangenberg |first=Jonas |title=Låt oss hellre bygga miljonprogram än miljonärsprogram |trans-title=Let us rather build than undertake the Million Millionaire program |url=https://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/låt-oss-hellre-bygga-miljonprogram-än-miljonärsprogram-1.465385 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]]|date=16 April 2014 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017235415/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/l%C3%A5t-oss-hellre-bygga-miljonprogram-%C3%A4n-miljon%C3%A4rsprogram-1.465385 |url-status=live}}</ref> Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angereds stadsdelsförvaltning |trans-title=Angered district administration |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enheter/stadsdelsforvaltning/angereds-stadsdelsforvaltning/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zijYyDTVyDXYwNLNzMjA08A53D3H2CnI0czY30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SUCrwp30I9203ZM8ykG2OuYlGVuk60cVpaalFqUW6WXkF5foR5SXl-ul5-en56TqFafqF-RGVHkWOyoCAE3dTOE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |website=goteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095203/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enheter/stadsdelsforvaltning/angereds-stadsdelsforvaltning/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zijYyDTVyDXYwNLNzMjA08A53D3H2CnI0czY30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SUCrwp30I9203ZM8ykG2OuYlGVuk60cVpaalFqUW6WXkF5foR5SXl-ul5-en56TqFafqF-RGVHkWOyoCAE3dTOE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |url-status=live}}</ref><sup>[?]</sup> It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city. [[Bergsjön]] is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of [[Hisingen]], which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river.
{{clear}}
{{wide image|Gothenburg-Panorama-20110911.jpg|2000px|A panorama of central Gothenburg (early 2000s) taken from Keillers park, facing south – from left to right: [[Göta älvbron]], [[Lilla Bommen]], [[Viking (barque)|Viking]], [[The Göteborg Opera]] in front of [[Göteborgshjulet]], [[Skansen Kronan]], [[Oscar Fredrik Church]], [[Masthugg Church]], and [[Älvsborg Bridge]]}}

=== Climate ===
Gothenburg has an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'' according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as [[Stockholm]]; this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the [[Gulf Stream]].<ref name=gulf>{{cite web |last1=Andersson |first1=Leif |title=Vad händer med Golfströmmen? |trans-title=What happens to the Gulf Stream? |url=http://tellus.science.gu.se/seminarier_och_kurser/golfstr_mmens_framtid |website=gu.se |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120232805/http://tellus.science.gu.se/seminarier_och_kurser/golfstr_mmens_framtid |archive-date=20 November 2015 |language=sv}}</ref> During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of {{cvt|20|to|22|C|F}} and lows of {{cvt|12|to|15|C|F}}, but temperatures of {{cvt|25|–|30|C|F}} occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around {{cvt|-1|to|4|C|F}}, though it rarely drops below {{cvt|-20|°C|°F}}. Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from December to March, but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/nyhetsarkiv/sasongens-forsta-snofall-i-gotaland-kallt-i-norr-1.13420 |title=Säsongens första snöfall |trans-title=The season's first snowfall |publisher=SMHI |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052042/http://www.smhi.se/nyhetsarkiv/sasongens-forsta-snofall-i-gotaland-kallt-i-norr-1.13420 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- Do not replace with made-up numbers as has happened previously. Vandalism through IP addresses will be reported to moderators. -->
{{Weather box
|location = Gothenburg (1991–2020)
|collapsed = 
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 10.8
|Feb record high C = 12.6
|Mar record high C = 18.9
|Apr record high C = 28.5
|May record high C = 31.1
|Jun record high C = 31.9
|Jul record high C = 34.1
|Aug record high C = 32.0
|Sep record high C = 29.8
|Oct record high C = 21.3
|Nov record high C = 15.7
|Dec record high C = 12.7
|year record high C = 
|Jan avg record high C = 7.8
|Feb avg record high C = 8.1
|Mar avg record high C = 12.9
|Apr avg record high C = 20.8
|May avg record high C = 25.4
|Jun avg record high C = 27.6
|Jul avg record high C = 29.2
|Aug avg record high C = 28.4
|Sep avg record high C = 23.3
|Oct avg record high C = 17.2
|Nov avg record high C = 12.1
|Dec avg record high C = 9.8
|year avg record high C = 30.3
|Jan high C = 3.0
|Feb high C = 3.2
|Mar high C = 6.4
|Apr high C = 12.1
|May high C = 17.0
|Jun high C = 20.1
|Jul high C = 22.5
|Aug high C = 21.9
|Sep high C = 17.7
|Oct high C = 12.0
|Nov high C = 7.4
|Dec high C = 4.2
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 0.8
|Feb mean C = 0.7
|Mar mean C = 3.0
|Apr mean C = 7.7
|May mean C = 12.4
|Jun mean C = 15.7
|Jul mean C = 18.3
|Aug mean C = 17.7
|Sep mean C = 14.0
|Oct mean C = 9.0
|Nov mean C = 5.1
|Dec mean C = 2.1
|year mean C = 8.9
|Jan low C = -1.5
|Feb low C = -1.6
|Mar low C = -0.1
|Apr low C = 3.6
|May low C = 8.1
|Jun low C = 12.0
|Jul low C = 14.5
|Aug low C = 14.1
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 6.3
|Nov low C = 3.0
|Dec low C = -0.2
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C = -11.0
|Feb avg record low C = -9.9
|Mar avg record low C = -7.3
|Apr avg record low C = -2.7
|May avg record low C = 2.1
|Jun avg record low C = 7.2
|Jul avg record low C = 10.1
|Aug avg record low C = 8.7
|Sep avg record low C = 3.7
|Oct avg record low C = -1.6
|Nov avg record low C = -5.0
|Dec avg record low C = -9.5
|year avg record low C = -13.2
|Jan record low C = -18.5
|Feb record low C = -16.0
|Mar record low C = -16.2
|Apr record low C = -6.2
|May record low C = -1.0
|Jun record low C = 4.3
|Jul record low C = 8.4
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 0.1
|Oct record low C = -8.5
|Nov record low C = -10.4
|Dec record low C = -18.7
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 83.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 61.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 54.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.3
|May precipitation mm = 54.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 73.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 81.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 92.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 80.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 102.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 84.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 93.1
|year precipitation mm = 912.2
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 
|Feb snow cm = 
|Mar snow cm = 
|Apr snow cm = 
|May snow cm = 
|Jun snow cm = 
|Jul snow cm = 
|Aug snow cm = 
|Sep snow cm = 
|Oct snow cm = 
|Nov snow cm = 
|Dec snow cm = 
|year snow cm = 
|Jan sun = 
|Feb sun = 
|Mar sun = 
|Apr sun = 
|May sun = 
|Jun sun = 
|Jul sun = 
|Aug sun = 
|Sep sun = 
|Oct sun = 
|Nov sun = 
|Dec sun = 
|year sun = 
| Jan light = 7.4
| Feb light = 9.5
| Mar light = 11.9
| Apr light = 14.4
| May light = 16.7
| Jun light = 18
| Jul light = 17.3
| Aug light = 15.2
| Sep light = 12.8
| Oct light = 10.3
| Nov light = 8
| Dec light = 6.7
| year light= 
| Jan uv  =0
| Feb uv  =1
| Mar uv  =2
| Apr uv  =3
| May uv  =4
| Jun uv  =5
| Jul uv  =5
| Aug uv  =4
| Sep uv  =3
| Oct uv  =1
| Nov uv  =0
| Dec uv  =0
| year uv =
|source 1 = SMHI Open Data<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=71420 |title=Gothenburg A |website=SMHI |language=Swedish |access-date=20 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309014709/https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=71420}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas(daylight-UV)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/sweden/gothenburg-climate |title=The climate of Gothenburg |access-date= 25 August 2024 |website=Weather Atlas}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = Gothenburg, 2002–2020; sunshine 1961–1990; extremes since 1901
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 10.8
|Feb record high C = 11.2
|Mar record high C = 18.9
|Apr record high C = 28.5
|May record high C = 31.3
|Jun record high C = 32.0
|Jul record high C = 34.1
|Aug record high C = 33.5
|Sep record high C = 28.5
|Oct record high C = 20.7
|Nov record high C = 14.5
|Dec record high C = 12.7
|year record high C = 34.1
|Jan high C = 2.9
|Feb high C = 3.2
|Mar high C = 6.7
|Apr high C = 12.5
|May high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 20.6
|Jul high C = 22.7
|Aug high C = 21.9
|Sep high C = 18.2
|Oct high C = 12.1
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 4.7
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 0.7
|Feb mean C = 0.9
|Mar mean C = 3.3
|Apr mean C = 8.2
|May mean C = 12.9
|Jun mean C = 16.5
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.1
|Sep mean C = 14.7
|Oct mean C = 9.2
|Nov mean C = 5.5
|Dec mean C = 2.6
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -1.6
|Feb low C = -1.5
|Mar low C = -0.2
|Apr low C = 3.8
|May low C = 8.5
|Jun low C = 12.3
|Jul low C = 14.8
|Aug low C = 14.3
|Sep low C = 11.1
|Oct low C = 6.2
|Nov low C = 3.3
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -26.0
|Feb record low C = -22.8
|Mar record low C = -19.2
|Apr record low C = -11.0
|May record low C = -4.3
|Jun record low C = 1.8
|Jul record low C = 5.3
|Aug record low C = 3.5
|Sep record low C = -2.5
|Oct record low C = -8.5
|Nov record low C = -13.5
|Dec record low C = -21.9
|year record low C = -26.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 84.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 57.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 58.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.6
|May precipitation mm = 54.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 73.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 75.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 83.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 73.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 95.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 84.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 86.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation days = 12
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr precipitation days = 8
|May precipitation days = 8
|Jun precipitation days = 10
|Jul precipitation days = 9
|Aug precipitation days = 11
|Sep precipitation days = 10
|Oct precipitation days = 12
|Nov precipitation days = 12
|Dec precipitation days = 12
|year precipitation days = 
| Jan humidity = 89.2
| Feb humidity = 87.0
| Mar humidity = 79.9
| Apr humidity = 72.5
| May humidity = 72.1
| Jun humidity = 74.9
| Jul humidity = 78.7
| Aug humidity = 81.6
| Sep humidity = 83.3
| Oct humidity = 86.6
| Nov humidity = 89.6
| Dec humidity = 90.8
| year humidity = 
|Jan sun = 44
|Feb sun = 69
|Mar sun = 167
|Apr sun = 211
|May sun = 239
|Jun sun = 256
|Jul sun = 234
|Aug sun = 196
|Sep sun = 168
|Oct sun = 99
|Nov sun = 47
|Dec sun = 32
|year sun = 1762
|source 1 =<ref name=NOAA.gov>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SN/02001.TXT |title=Climate Gothenburg |access-date=21 October 2014 |server=ftp.atdd.noaa.gov |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Météo Climat">{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p207.php |title=Météo Climat stats for Gothenburg 1981–2010 |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107151809/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p207.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/nytt-rekord-varmaste-dagen-i-g%C3%B6teborgs-historia-1.7430074 |title=Nytt rekord: Varmaste dagen i Göteborgs historia |work=Göteborgs Posten |access-date=1 August 2018 |date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731214356/http://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/nytt-rekord-varmaste-dagen-i-g%C3%B6teborgs-historia-1.7430074 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather.Directory<ref name="Weather.Directory">
{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/se/gothenburg
|title= Gothenburg Weather & Climate Guide
|access-date= 7 Sep 2025
|website= Weather.Directory}}</ref>
}}


{{notelist}}

== Parks and nature ==
[[File:BotDSCF3134.jpg|thumb|The Gothenburg Botanical Garden]]
Gothenburg has several parks and [[nature reserve]]s ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.

