View source for Gnetum

{{Short description|Genus of gymnosperms in family Gnetaceae}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gnetum luofuense 125787614.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Gnetum luofuense]]'' in China
| grandparent_authority = [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart]]
| parent_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
| taxon = Gnetum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Gnetum gnemon]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=334088 Kew World Checklist of Selected  Plant Families]</ref>
|synonyms =
*''Gnemon'' <small>Rumph. ex Kuntze</small>
*''Thoa'' <small>Aubl.</small>
*''Abutua'' <small>Lour.</small>
*''Arthostema'' <small>Neck.</small>
| range_map = Gnetum distribution.PNG
| range_map_alt = Map showing the range of ''Gnetum''
| range_map_caption = Distribution
}}

'''''Gnetum''''' is a genus of [[gymnosperm]]s, the sole genus in the family '''Gnetaceae''' within the [[Gnetophyta]]. They are [[tropical]] [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[liana]]s. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess [[vessel elements]] in the [[xylem]]. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-[[pollination|pollinated]] as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating [[scorpionflies]].<ref name="Ren-2009">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1178338 |title=A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies |date=2009 |last1=Ren |first1=Dong |last2=Labandeira |first2=Conrad C. |last3=Santiago-Blay |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Rasnitsyn |first4=Alexandr |last5=Shih |first5=Chungkun |last6=Bashkuev |first6=Alexei |last7=Logan |first7=M. Amelia V. |last8=Hotton |first8=Carol L. |last9=Dilcher |first9=David |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |pages=840–847 |pmid=19892981 |pmc=2944650 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..840R }}</ref> Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the ''Gnetum'' lineages now found in [[Africa]], [[South America]] and [[Southeast Asia]] are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.<ref name="Won-2005">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.011 |title=The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm Gnetum |date=2005 |last1=Won |first1=Hyosig |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=581–597 |pmid=16099382 |bibcode=2005MolPE..36..581W }}</ref><ref name="Won-2006">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/10635150600812619 |title=Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration when Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain |date=2006 |last1=Won |first1=Hyosig |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=610–622 |pmid=16969937 }}</ref>

Their leaves are rich in phytochemicals such as [[Flavonoid|flavonoids]] and [[Stilbenoid|stilbenes]]. Of the species studied so far, ''Gnetum'' have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for [[photosynthesis]], a trait they seem to share with the other living members of Gnetophyta, [[Ephedra (plant)|''Ephedra'']] and ''[[Welwitschia]]'', as well as [[conifer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6370715 | date=2019 | last1=Deng | first1=N. | last2=Hou | first2=C. | last3=Liu | first3=C. | last4=Li | first4=M. | last5=Bartish | first5=I. | last6=Tian | first6=Y. | last7=Chen | first7=W. | last8=Du | first8=C. | last9=Jiang | first9=Z. | last10=Shi | first10=S. | title=Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales) | journal=Frontiers in Plant Science | volume=10 | page=39 | doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.00039 | doi-access=free | pmid=30804953 }}</ref> There are over 50 different species of ''Gnetum''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Species==
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Gnetum''<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Chen |last1=Hou |first2=Aelys M. |last2=Humphreys |first3=Olle |last3=Thureborn |first4=Catarina |last4=Rydin |date=April 2015 |title=New insights into the evolutionary history of Gnetum (Gnetales) |journal=Taxon |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=239–253 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/642.12 |doi=10.12705/642.12|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:350px
|1={{clade
  |1=subsection ''Araeognemones''
  |2={{clade
    |1=subsection ''Micrognemones''
    |2={{clade
      |1=section ''Gnetum''
      |label2=section ''Scandentia''
      |2={{clade
        |1=subsection ''Gnemonoides''
        |2={{clade
          |1=subsection ''Stipitati''
          |2=subsection ''Sessiles''
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Gnetum''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi  |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |journal=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:450px
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=section
    |sublabel1=''Micrognemones''
    |1=''[[Gnetum buchholzianum|G. buchholzianum]]'' <small>Engler</small>
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Gnetum africanum|G. africanum]]'' <small>(de Loureiro) Welwitsch</small>
      |2={{clade
        |label1=section
        |sublabel1=''Gnetum''
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |label1=subsection
            |sublabel1=''Gnetum''
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Gnetum costatum|G. costatum]]'' <small>Schum.</small>
              |2=''[[Gnetum gnemon|G. gnemon]]'' <small>von Linné</small>
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=subsection
            |sublabel1=''Gnemonoides''
            |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Gnetum raya|G. raya]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
              |2=''[[Gnetum gnemonoides|G. gnemonoides]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
               }}
            |label2=subsection
            |sublabel2=''Araeognemones''
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=''[[Gnetum leyboldii|G. leyboldii]]'' <small>Tulasne</small>
                |2=''[[Gnetum nodiflorum|G. nodiflorum]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Gnetum schwackeanum|G. schwackeanum]]'' <small>Taubert & Schenck ex Taubert & Markgraf</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Gnetum paniculatum|G. paniculatum]]'' <small>Spruce ex Bentham</small>
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Gnetum camporum|G. camporum]]'' <small>(Markgraf) Stevenson & Zanoni</small>
                    |2=''[[Gnetum urens|G. urens]]'' <small>(Aublet) Blume</small>
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |label1=section
      |sublabel1=''Scandentia''
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Gnetum microcarpum|G. microcarpum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Gnetum diminutum|G. diminutum]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
            |2=''[[Gnetum klossii|G. klossii]]'' <small>Merrill ex Markgraf</small>
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=subsection
          |sublabel1=''Stipitati''
          |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Gnetum parvifolium|G. parvifolium]]'' <small>(Warburg) Cheng</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Gnetum luofuense|G. luofuense]]'' <small>Cheng</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Gnetum indicum|G. indicum]]'' <small>(de Loureiro) Merrill</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Gnetum hainanense|G. hainanense]]'' <small>Cheng ex Fu, Yu & Gilbert</small>
                  |2=''[[Gnetum montanum|G. montanum]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |label2=subsection
          |sublabel2=''Sessiles''
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Gnetum macrostachyum|G. macrostachyum]]'' <small>Hooker</small>
            |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Gnetum latifolium|G. latifolium]]'' <small>Blume</small>
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Gnetum edule|G. edule]]'' <small>(Willdenow) Blume</small>
                |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                    |1=''[[Gnetum neglectum|G. neglectum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
                    |2=''[[Gnetum leptostachyum|G. leptostachyum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=''[[Gnetum ula|G. ula]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=''[[Gnetum tenuifolium|G. tenuifolium]]'' <small>Ridley</small>
                      |2=''[[Gnetum cuspidatum|G. cuspidatum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}

