View source for Golden jackal

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{About|the canid native to Eurasia|the canid native to Africa|African wolf}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Golden jackal
| fossil_range = [[Late Pleistocene]] — present
| image = {{CSS image crop
   |Image = 033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg
   |bSize = 350
   |cWidth = 260
   |cHeight = 210
   |oTop = 14
   |oLeft = 40
   }}
| status = LC
| image_caption = Golden jackal in [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[India]]
| image2 = Jackal.ogg
| image2_caption = Golden jackals howling
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Canis aureus'' |errata=2020 |author1=Hoffmann, M. |author2=Arnold, J. |author3=Duckworth, J. W. |author4=Jhala, Y. |author5=Kamler, J. F. |author6=Krofel, M. |year=2018 |article-number=e.T118264161A163507876 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A3
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| taxon = Canis aureus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name=linnaeus1758/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = * ''C. a. aureus''
* ''C. a. cruesemanni''
* ''[[Indian jackal|C. a. indicus]]''
* ''[[European jackal|C. a. moreoticus]]''
* ''[[Sri Lankan jackal|C. a. naria]]''
* ''C. a. syriacus''
| range_map = Canis aureus distribution (IUCN).png
| range_map_caption = Global golden jackal range based on IUCN's 2018 assessment.
| range_map_alt = Refer to the section "Subspecies" and the column "Distribution"
}}

The '''golden jackal''' ('''''Canis aureus'''''), also called the '''common jackal''', is a [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids|wolf-like canid]] that is native to [[Eurasia]]. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller and has shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle than the [[Arabian wolf]]. It is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter.

Despite its name, the golden jackal is not closely related to the African [[black-backed jackal]] or the [[side-striped jackal]], which are part of the genus ''[[Lupulella]]''. It is instead closer to [[wolves]] and [[coyotes]]. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct [[Canis arnensis|Arno river dog]] that lived in [[southern Europe]] {{mya|1.9}}. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago, towards the end of the last [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the [[Ksar Akil]] rock shelter near [[Beirut]], Lebanon, is 7,600 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are six [[subspecies]] of the golden jackal. It is capable of producing fertile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] with both the gray wolf and the African wolf. [[Jackal–dog hybrid]]s called [[Sulimov dogs]] are in service at the [[Sheremetyevo Airport]] near Moscow, where they are deployed by the Russian airline [[Aeroflot]] for scent-detection.

The golden jackal is abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores; however, the species is rare in foothills and low mountains. It is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small [[ungulates]]. It attacks domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic [[water buffalo]] calves. Its competitors are the [[red fox]], [[steppe wolf]], [[jungle cat]], [[Caucasian wildcat]], the [[raccoon]] in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the [[Asiatic wildcat]]. It is expanding beyond its native grounds in from Southeast Europe into [[Central Europe]] as far as France,<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/shopping/trail-camera-captures-rare-glimpse-of-elusive-animal-after-years-of-silence-mainly-active-at-dawn-and-dusk/ar-AA1E1En0 Photographed in France]</ref> and [[Baltic region|Northeast Europe]] into areas where there are few or no wolves.

== Etymology and naming ==
The word 'jackal' appeared in the [[English language]] around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word ''çakal'', which originates from the Persian word ''šagāl''.<ref name="oxford2017">{{cite web|title=Jackal|work=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829165812/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal|archive-date=August 29, 2017}}</ref> The golden jackal is also known as the '''common jackal'''.<ref name=jhala2004/>

==Taxonomy==
The biological family [[Canidae]] is composed of the [[Cerdocyonina|South American canids]], the [[Vulpini|fox-like canids]], and the [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids|wolf-like canids]].<ref name=wayne1993/> All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78{{nbsp}}[[chromosome]]s, allowing them potentially to [[hybrid (biology)|interbreed]].<ref name=wayne1999/> Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the [[black-backed jackal]] (''Lupulella{{nbsp}}mesomela''), the [[side-striped jackal]] (''Lupulella'' ''adusta''), and the golden jackal (''Canis aureus''). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in [[East Africa]] (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania).<ref name=wayne1989/> Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not [[monophyletic]] (they do not share a common ancestor),<ref name=rueness2011/><ref name=cherin2013/><ref name=valkenburgh1994/> and they are only distantly related.<ref name=valkenburgh1994/> The accuracy of the colloquial name "jackal" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.<ref name=rueness2011/>

[[Mitochondrial DNA]] (mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years.<ref name=arora2015/> Thus, [[phylogenetic analysis]] of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a [[phylogenetic tree]].<ref name=avice1994/><ref name=wayne2006/> A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the [[gray wolf]] and [[dog]] are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the [[coyote]] (''Canis latrans''), golden jackal, and [[Ethiopian wolf]] (''Canis simensis''), which have all been shown to [[Hybridisation (biology)|hybridize]] with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus'') and [[African wild dog]] (''Lycaon pictus''), which are not members of genus ''Canis''. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of the genus ''Lupulella'' and the most [[lineage (genetic)#Basal lineage|basal]] members of this [[clade]].<ref name=lindblad2005/>

Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia.<ref name=rueness2011/><ref name=gaubert2012/> In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six ''C.{{nbsp}}aureus'' subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species ''C.{{nbsp}}anthus'' (African wolf),<ref name=koepfli2015/><ref name=zachos2016/><ref name=COL2015/> reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9{{nbsp}}million years ago and the African wolf diverging 1.3{{nbsp}}million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.<ref name=koepfli2015/>