Selection of parks:

*''Kungsparken'', {{cvt|13|ha|acres}}, built between 1839 and 1861, surrounds the canal that circles the city centre.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prytz |first1=Carl Gustaf |title=Kronologiska anteckningar rörande Göteborg |trans-title=Chronological records of Gothenburg |date=1898 |publisher=Wald. Zachrissons Boktryckeri |location=Gothenburg |page=112 |edition=2 |id={{LIBRIS|418633}}}}</ref>
*[[Garden Society of Gothenburg]], a park and horticultural garden, is located next to [[Kungsportsavenyen]]. Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann, the park has a noted rose garden with some 4,000 roses of 1,900 cultivars.<ref name=parker>{{cite web |title=Parker i Göteborg |trans-title=Parks in Gothenburg |url=http://www.ilovegoteborg.se/goteborg_parker.asp |website=ilovegoteborg.se |publisher=Göteborgsguiden |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820045259/http://www.ilovegoteborg.se/goteborg_parker.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Slottsskogen]], {{cvt|137|ha|acres}}, was created in 1874 by August Kobb. It has a free "open" zoo that includes [[harbor seal]]s, penguins, horses, pigs, [[deer]], [[moose]], goats, and many birds. The Natural History Museum (''Naturhistoriska Museet'') and the city's oldest observatory are located in the park.<ref name=parker /> The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park.<ref name=wow>{{cite web |last1=Tornbrant |first1=Hanna |title=Johan Lindqvist:I dag steppar Slottsskogen upp |trans-title=Johan Lindqvist: Today, attendance up for tap-dancing at Slottskogen |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/musik/johan-lindqvist-i-dag-steppar-slottsskogen-upp-1.126442 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]]|date=14 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017235941/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/johan-lindqvist-i-dag-steppar-slottsskogen-upp-1.126442 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Änggårdsbergens naturreservat'', {{cvt|320|ha|acres}}, was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren, and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg, who stated the area must remain a nature and [[bird reserve]]. It lies partly in Mölndal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Änggårdsbergen |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/anggardsbergen/Pages/index.aspx |website=lansstyrelsen.se |publisher=Västra Götalands County |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214141549/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/anggardsbergen/Pages/index.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Delsjöområdets naturreservat'', about {{cvt|760|ha|acres}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Delsjöområdet |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/delsjoomradet/Pages/index.aspx |publisher=Västra Götalands County |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102083410/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/delsjoomradet/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref> has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area; significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century. Skatås gym and motionscentrum is situated here.
*[[Rya skog|Rya Skogs Naturreservat]], {{cvt|17|ha|acres}}, became a protected area in 1928. It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid- to late-17th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hallén |first1=Per |title=Storstadens utmark: Delsjöområdets historia under 10 000 år: fem kulturhistoriska vandringar och en cykeltur |trans-title=Large city for suburbs: Delsjö area's history over 10,000 years old: five cultural tours and a bike ride |date=2007 |publisher=Friluftsfrämjandet, Göteborgs distrikt |location=Gothenburg |isbn=978-91-631-9896-0 |id={{LIBRIS|10486215}}}}</ref>
*''Keillers park'' was donated by James Keiller in 1906. He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller, who founded the [[Götaverken]] shipbuilding company.<ref name="Keiller" /><ref name="gatunamn" />
*''S A Hedlunds park'': [[Sven Adolf Hedlund]], newspaper publisher and politician, bought the {{cvt|15|ha|acres}} Bjurslätt farm in 1857, and in 1928 it was given to the city.
*''Hisingsparken'' is Gothenburg's largest park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hisingsparken |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/5cd0fec0-5029-48b7-9258-af6f7182e496/Tv%C3%A5vik_Hisingsparken.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |website=goteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702051305/http://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/5cd0fec0-5029-48b7-9258-af6f7182e496/Tv%C3%A5vik_Hisingsparken.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Flunsåsparken'', built in 1950, has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Familjekväll 120619 |trans-title=Family Evening 120619 |url=http://flunsan.se/nyheter/page/4/ |website=flunsan.se |publisher=Flunsåparken |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025035540/http://flunsan.se/nyheter/page/4/ }}</ref>
*[[Gothenburg Botanical Garden]], {{cvt|175|ha|acres}}, opened in 1923.<ref>[http://w3.goteborg.se/botaniska/engelska/english_start.html Göteborg Botanical Garden] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032708/http://w3.goteborg.se/botaniska/engelska/english_start.html |date=3 September 2005 }}</ref> It won an award in 2003, and in 2006 was third in "The most beautiful garden in Europe" competition. It has around 16,000 species of plants and trees. The greenhouses contain around 4,500 species including 1,600 orchids.<ref name=parker /> It is considered to be one of the most important [[botanical garden]]s in Europe with three stars in the French ''Guide Rouge''.

== Architecture ==
[[File:Tyska kyrkan Goteborg.jpg|thumb|[[German Church, Gothenburg|The German Church]] in central Gothenburg.]]
Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.<ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] (NE), The Swedish National Encyclopedia (Most of this section is based on NE)</ref> Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history are [[Kronhuset]] and the [[Torstenson Palace]], and the fortresses [[Skansen Kronan]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warfinge |first1=Henrik |title=Skansen Kronan: vägledning genom militärhistoriska samlingarna |trans-title=Skansen Crown: a guide through military history collections |date=1982 |publisher=Göteborgs museers informationsavd. |location=Gothenburg |id={{LIBRIS|396904}}}}</ref> and [[Skansen Lejonet]].

The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses in [[Neo-Classical architecture|Neo-Classical]] style were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses the [[Göteborg City Museum]].<ref name=capture>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sjölin |editor1-first=Mats |title=Att fånga det flyktiga: Göteborgs museum 150 år |trans-title=To capture the fleeting: 150 years of Gothenburg Museum |date=2011 |publisher=Carlsson i samarbete med Göteborgs stadsmuseum |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-7331-453-4 |id={{LIBRIS|12158175}} |language=sv}}</ref>

In the 19th century, the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district [[Haga, Gothenburg|Haga]] in wooden houses.<ref name="varde" />

In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street, [[Kungsportsavenyen]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ask |first1=Victoria |title=Förträdgården som försvann |trans-title=Disappearing gardens |url=http://www.antiquum.se/pdf/Fortradgardar.pdf |website=antiquum.se |publisher=Byggnadskultur |year=2008 |access-date=28 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110555/http://www.antiquum.se/pdf/Fortradgardar.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city, [[Landshövdingehus]]en, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landshövdingehus |url=http://www.stadshem.se/byggnadsstil/landshovdingehus |website=stadshem.se |publisher=Stadshem |access-date=28 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105449/http://www.stadshem.se/byggnadsstil/landshovdingehus |url-status=live}}</ref>

The early 20th century, characterized by the [[Romantic nationalism|National Romantic]] style, was rich in architectural achievements.<ref name=varde>{{cite web |editor1-last=Lönnroth |editor1-first=Gudrun |title=Kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse i Göteborg |trans-title=Historically valuable buildings in Gothenburg |url=http://goteborgsstadsmuseum.se/sites/default/files/media/bevarandeprogram_gbg_vol_1_del_2.pdf |website=goteborgsstadsmuseum.se |publisher=[[Göteborg City Museum]] |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134113/http://goteborgsstadsmuseum.se/sites/default/files/media/bevarandeprogram_gbg_vol_1_del_2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> [[Masthugg Church]] is a noted example of the style of this period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ternevall |first1=Evert |title=Masthuggskyrkan 1914–1964: en minnesskrift |trans-title=Masthuggskyrkan 1914–1964: a memorial publication |date=1964 |id={{LIBRIS|516385}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hammarskiöld |first1=Hans |last2=Linde Bjur |first2=Gunilla |last3=Lärn |first3=Viveca |title=Fasader i Göteborg: hus från industrialismens genombrott till sekelskiftet |trans-title=Facades in Gothenburg: houses from industrialism to the turn of the century |date=1996 |publisher=Gedin |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-7964-195-5 |page=123 |id={{LIBRIS|7677346}}}}</ref> In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, the [[Götaplatsen]] square with its [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] look was built.<ref name="varde" />

After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]] which especially dominated the suburbs such as [[Västra Frölunda]] and [[Bergsjön]]. The Swedish functionalist architect [[Uno Åhrén]] served as city planner from 1932 through 1943.<ref name="varde" /> In the 1950s, the big stadium [[Ullevi]] was built when Sweden hosted the [[1958 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name=Summerburst>{{cite web |title=Summerburst på Ullevi |trans-title=Summerburst at Ullevi |url=http://www.higab.se/page.asp?link=1-155-1660 |website=higab.se |publisher=Higab |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030057/http://www.higab.se/page.asp?link=1-155-1660 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as [[Gert Wingårdh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Arkitektur i Göteborg |trans-title=Architecture in Gothenburg |url=http://www.goteborg.com/arkitektur-i-goteborg/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Göteborgs Turistbyrå |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819234948/http://www.goteborg.com/arkitektur-i-goteborg/ |url-status=live}}</ref> who started as a [[Postmodernism|Post-modernist]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eliaeson |first1=Pär |last2=Fowelin |first2=Johan |title=Learning from Wingårdh |journal=Arkitekturtidskriften KRITIK |date=September 2010 |issue=9/10 |page=16 |url=http://www.syntesforlag.se/kritik/9-10.pdf |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045110/http://www.syntesforlag.se/kritik/9-10.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Gustaf Adolfs torg, Gothenburg|Gustaf Adolf Square]] is a town square located in central Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall (formerly the stock exchange, opened in 1849) and the [[Nordic Classicism]] law court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.<ref name="varde" />

=== Characteristic buildings ===
[[File:Barken Viking i Göteborg.JPG|thumb|left|Skanskaskrapan]]
The [[Gothenburg Central Station]] is in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stationsinfo: Göteborg Centralstation |trans-title=Station info: Gothenburg Central Station |url=http://www.stationsinfo.se/station/GoteborgCentral/ |website=stationsinfo.se |publisher=Samtrafiken |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728091309/http://www.stationsinfo.se/station/GoteborgCentral/ |archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tåg 62: SJ-utställning i Göteborg 11 maj – 15 juli, En exposé över järnvägen igår, idag och imorgon |trans-title=Train 62: SJ-show in Gothenburg 11 May to 15 July, An exposé of Railways yesterday, today and tomorrow |editor=Claes Horn |publisher=Statens järnvägar |date=1962 |page=5 |first=Claes |last=Krantz}}</ref> Not far from the central station is the [[Lilla Bommen (building)|Skanskaskrapan]], or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It is {{cvt|86|m|ft}} high with 22&nbsp;floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed by [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]] and built by [[Skanska]] in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.<ref name=vasa>{{cite web |title=Åttiosex meter över Göta Älv |trans-title=Eighty-six meters above Göta Älv |url=http://vasakronan.se/profilfastighet/lilla-bommen |website=vasakronan.se |publisher=Vasakronan AB |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713061745/http://vasakronan.se/profilfastighet/lilla-bommen |archive-date=13 July 2015}}</ref>

