View source for Goblet drum

{{Short description|Middle Eastern drum}}
{{Redirect|Darbuka}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| name = Goblet drum
| names = chalice drum, tarabuka (tarambuka), tarabaki, darbuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, dumbul, toumperleki (tumberleki), tumbak, zerbaghali
| image = Goblet_drum_01.jpg
| background = percussion
| classification = [[hand percussion]], [[Membranophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 211.26
| developed = [[Egypt]]
}}
{{Life in Egypt}}

The '''goblet drum''' (also '''chalice drum''', '''tarabuka''', '''tarabaki''', '''darbuka''', '''darabuka''', '''derbake''', '''debuka''',  '''doumbek''', '''dumbec''', '''dumbeg''', '''dumbelek''', '''toumperleki''', '''tumbak''', or '''zerbaghali''';<ref>{{cite book|first=Carol|last= Silverman|title= Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|pages=258, 393}}</ref> {{langx|ar|دربوكة}} / [[ALA-LC romanization|Romanized]]: {{transliteration|arz|darbuka}}) is a single-head [[membranophone]] with a [[goblet]]-shaped body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karaol |first1=Esra |last2=Doğrusöz |first2=Nilgün |date=2014-04-15 |title=Mısırlı Ahmet: The Clay Darbuka Technique and Its Performance Analysis |url=https://rastmd.net/index.php/Rast/article/view/27/24 |journal=Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=50–67 |doi=10.12975/rastmd.2014.02.01.00020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is most commonly used in the traditional music of [[Egypt]], where it is considered the [[national symbol]] of [[Shaabi|Egyptian Shaabi Music]].<ref>{{citation|title=The colours of the tabla: history, workshop and new enthusiasts of Egypt's unique percussive instrument|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/386246.aspx}}</ref> The instrument is also featured in traditional music from [[West Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[South Asia]], and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>[[James Blades|Blades, James]] (1970). ''Percussion Instruments and Their History''. New York. p. 175.</ref> The West African [[djembe]] is also a goblet membranophone.<ref>Garland Encyclopedia of World Music). Routledge; Har/Com edition (November 1999). {{ISBN|978-0-8240-4946-1}}.</ref> This article focuses on the Middle Eastern and North African goblet drum.

==History==
The origin of the term ''Darbuka'' lies in the rural [[Egyptian Arabic]] [[slang]] word that changed "darb" meaning "to strike" into "darabuka".<ref>{{citation|url=https://folkculturebh.org/ar/index.php?issue=22&page=article&id=420|title=الغناء البلدي في مصر|journal=مجلة الثقافة الشعبية |date=July 2013 |issue=22 |last1=نخلة |first1=أشرف سعد }}</ref>

Goblet drums have been around for thousands of years and were used in Mesopotamian and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian cultures.
They were also seen in [[Babylonia]] and [[Sumer]] from as early as 1100 BCE. On [[Sulawesi]], large goblet drums are used as temple instruments and placed on the floor when played, which may reflect ancient use of the drum.<ref>Sadie, Stanley, (1980). "Darbuka". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. Vol. 5. p. 239. {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}.</ref>

==Technique==
[[File:Wooden Darabukkeh, Earthen Darabukkeh (Lane (1836), 2010, pp. 363).jpg|thumb|Darabukka from [[Egypt]], 1825~35. From Lane 1836, p. 363]]
[[File:Darbuka.ogg|thumb|Sound of Darbuka]]

The ''Eastern'' and ''North-African'' goblet drums are played under the arm or resting on the player's leg, with a much lighter touch and quite different strokes (sometimes including rolls or quick rhythms articulated with the fingertips) to hand drums such as the [[djembe]], found in [[West Africa]].

There are two main types of goblet drums. The Egyptian style, Darbuka, is also known as Tabla and is very popular; it has rounded edges around the head, whereas the Turkish style exposes the edge of the head. The exposed edge allows closer access to the head so finger-snapping techniques can be done, but the hard edge discourages the rapid rolls possible with the [[Egyptian music|Egyptian style]].