===Evolution===
{{Cladogram|align=right|title=[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the [[Canina (subtribe)|wolf-like canids]] with timing in millions of years{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=mtdna_seq_desc|For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids]]}}
|cladogram={{clade | style = font-size:85%;line-height:80%;width:400px;
 |label1=[[Caninae]] 3.5 [[Megaannum|Ma]]
 |1={{clade
  |label1=3.0
  |1={{clade
   |label1=2.5
   |1={{clade
    |label1=2.0
    |1={{clade
     |label1=0.96
     |1={{clade
       |label1=0.6
       |1={{clade
        |label1=0.38
        |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=[[Dog|Domestic dog]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Dog.svg|50 px]]</span>
           |2=[[Wolf|Gray wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg|50 px]]
}}
}}
         |2=[[Coyote]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg|50 px]]
}}
        |2=[[African wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
       |2=Golden jackal [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg|50 px]]
}}
      |2=[[Ethiopian wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
     |2=[[Dhole]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
     |2=[[African wild dog]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg|50 px]]
}}
  |2={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1=[[Side-striped jackal]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg|50 px]]
    |2=[[Black-backed jackal]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg|50 px]]
}}
    |label1=2.6
}}
}}
}}
}}

The [[Canis arnensis|Arno river dog]] (''Canis arnensis'') is an extinct species of [[Canis|canine]] that was endemic to [[Mediterranean Europe]] during the [[Early Pleistocene]] around 1.9{{nbsp}}million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals.<ref name=miklosi2015/> Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species,<ref name=lucenti2016/><ref name=jalvo2016/> the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.<ref name=lucenti2016/>

The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the [[Ksar Akil]] rock shelter located {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Beirut]], Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago.<ref name=kurten1965/> The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from [[Delphi]] and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago.<ref name=sommer2005/> An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in [[Azykh Cave]], in [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], dates to the [[Middle Pleistocene]] and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the [[cave lynx]], similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal.<ref name=jalvo2016/> The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the [[Caucasus]] region and [[Transcaucasia]], areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.<ref name=lapini2003/>

A [[haplotype]] is a group of [[genes]] found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents.<ref name=cox2016/><ref name=editorial2012/> A [[haplogroup]] is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single [[single-nucleotide polymorphism|mutation]] inherited from their common ancestor.<ref name=arora2015/> The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions.<ref name=ibis2015/> Indian golden jackals exhibit the highest [[genetic diversity]], and those from northern and western India are the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]], which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and [[Southeast Asia]] provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.<ref name=negi2015/>

Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity,<ref name=ibis2015/> while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity,<ref name=zachos2009/><ref name=fabbri2013/> confirming their more recent expansion into Europe.<ref name=rutkowski2015/> Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the [[Peloponnese Peninsula]] in Greece and the [[Dalmatian coast]] in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times.
Jackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of  jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both [[Southeast Europe]] and the Caucasus are expanding into the [[Baltic region|Baltic]]. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves,<ref name=rutkowski2015/> creating a [[hybrid zone]] in Israel.<ref name=koepfli2015/>

===Admixture with other ''Canis'' species===
Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves.<ref name=moura2013/><ref name=pilot2014/> Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring,<ref name=galov2015/> a [[jackal–dog hybrid]]. There was 11–13% of ancient [[gene flow]] into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations.<ref name=freedman2014/><ref name=fan2016/> Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf [[genome]] is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.<ref name=freedman2014/>

In 2018, [[whole genome sequencing]] was used to compare members of the genus ''Canis''. The study supports the [[African wolf]] being distinct from the golden jackal, and with the [[Ethiopian wolf]] being genetically [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to both. There is evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and gray [[wolves]]. One African wolf from the Egyptian [[Sinai Peninsula]] showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. There was evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. The study proposes that the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.<ref name=gopalakrishnan2018/>