By the shore of the Göta Älv at [[Lilla Bommen]] is The Göteborg Opera. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."<ref>{{cite web |title=Om operahuset |trans-title=About the opera house |url=http://sv.opera.se/om-oss/om-operahuset/ |website=sv.opera.se |publisher=Göteborgsoperan |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920161154/http://sv.opera.se/om-oss/om-operahuset/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Feskekörka-1.jpg|thumb|Feskekörka fishmarket]]
[[Feskekörka]], or ''Fiskhallen'', is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1{{nbsp}}November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church.<ref>{{cite book |title=100 utmärkta hus i Göteborg |trans-title=100 excellent houses in Gothenburg |first1=Manne |last1=Ekman |first2=Margareta |last2=Rydbo |publisher=Göteborgs Stadsmuseum, Alfa Print AB |location=Sundbyberg |date=2007 |isbn=978-91-85488-78-0 |id={{LIBRIS|10516941}}|page=78}}</ref> The [[Gothenburg city hall]] is in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] architectural style. The [[Gothenburg Synagogue]] at Stora Nygatan, near Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.<ref>{{cite web |title=GÖTEBORG INOM VALLGRAVEN 3:7 – husnr 1, GÖTEBORGS SYNAGOGA |trans-title=GOTHENBURG WITHIN THE MOAT 3: 7 – HOUSE NO. 1, GOTHENBURG SYNAGOGUE |url=http://www.bebyggelseregistret.raa.se/bbr2/byggnad/visaHistorik.raa?page=historik&visaHistorik=true&byggnadId=21400000216266 |website=bebyggelseregistret.raa.se |publisher=[[Swedish National Heritage Board]] |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224950/http://www.bebyggelseregistret.raa.se/bbr2/byggnad/visaHistorik.raa?page=historik&visaHistorik=true&byggnadId=21400000216266 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Gunnebo House]] is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunnebo House and Gardens |url=http://www.swedishgardens.se/portfolio-items/park-5/ |website=swedishgardens.se |publisher=Swedish Society of Public Park & Gardens |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811031237/http://www.swedishgardens.se/portfolio-items/park-5/ |archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref> Created in the early 1900s was the [[Vasa Church, Gothenburg|Vasa Church]]. It is located in [[Vasastan, Gothenburg|Vasastan]] and is built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.<ref>{{cite book |title=Göteborgstrakten – bygd och natur |trans-title=Gothenburg area – rural and nature |editor=Claes Claesson |publisher=Göteborgs stadsfullmäktiges beredning för natur- och kulturskydd |location=Gothenburg |id={{LIBRIS|2996798}} |date=1951|page=45}}</ref>

[[Karlatornet]], a skyscraper set to be fully completed in 2025, stands as the tallest building in the Nordics, reaching a height of 246 meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fastighetsvarlden.se/notiser/karlatornet-nara-sin-hogsta-hojd/ |title=Karlatornet nära sin högsta höjd – stål i toppen |date=June 2023 |publisher=[[Fastighetsvärlden]] |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gp.se/nyheter/goteborg/karlatornets-sista-pusselbit-sa-ser-paviljongen-ut.e5854542-e770-4e8d-b011-dcd995296b58 |title=Karlatornets sista pusselbit – så ser paviljongen ut |date=17 September 2024 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

Another noted construction is [[Brudaremossen masts|Brudaremossen TV Tower]], one of the few [[partially guyed tower]]s in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antennen är högst i stan |trans-title=Antenna is highest in town |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=29 November 1995 |page=11}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Poseidon statue.jpg|thumb|upright|The Poseidon Statue at Götaplatsen, a well-known cultural symbol and landmark]]
The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://natgeotraveller.in/gothenburg-a-city-built-on-rock-n-roll/ |title=Gothenburg: A City Built on Rock 'n' Roll |website=natgeotraveller.in |publisher=National Geographic Traveller India |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=7 June 2022 |first=Zac |last=O'Yeah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313071556/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/gothenburg-a-city-built-on-rock-n-roll/ |archive-date=13 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.

=== Museums ===
Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the [[Röhsska Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caldenby |first1=Claes |title=Byggnader i Göteborg |date=1979 |publisher=Sektionen för arkitektur, Chalmers tekniska högskola |location=Gothenburg |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uhOAAAAYAAJ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212222733/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uhOAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29{{nbsp}}December 2004, the [[Museum of World Culture]] opened near [[Korsvägen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.varldskulturmuseet.se/smvk/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=126&l=sv_SE |title=Världskulturmuseet&nbsp;– Start |publisher=Varldskulturmuseet.se |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604140110/http://www.varldskulturmuseet.se/smvk/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=126&l=sv_SE |archive-date=4 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name=sfv>{{cite web |title=Världskulturmuseet, Göteborg |url=http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/vastra-gotalands-lan-o/varldskulturmuseet-i-goteborg/ |website=sfv.se |publisher=[[National Property Board of Sweden]] |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122206/http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/vastra-gotalands-lan-o/varldskulturmuseet-i-goteborg/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Museums include the [[Göteborgs Konsthall]], [[Gothenburg Museum of Art]], and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Museer |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/kultur-o-fritid/kultur-utbud/museer/!ut/p/z1/hY5LDoIwFEXX4gb6Ci21DssAwyeKiQnQiQFSK0k_BohNXL24AOOdnZwzuCChBen616T7dfKuNxt3kt3qqLjwNBL4fDxkOL-WdXYqK17RGJp_gdw0_jGBoQA5DRaF0SKMyJ5RyqI44QnmlDBoUuiMDWQU3yfCDYRrkLO6q1nN6OGXFdoQAtLea6PQouBp23e-iN0HvyP0mQ!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |website=goteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004845/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/kultur-o-fritid/kultur-utbud/museer/!ut/p/z1/hY5LDoIwFEXX4gb6Ci21DssAwyeKiQnQiQFSK0k_BohNXL24AOOdnZwzuCChBen616T7dfKuNxt3kt3qqLjwNBL4fDxkOL-WdXYqK17RGJp_gdw0_jGBoQA5DRaF0SKMyJ5RyqI44QnmlDBoUuiMDWQU3yfCDYRrkLO6q1nN6OGXFdoQAtLea6PQouBp23e-iN0HvyP0mQ!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Göta Wing|Aeroseum]], close to the Göteborg City Airport, is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aeroseum |url=http://www.goteborg.com/aeroseum/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Göteborgs Turistbyrå |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906013846/http://www.goteborg.com/aeroseum/ }}</ref> [[World of Volvo]] has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo museum |url=http://www.volvomuseum.com/ |website=volvomuseum.com |publisher=Volvo museum |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121083538/http://www.volvomuseum.com/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 }}</ref>

[[Universeum]] is a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It is divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universeum |url=http://www.goteborg.com/universeum/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Göteborgs Turistbyrå |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044638/http://www.goteborg.com/universeum/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Prize laureates]] or other scholars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nobelpristagare till Universeum |url=http://www.svd.se/nobelpristagare-till-universeum_95824 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |date=7 June 2003 |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150556/http://www.svd.se/nobelpristagare-till-universeum_95824 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Leisure and entertainment ===
[[File:Lisebergsentrén.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Liseberg|Liseberg amusement park]]]]
The most noted attraction is the amusement park [[Liseberg]], located in the central part of the city. It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides,<ref name="Forbes 2005">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/05/25/cx_sb_0526featslide.html|title=Best Amusement Parks 2005 |access-date=21 November 2021 |magazine=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150829/https://www.forbes.com/2005/05/25/cx_sb_0526featslide.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) by ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref name="Forbes 2005" /> It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (more than 3&nbsp;million).<ref name=Adventure>{{cite book |last1=Olesen |first1=Elisabet |title=Adventure Guide to Sweden |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc |isbn=978-1-58843-506-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUXYAAAAQBAJ&q=most+popular+attraction+in+Sweden+by+number+of+visitors |date=March 2005 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070308/https://books.google.com/books?id=PUXYAAAAQBAJ&q=most+popular+attraction+in+Sweden+by+number+of+visitors |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions such as [[Gothenburg City Theatre]], [[Backa Theatre]] (youth theatre), and [[Folkteatern]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Theatre, Meet Gothenburgs rich theatre scene. |url=http://www.goteborg.com/en/Theatre/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Gothenburg Tourist Centre |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910183355/http://www.goteborg.com/en/Theatre/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known as ''Avenyn'', "The Avenue"). It is about {{cvt|1|km|sigfig=1}} long and starts at Götaplatsen&nbsp;– which is the location of the [[Gothenburg Museum of Art]], the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert hall – and stretches all the way to [[Kungsportsplatsen]] in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avenyn |url=http://www.goteborg.com/en/avenyn/ |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Gothenburg Tourist Centre |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909211720/http://www.goteborg.com/en/avenyn/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Avenyn'' was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.<ref>Guide till Sveriges arkitektur, red. Waern, Caldenby, Arkitektur förlag</ref> ''Avenyn'' has Gothenburg's highest concentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden), [[Nordstan]], is located in central Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fastighetsvarlden.se/analys-fakta/topplistor/12-storsta-kopcentrumen/ |title=12 Största köpcentrumen {{!}} Fastighetsvärlden|date=12 October 2012 |work=Fastighetsvärlden |access-date=19 November 2017 |language=sv-SE |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031420/https://www.fastighetsvarlden.se/analys-fakta/topplistor/12-storsta-kopcentrumen |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Haganygata.jpg|thumb|left|The Haga district]]
Gothenburg's [[Haga, Gothenburg|Haga]] district is known for its picturesque wooden houses<ref name="Adventure" /> and its cafés serving the well-known ''Haga bulle'' – a large cinnamon roll similar to the ''[[Cinnamon roll|kanelbulle]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ohlson |first1=Gunnar |title=De serverar världens största kanelbulle |trans-title=They serve the world's largest cinnamon rolls |url=http://www.expressen.se/gt/de-serverar-varldens-storsta-kanelbulle/ |website=Expressen |date=4 October 2013 |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Expressen]]}} |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043132/http://www.expressen.se/gt/de-serverar-varldens-storsta-kanelbulle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 ''[[Michelin Guide]]'': 28+ Basement, Fond, Kock & Vin, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.<ref>Information from the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com</ref> The city has a number of star chefs. In 2007, seven Swedish Chef of the Year awards of the previous twelve years had been won by people from Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Metcalf |first=Stephen |date=23 September 2007 |title=Sweden Unzipped |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/tmagazine/10well-goteborg-t.html |access-date=21 November 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609060845/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/tmagazine/10well-goteborg-t.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Gustavus Adolphus pastry]], eaten every 6{{nbsp}}November in Sweden, [[Gustavus Adolphus Day]], is especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danskan.se/historia/gustav-adolf-bakelsens-historia |title=Gustav Adolfs-bakelsens historia |publisher=Danska wienerbageriet |language=sv |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812213301/http://danskan.se/historia/gustav-adolf-bakelsens-historia |archive-date=12 August 2015 }}</ref>

One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern [[Gothenburg archipelago]], which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from [[Saltholmen (Gothenburg)|Saltholmen]]. Within the archipelago are the [[Älvsborg fortress]], [[Vinga (Gothenburg)|Vinga]] and [[Styrsö]] islands.<ref name="Adventure" />