There are around 50 different species of ''Gnetum''. The [[Catalogue of Life]] lists 44 species.{{r|col}}
*''[[Gnetum interruptum]]'' <small>Biye</small>
*''[[Gnetum latispicum]]'' <small>Biye</small>
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Gnetum''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Gnetum'' – 2 species of trees; [[Southeast Asia]], [[Pacific Islands]]
***''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' – [[Tibet]], [[Yunnan]], [[Assam]], [[Indochina]], [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]], [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]]
***''[[Gnetum costatum]]'' – New Guinea, [[Solomon Islands]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Micrognemones'' – 2 species of lianas; tropical west [[Africa]]
***''[[Gnetum africanum]]'' – central Africa from [[Cameroon]] to [[Angola]]
***''[[Gnetum buchholzianum]]'' – central Africa from [[Nigeria]] to [[Zaire]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Araeognemones'' – 9 species of lianas; tropical [[South America]] and [[Central America]] - Ituá
***''[[Gnetum camporum]]'' – [[Venezuela]]
***''[[Gnetum leyboldii]]'' – [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], Venezuela, [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], Amazonian [[Brazil]]
***''[[Gnetum nodiflorum]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum paniculatum]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum schwackeanum]]'' – Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum urens]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum venosum]]'' – Bolívar State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Scandentia'' [''Gnetum'' sect. ''Cylindrostachys''] - about 20 species of lianas; southern Asia
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Stipitati''
***''[[Gnetum arboreum]]'' – Luzon in Philippines
***''[[Gnetum contractum]]'' – southern [[India]]
***''[[Gnetum edule]]'' – southern India
***''[[Gnetum gracilipes]]'' – [[Yunnan]] + [[Guangxi]] in [[China]]
***''[[Gnetum latifolium]]'' – Assam, much of Southeast Asia, [[New Guinea]], [[Bismarck Archipelago]]
***''[[Gnetum montanum]]'' – [[Himalayas]], southern China, northern [[Indochina]]
***''[[Gnetum oblongum]]'' – [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]]
***''[[Gnetum pendulum]]'' – Tibet, southern China
***''[[Gnetum tenuifolium]]'' – Peninsular Malaysia, [[Thailand]], [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum ula]]''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Sessiles''
***''[[Gnetum acutum]]'' – [[Sarawak]]
***''[[Gnetum bosavicum]]'' – Papua New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum catasphaericum]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum chinense]]'' <small>Yang, Liu, & Chang</small> – northern China 
***''[[Gnetum cleistostachyum]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum cuspidatum]]'' – Indochina, [[Indonesia]], Malaysia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum diminutum]]'' – [[Borneo]]
***''[[Gnetum formosum]]'' – [[Vietnam]]
***''[[Gnetum giganteum]]'' – Guangxi in China
***''[[Gnetum globosum]]'' – [[Pahang]] in Malaysia
***''[[Gnetum gnemonoides]]'' – New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Indonesia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum hainanense]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum klossii]]'' – Sabah
***''[[Gnetum leptostachyum]]'' – [[Laos]], Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo
***''[[Gnetum loerzingii]]'' – [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum luofuense]]'' – [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Jiangxi]] 
***''[[Gnetum macrostachyum]]'' – Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum microcarpum]]'' – Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum neglectum]]'' – Borneo
***''[[Gnetum oxycarpum]]'' – Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum parvifolium]]'' – Laos, Vietnam, southern China
***''[[Gnetum raya]]'' – Borneo
***''[[Gnetum ridleyi]]'' – Peninsular Malaysia