===Subspecies and populations===
The golden jackal was [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomi]]cally subordinated to the genus ''[[Canis]]'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 publication ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name=linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnæus|first=C. |title=Systema naturæ |year=1758 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Holmiæ  |pages=39–40 |chapter=''Canis aureus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/40/mode/2up |volume=Regnum Animale |edition=10 |language=la}}</ref> 13 [[subspecies]] were described since then.<ref name=wozencraft2005/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Subspecies of ''Canis aureus''
|-
! scope="col" | Subspecies
! scope="col" | Trinomial authority
!Trinomial authority (year)
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Distribution
! scope="col" | Synonyms
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! scope="row" | Persian jackal
''C. a. aureus''<ref name="castello132">Castelló, J. R. (2018). ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 132–133, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref><br />[[Nominate subspecies]]
[[File:La vita degli animali descrizione generale del regno animale di A. E. Brehm Mammiferi (1872) Canis aureus aureus mod.jpg|150px]]
|[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]
|1758<ref name=linnaeus1758/>
| Large, with soft, pale fur with predominantly sandy tones.<ref name=heptner140/> The general color of the outer fur is usually black and white, while the underfur varies from pale brown to pale slate-grey. Occasionally, the nape and shoulders are of a buff color. The ears and front legs are buff, sometimes tan, while the feet are pale. The hind legs are more deeply tinted above the hocks. The chin and forethroat are usually whitish. Weight varies geographically, ranging around {{convert|8|-|10|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. In areas where it borders the range of the larger, more richly colored [[Indian jackal]] (particularly the area of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] in [[India]]), animals of intermediate size and color sometimes appear.<ref name=pocock1941c/>
|[[Middle East]], [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Western India]] where its distribution overlaps with the Indian jackal to the north and the Sri Lankan/South Indian jackal to the south.<ref name=pocock1941c/>
|
<small>''hadramauticus''&nbsp;(Noack,&nbsp;1896)</small><br />
<small>''kola''&nbsp;(Wroughton,&nbsp;1916)</small><br />
<small>''lanka''&nbsp;(Wroughton,&nbsp;1916)</small><br />
<small>''typicus''&nbsp;(Kolenati,&nbsp;1858)</small><br />
<small>''vulgaris''&nbsp;(Wagner,&nbsp;1841)</small>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! scope="row" | Indochinese jackal
''C. a. cruesemanni''<ref name="castello142">Castelló, J. R. (2018), ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 142-143, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref>
[[File:Golden Jackal, Canis aureus in Huai Kha Khaeng.jpg|150px]]
|[[Paul Matschie|Matschie]]
|1900<ref name=matschie1900/>
|The Indochinese jackal (also known as the Siamese jackal and the Southeast Asian golden jackal)<ref name="castello142"/> has been disputed as a separate subspecies by some authors who state that its classification is based solely on observations of captive animals. In 2023, an mDNA study indicated that it was an early branching lineage of golden jackal which supports it being a subspecies.<ref name=Sosale2023>{{cite journal|title=The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic characterization of two putative subspecies of golden jackal (Canis aureus cruesemanni and Canis aureus moreotica)|journal=Gene|doi=10.1016/j.gene.2023.147303|date=2023|author=Sosale M. S.|volume=866 |article-number=147303 |pmid=36854348 |s2cid=257224067 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is smaller than ''C. a. indicus'',<ref name=lekagul1988/> weighing up to {{convert|8|kg|abbr=on}}. Its fur closely resembles that of a [[dog]]. It inhabits mountainous areas, near [[farm]]s or residential [[forest]]s, and its prey include small animals like [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s and [[frog]]s, besides occasionally eating fruits.<ref name=Castello2018/> One seller of two trapped jackals claimed that they killed ten piglets on his farm.<ref name=pp1>{{cite web|url=http://www.vncreatures.net/e_focus/e_news_13.php|title=Scottish Maria and the Golden Jackal|author=Phung My Trung|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407145857/http://www.vncreatures.net/e_focus/e_news_13.php|url-status=live}}</ref> It can be active in both [[diurnality|day]] and [[nocturnality|night]]. Siamese jackals are solitary creatures, but a male and female will cooperate during mating season. It has few natural predators, though [[dhole]]s are a major source of mortality.<ref name=Castello2018/>
|[[Thailand]]<ref name=moehlman2018/>
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Indian jackal]]
''C. a. indicus''<ref name="castello138">Castelló, J. R. (2018). ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 138–139, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref>
[[File:La vita degli animali descrizione generale del regno animale di A. E. Brehm Mammiferi (1872) Canis aureus indicus mod.jpg|150px]]
|[[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]]
|1833<ref name=hodgson1833/>
|Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff color is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with gray fur. Adults grow to a length of {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|35|–|45|cm|abbr=on}} in height and {{convert|8|–|11|kg|abbr=on}} in weight.<ref name=shrestha1997/>
|[[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]]<ref name=heptner140/>
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! scope="row" | [[European jackal]]
''C. a. moreoticus''<ref name="castello134">Castelló, J. R. (2018). ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 134–135, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref>
[[File:La vita degli animali descrizione generale del regno animale di A. E. Brehm Mammiferi (1872) Canis aureus moreoticus.jpg|150px]]
|[[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]
|1835<ref name=geoffroy1835/>
|The largest golden jackal subspecies, animals of both sexes average {{convert|120|–|125|cm|abbr=on}} in total length and {{convert|10|–|15|kg|abbr=on}} in body weight.<ref name=lapini2003/><ref name=giannatos2004/> The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly colored with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright-reddish chestnut.<ref name=heptner140/>
|Southeastern Europe, [[Moldova]], Asia Minor and the Caucasus<ref name=heptner140/>
|
<small>''graecus'' (Wagner, 1841)</small>
<small>''balcanicus''&nbsp;(Brusina,&nbsp;1892)</small><br />
<small>''caucasica''&nbsp;(Kolenati,&nbsp;1858)</small><br />
<small>''dalmatinus''&nbsp;(Wagner,&nbsp;1841)</small>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! scope="row" | [[Sri Lankan jackal]]
''C. a. naria''<ref name="castello140">Castelló, J. R. (2018). ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 140–141, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref>
[[File:La vita degli animali descrizione generale del regno animale di A. E. Brehm Mammiferi (1872) Canis aureus naria mod.jpg|150px]]
|[[R. C. Wroughton|Wroughton]]
|1916<ref name=wroughton1916/>
|Measures {{convert|67|-|74|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighs {{convert|5|-|8.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The winter coat is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy as that of ''indicus''. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or a rich tan. Molting occurs earlier in the season than with ''indicus'', and the pelt generally does not lighten in color.<ref name=pocock1941/>
|[[Coastal South West India]], [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name=heptner140/>
|<small>''lanka'' (Wroughton, 1838)</small>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! scope="row" | Syrian jackal
''C. a. syriacus''<ref name="castello136">Castelló, J. R. (2018). ''Canids of the World'', Princeton, pp. 136–137, {{ISBN|978-0-691-17685-7}}</ref>
[[File:La vita degli animali descrizione generale del regno animale di A. E. Brehm Mammiferi (1872) Canis aureus syriacus mod.jpg|150px]]
|[[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] and [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]]
|1833<ref name=hemprich1833/>
|Distinguished by its brown ears. The body fur is a yellow on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish-yellow underneath.<ref name=smith1839/> A dark band runs from the nose to the end of the tail. Measures {{convert|60|-|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body length, {{convert|20|-|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tail length, {{convert|15|-|18|cm|in|abbr=on}} in head length, and weighs {{convert|5|-|12|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=qumsiyeh1996/>
|[[Israel]], [[Syria]],<ref name=heptner140/> [[Lebanon]],<ref name=qumsiyeh1996/> and [[Jordan]]<ref name=moehlman2018/>
|
|}

==Description==
[[File:Goud jakhals (cropped).jpg|thumb|Golden jackal profile]]
The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed.<ref name=heptner129/> The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads.<ref name=jhala2004/> Males measure {{cvt|71–85|cm}} in body length and females {{cvt|69–73|cm}}. Males weigh {{cvt|6|–|14|kg}} and females weigh {{cvt|7–11|kg}}. The shoulder height is {{cvt|45|–|50|cm}} for both.<ref name=heptner129/> In comparison, the smallest wolf is the [[Arabian wolf]] (''Canis lupus arabs''), which weighs on average {{cvt|20|kg}}.<ref name=lopez2004/>

[[File:Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles (Canis aureus skull).jpg|thumb|left|Lateral and dorsal aspects of skull]]