=== Festivals and fairs ===
[[File:Goteborg Gothia Towers 4.jpg|thumb|upright|''Discussion'' by Nanna Ullman (1957) in front of the [[Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre]]. [[Gothia Towers]] in the background.]]
The annual [[Gothenburg Film Festival]], is the largest film festival in Scandinavia.<ref name=filmfestival>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124154359/http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen |archive-date=24 January 2008 |title=Göteborg International Film Festival |access-date=25 July 2009 }}</ref> The [[Gothenburg Book Fair]], held each year in September.<ref>{{cite web |title=Göteborg Book Fair |url=http://www.svenskamassan.se/en/calendar/2015/Goteborg-Book-Fair/ |website=svenskamassan.se |publisher=[[Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre]] |access-date=1 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref> It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia, and the second largest book fair in Europe.<ref name="metro">{{cite news |last1=Kärnstrand |first1=Moa |title=Dags för årets största bokfest |url=https://www.metro.se/artikel/dags-f%C3%B6r-%C3%A5rets-st%C3%B6rsta-bokfest-xr |access-date=11 April 2018 |work=Metro |date=25 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145330/https://www.metro.se/artikel/dags-f%C3%B6r-%C3%A5rets-st%C3%B6rsta-bokfest-xr |archive-date=12 April 2018 }}</ref> A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the [[Syndikalistiskt Forum]].<ref name="Radikal">{{cite news |title=Radikal Bokmässa i Göteborg |url=https://aktuelltfokus.se/radikal-bokmassa-i-goteborg-2/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=Aktuellt Focus |date=28 September 2017 |language=sv-SE |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210204113/https://aktuelltfokus.se/radikal-bokmassa-i-goteborg-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Science Festival in Gothenburg]] is an annual festival since April 1997, in central Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival is visited by about {{nowrap|100,000}} people each year.<ref name=vgforsok>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2013 |title=Världsrekordförsök inleder Göteborgs tolfte vetenskapsfestival – Vårt Göteborg |url=http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/utbildning,varldsrekordforsok_inleder_goteborgs_tolfte_vetenskapsfestival |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920143531/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/utbildning,varldsrekordforsok_inleder_goteborgs_tolfte_vetenskapsfestival |archive-date=20 September 2013}}</ref> This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden<ref name=festhome>{{cite web |url=http://www.goteborg.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=1601 |title=Festivalens hemsida |website=Vetenskaps Festivalen |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101015134/http://www.goteborg.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=1601 |archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=The International Science Festival Gothenburg |url=http://www.gu.se/english/research/science-events/the-international-science-festival |website=gu.se |date=9 February 2015 |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024132/http://www.gu.se/english/research/science-events/the-international-science-festival |url-status=live}}</ref>

Citing the [[Great Recession]], the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress, previously to be held in [[Brisbane]], Australia, to Gothenburg. The event took place on 10–15{{nbsp}}August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gothenburg, Sweden to host the 2010 IFLA World Library and Information Congress |url=http://www.ifla.org/news/gothenburg-sweden-to-host-the-2010-ifla-world-library-and-information-congress |website=ifla.org |publisher=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|ILFA]] |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042613/http://www.ifla.org/news/gothenburg-sweden-to-host-the-2010-ifla-world-library-and-information-congress |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{further|List of bands from Gothenburg}}
[[File:Way out west-entrance.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to the Way Out West Festival]]
Gothenburg has a diverse music community—the [[Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra]] is the best-known in classical music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Maestro Kent Nagano Impresses People with 'Sound of Scandinavia' of Volvo's Birthplace |url=http://www.wupromotion.com/en/news/857-gothenburg-symphony-orchestra-under-the-baton-of-maestro-kent-nagano-impresses-people-with-sound-of-scandinavia-of-volvos-birthplace |website=wupromotion.com |publisher=Wu Promotion Co |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022040/http://www.wupromotion.com/en/news/857-gothenburg-symphony-orchestra-under-the-baton-of-maestro-kent-nagano-impresses-people-with-sound-of-scandinavia-of-volvos-birthplace |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer [[Kurt Atterberg]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kurt Atterberg (1887–1974) An Overview of his Life and Work |first=Michael |last=Kube |publisher=Classic Produktion Osnabrück |year=1999}}</ref> The first internationally successfully Swedish group, [[instrumental rock]] group [[The Spotnicks]] came from Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spotnicks får Göteborgs Spårvägars Kulturpris |url=http://www.goteborgssparvagar.se/the-spotnicks-far-goteborgs-sparvagars-kulturpris/ |website=goteborgssparvagar.se |date=15 August 2013 |publisher=[[Gothenburg tram network]] |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115120/http://www.goteborgssparvagar.se/the-spotnicks-far-goteborgs-sparvagars-kulturpris/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bands such as [[The Soundtrack of Our Lives]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansén |first1=Stig |title=Soundtrack of Gothenburg |url=http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/soundtrack-of-gothenburg/ |work={{Lang|sv|[[Expressen]]}} |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043445/http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/soundtrack-of-gothenburg/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ace of Base]] are well-known pop representatives of the city. During the 1970s, Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement ([[progg]]) with such groups as [[Nationalteatern]], [[Nynningen]], and Motvind. The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aceofbase.net/info/faq.htm |title=Ace of Base FAQ |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408221541/http://www.aceofbase.net/info/faq.htm |archive-date=8 April 2000 }}</ref>

There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg. For example, the musician [[Jens Lekman]] was born in the suburb of Angered<ref>{{cite web |last1=Åberg |first1=Evelina |title=Jens Lekman till Ersmark |url=http://www.vk.se/1415684/jens-lekman-till-ersmark |work=[[Västerbottens-Kuriren]] |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705125458/http://www.vk.se/1415684/jens-lekman-till-ersmark |url-status=live}}</ref> and named his 2007 release ''[[Night Falls Over Kortedala]]'' after another suburb, [[Kortedala]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Marc |title=Jens Lekman, Night Falls Over Kortedala, Secretly Canadian / Service; 2007 |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10620-night-falls-over-kortedala/ |date=5 September 2007 |work=Pitchfork Media |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908153845/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10620-night-falls-over-kortedala/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos [[Studio (band)|Studio]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thane |first1=Rich |title=The End Of Fame: Studio announce split after 10 years |url=http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articles/the-end-of-fame-studio-announce-split-after-10-years-77625 |website=thelineofbestfit.com |publisher=The Line Of Best Fit |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025033/http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articles/the-end-of-fame-studio-announce-split-after-10-years-77625 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Knife]],<ref>{{cite web |last=McRuvie |first=Sarah |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/features/ten-things-you-never-knew-about-karin-dreijer-andersson |title=Ten Things You Never Knew About The Knife's Karin Dreijer Andersson |work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=12 June 2013 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232747/http://www.clashmusic.com/features/ten-things-you-never-knew-about-karin-dreijer-andersson |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Air France (band)|Air France]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Air France: "GBG Belongs to Us" |url=https://pitchfork.com/forkcast/13028-gbg-belongs-to-us/ |work=Pitchfork Media |date=19 June 2009 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910194138/http://pitchfork.com/forkcast/13028-gbg-belongs-to-us/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Tough Alliance]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Svanell |first1=Adam |title=Tough Alliance vill inte hitta hem |url=http://www.svd.se/artikel_227865 |work=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |date=15 May 2007 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112156/http://www.svd.se/artikel_227865 |url-status=live}}</ref> indie rock band [[Love Is All (band)|Love is All]], songwriter [[José González (singer)|José González]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/a-new-way-for-jose/2007/09/20/1189881687722.html |title=A new way for Jose |work=[[The Age]] |date=23 September 2007 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730202603/http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/a-new-way-for-jose/2007/09/20/1189881687722.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and pop singer [[El Perro del Mar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=El Perro Del Mar |url=http://www.luger.se/el-perro-del-mar |website=luger.se |publisher=Lugerinc AB |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923005302/http://www.luger.se/el-perro-del-mar |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> as well as genre-bending quartet [[Little Dragon]] fronted by vocalist [[Yukimi Nagano]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cragg |first1=Michael |title=A fairytale unicorn roadtrip with Little Dragon |url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/18414/1/little-dragons-big-pop-moment |work=Dazed |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225252/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/18414/1/little-dragons-big-pop-moment |url-status=live}}</ref> Another son of the city is one of Sweden's most popular singers, [[Håkan Hellström]], who often includes many places from the city in his songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Håkan Hellström |url=http://www.nok.se/-Settings-/Digitala-laromedel/STM---Textbok-1/Musiktips/Pop-rock-med-mera/Hakan-Hellstrom/ |website=nok.se |publisher=[[Natur & Kultur]] |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024030/http://www.nok.se/-Settings-/Digitala-laromedel/STM---Textbok-1/Musiktips/Pop-rock-med-mera/Hakan-Hellstrom/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sigander |first1=Miranda |title=Hellström nöjd med "sin" film |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/musik/hellström-nöjd-med-sin-film-1.542607 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018001633/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/hellstr%C3%B6m-n%C3%B6jd-med-sin-film-1.542607 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[glam rock]] group [[Supergroupies]] derives from Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindell |first1=Elin |title=Supergroupies vill sprida glädje |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/supergroupies-vill-sprida-glädje-1.1148572 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=19 July 2006 |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018003157/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/supergroupies-vill-sprida-gl%C3%A4dje-1.1148572 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gothenburg's own commercially successful [[At the Gates]], [[In Flames]], and [[Dark Tranquillity]] are credited with pioneering [[melodic death metal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Tranquillity – hårda melodier från Göteborg |url=http://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/dark-tranquillity-harda-melodier-fran-goteborg |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150127/http://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/dark-tranquillity-harda-melodier-fran-goteborg |url-status=live}}</ref> Other well-known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band [[The Haunted (Swedish band)|The Haunted]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Thrash metal |url=https://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/thrash-metal |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150138/http://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/thrash-metal |url-status=live}}</ref> progressive power metal band [[Evergrey]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Claeson |first1=Daniel |title=Evergrey: Gothenburg Sound Festival, Trädgårn, lördag |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/musik/evergrey-gothenburg-sound-festival-trädgårn-lördag-1.40578 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004142/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/evergrey-gothenburg-sound-festival-tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rn-l%C3%B6rdag-1.40578 |url-status=live}}</ref> and power metal bands [[HammerFall]] and [[Dream Evil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dream Evil förband till HammerFall i Storbritannien |url=http://www.musiknyheter.nu/dream-evil-forband-till-hammerfall-i-storbritannien_20100321.html |website=Musiknyheter |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033320/http://www.musiknyheter.nu/dream-evil-forband-till-hammerfall-i-storbritannien_20100321.html |url-status=live |author1=Redaktionen }}</ref>