==Uses==
Many ''Gnetum'' species are edible, with the [[seed]]s being roasted, and the foliage used as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref>Hoe, V.B. and Siong, K.H., "The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak,"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 8, no. 1, 1998, pp 24-31</ref> The plant is harvested and yields a useful fiber.{{clarify|reason=Dietary or fabric?|date=April 2022}} There is no sense of danger in consuming the fruit or the seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gnetum gnemon {{!}} plant {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Gnetum-gnemon |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

There is also a study done on the plant to see if it has any medicinal properties, finding some anti-coagulation effects due to its stilbenoid content. The family Gnetaceae is well known as a rich source of plant-derived [[stilbenoid]]s as well as [[Cyperaceae]], [[Dipterocarpaceae]], [[Fabaceae]], and [[Vitaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224284860 |journal= Phytotherapy Research|year=2012|doi=10.1002/ptr.4605|last1=Kloypan |first1=Chiraphat |last2=Jeenapongsa |first2=Rattima |last3=Sri-In |first3=Piyawit |last4=Chanta |first4=Surin |last5=Dokpuang |first5=Dech |last6=Tip-Pyang |first6=Santi |last7=Surapinit |first7=Nattanan |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1564–1568 |pmid=22511550 |s2cid=43249684 }}</ref>

== Conservation ==
Some species of ''Gnetum'' are in danger of dying out. The habitats are being removed with the trees being cut down to create industry. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as ''Gnetum oxycarpum''. The rainforests are being torn down and being turned into farmland. ''Gnetum'' live in only a small part of the rainforest.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:倪藤果 Gnetum gnemon -檳城熱帶果園 Tropical Fruit Farm, Penang- (9222653200).jpg|''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' carpellate/female cones
File:Gnetum latifolium - കറുത്ത ഓടൽ.jpg|''[[Gnetum latifolium]]'' staminate/male cones
File:Gnetum africanum Leaves (Eru, Okok).jpg|Gathered leaves of ''[[Gnetum africanum]]''
File:Gnetum gnemon seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' seeds
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=8. Gnetum macrostachyum - Useful Tropical Plants, https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Gnetum%2Bmacrostachyum.

9. Catalogue of life: 2010 annual checklist. Catalogue of Life - 2010 Annual Checklist :: Species details. (n.d.). Retrieved December 23, 2021, from http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2010/details/species/id/7279121

10.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (n.d.). Retrieved December 23, 2021, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/

<ref name="col">
{{cite web
  |access-date=October 24, 2024
  |title=Gnetum L.
  |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VXX3
  |website=Catalogue of Life
}}
</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gnetum}}
*[http://www.conifers.org/gn/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - ''Gnetum'']
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Gnetum.html Sorting ''Gnetum'' names]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X2161E/x2161e06.htm Uses of ''Gnetum'' in Africa (FAO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111234159/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X2161E/x2161e06.htm |date=January 11, 2019 }}
*Kloypan, Chiraphat & Jeenapongsa, Rattima & Sri-In, Piyawit & Chanta, Surin & Dokpuang, Dech & Tip-Pyang, Santi & Surapinit, Serm. (2012). Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 26. 1564–8. 10.1002/ptr.4605.
*https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05408.x {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222040854/https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05408.x |date=December 22, 2021 }}
*http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-334161...

{{WestAfricanPlants|Gnetum}}
{{Plant classification}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131550}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gnetaceae]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Gymnosperm genera]]