The skull is most like that of the [[dingo]], and is closer to that of the coyote (''C.{{nbsp}}latrans'') and the gray wolf (''C.{{nbsp}}lupus'') than to that of the black-backed jackal (''L.{{nbsp}}mesomalas''), the side-striped jackal (''L.{{nbsp}}adustus''), and the Ethiopian wolf (''C.{{nbsp}}simensis'').<ref name=clutton1976/> Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the [[canine teeth]] are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its [[carnassial]] teeth are weaker.<ref name=heptner129/> The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small [[bird]]s, [[rodent]]s, small vertebrates, insects, carrion,<ref name=heptner132/> fruit, and some vegetable matter.<ref name=clutton1976/> It was once thought that golden jackals could develop a horny growth on the skull referred to as a "[[jackal's horn]]" which usually measured approximately {{cvt|13|mm|frac=4}} in length and was concealed by fur.<ref name="tennent1861" /> Although no evidence of its existence has been found, belief in it remains common in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Malaika Mathew |last2=Srivathsa |first2=Arjun |last3=Singh |first3=Priya |last4=Majgaonkar |first4=Iravatee |last5=Sharma |first5=Sushma |last6=Punjabi |first6=Girish |last7=Banerjee |first7=Aditya |date=2020 |title=Do wildlife crimes against less charismatic species go unnoticed? A case study of golden jackal canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 poaching and trade in India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15407–15413 |doi=10.11609/JOTT.5783.12.4.15407-15413 |issn=0974-7907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Chandra Prakash |last2=Singh |first2=Preeti |last3=Srinivas |first3=Yellapu |last4=Madhanraj |first4=Anandraj |last5=Rawat |first5=Gopal Singh |last6=Gupta |first6=Sandeep Kumar |date=2022 |title=Unraveling the mystery of confiscated "jackal horns" in India using wildlife forensic tools |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1767–1771 |doi=10.1007/s00414-022-02773-6 |issn=1437-1596 |pmid=35102447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Sandhya |date=2020-04-20 |title=A tale of non-existent jackal horns and their online sales |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/04/a-tale-of-non-existent-jackal-horns-and-its-online-sales/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pardikar |first=Rishika |date=2020-04-26 |title=In India, jackals are being poached for their 'magical', non-existent horns |url=https://scroll.in/article/959840/in-india-jackals-are-being-poached-for-their-magical-non-existent-horns |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=tennent1861/>

The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short,<ref name=clutton1976/> with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest.<ref name=jhala2004/> The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts<ref name=shrestha1997/> while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip.<ref name=jhala2004/> [[Melanism]] can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal.<ref name=jerdon1874/> Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an adaptive trait.<ref name=ambarli2013/> What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.<ref name=ICS2013/>

The jackal [[Moulting|moults]] twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia and [[Tajikistan]], the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November.<ref name=heptner156/>

==Ecology==
[[File:תן באחו נוב.jpg|thumb|Syrian jackal (''C. a. syriacus'') hunting in reeds]]
The golden jackal inhabits Europe and Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia.<ref name=jhala2004/><ref name=wozencraft2005/><ref name=arnold2012/><ref name=trouwborst2015/><ref name=krofel2017/> The golden jackal's [[omnivore|omnivorous diet]] allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been observed on islands that have no fresh water.<ref name=jhala2004/> Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the [[Karakum Desert]] nor the [[Kyzylkum Desert]], but can be found at their edges or in [[oasis|oases]].<ref name=heptner141/> On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the [[Thar Desert]].<ref name=iucn/> They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over {{cvt|1000|m}} up the slopes of the [[Himalayas]]; they can withstand temperatures as low as {{cvt|-25|C|F}} and sometimes {{cvt|-35|C|F}}. They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas,<ref name=heptner141/> entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around [[hill station]]s at the elevation of {{cvt|2000|m}}.<ref name=jhala2004/>

They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia they have been observed up to the elevation of {{cvt|1000|m}}, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high elevations.<ref name=lapini2003/> The Estonian population, which marks the only population of this species adapted to the [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] region, largely inhabits coastal [[grassland]]s, [[alvar]]s, and [[reed bed]]s, habitats where wolves are seldom present.<ref name="Männil-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Männil |first1=P. |last2=Ranc |first2=N. |date=2022 |title=Golden jackal (''Canis aureus'') in Estonia: development of a thriving population in the boreal ecoregion |journal=Mammal Research |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=245–250 |doi=10.1007/s13364-021-00615-1 |s2cid=245738736}}</ref> In Finland, a golden jackal has been trapped near [[Sodankylä]] within the [[Arctic Circle]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viranta |first1=S. |last2=Pihlström |first2=H. |title=The day of the jackal was over: the first golden jackal (''Canis aureus'') collected in Finland |journal=Canid Biology & Conservation |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=7–14 |year=2024 |url=http://www.canids.org/CBC/27/Golden_jackal_Finland.pdf}}</ref>

===Diet===
[[File:Canis aureus Pench National Park.jpg|thumb|Indian jackal (''C. a. indicus'') feeding on [[chital]] carcass in  [[Pench National Park]]]]
The golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the [[coyote]] does in [[North America]];<ref>{{cite book |title=Wolf and man: Evolution in Parallel |first1=Robert L. |last1=Hall |first2=H. S. |last2=Sharp |year=1978 |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |page=156 |isbn=978-0-12-319250-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tj60BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |oclc=3607816 |access-date=2020-10-14 |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103322/https://books.google.com/books?id=tj60BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |url-status=live}}</ref> it is both a predator and a scavenger,<ref name=heptner147/> and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In [[Keoladeo National Park]], India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]], 80% of its diet consists of rodents, [[reptile]]s and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet; in India, they feed intensively on the fruits of [[buckthorn]], [[dogbane]], [[Java plum]], and the pods of [[Prosopis juliflora|mesquite]] and the [[Cassia fistula|golden rain tree]]. The jackal scavenges off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, golden jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will [[Cache (biology)|cache]] extra food by burying it.<ref name=jhala2004/> The Irish novelist, playwright and poet, [[Oliver Goldsmith]], wrote about the golden jackal:
{{Blockquote|...&nbsp;Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog&nbsp;... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf.|Oliver Goldsmith<ref name=oliver1816/>}}