Many music festivals take place in the city every year. The [[Metaltown Festival]] was a two-day festival featuring [[heavy metal music]] bands, held in Gothenburg. It used to be arranged annually since 2004, taking place at the Frihamnen venue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kendall |first1=Ben |title=No Metaltown in 2014 |url=http://www.goteborgdaily.se/no-metaltown-in-2014 |work=Göteborg Daily |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020516/http://www.goteborgdaily.se/no-metaltown-in-2014 |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In June 2012, the festival included bands such as In Flames, [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Slayer]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], and [[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metaltown 2012 |url=http://www.festivalinfo.se/festival/metaltown-2012 |website=festivalinfo.se |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025843/http://www.festivalinfo.se/festival/metaltown-2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another popular festival, Way Out West, focuses more on rock, [[Electronic music|electronic]], and [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] genres.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hofberg |first1=Christel |title=Way out west hyllas |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/way-out-west-hyllas-1.1110388 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=28 April 2009 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004337/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/way-out-west-hyllas-1.1110388 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Petersson |first1=Maria |title=New York Times tipsar om Way out West |url=https://www.gp.se/nöje/new-york-times-tipsar-om-way-out-west-1.567309 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]] |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004451/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/new-york-times-tipsar-om-way-out-west-1.567309 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:Fyrverkeri på Gothia.jpg|thumb|Fireworks at the opening ceremony of Gothia Cup]]
As in all of Sweden, a variety of sports are followed, including [[association football|football]], [[ice hockey]], basketball, [[handball]], [[floorball]], [[pesäpallo|baseball]], and [[figure skating]]. A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evenemang |url=http://www.goteborg.com/evenemang/?page=1&tags=5555&startdate=&enddate=&datetype=&view=listing&sort=a-z |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Göteborgs Turistbyrå |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023215/http://www.goteborg.com/evenemang/?page=1&tags=5555&startdate=&enddate=&datetype=&view=listing&sort=a-z |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gothenburg is the birthplace of [[football in Sweden]] as the [[first football match in Sweden]] was played there in 1892.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jerneryd |first1=Roland |title=Hur idrotten kom till stan: Göteborgs idrottshistoria 1800–1950 |date=1981 |publisher=Göteborgs Hembygdsförbund |location=Gothenburg |page=154 |id={{LIBRIS|305172}}|series=Göteborg förr och nu, 0348-2189; 15 |language=sv}}</ref> The city's three major football clubs, [[IFK Göteborg]], [[Örgryte IS]], and [[GAIS]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jönsson |first1=Ingemar |title=Den första storhetstiden |url=http://www.ifkgoteborg.se/Om-IFK-Goteborg/Presentation/Historik/1906-1910/ |website=ifkgoteborg.se |publisher=[[IFK Göteborg]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044549/http://www.ifkgoteborg.se/Om-IFK-Goteborg/Presentation/Historik/1906-1910/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swedish champions since 1896. |url=https://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/historik/ |website=svenskfotboll.se |publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=2 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202133827/http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/historik/ |url-status=live}}</ref> IFK has also won the [[UEFA Cup]] twice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/ec3b.html |title=UEFA Cup |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |date=18 May 2007 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191321/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec3b.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable clubs include [[BK Häcken]] (football),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bkhacken.se/index.php/om-bk-hacken/historik/ |title=Historik |publisher=[[BK Häcken]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006085721/http://www.bkhacken.se/index.php/om-bk-hacken/historik/ |archive-date=6 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Göteborg HC]] (women's ice hockey), [[Pixbo IBK]] ([[floorball]]),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Into |first1=Miika |title=Final HJ18 Pixbo Wallenstam IBF – Lindome IBK |url=http://goteborgcupinnebandy.cups.nu/final-hj18-pixbo-wallenstam-ibf---lindome-ibk |website=goteborgcupinnebandy.cups.nu |publisher=Göteborg Cup Innebandy |date=3 May 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103719/http://goteborgcupinnebandy.cups.nu/final-hj18-pixbo-wallenstam-ibf---lindome-ibk |url-status=live}}</ref> multiple national handball champion [[Redbergslids IK]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holmqvist |first1=Mattias |title=Pojkar A – Steg 3 |url=http://www.svenskhandboll.se/USM/Expertpaneler/PojkarA-Steg3/ |website=svenskhandboll.se |publisher=[[Swedish Handball Federation]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112539/http://www.svenskhandboll.se/USM/Expertpaneler/PojkarA-Steg3/ }}</ref> and five-time national ice hockey champion [[Frölunda HC]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Frölunda HC nyheter |url=http://www.hockeynyheter.se/shl/frolunda-hc |website=hockeynyheter.se |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153350/http://www.hockeynyheter.se/shl/frolunda-hc |url-status=live}}</ref> Gothenburg had a professional basketball team, [[Gothia Basket]], until 2010 when it ceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publiken sviker – Elitlaget Gothia basket läggs ner |url=https://www.svt.se/sport/publiken-sviker-elitlaget-gothia-basket-laggs-ner |website=svt.se |date=7 May 2010 |publisher=[[Sveriges Television]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151215/http://www.svt.se/sport/publiken-sviker-elitlaget-gothia-basket-laggs-ner |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[bandy]] department of GAIS, [[GAIS Bandy]], played the first season in the highest division [[Elitserien (bandy)|Elitserien]] last season. The group stage match between the main rivals [[Sweden national bandy team|Sweden]] and [[Russia national bandy team|Russia]] in the [[2013 Bandy World Championship]] was played at [[Heden|Arena Heden]] in central Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fwcs%2Ftemplate1.asp%3Fpid%3D15%26mid%3D79%26pageid%3D84%26t%3DArena%2520Heden |title=Google Translate |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117031809/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fwcs%2Ftemplate1.asp%3Fpid%3D15%26mid%3D79%26pageid%3D84%26t%3DArena%2520Heden |archive-date=17 January 2017 }}</ref>

The city's most notable sports venues are [[Scandinavium]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Scandinavium Arena |url=http://www.goteborg2013.com/competition/scandinavium/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127064205/http://www.goteborg2013.com/competition/scandinavium/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 |website=goteborg2013.com |publisher=go:teborg2013 |access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> and Ullevi (multisport) and the newly built [[Gamla Ullevi]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Gamla Ullevi |website=Higabgruppen |url=http://www.higab.se/fotbollsarenan/default.asp |title=Välkommen till "Fotbollsarenan" |language=sv |access-date=8 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316031257/http://www.higab.se/fotbollsarenan/default.asp |archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> (football).

The [[2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships]] were held in Rudhallen, [[List of indoor speed skating rinks|Sweden's only indoor speed-skating arena]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=TT |title=Ny tävlingsdräkt ska ge medaljplats i skridsko-VM |url=http://www.expressen.se/sport/ny-tavlingsdrakt-ska-ge-medaljplats-i-skridsko-vm/ |website=Expressen |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Expressen]]}} |date=8 February 2007 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150450/http://www.expressen.se/sport/ny-tavlingsdrakt-ska-ge-medaljplats-i-skridsko-vm/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a part of Ruddalens&nbsp;IP, which also has a bandy field and several football fields.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruddalens IP (plan) |url=https://svenskfotboll.se/elitettan/spelprogram/?scr=venue&faid=2323 |website=svenskfotboll.se |publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]] |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221250/http://svenskfotboll.se/elitettan/spelprogram/?scr=venue&faid=2323 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing, [[Ingemar Johansson]], who [[Floyd Patterson vs. Ingemar Johansson|took the title]] from [[Floyd Paterson]] in 1959, was from Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Litsky |first1=Frank |title=Ingemar Johansson, Who Beat Patterson for Heavyweight Title, Dies at 76 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/sports/othersports/01johansson.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 |work=The New York Times |date=31 January 2009 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718001641/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/sports/othersports/01johansson.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Båtar vid Saltholmen.jpg|thumb|left|Boats at Saltholmen in the Gothenburg archipelago]]
Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the [[1958 FIFA World Cup]],<ref name=Summerburst /> the [[1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Final]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22456162 |title=Fergie's greatest triumph? – How Aberdeen conquered European football |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032810/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22456162 |url-status=live}}</ref> an [[National Football League|NFL]] preseason game on 14{{nbsp}}August 1988 between the [[Chicago Bears]] and the [[Minnesota Vikings]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lohr |first1=Steve |title=Sunday in Sweden: Vikings Beat Bears |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/15/sports/sunday-in-sweden-vikings-beat-bears.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 August 1988 |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235351/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/15/sports/sunday-in-sweden-vikings-beat-bears.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[1992 European Football Championship]], the 1993<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krastev |first1=Todor |title=Men Handball XIII World Championship 1993 Sweden 10.03–20.03 – Champion Russia |url=http://todor66.com/handball/World/Men_1993.html |website=todor66.com |publisher=Todor Krastev |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922001404/http://www.todor66.com/handball/World/Men_1993.html |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> and the 2002 [[World Men's Handball Championship]],<ref name=got>{{cite web |title=Världsmästerskap och Europamästerskap i Scandinavium |url=http://www.gotevent.se/arenafakta/SCA_masterskap.asp |website=gotevent.se |publisher=Got Event |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415062123/http://www.gotevent.se/arenafakta/SCA_masterskap.asp |archive-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> the [[1995 World Championships in Athletics]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Svenskar på VM |url=http://www.friidrott.se/historik/internationellt/VM.aspx |website=friidrott.se |publisher=Svenska Friidrottsförbundet |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911041937/http://www.friidrott.se/historik/internationellt/VM.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> the 1997 World Championships in Swimming (short track),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Whitten |first1=Phillip |title=Swimming in 1997 |url=http://global.britannica.com/sports/swimming-sport-Year-In-Review-1997 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> the 2002 [[Ice Hockey World Championships]],<ref name="got" /> the 2004 UEFA Cup final,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/uefacup/2003/75432_FR.pdf |title=Full Time Report |publisher=UEFA |date=19 May 2004 |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192054/http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/uefacup/2003/75432_FR.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[2006 European Championships in Athletics]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tidsprogram med svenska ögon |url=http://www.friidrott.se/ovrigt/tidsprogram/em06swetp.aspx |website=friidrott.se |publisher=Svenska Friidrottsförbundet |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023162252/http://www.friidrott.se/ovrigt/tidsprogram/em06swetp.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2008 World Figure Skating Championships]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lysacek withdraws from world championships |url=http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080313&content_id=45647&vkey=ice_pressrelease |website=icenetwork.com |publisher=Ice Network |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200216/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080313&content_id=45647&vkey=ice_pressrelease |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Annual events held in the city are the [[Gothia Cup]]<ref>{{cite news |title=World's largest youth soccer cup gets underway in Gothenburg |url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6211186# |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |date=14 July 2015 |publisher=[[SR International – Radio Sweden]] |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731183952/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6211186 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Göteborgsvarvet]].<ref name=vastra>{{cite web |title=Facts and figures about Västra Götaland |url=http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/broschyrer-foldrar/vastra-gotaland-eng.pdf |website=lansstyrelsen.se |publisher=Västra Götaland County administrative boards |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629150352/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/broschyrer-foldrar/vastra-gotaland-eng.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> The annual [[Gothia Cup]], is the world's largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants: in 2011, a total of 35,200 players from 1,567 teams and 72 nations participated.

Gothenburg hosted the XIII&nbsp;[[FINA World Masters Championships]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finamasters.org |url=http://www.2010finamasters.org/touchdown-las-mujeres-espana/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Finamasters.org |language=es |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214415/http://www.2010finamasters.org/touchdown-las-mujeres-espana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and open-water competitions were held on 28{{nbsp}}July to 7{{nbsp}}August. The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of [[Borås]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Den 27 juli — 6 augusti 2010 arrangerades Världsmästerskapen i masterssimning i Göteborg, Mölndal och Borås. |url=http://www.boras.se/forvaltningar/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/error/mastersvm.4.63fbc1fa126f45b1ad78000137756.html |website=boras.se |publisher=[[Borås Municipality]] |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022160121/http://www.boras.se/forvaltningar/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/error/mastersvm.4.63fbc1fa126f45b1ad78000137756.html |archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref>

Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks, a professional baseball team in the [[Elitserien (baseball)|Elitserien]] division of baseball in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mikulski |first1=Lisa |title=US baseball players look to create a field of dreams in Gothenburg |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20130530/48204 |website=thelocal.se |date=30 May 2013 |publisher=The Local |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070538/http://www.thelocal.se/20130530/48204 |url-status=live}}</ref>

With around 25,000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city, sailing is a popular sports activity in the region, particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliasson |first1=Carina |title=Fritidsbåtar hotar skärgården |url=http://science.gu.se/aktuellt/nyheter/Nyheter+Detalj/fritidsbatar-hotar-skargarden.cid1095258 |website=science.gu.se |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]] |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134611/http://science.gu.se/aktuellt/nyheter/Nyheter+Detalj/fritidsbatar-hotar-skargarden.cid1095258 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> In June 2015, the [[Volvo Ocean Race]], professional sailing's leading crewed offshore race, concluded in Gothenburg,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Littorin |first1=Jens |last2=Edström |first2=Cecilia |title=Live: Se målgången i Volvo Ocean Race |url=https://www.dn.se/sport/live-se-malgangen-i-volvo-ocean-race/ |newspaper=Dagens Nyheter |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Dagens Nyheter]]}} |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623053432/http://www.dn.se/sport/live-se-malgangen-i-volvo-ocean-race/ |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as an event in the 2015–2016 [[America's Cup World Series]] in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louis Vuitton America's Cup World Series Goteborg |url=http://gkss.se/Kappsegling/gkss-kappseglingsprogram-2015/americas-cup-world-series/ |website=gkss.se |publisher=[[Royal Gothenburg Yacht Club]] |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814202643/http://gkss.se/Kappsegling/gkss-kappseglingsprogram-2015/americas-cup-world-series/ |archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

The [[Gadk|Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club]] (Göteborgs amatördykarklubb) has been operating since October 1938.

