View source for Glynde

{{short description |Village in East Sussex, England}}
{{about|the village in England|the place in Adelaide, South Australia|Glynde, South Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name            = Glynde
| country                  = England
| region                   = South East England
| static_image_name        = glynde place.jpg
| static_image_width       =
| static_image_caption     = Glynde Place
| area_total_km2           = 17.8
| area_footnotes           = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_AREA_A&u_id=10290454&c_id=10001043&add=Y |title=A vision of Britain through time (Area) |access-date=10 May 2009 |publisher=University of Portsmouth}}</ref>
| population               = 312
| population_ref           = (Census 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123764&c=BN8+6AA&d=16&e=62&g=6421237&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444656605468&enc=1|title=Parish population 2011|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101612/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123764&c=BN8+6AA&d=16&e=62&g=6421237&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1444656605468&enc=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density       = {{convert|12|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| os_grid_reference        = TQ 456 089
| coordinates              = {{coord|50.8616|0.06773|display=inline,title}}
| post_town                = LEWES
| postcode_area            = BN
| postcode_district        = BN8
| dial_code                = 01273
| constituency_westminster = [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes]]
| civil_parish             = Glynde
| london_distance          = {{convert|45|mi}} [[Boxing the compass|N]]
| shire_district           = [[Lewes (district)|Lewes]]
| shire_county             = [[East Sussex]]
| website                  = [http://glynde.info/pc/parish.php Parish Council website] 
}}
'''Glynde''' is a village and shares a [[civil parish]] with [[Beddingham]] in the [[Lewes (district)|Lewes District]] of [[East Sussex]], United Kingdom. It is located two miles (5&nbsp;km) east of [[Lewes]].<ref name=EX123>OS Explorer map Eastbourne and Beachy Head Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. {{ISBN|978 0319240823}}</ref>

==Estate==
The estate at Glynde has belonged to four interlinked families: the Waleys ("from Wales"), Morleys, Trevors, and Brands. The Trevors were originally from north Wales, and descended from Tudor Trevor, a chieftain who in 915 married the daughter of [[Hywel the Good]] of Gwynedd and all Wales.<ref name="hampden">Hampden, Anthony (1997) ''A glimpse of Glynde'', Lewes, East Sussex: The Book Guild Ltd. {{ISBN|1-85776-188-X}}</ref>

The Glynde manor was not named in the [[Domesday Book]], but it is probably the unnamed [[Royal Peculiar|peculier]] of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] held by one Godfrey of Malling, who also held the manor of South Malling. By the late 12th century, Richard Waleys held four knight fees of the Archbishop, including Glynde.<ref name="hampden"/>

The Waleys added further estates near [[Mayfield, East Sussex|Mayfield]] (Hawkesden and Bainden), which in the 16th century became the centre of the [[Wealden iron industry|Wealden ironmaking industry]] and a major source of wealth. William Morley (1531–97) added the manors of Combe and [[Beddingham]], on the other side of Glynde Reach. Harbert Morley (1616–67) added the manor of Preston Beckhelwyn. These remain part of the Glynde Estate.<ref name="hampden"/>

==Glynde Place==
[[Glynde Place]] (1569) was erected by [[William Morley (died 1597)|William Morley]] (1531–1597). The house was built of Sussex flint and [[Caen stone|stone from Caen]]. It was square, with an inner courtyard.<ref name="hampden"/>

The house was considerably altered by [[Richard Trevor (bishop)|Richard Trevor]] (1707–1771), Bishop of Durham, who turned it back to front, so that the house looked east. He added an imposing coach house and stable block to the south. On the walls of knapped flint he erected two [[wyvern]]s sculpted by [[John Cheere]],<ref>Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis</ref> the heraldic dragons of the Trevors. In addition, he created a new front hall, embellished the gallery panelling, installed a marble fireplace, and added a set of bronzes.<ref name="hampden"/>

==Parish==
[[File:glynde church.jpg|right|thumb|Glynde parish church]]
Originally Glynde lay within the 1530-acre (619 ha) Glynde parish, which was united with West [[Firle]] and [[Beddingham]] after the Second World War, to form [[Glynde and Beddingham]].<ref name="hampden"/> However, it is still a separate civil parish.