In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt [[hare]]s and [[mouse]]-like rodents, and also [[pheasant]]s, [[francolin]]s, [[duck]]s, [[coot]]s, [[moorhen]]s, and [[passerine]]s. Vegetable matter eaten by Jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as [[pear]]s, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[dogwood]], and the cones of [[common medlar]]s. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of [[grape]], [[watermelon]], [[Cucumis melo|muskmelon]], and nut crops. Near the [[Vakhsh River]], their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild [[sugar cane]], while during winter they feed on [[Elaeagnus angustifolia|wild stony olives]]. Around the edges of the [[Karakum Desert]], jackals feed on [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]s, lizards, snakes, fish, [[muskrat]]s, the fruits of wild stony olives, [[mulberry]], dried [[apricot]]s, watermelons, muskmelons, [[tomato]]es, and grapes.<ref name=heptner147/>

In [[Dalmatia]], the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves.<ref name=radovic2010/> Golden jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population.<ref name=cirovic2014/> In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of [[common vole]]s and [[bank vole]]s, and 41% is composed of [[wild boar]] carcasses.<ref name=lanszki2002/> Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small [[roe deer]] and hares.<ref name=lapini2003/> In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.<ref name=alderton1998/>

===Competition===
[[File:Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (fig. 1).png|thumb|Male golden jackal interacting with a female [[red fox]] and its kits in south-western Germany]]
The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia.<ref name=heptner156/> Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes.<ref name=giannatos2004/> In 2017 in Iran, an [[Indian wolf]] under study killed a golden jackal.<ref name=mohammadi2017/> In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected.<ref name=giannatos2004/> In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare.<ref name=krofel2017/><ref name=lapini2009/> In the past, golden jackals competed with tigers and [[leopard]]s, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards and tigers once hunted golden jackals, but today, the leopard is rare, and the tiger is extinct in the golden jackal's range.<ref name=heptner156/> [[Eurasian lynx]]es are also known to hunt golden jackals.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mengüllüoğlu, D. |author2=Ambarlı, H. |author3=Berger, A. |author4=Hofer, H. |year=2018 |title=Foraging ecology of Eurasian lynx populations in southwest Asia: Conservation implications for a diet specialist |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=18 |pages=9451–9463 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4439 |pmc=6194280 |pmid=30377514|bibcode=2018EcoEv...8.9451M }}</ref>

Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than them. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant.<ref name=scheinin2006/> Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory.<ref name=giannatos2004/> There is however one record of a male golden jackal interacting peacefully with multiple red foxes in southwestern Germany.<ref name=bocker2024/> There is only one recorded case of golden jackals submitting and being displaced by a red fox, in a feeding site in northern Greece.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Subverting dominance hierarchies: Interspecific submission and agonistic interactions between Golden Jackals and a Red Fox |journal=Diversity|date=2025 |page=454|volume=17|issue=7 |doi=10.3390/d17070454 |first1=Yiannis, G.|last1=Zevgolis|first2=C. |last2=Kotselis |first3=B. |last3=Giritziotis|first4=A. |last4=Lekka|first5=A. |last5=Christopoulos|bibcode=2025Diver..17..454Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Striped hyena]]s prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.<ref name=jhala2004/>

A 2022 study indicated that the presence of golden jackals in portions of eastern Europe leads to a decrease in the population of invasive [[common raccoon dog]] (''Nyctereutes procyonoides''), indicating a potentially positive consequence of the jackal colonization of Europe.<ref name="Männil-2022"/>

===Diseases and parasites===
[[File:Dirofilaria immitis.png|thumb|Adult [[Dirofilaria immitis|heartworm]] in the right [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] of the heart of a golden jackal]]

Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include [[rabies]], and [[Leishmania donovani|Donovan's ''Leishmania'']] that is harmless to jackals but may cause [[leishmaniasis]] in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic [[cestode]]s, [[roundworm]]s, and [[acanthocephala]]ns, these are: ''[[Sparganosis|Sparganum mansoni]]'', ''[[Diphyllobothrium mansonoides]]'', ''[[Taenia hydatigena]]'', ''[[Taenia pisiformis|T.{{nbsp}}pisiformis]]'', ''T.{{nbsp}}ovis'', ''[[Hydatigera taeniaeformis]]'', ''[[Dipylidium caninum]]'', ''Mesocestoides lineatus'', ''[[Ancylostoma caninum]]'', ''[[Uncinaria stenocephala]]'', ''[[Dioctophyma renale]]'', ''[[Toxocara canis]]'', ''[[Toxascaris leonina]]'', ''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'', ''Filariata'' and ''Macracanthorhynchus catulinum''. Jackals infected with ''[[Dracunculus medinensis]]'' can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause [[dracunculiasis]] in people who drink from them. Golden jackals may also play a large part in spreading [[coenurosis]] in sheep and cattle, and [[canine distemper]] in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 [[tick]] species including ''[[Ixodes]]'', ''[[Rhipicephalus]] turanicus'', ''R.{{nbsp}}leporis'', ''R.{{nbsp}}rossicus'', ''[[Rhipicephalus sanguineus|R. sanguineus]]'', ''R.{{nbsp}}pumilio'', ''R.{{nbsp}}schulzei'', ''[[Hyalomma]] anatolicum'', ''H.{{nbsp}}scupense'' and ''H.{{nbsp}}asiaticum'', the four [[flea]] species ''[[Pulex irritans]]'', ''Xenopsylla nesokiae'', ''[[Dog flea|Ctenocephanlides canis]]'' and ''[[Ctenocephalides felis|C.{{nbsp}}felis]]'', and one [[louse]] species (''Trichodectes canis'').<ref name=heptner158/>