== Economy ==
[[File:Wingquist bearing00.jpg|thumb|upright|SKF Wingquist self-aligning bearing]]
Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in [[Scandinavia]].<ref name="selimw" />

Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry, which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Knowledge and Industry |url=http://corporate.goteborg.com/choose-gothenburg/convention/knownledge-and-industry/?lang=en |website=goteborg.com |publisher=Gothenburg Convention Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719075947/http://corporate.goteborg.com/choose-gothenburg/convention/knownledge-and-industry/?lang=en |archive-date=19 July 2014}}</ref> Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF, Volvo (both cars and trucks), and [[Ericsson]]. [[Volvo Cars]] is the largest employer in Gothenburg, not including jobs in supply companies. The blue-collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city's economy, but they are being gradually replaced by high-tech industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 100 Largest Employers in the Gothenburg Region 2011 |url=http://www.swedishlifesciences.se/sites/default/files/the100largestemployers_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618152508/http://swedishlifesciences.se/sites/default/files/the100largestemployers_1.pdf/ |archive-date=18 June 2021 |website=swedishlifesciences.se |publisher=Business Region Göteborg |access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hulter |first1=Johannes |title=Gör upp med museal ångest |url=http://www.nytid.se/default.aspx?page=3&ledarenytid=341 |website=nytid.se |publisher=[[Ny Tid]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004010221/http://www.nytid.se/default.aspx?page=3&ledarenytid=341 |archive-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>

Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.<ref name="selimw" />

Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]], which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theodora.com/pipelines/norway_sweden_denmark_pipelines.html |title=Norway, Sweden and Denmark Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines |access-date=30 July 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927005759/http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/norway_sweden_denmark_pipelines.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the [[Swedish East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Följ med på resan till Ostindien |url=http://ostindiska.nordiskamuseet.se/ |language=sv |trans-title=Join the trip to the East Indies |website=Svenska Ostindiska Kompaniet |publisher=[[Nordic Museum]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002056/http://ostindiska.nordiskamuseet.se/ |url-status=live}}</ref> From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as [[Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad]], Götaverken, [[Arendalsvarvet]], and [[Lindholmens varv]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Varvshistoria |url=http://www.varvshistoriska.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=2 |website=varvshistoriska.se |publisher=Varvshistoriska Föreningen i Göteborg |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004035514/http://www.varvshistoriska.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=2 |archive-date=4 October 2015}}</ref> In 1875, the [[Lindholmsdockan]] drydock opened in Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=lindholmsdockan.com |url=https://lindholmsdockan.com/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=lindholmsdockan.com}}</ref> Gothenburg is classified as a [[global city]] by [[GaWC]], with a ranking of Gamma.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/07/09/worlds-15-most-inventive-cities/ |title=World's 15 Most Inventive Cities |last=Pentland |first=William |date=9 July 2013 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714054907/http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/07/09/worlds-15-most-inventive-cities/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government ==
{{Main|Gothenburg Municipality}}

Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wimarson |first1=Nils |title=Göteborg. En översikt vid trehundraårsjubileet 1923 över stadens kommunala, kulturella och sociala förhållanden samt viktigaste näringsgrenar |url=https://runeberg.org/gbg1923/0647.html |website=runeberg.org |publisher=Stadsfullmäktiges jubeleumsberedning |year=1923 |page=647 |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030847/http://runeberg.org/gbg1923/0647.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kommunfullmäktige |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/kommun-o-politik/kommunens-organisation/kommunfullmaktige/!ut/p/z1/hY5NDoIwGAXP4gX6lR9puywLFDCCiQnQjSmm1hqghhKbeHrxAMa3m8wsHghoQUzyZbRcjJ3ksHInkksdFCeaBhxXO5bh_FzW2bE8VGkUQ_MvEKvGP8YxFCBMPyJ_HRFGYbglNKSMURJTljACTQodYY-9898rfOojqkHM6qZmNaO7dQu03nukrdWDQk7Bc2zfueObD6ybGQo!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |website=goteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070314/https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/start/kommun-o-politik/kommunens-organisation/kommunfullmaktige/om-kommunfullmaktige/!ut/p/z1/hY_RCoIwFIbfaGdO0-1yu1BSSYsk201orCWoC5UGPX0WXQXluTvn_z8-DkgoQfbVvdHV1Ji-auf9KP1T7sRbKhyOs4iFeL1P8nCTpJlwPTgsFeQc4x_D8Yf_PosdES7GUUbe_KL_j2CBj0E2dYfsuUMYEbIKKKGM0cCjzGfB63_e1y7VIAd1UYMa0NWME5TWWqSN0a1Co4JbVxTlI-VPB9F3Ag!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> elected every fourth year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vad gör Valmyndigheten "mellan valen"? |url=http://www.val.se/om_oss/det_har_gor_vi/valmyndigheten_mellan_valen/index.html |website=val.se |publisher=[[Election Authority (Sweden)]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814075516/http://www.val.se/om_oss/det_har_gor_vi/valmyndigheten_mellan_valen/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 }}</ref> Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate. Political legitimacy can be based on various factors: legality, due process, and equality before the law, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums.

In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax, signed by 28,000 citizens, was submitted to the City Council. This right to submit so-called "people's initiatives" was inscribed in the Local Government Act, which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5% of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum.<ref name="Hysing 1–8">{{Cite journal |last=Hysing |first=Erik |date=1 April 2015 |title=Citizen participation or representative government – Building legitimacy for the Gothenburg congestion tax |journal=Transport Policy |volume=39 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.01.002}}</ref> A second petition for a referendum, signed by 57,000 citizens, was submitted to the local government in February 2013. This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper – {{Lang|sv|[[Göteborgs-Tidningen]]}} – whose editor-in-chief argued that the paper's involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax, as well as out of concern for the local democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84921388329&origin=inward&txGid=6098E928D2B201198F32E9CC91EA30A7.wsnAw8kcdt7IPYLO0V48gA:8 |title=Scopus – Welcome to Scopus |website=scopus.com |access-date=14 November 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Hysing 1–8" />
{{wide image|G2Atorg-panorama.jpg|1000px|View over [[Gustaf Adolfs torg, Göteborg|Gustav Adolfs torg]], square named after [[Gustavus Adolphus]], the founding father of Gothenburg}}

== Demographics ==
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed infobox" style="float:right;"
|colspan="2"|'''Largest groups of foreign residents'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ |title=Folkmängden efter region, födelseland och kön. År 2000 – 2021 |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012016/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-\
! Foreign born || Population (2021)
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 12,999
|-
|{{flag|Iran}} || 12,902
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}} || 9,756
|-
|{{flag|Syria}} || 8,839
|-
|{{flag|India}} || 7,639
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia}} || 7,151
|-
|{{flag|Poland}} || 5,901
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || 5,539
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 5,382
|-
|{{flag|China}} || 4,315
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}} || 3,685
|-
|{{flag|Germany}} || 3,117
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || 2,975
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}} || 2,691
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}} || 2,474
|-
|}
[[File:Gothenburg population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|Gothenburg Municipality population pyramid in 2022]]
{{Historical populations|1810|31882|1820|37894|1830|41603|1840|42617|1850|50040|1860|62941|1870|74752|1880|99118|1890|134551|1900|167871|1910|204272|1920|245699|1930|272833|1940|309564|1950|370832|1960|423983|1970|465527|1980|431273|1990|433042|2000|466990|2010|513751|2020|583056|cols=1|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Folkmängd 1810-1990
|trans-title=Population 1810-1990|url=http://rystad.ddb.umu.se:8080/FolkNet/index.jsp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population by region, marital status, age and sex. Year 1968 - 2024
|url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/BefolkningNy/|publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]]}}</ref>}}In 2019, approximately 28% (159,342 residents) of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46% (265,019 residents) had at least one parent born abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgFin/ |title=Number of persons with foreign or Swedish background (detailed division) by region, age and sex. Year 2002 – 2019 |website=Statistikdatabasen |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419170843/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgFin/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, approximately 12% (69,263 residents) were foreign citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101F/UtlmedbTotNK/ |title=Foreign citizens by region, age in ten year groups and sex. Year 1973 – 2019 |website=Statistikdatabasen |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419183036/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101F/UtlmedbTotNK/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, 45% of Gothenburg's immigrant population was from other parts of Europe, and 10% of the total population was from another Nordic country.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |title=Utrikes födda efter födelseland samt utländsk bakgrund 2014 |url=http://www4.goteborg.se/prod/g-info/statistik.nsf/34f4087fac810b1ac1256cdf003efa4b/515686b279c47e6bc1257e2a0043e6ef!OpenDocument |website=goteborg.se |publisher=Göteborgs Stad |access-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925114712/http://www4.goteborg.se/prod/g-info/statistik.nsf/34f4087fac810b1ac1256cdf003efa4b/515686b279c47e6bc1257e2a0043e6ef!OpenDocument |archive-date=25 September 2017 }}</ref>
The city's population increased by 9,292 during 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal?uri=gbglnk%3a20230306142056230|title=Befolkningsutveckling 2022 – Statistik och analys – Göteborgs Stad}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Education ==
Gothenburg has two universities, both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century. The [[University of Gothenburg]] has about 38,000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/ |title=About the university |publisher=University of Gothenburg |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318190622/http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and one of the most versatile in Sweden. [[Chalmers University of Technology]] is a well-known university located in Johanneberg {{cvt|2|km|0}} south of the inner city, lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Älvstranden, [[Hisingen]].<ref>[http://www.chalmers.se/en/sections/about_chalmers/premises-campus Premises and campus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124000345/http://www.chalmers.se/en/sections/about_chalmers/premises-campus |date=24 January 2009 }} Chalmers University of Technology</ref>

In 2015, there were ten [[folk high school|adult education centre]]s in Gothenburg: ''Agnesbergs folkhögskola'', ''Arbetarrörelsens folkhögskola i Göteborg'', ''Finska folkhögskolan'', ''Folkhögskolan i Angered'', ''Göteborgs folkhögskola'', ''Kvinnofolkhögskolan'', ''Mo Gård folkhögskola'', ''S:ta Birgittas folkhögskola'', ''Västra Götalands folkhögskolor'' and ''Wendelsbergs folkhögskola''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Göteborg, search |url=https://www.folkhogskola.nu/Detaljerad-sokning/?q=g%C3%B6teborg&s=j |website=folkhogskola.nu |publisher=Folkhögskolornas informationstjänst |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617001255/https://www.folkhogskola.nu/Detaljerad-sokning/?q=g%C3%B6teborg&s=j |archive-date=17 June 2016 }}</ref>