The rectory of Glynde was held by the Abbots of [[Abbey of Bec|Bec]] in Normandy from the [[Norman Conquest]] to [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]] (1415). Henry V's brother, the Duke of Bedford, confiscated it and transferred it to the Dean and Chapter of Windsor (1421). They remain patrons to the living to this day.<ref name="hampden"/>

The present [[St Mary's Church, Glynde|parish church of St Mary the Virgin]], built by Richard Trevor to a design by [[Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Robinson]], was dedicated in 1765.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de St. Croix |first=W. |authorlink=William de St Croix |title=Parochial History of Glynde |journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections |volume=20 |year=1868 |page=78 |doi=10.5284/1085333 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The old parish church which it replaced appears to have been similar to many churches in the district, having nave, north aisle, and chancel, with south porch.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de St. Croix |first=W. |authorlink=William de St Croix |title=Parochial History of Glynde |journal=Sussex Archaeological Collections |volume=20 |year=1868 |pages=47–90 |doi=10.5284/1085333 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The new church, in [[Palladian]] style, was faced in Sussex flints and lightened with windows of coloured lozenges of Flemish glass; these were taken out in the 19th century, but some of the glass remains in windows in Glynde Place.<ref name="hampden"/>

The war memorial, with the names of seventeen men of Glynde who fell in the two world wars, is of [[Portland stone]] and stands at the bottom of the churchyard, close to the road.<ref name="hampden"/>

The village was the home of Field Marshal [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet, Viscount Wolesley]] (1833–1913) Commander-in-Chief of the British Army from the 1890s until his death in 1913.

==Transport==
===Roads===
Glynde was once on the [[toll road|turnpike]] between [[Lewes]] and [[Eastbourne]]. The turnpike road was constituted by the Glynde Bridge Turnpike Act. It is now Ranscombe Lane. It was not a financial success. In 1817, with its act due to expire in 1821 and the works incomplete, a new turnpike was sponsored to cut across the marshes of [[Beddingham]]. This cut {{convert|7|mi|km}} from the journey from Lewes to Eastbourne. The new turnpike road is – broadly – the modern [[a27 road|A27]]. Glynde lies to the north of that road.<ref name="hampden"/>

===Railways===
[[File:Glynde railway station.jpg|right|thumb|Glynde railway station]]
[[Glynde railway station]] is located on the [[East Coastway Line]] east of [[Lewes railway station|Lewes]] and west of [[Berwick (Sussex) railway station|Berwick]].

The railway arrived in 1846. The station was built on the then parish boundary between Glynde and [[Beddingham]]. The railway was electrified in 1935.

There were three industrial lines connected to Glynde station:<ref name="telph">Lusted, A. (1985) "The Electric Telpherage Railway". Glynde Archivist 2: 16–28.</ref>
*Balcombe Pit was connected to the railway at the eastern end of Glynde station.
*A tramway to Brigden Pit was connected to the western end of Glynde station.
*A clay pit was connected to the eastern end of the station, first by a [[telpherage]] line, then by a tramway.
The Glynde [[wikt:telpherage|telpherage]] line was built by the Telpherage Company and was opened on Saturday 17 October 1885. Reports of the new system were published as far afield as the New York Times.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/11/01/103083294.pdf ''Trains by Telpherage''], New York Times, Wednesday, 1 November 1885, Page 2.</ref> It was said to cost £1,200, including the equipment to generate electricity, the trains, and the locomotives. The electricity was generated by a dynamo which was powered by a steam engine. The water for the engine was apparently raised by a [[High Salvington windmill|windmill]] at the station end of the line. The line extended for almost a mile. It was a double line of steel rods {{convert|66|ft|m}} long and with a {{convert|0.75|in|mm|adj=on}} diameter. The rods were elevated {{convert|18|ft|m}} above the ground on posts. The locomotive and skips were suspended from pulleys that ran on the rods. A train of ten skips could carry a ton of clay."<ref name="telph"/>

==Industries==
===Agriculture===
The [[Southdown (sheep)|Southdown]] breed of sheep were first bred here by [[John Ellman]].