In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms ([[helminths]])<ref name=dalimi2006/> and ''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]''.<ref name=dalimi2002/> In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths<ref name=shamir2001/> and ''[[Leishmania tropica]]''.<ref name=talmi1973/> In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying ''[[Trichinella britovi]]''.<ref name=blaga2008/> In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species ''[[Ixodes ricinus]]'' and ''[[Dermacentor reticulatus]]'', and the smallest human fluke ''[[Metagonimus yokogawai]]'' that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish.<ref name=lapini2009b/> In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]'',<ref name=tolnai2014/> and some have provided the first record in Hungary of ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]'' and the first record in Europe of ''[[Echinococcus multilocularis]]''. A golden jackel from Iran was found to be a host of an intestinal [[acanthocephala]]n worm, ''[[Pachysentis canicola]]''.<ref name=Gherman2017>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s13071-017-2329-8| title=A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species| year=2017 |last1=Gherman| first1=C. M. |last2=Mihalca| first2=A. D. |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=419 |pmid=28915831 |pmc=5603039 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Behavior==
[[File:Canis aureus 2.jpg|thumb|Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary]]

===Social behavior===
Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The [[breeding pair]] is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%.<ref name=jhala2004/> Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded.<ref name=heptner151/> [[Scent marking]] through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to {{convert|12|–|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} during a single night in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between {{convert|1–20|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, depending on the available food.<ref name=jhala2004/>

{{CSS image crop
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|Description = Scent marking in Keoladeo National Park
|Align=left}}Social interactions such as greetings, [[social grooming|grooming]], and group [[howling]] are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when [[pair bond]]s are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense.<ref name=jhala2004/> Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting.<ref name=lapini2009/> Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls.<ref name=jhala2004/> The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps.<ref name=pocock1941/> Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats.<ref name=heptner152/> Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls.<ref name=palacios2016/> When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus.<ref name=heptner152/> Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling.<ref name=jaeger1996/> Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.<ref name=jhala2004/><ref name=pocock1941/>

===Reproduction===
{{CSS image crop|Image=The day of Jackals at Pench.jpg|bSize=700|cWidth=210|cHeight=130|oTop=100|oLeft=375|Description=Golden jackals mating in Pench National Park}}
Golden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death.<ref name="heptner154" /> Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan,<ref name="jhala2004" /> Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to 26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves.<ref name="heptner154" /> Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.<ref name="jhala2004" />

In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the [[Bengal fox]] and the [[Indian crested porcupine]], and will use abandoned gray wolf dens.<ref name="jhala2004" /> Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are {{convert|2–3|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|0.5–1|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens.<ref name="jhala2004" /> The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups.<ref name="heptner154" /> In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In [[Dagestan]] and [[Azerbaijan]], litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense [[tugai]] thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.<ref name="heptner151" />[[File:Golden jackal cub.jpg|thumb|Syrian jackal (''C. a. syriacus'') pup at the entrance to its den, [[Yarkon Park]], Israel]]In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April,<ref name="heptner154" /> and in northeastern Italy during late April;<ref name="lapini2003" /> they can be born at any time of year in Nepal.<ref name="shrestha1997" /> The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan 3–7 pups, [[Uzbekistan]] 2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups.<ref name="heptner154" /> The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days.<ref name="heptner156" /> Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth,<ref name="jhala2004" /> and the eruption of [[adult dentition]] is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh {{convert|0.201|–|0.214|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at two days of age, {{convert|0.560|–|0.726|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at one month, and {{convert|2.700|–|3.250|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at four months.<ref name="heptner156" /> Females possess four pairs of teats, and [[lactation]] lasts for up to 8–10 weeks.<ref name="jhala2004" /> The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.<ref name="heptner156" />

Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age, when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age.<ref name=frank1982/> Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed.<ref name=feddersen1991/> Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.<ref name=heptner156/>

===Foraging===
[[File:Canis aureus Uda Walawe NP.jpg|thumb|Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (''C.{{nbsp}}a. naria'') in [[Udawalawe National Park]]]]

The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a [[Pack (canine)|pack]]. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it.<ref name=heptner152/> Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig [[Indian gerbil]]s out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding [[blackbuck]] calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.<ref name=heptner152/>

Pack-hunting of [[langurs]] is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel.<ref name=jhala2004/> Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia.<ref name=heptner152/> In India, the [[Montagu's harrier]] and the [[Pallid harrier]] roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.<ref name=jhala2004/>

In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside [[dhole]] packs.<ref name=lekagul1988/> They have been observed in the [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]], India, following [[Indian wolves]] (''Canis lupus pallipes'') when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from the wolves.<ref name=jhala2004/> In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form [[Commensalism|commensal relationships]] with [[tiger]]s. These solitary jackals, known as ''kol-bahl'', will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A ''kol-bahl'' will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud "pheal". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together.<ref name=pocock1941b/><ref name=perry1965/> Golden jackals and [[wild boar]] can occupy the same territory.<ref name=giannatos2004/>

==Conservation==
[[File:Alone Ranger (cropped).jpg|thumb|Indian jackal at Upper [[Bhavani]], India]]
[[File:Golden jackal in Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary January 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|thumb|Golden jackal (Canis aureus) in [[Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Odisha, India.]]
The golden jackal is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant.<ref name=iucn/> In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 ''[[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]]'' nor the 1979 [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]]. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 ''[[Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats]]'', the ''[[1992 Convention on Biological Diversity]]'', and the 1992 European Union ''[[Habitats Directive|Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora]]''. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species.<ref name=trouwborst2015/> The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.<ref name=gojage2017/>

In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals.<ref name=krofel2017/> They are fully protected in Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="trbojević2018"/> Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name="trbojević2018"/> Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.<ref name=trouwborst2015/>

The Syrian jackal was common in Israel and Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-[[rabies]] campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible [[Jackal-Dog Hybrid|hybridisation with pariah dogs]] and [[African golden wolves]].<ref name=koepfli2015/><ref name=qumsiyeh1996/> The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000.<ref name=iucn/> In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in [[CITES]] Appendix{{nbsp}}III, and is listed in the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]], under Schedule{{nbsp}}III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.<ref name=iucn/>

==Relationships with humans==

===In folklore, mythology and literature===
[[File:T2JB005 - Good luck go with you, O chief of the wolves.JPG|thumb|[[Tabaqui]] (left) torments [[Father Wolf]] and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''The Two [[Jungle Book]]s''.]]