In 2015, there were 49 [[gymnasium (school)|high schools]] in Gothenburg. Some of the more notable schools are [[Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet]], [[Göteborgs Högre Samskola]], [[Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium]] and Polhemsgymnasiet. Some high-schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations, such as SKF Technical high-school owned by [[SKF]] and Gothenburg's technical high-school jointly owned by [[Volvo]], [[Volvo Cars]] and Gothenburg municipality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gymnasieskolor |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/forskola-o-utbildning/gymnasieskola/gymnasieskolor/!ut/p/z1/hVBLDoIwED2LF-gMH7EsYSFBjIifQLsxaGptFEqQWOPpReLKRJ3dzPvMmwEOBfC6vClZdkrX5aXvGfd2S2uW0dAKMI38KcabZDldJPPIcV3I_xF4D-OXCvCt_xyHKzt0EKPUHvQ_7GfA1b4i5lARJB51PGrTsTX2kfrUhzwElp9ZfM9elwT13qESeCuOohUtOelrB4Uxhkit5UWQqwDW55l8XZhMYA0ceFNKVQ8_AuYiNNW2eMQdRROMngEsvOA!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/p0/IZ7_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG3K7=CZ6_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG344=MDfilterDirection!filterOrganisationType!filterArea=Epagination!0==/ |website=goteborg.se |publisher=[[Gothenburg Municipality]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191436/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/forskola-o-utbildning/gymnasieskola/gymnasieskolor/!ut/p/z1/hVBLDoIwED2LF-gMH7EsYSFBjIifQLsxaGptFEqQWOPpReLKRJ3dzPvMmwEOBfC6vClZdkrX5aXvGfd2S2uW0dAKMI38KcabZDldJPPIcV3I_xF4D-OXCvCt_xyHKzt0EKPUHvQ_7GfA1b4i5lARJB51PGrTsTX2kfrUhzwElp9ZfM9elwT13qESeCuOohUtOelrB4Uxhkit5UWQqwDW55l8XZhMYA0ceFNKVQ8_AuYiNNW2eMQdRROMngEsvOA!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/p0/IZ7_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG3K7=CZ6_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG344=MDfilterDirection!filterOrganisationType!filterArea=Epagination!0==/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two adult education centers that teach fine arts: Domen and Göteborg Folkhögskola.

== Transport ==
[[File:E6-E20 Olskroksmotet in Gothenburg.png|thumb|The west coast motorway [[European route E6|E6]]/[[European route E20|E20]] in Gothenburg, coming from [[Malmö]]. In the interchange (Olskroksmotet) the [[European route E20|E20]] motorway continues east toward [[Stockholm]], and the [[European route E6|E6]] continues north toward [[Oslo]]. The [[West Coast Line (Sweden)|West Coast Line]] railway from [[Lund]] turns left toward [[Gothenburg Central Station]], while branching to the right is the freight train viaduct.]]

=== Public transport ===
[[File:Tram 2 at Brunnsparken.jpg|thumb|right|Gothenburg's trams]]
With over {{cvt|80|km|mi}} of double track, the [[Gothenburg tram network]] covers most of the city and is the largest tram/[[light rail]] network in Scandinavia. Gothenburg also has a bus network. Boat and ferry services connect the [[Gothenburg archipelago]] to the mainland. The lack of a [[Rapid transit|subway]] is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated. Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rudolphi |first1=Martin |title=Allélänken |url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/161322.pdf |website=chalmers.se |publisher=[[Chalmers University of Technology]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045451/http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/161322.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Gothenburg [[Gothenburg commuter rail|commuter rail]] with three lines services some nearby cities and towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tilldelningsbeslut fattat för upphandlingen "Region- och pendeltåg i Väst 2010" |url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/vasttrafik/pressreleases/tilldelningsbeslut-fattat-foer-upphandlingen-region-och-pendeltaag-i-vaest-2010-314030 |website=mynewsdesk.com |date=28 August 2009 |publisher=Västtrafik |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024003648/http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/vasttrafik/pressreleases/tilldelningsbeslut-fattat-foer-upphandlingen-region-och-pendeltaag-i-vaest-2010-314030 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Public transport on the {{lang|sv|[[Göta älv]]|italic=no}} river is operated on the [[Älvsnabben (ferry line)|Älvsnabben]] ferry line, operated by [[Styrsöbolaget]] on a commission from [[Västtrafik]].

=== Rail and intercity bus ===
[[File:Platforms at Gothenburg central bus station.jpg|thumb|right|Platforms at Åkareplatsen bus station.]]
Other major transportation hubs are ''Centralstationen'' ([[Gothenburg Central Station]]) and the [[Nils Ericson Terminal]]. Trains depart from [[Gothenburg Central Station]] to various destinations in Sweden, as well as frequent connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via [[Malmö]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nils Ericson Terminal (Gothenburg) |url=http://www.vasttrafik.se/#!/en/1/19/15/ |website=vasttrafik.se |publisher=Västtrafik |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204051407/http://www.vasttrafik.se/#!/en/1/19/15/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Air ===
{{Location map+|Sweden Västra Götaland |width=220|float=right|caption=Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg|places=
{{Location map~|Sweden Västra Götaland |lat_deg=57|lat_min=42|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=11|lon_min=58|lon_dir=E |label=|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Sweden Västra Götaland |lat_deg=57|lat_min=39|lat_sec=36|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=12|lon_min=17|lon_sec=28|lon_dir=E |label='''[[Göteborg Landvetter Airport|GOT]]'''|position=bottom|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}
{{Location map~|Sweden Västra Götaland |lat_deg=57|lat_min=46|lat_sec=32|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=11|lon_min=52|lon_sec=14|lon_dir=E |label='''[[Göteborg City Airport|GSE]]'''|position=left|mark=Airplane silhouette.svg}}
}}
Gothenburg is served by [[Göteborg Landvetter Airport]] {{airport codes|GOT|ESGG}}, located about 20&nbsp;km (12&nbsp;mi) east of the city centre. It is named after nearby locality [[Landvetter]]. [[Flygbussarna]] offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20–30 minutes. [[Swebus Express|Swebus]], [[Flixbus]] and [[Nettbuss]] also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg, [[Borås]] and other destinations along [[European route E4]]. [[Västtrafik]], the local public transport provider in the area, offers additional connections to [[Landvetter]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.swedavia.com/landvetter/bus/?_ga=2.50784876.410697247.1520592379-1822352776.1515495902 |title=Buses |website=swedavia.com |language=en |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183025/https://www.swedavia.com/landvetter/bus/?_ga=2.50784876.410697247.1520592379-1822352776.1515495902 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator [[Swedavia]], and with 6.8&nbsp;million passengers served in 2017, it is Sweden's second-largest airport after [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport|Stockholm Arlanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.swedavia.se/om-swedavia/statistik/ |title=Statistik inom Swedavia |website=swedavia.se |language=sv |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223003845/https://www.swedavia.se/om-swedavia/statistik/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines, e.g. [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] and [[Ryanair]]. Göteborg Landvetter, however, does not serve as a hub for any airline. In total, there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg, most of them European. An additional 40 destinations are served via charter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.swedavia.se/landvetter/om-flygplatsen/ |title=Om flygplatsen Göteborg Landvetter Airport |website=swedavia.se |language=sv |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017234501/https://www.swedavia.se/landvetter/om-flygplatsen/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The second airport in the area, [[Säve Airport|Göteborg/Säve Airport]] {{airport codes|GSE|ESGP}}, is closed for commercial use. On 13{{nbsp}}January 2015, Swedish airport operator [[Swedavia]] announced that Göteborg/Säve Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014, citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high, at 250 million kronor ($31&nbsp;million). Commercial operations will be gradually wound down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20150113/gothenburg-city-airport-to-close |title=Gothenburg City Airport stops commercial flights |work=thelocal.se |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113154753/http://www.thelocal.se/20150113/gothenburg-city-airport-to-close |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport is located {{cvt|10|km|0}} northwest of the city centre. It is located within the borders of [[Gothenburg Municipality]]. The airport is operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard, and is used for other [[general aviation]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carlsson |first1=Anders |title=Ryanair och Wizz till Landvetter men Sparrow lägger ner |url=http://www.flygtorget.se/Aktuellt/Artikel/?Id=10799 |website=flygtorget.se |publisher=Flygtorget |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013952/http://www.flygtorget.se/Aktuellt/Artikel/?Id=10799 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most civil air traffic to Göteborg/Säve Airport was via [[low-cost carrier]]s such as [[Ryanair]] and [[Wizz Air]]. Those companies have been relocated to Göteborg/Landvetter Airport.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pavlica |first1=Adrianna |last2=Berg |first2=Kalle |title=Flygplan får inte landa på flygplatsen i Säve |url=http://www.expressen.se/gt/flygplan-far-inte-landa-pa-flygplatsen-i-save/ |website=Expressen |publisher={{Lang|sv|[[Expressen]]}} |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043208/http://www.expressen.se/gt/flygplan-far-inte-landa-pa-flygplatsen-i-save/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sea ===
[[File:Gothenburg, Sweden, from the Älsborgs Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Gothenburg harbour seen from the Älvsborg bridge, seen to the left is the ship [[High-speed Sea Service|HSS ''Stena Carisma'']] and to the right {{MS|Stena Scandinavica|1983|6}}.]]
The Swedish company [[Stena Line]] operates between Gothenburg/[[Frederikshavn]] in Denmark and Gothenburg/[[Kiel]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stena Line |url=http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Vara-tjanster/Unicitet1/ |website=goteborgshamn.se |publisher=[[Port of Gothenburg]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023140/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Vara-tjanster/Unicitet1/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

The "England ferry" (''Englandsfärjan'') to Newcastle via [[Kristiansand]] (run by the Danish company [[DFDS|DFDS Seaways]]) ceased at the end of October 2006,<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828100914/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 |date=28 August 2007 }}, ''The Local'', 7 September 2006: "Danish shipping company DFDS Seaways is to scrap the only passenger ferry route between Sweden and Britain, with the axing of the Gothenburg-Newcastle route at the end of October."</ref> after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=1800-talet |url=http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Om-hamnen/Historia/Historik1/ |website=goteborgshamn.se |publisher=[[Port of Gothenburg]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810213055/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Om-hamnen/Historia/Historik1/ |archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles. Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linjeutbud |url=http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Terminaler--partners/Linjekarta/ |website=goteborgshamn.se |publisher=[[Port of Gothenburg]] |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023138/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Terminaler--partners/Linjekarta/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

=== Freight ===
Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks. Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9&nbsp;million tonnes per year in 2004.<ref>Statistics from {{Cite web |title=Startpage |url=https://www.portofgothenburg.com/ |website=Port of Göteborg |language=en |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820013607/http://www.portgot.com/ |archive-date=20 August 2008}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Gothenburg}}