[[Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley|Frances Garnet Wolseley]] founded the influential Glynde College for Lady Gardeners at Trevor House, Glynde in 1899. It continued to offer two-year courses at Ragged Lands from 1902 until about 1933.<ref>Jane Brown, "Wolseley, Frances Garnet, Viscountess Wolseley (1872–1936)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49185 Retrieved 27 December 2016. Pay-walled.]</ref>

===Lime===
Chalk pits are long standing features in the area, used for liming the fields, mending the roads, and occasionally making mortar for building. Transportation by road was prohibitively expensive, so the pits had minimal commercial value.<ref name="Lusted, A. 1985">Lusted, A. (1985) "The Building of Trevor Gardens, Beddingham". Glynde Archivist 1: 6–21.</ref>

Then in 1846 the railway came and Henry Otway Trevor immediately leased all the chalk pits in Glynde and Beddingham to a Lewes limeburning partnership. Three pits were named: Glyndebourne, Brigden, and Balcombe (also known as Poor or Newington). The procedure was to excavate the chalk, turn it into lime in large kilns, and transport it away by rail to be used as cement. The kilns were coal-fired; much of the coal was shipped by barge up [[Glynde Reach]] to the wharves at Glynde Bridge. The work in the chalk pits was labour-intensive, with over a hundred men employed in the pits at their peak.<ref name="Lusted, A. 1985"/>

===Clay===
A clay pit was opened in 1885 north of Glynde Reach, to the east of Decoy Wood. The pit was to supply [[Gault clay]] to the new Sussex Portland Cement works at [[South Heighton]]. Both were on land leased from the Glynde Estate for 99 years. In the event, the clay pit was only worked for around 30 years. Initially the clay was transported via a [[Aerial tramway#Telpherage|telpherage]] line to Glynde station, latterly (by the late 1890s) via a tramway.<ref name="telph"/>

===Power===
The lack of fast-moving water has prevented the production of power by water mills. Instead, a number of windmills have been built.<ref name="elphick">Lusted, A. (1986) "Edward Elphick's Windmill". Glynde Archivist 3: 34–44.</ref>
*It seems that in medieval times there was a windmill at Wyck ({{gbmapping|TQ 447 106}}).{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
*In the 16th and 17th centuries there was a windmill on an old burial mound just above and to the west of Speaker's Holt on the crest of the Downs. This was no longer in operation by 1717. Apparently even the mound has now been bulldozed.
*A Glyndebourne estate windmill lay within Ringmer parish, on Mill Plain, just above [[Glyndebourne]].
*Edward Elphick erected a windmill that stood from 1806 to 1867, located on the Balcombe lands that were eventually swallowed up by the chalk pit. When the mill stood in the way of the pit's expansion, it was dismantled and moved to [[Framfield|Blackboys]]. Its operation there ceased in 1937 and it was demolished in 1945.

When Elphick's windmill was dismantled in 1867, the local farmers transferred their custom to the new steam mill built between Glynde station and Glynde Reach.<ref name="elphick"/>

==Economy and tourism==
[[File:Trevor Arms.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Glynde]]
Glynde has an unusually large number of businesses for a small English village. In addition to the usual village shop, there is a staircase manufacturer in the old steam mill and a weighing equipment manufacturer in the old granary.

Glynde has several tourist attractions. Many tourists are people walking on the [[South Downs]]; Glynde sits on the flank of [[Mount Caburn]]. The Elizabethan manor house, Glynde Place, is open to the public. Other facilities for visitors include a teashop, a [[forge]], and a [[paragliding]] and [[Hang gliding|hang-gliding]] centre. North of the village is [[Glyndebourne]], where opera is performed. The village has a total of 27 listed buildings by Historic England, including Glynde Place, a Grade 1 Listed Building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glynde Place |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1221546 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=Historic England}}</ref> 

The Trevor Arms was a [[Public house|pub]] in the village, near the station, but it closed in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Trevor Arms |url=https://glynde.info/attractions/trevorarms.php |website=glynde.info |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Glynde}}
*[http://www.roughwood.net/ChurchAlbum/EastSussex/Glynde/GlyndeStMary2004.htm Glynde church]

{{Lewes district}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Glynde| ]]
[[Category:Villages in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Lewes District]]