Golden jackals appear in [[Folklore of India|Indian folklore]] and in two ancient texts, the ''[[Jakata]]s'' and the ''[[Panchatantra]]'', where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures.<ref name=jhala2004/> The ancient Hindu text, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, [[Indian grey mongoose|mongoose]], and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The ''Panchatantra'' tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel.<ref name=gubernatis1872/> In [[Buddhist]] tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales.<ref name=geer2008/> One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.<ref name=kipling1904/>

In [[Hinduism]], the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being [[Chamunda]], the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is [[Kali]], who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the ''[[Tantrasara]]'' scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess [[Shivadooti|Shivaduti]] is depicted with a jackal's head.<ref name=geer2008/>  The goddess [[Durga]] was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the [[vahana]]s (vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet.<ref name=werness2006/> According to the [[flood myth]] of the Kamar people in [[Raipur district]], India, the god Mahadeo ([[Shiva]]) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him.<ref name=russell1916/> In [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s [[Mowgli]] stories collected in ''[[The Jungle Book]]'', the character [[Tabaqui]] is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to [[Shere Khan]] the tiger.<ref name=kipling1920/>

===Attacks on humans===
In the Marwahi forest division of the [[Chhattisgarh]] state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to [[habitat fragmentation]] and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by [[sloth bears]] over the same period.<ref name=akhtar2009/> There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.<ref name=rutkowski2015/>

===Livestock, game, and crop predation===
The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as [[domestic turkey|turkeys]], lambs, [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, [[domestic water buffalo]] calves, and valuable game species like newborn [[roe deer]], [[hare]]s, [[coypu]], [[pheasant]]s, [[francolin]]s, [[grey partridge]]s, [[bustard]]s and [[waterfowl]].<ref name=heptner160/> It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane,<ref name=jhala2004/> and eats [[watermelon]]s, [[Cucumis melo|muskmelons]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]].<ref name=heptner160/> In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves.<ref name=giannatos2004/> Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the [[Golan Heights]] die due to predation, mainly by jackals.<ref name=yomtov1995/> The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.<ref name=giannatos2004/>

Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and [[muskrat]]s. Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the [[Amu Darya]], muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.<ref name=heptner160/>

===Hunting===
[[File:Driven Jackal hunt in hunting ground Mramorak 8.png|thumb|Jackals hunted in [[Vojvodina]]]]

During British rule in [[British India|India]], sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with [[jackal coursing]] a substitute for the [[fox hunting]] of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting {{frac|3|1|2}} hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent.<ref name=dale1906/> Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes [[thanatosis|feigned death]] when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.<ref name=jerdon1874/>

Jackals were hunted in three ways: with [[greyhound]]s, with [[foxhound]]s, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control.<ref name=dale1906/> From 1946 in [[Iraq]], British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the "city scavenger", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the "village jack", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the "open-country jack", which was described as being the fastest, cleanest, and providing the best sport of all three populations.<ref name=hatt1959/>

Some indigenous people of India, such as the [[Koli people|Kolis]] and [[Vagri]]s of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] and the [[Narikurava]]s in [[Tamil Nadu]], hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox ''[[dharma]]'' texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails.<ref name=geer2008/> In the area of the [[former Soviet Union]], jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended {{convert|75|-|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw.<ref name=heptner160/>

===Fur use===
In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur.<ref name=heptner160/> Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the [[Fur clothing#Processing of fur|dressing]] process. [[Elburz]] in northern Iran produces the softest furs.<ref name=bachrach1953/> Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during 1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the [[Nizhegorod]] fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.<ref name=heptner160/>

===Sulimov dog===
[[File:Jackal training - RBTHvideo - 6.png|thumb|European jackal undergoing training at [[Sheremetyevo Airport]], Russia]]

The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic [[Turkey]] 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in [[Göbekli Tepe]].<ref name=bradshaw2011/> French explorers during the 19th{{nbsp}}century noted that people in the [[Levant]] kept golden jackals in their homes.<ref name=boitard1842/> The [[Kalmyk people]] near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals,<ref name=boitard1842/> and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.<ref name=lapini2003/>

The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed "Laikoid" dogs, which were a cross-breed of [[Spitz]]-type Russian [[Laika (dog breed)|Laikas]] with [[German Shepherds]]. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sulimov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with [[fox terriers]] to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid [[Sulimov dog]]s at the [[Sheremetyevo Airport]] near [[Moscow]] by the Russian airline [[Aeroflot]].<ref name=hall2016/>

The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.<ref name=hall2016/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

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<ref name=gojage2017>{{cite web|url=http://conservation.goldenjackal.eu/|title=Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE)|date=2017|website=Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe|publisher=GOJAGE|access-date=8 November 2017|archive-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928015258/http://conservation.goldenjackal.eu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=gopalakrishnan2018>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041|pmid=30344120|pmc=6224481|title=Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus ''Canis'' |journal=Current Biology |volume=28|issue=21|pages=3441–3449.e5|year=2018|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=S. |last2=Sinding|first2=M.-H. S.|last3=Ramos-Madrigal|first3=J. |last4=Niemann|first4=J. |last5=Samaniego Castruita|first5=J. A.|last6=Vieira|first6=F. G.|last7=Carøe|first7=C. |last8=Montero|first8=M. de M. |last9=Kuderna|first9=L. |last10=Serres |first10=A. |last11=González-Basallote|first11=V. M. |last12=Liu|first12=Y.-H. |last13=Wang|first13=G.-D. |last14=Marques-Bonet|first14=T. |last15=Mirarab|first15=S. |last16=Fernandes|first16=C. |last17=Gaubert|first17=Philippe|last18=Koepfli|first18=K.-P.|last19=Budd|first19=J. |last20=Rueness|first20=E. K. |last21=Heide-Jørgensen |first21=M. P. |last22=Petersen|first22=B. |last23=Sicheritz-Ponten |first23=T. |last24=Bachmann|first24=L. |last25=Wiig|first25=Ø. |last26=Hansen|first26=A. J.|last27=Gilbert |first27=M. T. P.|bibcode=2018CBio...28E3441G}}</ref>