[[File:Staty Kal ada Lisebergs entré.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kal and Ada]] at [[Liseberg]]]]
Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional, but have become synonymous with "people from Gothenburg". They are a working class couple called [[Kal and Ada]], featured in "Gothenburg jokes" ({{Lang|sv|göteborgsvitsar}}), songs, plays and names of events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radarparet nummer ett |url=https://www.gp.se/nyheter/göteborg/radarparet-nummer-ett-1.535518 |work=[[Göteborgs-Posten]]|date=4 May 2013 |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018005509/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/radarparet-nummer-ett-1.535518 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Drakos |first1=Georg |title=Kal-å-Ada-vitsarna: en studie i folklore och lokal identitet: uppsats för påbyggnadskurs etnologi |date=1986 |publisher=institutionen för etnologi |location=Stockholm |id={{LIBRIS|598554}}}}</ref> Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of "Kal and Ada".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernhardsson |first1=Brittmo |last2=Clarin |first2=Björn |title=Alla tiders Kal och Ada |date=2014 |publisher=MTM |location=Johanneshov |id={{LIBRIS|14978311}}}}</ref> A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist, was placed outside the entrance to [[Liseberg]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kal & Ada |url=http://liseberg.se/sv/hem/Nojesparken/Tradgard-och-kultur/Konstens-Liseberg/Kal--Ada/ |website=liseberg.se |publisher=[[Liseberg]] |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100626/http://liseberg.se/sv/hem/Nojesparken/Tradgard-och-kultur/Konstens-Liseberg/Kal--Ada/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Other notable people from Gothenburg include:
* [[Fredrik Henrik af Chapman]] (1721–1808), shipbuilder, scientist and officer in the Swedish navy.
* [[William Chalmers (merchant)|William Chalmers]] (1748–1811), a Swedish merchant and freemason.
* [[Carl Fredrik af Wingård]] (1781–1851), a Lutheran archbishop of the [[Church of Sweden]]
* [[Bengt Erland Fogelberg]] (1786–1854) was a Swedish sculptor.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Fogelberg, Benedict Erland |volume = 10 |page=590 |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Sophie Bolander]] (1807–1869), an author, participated in debate on gender issues.
* [[Johan Erhard Areschoug]] (1811–1887), botanist
* [[Evert Taube]] (1890–1976), author, artist, composer and singer.
* [[Karl Sjögren]] (1896–1974) psychiatrist and geneticist
* [[James Dickson (Swedish politician)|James Dickson]] (1899–1980), politician, agronomist and chamberlain.
* [[Albert Levan]] (1905–1998), botanist and geneticist.
* [[Victor Hasselblad]] (1906–1978), inventor, photographer and industrialist
* [[Gudrun Slettengren-Fernholm]] (1909–1980), ceramicist and sculptor.
* [[Kent Andersson (playwright)|Kent Andersson]] (1933–2005), actor, theatre director and playwright.
* [[Jan Eliasson]] (born 1940), diplomat; [[Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations]] 2012–2016
* [[Marina Hedman]] (born 1944), a retired pornographic and mainstream actress.
* [[Björn Ulvaeus]] (born 1945), singer-songwriter with [[ABBA]]
* [[Doris (singer)|Doris Svensson]] (1947–2023), billed as ''Doris'', a pop singer.
* [[Margareta Arvidsson]] (born 1947), actress, model and beauty queen; [[Miss Universe]] & [[Miss Sweden]] 1966
* [[Håkan Hellström]] (born 1974), singer-songwriter, widely popular throughout Sweden 
* [[Ivar Arpi]] (born 1982), a columnist and debater. 
* [[Alicia Vikander]] (born 1988), Academy Award Winning actress 
* [[Joel Berghult]] (born 1988), musical YouTuber known as ''[[RoomieOfficial]]''
* [[PewDiePie|Felix Kjellberg]] (born 1989), YouTuber known as ''[[PewDiePie]]''; for many years the most subscribed-to individual on the platform, with over 100 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/pewdiepie-becomes-first-youtuber-to-hit-100-million-subscribers |title=PewDiePie becomes first YouTuber to hit 100 million subscribers |website=CBC Kids News |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829032216/https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/pewdiepie-becomes-first-youtuber-to-hit-100-million-subscribers |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[In Flames]] (formed 1990), heavy metal band
* [[At the Gates]] (formed 1990), heavy metal band
* [[Avatar (band)|Avatar]] (formed 2001), heavy metal band

=== Sport ===
* [[Gunnar Gren]] (1920–1991), footballer with 466 club caps and 57 for [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]]
* [[Hans Wieselgren]] (born 1952), Olympic fencer
* [[Helen Alfredsson]] (born 1965), golfer
* [[Daniel Alfredsson]] (born 1972), professional ice hockey player, [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] & [[IIHF Hall of Fame]] member
* [[Henrik Stenson]] (born 1976), golfer, [[British Open]] winner
* [[Viktor Stålberg]] (born 1986), professional ice hockey player, [[2013 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] champion with the [[Chicago Blackhawks]]
* [[Robin Lehner]] (born 1991), professional ice hockey goaltender
* [[Lucas Raymond]] (born 2002), professional ice hockey player, 4th overall pick of [[2020 NHL Draft]]
* [[Anna Kjellbin]] (born 1994), professional ice hockey player for the [[Toronto Sceptres]], two-time SDHL champion, and Olympian (2022)

== International rankings ==
Gothenburg has performed well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:
The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world's most sustainable destination every year since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/gothenburg-sweden-things-to-do/index.html |title=Gothenburg, Sweden: Things to do in the greenest city on Earth |first=Mark |last=Johanson |publisher=CNN |date=4 November 2019 |language=en |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311093605/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/gothenburg-sweden-things-to-do/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enhetssida/gothenburg-european-office/awards/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zifS0s3D083A0C3I19DQwCQ30CfFxMjQy9zU30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SRCrHPOSjC3S9aOKUtNSi1KL9EqLgMIZJSUFxVaqBqoG5eXleun5-ek5qXrJ-bmqBti0ZOQXl-hHoKrUL8iNqPJJDXcEAKauR2o!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |title=Awards |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028114436/https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enhetssida/gothenburg-european-office/awards/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zifS0s3D083A0C3I19DQwCQ30CfFxMjQy9zU30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SRCrHPOSjC3S9aOKUtNSi1KL9EqLgMIZJSUFxVaqBqoG5eXleun5-ek5qXrJ-bmqBti0ZOQXl-hHoKrUL8iNqPJJDXcEAKauR2o!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020 Business Region Göteborg received the 'European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020' (EER Award 2020) from the EU.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== International relations ==
The Gothenburg Award is the city's international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development – in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gothenburgaward.com/se/ |title=Gothenburg Award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721021004/http://www.gothenburgaward.com/se/ |archive-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> The award, which is one million Swedish crowns, is administered and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electronic-recycling.ie/blog/index.php/2012/11/dr-mike-biddle-mba-polymers-to-receive-gothenburg-award-for-sustainable-development/ |title=Dr Mike Biddle to receive Gothenburg Sustainable Development Award |work=electronic-recycling.ie |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050748/http://www.electronic-recycling.ie/blog/index.php/2012/11/dr-mike-biddle-mba-polymers-to-receive-gothenburg-award-for-sustainable-development/ }}</ref> Past winners of the award have included [[Kofi Annan]], [[Al Gore]], and Michael Biddle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gothenburgaward.com/en/award-winners/ |title=Award Winners |work=gothenburgaward.com |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023642/http://www.gothenburgaward.com/en/award-winners/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden}}

=== Twin towns and sister cities ===
Gothenburg is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/f8e454a7-0ec9-4669-a44f-a70894adaf55/G%C3%96TEBORGS+STADS+RIKTLINJER+F%C3%96R+INTERNATIONELLT+SAMARBETE.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114713/http://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/f8e454a7-0ec9-4669-a44f-a70894adaf55/G%C3%96TEBORGS%2BSTADS%2BRIKTLINJER%2BF%C3%96R%2BINTERNATIONELLT%2BSAMARBETE.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Göteborgs Stad |title=Riktlinjer för Internationellt Samarbete |language=sv |page=5 |access-date=15 May 2014}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Oslo]], Norway
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Aarhus]], Denmark, 1946
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Amasya]], Turkey 2023
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Turku]], Finland, 1946
*{{flagicon|EST}} [[Tallinn]], Estonia
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[St. Petersburg]], Russia, 1962
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Bergen]], Norway, 1946
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]], Poland, 1990<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków -Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rostock]], Germany, 1965
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Badalona]], Spain 1990
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Gqeberha]], South Africa
{{div col end}}
With [[Lyon]] (France) there is no formal partnership, but "a joint willingness to cooperate".<ref>See: [http://www.lyon.fr/page/decouvrir-lyon/vue-du-monde/echanges-et-reseaux-.html Les villes partenaires en Europe, Göteborg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625053210/http://www.lyon.fr/page/decouvrir-lyon/vue-du-monde/echanges-et-reseaux-.html |date=25 June 2014 }}. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</ref>
Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture, economics, trade and sport. The agreement was allowed to lapse in 2020.<ref name=hongkongfp>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Rachel |date=24 April 2020 |title=Gothenburg axes twin city agreement with Shanghai as Sweden closes all Confucius Institutes |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/24/gothenburg-axes-twin-city-agreement-with-shanghai-as-sweden-closes-all-confucius-institutes/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Hong Kong Free Press |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070233/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/24/gothenburg-axes-twin-city-agreement-with-shanghai-as-sweden-closes-all-confucius-institutes/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sweden}}
*[[Gothenburg archipelago]]
*[[Multi-effect Protocol|Gothenburg Protocol (on acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone)]]
*[[Gothenburg quadricentennial jubilee]]
*[[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits]]
*[[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]]
*[[Metropolitan Gothenburg]]
*[[Göteborgs Rapé]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gothenburg}}
{{EB1911 poster|Gothenburg}}
{{Attached KML}}
*[https://goteborg.se Goteborg.se] – Official site for city of Gothenburg {{in lang|sv}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121212024802/http://www17.goteborg.se/english/ Goteborg.se/english] – Official web page for short English description of the content in city of Gothenburg site
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003418/https://international.goteborg.se/ International.Goteborg.se] – Official international site for city of Gothenburg
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Göteborg}}
*[http://www.goteborg.com/en Goteborg.com]&nbsp;– Gothenburg tourism portal
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170112193245/http://www.visitsweden.com/sweden/Regions--Cities/Gothenburg/ VisitSweden]&nbsp;– VisitSweden's profile of Gothenburg
*[http://stockholm360.net/list.php?id=goteborg Virtual Tour Panoramas of Goteborg]

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Berlin]], Germany (1995)}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[World Gymnaestrada]] host city|years=1999}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Lisbon]], Portugal (2003)}}
{{S-end}}

{{Gothenburg}}
{{Västra Götaland County}}
{{Localities in Göteborg Municipality}}
{{Localities in Härryda Municipality}}
{{Localities in Mölndal Municipality}}
{{Localities in Partille Municipality}}
{{Swedish Seats}}
{{IAAF World Championships in Athletics Host cities}}
{{50 most populous urban areas of Sweden}}
{{50 most populous urban settlements of Scandinavia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gothenburg| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Gothenburg]]
[[Category:County seats in Sweden]]
[[Category:Municipal seats of Västra Götaland County]]
[[Category:Swedish municipal seats]]
[[Category:Populated places in Gothenburg Municipality]]
[[Category:Populated places in Härryda Municipality]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mölndal Municipality]]
[[Category:Populated places in Partille Municipality]]
[[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Sweden]]
[[Category:Cities in Sweden]]
[[Category:Geats]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Sweden]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1621]]
[[Category:1621 establishments in Sweden]]
[[Category:Planned communities in Sweden]]
[[Category:Skagerrak]]