The goblet drum may be played while held under one arm (usually the non-dominant arm) or by placing it sideways upon the lap (with the head towards the player's knees) while seated. Some drums are also made with strap mounts so the drum may be slung over the shoulder, to facilitate playing while standing or dancing.  It produces a resonant, low-sustain sound while played lightly with the fingertips and palm. Some players move their fists in and out of the bell to alter the tone. Some players also place their hands on the surface of the drum to produce a muted sound. There are a variety of rhythms (see [[dumbek rhythms]]) that form the basis of the [[folkloric]] and modern music and dance styles of the [[Middle East]].

There are three main sounds produced by the goblet drum. The first is called a "doom". It is the deeper [[Bass (sound)|bass]] sound produced by striking the head near the center with the length of the fingers and palm and taking off the hand for an open sound. The second is called the "tak" and is the higher-pitched sound produced by hitting near the edge of the head with the fingertips. A "tak" struck with the secondary hand is also known as a "ka". The third is the closed sound "pa" (also called "sak"), for which the hand is briefly rested on the head so as not to permit an open sound. Additionally, there are more complex techniques including snaps, slaps, pops and rolls that are used to ornament the basic rhythm. Hand clapping and hitting the sides of the drum can be used in addition to drumhead sounds.

Another technique commonly used in [[Music of Greece|Greece]], [[Music of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Music of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]], [[Albania]] and [[Music of Turkey|Turkey]] is to tap with the fingers of one hand and with a [[Drum stick|thin drum stick]] in the other.
In [[Turkey]] the stick is called the ''çubuk'',  which means ''wand'',  or stick, and where the [[Romani people|Romanis]] there occasionally use this technique.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Use in Western classical music==
The first known Western classical composition to feature a goblet drum is the opera ''[[Les Troyens]]'' (1856–1858) by the French composer [[Hector Berlioz]], which calls for a ''tarbuka'' in the Dance of the Nubian Slaves in Act IV.

The first compositions for goblet drum and orchestra were composed by the [[Egypt]]ian-[[United States of America|American]] musician [[Halim El-Dabh]] in the 1950s; his ''Fantasia-Tahmeel'' for goblet drum and strings was premiered in [[New York City]] in 1958, with a string orchestra conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]].

== Notable goblet drum musicians ==
* [[Mustapha Antari]]
* [[Setrak Sarkissian]]
* [[Said El Artist]]
* [[Hossam Ramzy]]
* [[Rony Barrak]]
* [[Carmine Guida]]
* [[Chemirani Ensemble|Djamchid Chemirani]]
* [[Adam Pettik|Pettik Ádám]]
* [[Bilal Göregen]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>

File:Khmer drum 01.jpg|Cambodian ''[[skor daey]]'', also known as skor arak. This is the smaller of two Cambodian goblet drums, the other being called ''[[skor chhaiyam]]'' (Khmer: ស្គរឆៃយ៉ាំ).
File:Darbouka égyptienne recadrée.jpg|Egyptian tabla and darabuka
File:Tumbaknaer.jpg|Indian tumbaknaer
File:Tombak Tonbak Persian percussion Instrument.jpg|Iranian/Persian [[tombak]] or zarb
File:Djembe 2 20231001.jpg|West African [[djembe]]
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekertrom van aardewerk TMnr 3492-3.jpg|Libyan darbuka
File:Darabuka2.jpg|Turkish darbuka
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekertrom van aardewerk TMnr 2439-34.jpg|Moroccan taarija
File:Nimadoumbek.jpg|Man playing a [[tombak]]
File:TOYMBELEKI (Pottery drum).jpg|TOYMBELEKI Museum of Popular Instruments, Research Centre for Ethnomusicology. In Plaka, Athens, Greece.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category multi|Goblet drums|Tonbak|Djembe|Ashiko (drum)}}
* [[Ashiko]]
* [[Duhulla]]
* [[Taarija]]
* [[Tonbak]]
* [[Toubeleki]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Percussion}}
{{Arabic musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Turkish musical instruments}}
{{Azerbaijani musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goblet Drum}}
[[Category:Goblet-shaped drums| ]]
[[Category:Music of Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Iranian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Arabic musical instruments]]
[[Category:African percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:European percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Serbian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkish musical instruments]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Romani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Yemeni musical instruments]]
[[ar:دربوكة]]