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<ref name=hemprich1833>{{cite journal|last1=Hemprich|first1=W.|last2=Ehrenberg|first2=C.|title=''Canis syriacus''|journal=Symbolae Physicae Mammalia|volume=2|issue=z|year=1833|page=16}}</ref>

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<ref name=jhala2004>{{cite book|last1=Jhala|first1=Y. V.|last2=Moehlman|first2=P. D.|title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|publisher=IUCN, The World Conservation Union |editor1-last=Sillero-Zubiri|editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Hoffmann|editor2-first=M. |editor3-last=Macdonald|editor3-first=D. W. |year=2004 |chapter=6.2 – Golden Jackal|pages=156–161|isbn=978-2-8317-0786-0|chapter-url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf|access-date=September 18, 2017|author1-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|archive-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=jerdon1874>{{cite book|last1=Jerdon|first1=T. C.|title=The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India|publisher=John Weldon |year=1874|pages=142–144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkYoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA142|access-date=2017-09-18|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103324/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkYoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA142|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=kipling1904>{{cite book|last1=Kipling|first1=J. L.|title=Beast and man in India; a popular sketch of Indian animals in their relations with the people|publisher=MacMillan & Co. |year=1904|chapter=11-Of dogs, foxes and jackals|page=279|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/beastmaninindiap00kipliala#page/278/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name=kipling1920>{{cite book|last1=Kipling|first1=R. |title=The Jungle Book|publisher=The Century Co|year=1920|chapter=1-Mowgli's Brothers|pages=2–4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|access-date=2017-11-10|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103326/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}First published by Macmillan in 1894</ref>

<ref name=koepfli2015>{{cite journal|last1=Koepfli|first1=K.-P.|last2= Pollinger|first2=J.|last3= Godinho|first3=R.|last4= Robinson|first4=J.|last5= Lea|first5=A.|last6= Hendricks|first6=S.|last7= Schweizer|first7=R. M.|last8= Thalmann|first8=O.|last9= Silva|first9=P.|last10= Fan|first10=Z.|last11= Yurchenko|first11=A. A.|last12= Dobrynin|first12=P.|last13= Makunin|first13=A.|last14= Cahill|first14=J. A.|last15= Shapiro|first15=B.|last16= Álvares|first16=F.|last17= Brito|first17=J. C.|last18= Geffen|first18=E.|last19= Leonard|first19=J. A.|last20= Helgen|first20=K. M.|last21= Johnson|first21=W. E.|last22= O'Brien|first22=S. J.|last23= Van Valkenburgh|first23=B.|last24= Wayne|first24=R. K.|title=Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species|journal=Current Biology|volume=25|issue= 16| pages= 2158–2165|date= 2015-08-17|doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060|pmid=26234211|s2cid=16379927|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015CBio...25.2158K }}</ref>

<ref name=krofel2017>{{cite journal|last1=Krofel|first1=M.|last2=Giannatos|first2=G.|last3=Ćirović|first3=D.|last4=Stoyanov|first4=S.|last5=Newsome|first5=T. M.|title=Golden jackal expansion in Europe: a case of mesopredator release triggered by continent-wide wolf persecution?|journal= Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy|volume=28|issue=1 |pages=9–15 |year=2017|doi=10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11819}}</ref>

<ref name=kurten1965>{{cite journal|last1=Kurtén|first1=B.|title=The Carnivora of the Palestine Caves|journal=Acta Zool. Fenn. |issue=107 |year=1965|pages=6–8, 42|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/37761|access-date=2017-10-26|archive-date=2020-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410105059/https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/37761|url-status=live}} Golden jackal remains found in Level 1, post-glacial, at 7,600 carbon years</ref>

<ref name=lanszki2002>{{cite journal|doi=10.1078/1616-5047-00020|title=Feeding habits of golden jackal and red fox in south-western Hungary during winter and spring|journal=Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |volume=67|issue=3|page=129|year=2002|last1=Lanszki|first1=J. |last2=Heltai|first2=M. |bibcode=2002MamBi..67..129L}}</ref>

<ref name=lapini2003>{{cite book|last1=Lapini|first1=L.|title=Fauna d'Italia – Mammalia III – Carnivora – Artiodactyla|publisher=Calderini|editor1-last=Boitani|editor1-first=L.|editor2-last=Lovari |editor2-first=S.|editor3-last=Vigna Taglianti|editor3-first=A.|volume=XXXVIII|year=2003|chapter=Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)|pages=47–58|isbn=978-88-7019-169-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_9KAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2017-09-11|archive-date=2023-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103325/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_9KAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}{{in lang|it}}</ref>

<ref name=lapini2009>{{cite book|last1=Lapini|first1=L.|title=Lo sciacallo dorato ''Canis aureus moreoticus'' (I. Geoffrey Saint Hilaire, 1835) nell'Italia nordorientale (Carnivora: Canidae) |publisher=V. Ord., relatore E. Pizzul, Fac. Di Scienze Naturali dell'Univ. di Trieste|year=2009|pages=1–118|url=http://goldenjackal.eu/documents/Lapini2009_2010CanisaureusITALY.pdf|language=it|access-date=2013-06-24|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201014504/http://goldenjackal.eu/documents/Lapini2009_2010CanisaureusITALY.pdf|url-status=live}}Tesi di Laurea in Zoologia [Thesis in zoology]</ref>

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==Bibliography==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Canis aureus|Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Naumov|first2=N. P.|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)|publisher=Science Publishers, Inc. USA.|year=1998|isbn=978-1-886106-81-9}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxqN39M7X4M Golden jackal being trained for scent detection]

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q128098}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Golden jackal| ]]
[[Category:Jackals|golden jackal]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Europe]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of West Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Europe]]
[[Category:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances|golden jackal]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Asia|golden jackal]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758|golden jackal]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|golden jackal]]
[[Category:Habitats Directive species]]