View source for Glucomannan

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| ImageFile = [[File:Glucomannan.svg|alt=Chemical structure diagram for glucomannan.]]
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}}4)-{{smallcaps|d}}-gluco-{{smallcaps|d}}-mannoglycan
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 11078-31-2
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| ChemSpiderID = 30791437
| PubChem = 24892726
| ChEBI = 17020
| KEGG = C01810
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'''Glucomannan''' is a water-soluble [[polysaccharide]] that is considered a [[dietary fiber]]. It is a [[hemicellulose]] component in the [[Cell wall#Plant cell walls|cell walls]] of some plant species.  Glucomannan is a [[food additive]] used as an [[emulsifier]] and [[thickener]]. It is a major source of [[mannan oligosaccharide]] (MOS) found in nature, the other being [[galactomannan]], which is insoluble.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nopvichai |first1=C |last2=Charoenwongpaiboon |first2=T |last3=Luengluepunya |first3=N |last4=Ito |first4=K |last5=Muanprasat |first5=C |last6=Pichyangkura |first6=R |title=Production and purification of mannan oligosaccharide with epithelial tight junction enhancing activity. |journal=PeerJ |date=2019 |volume=7 |pages=e7206 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7206 |pmid=31304065 |pmc=6611449 |quote=MOS is often prepared by hydrolysis reaction of a mannose-contained glucan polymer, mainly glucomannan and galactomannan. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Products containing glucomannan, under a variety of brand names, are marketed as [[dietary supplement]]s with claims they can relieve constipation and help lower cholesterol levels.<ref name=HC1>{{cite web |title=Monograph: Glucomannan - Capsule |url=http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=104&lang=eng |publisher=Health Canada |language=en |date=May 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name=EFSA2010>{{cite journal |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to konjac mannan (glucomannan) and reduction of body weight (ID 854, 1556, 3725), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 1559), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration |journal=EFSA Journal |date=October 2010 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1798 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1798|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> Since 2010 they are legally marketed in Europe as helping with weight loss for people who are overweight and eating a diet with restricted calories,<ref name=EFSA2010/> but {{asof|lc=yes|2020}} there was no good evidence that glucomannan helped weight loss.<ref name=wharton/><ref name= Rios2016>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ríos-Hoyo A, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G |title=New Dietary Supplements for Obesity: What We Currently Know |journal=Curr Obes Rep |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=262–70 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27053066 |doi=10.1007/s13679-016-0214-y |s2cid=12071766 |type=Review |quote= The more recent meta-analysis by Onakpoya et al. [58] revealed a non-statistically significant difference of −0.22 kg in weight loss between the glucomannan and placebo groups, contradicting the earlier meta-analysis. These conflicting results might be explained by the different inclusion criteria that the studies used to select the clinical trials analyzed. Although Sood et al. [59] found a statistically significant reduction in weight among study participants using glucomannan, this weight loss is not necessarily clinically significant; thus, the results should be interpreted carefully.}}</ref> Glucomannan may lower LDL cholesterol by up to 10 percent, according to one meta-study.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Hoang Vi Thanh |last2=Jovanovski |first2=Elena |last3=Zurbau |first3=Andreea |last4=Blanco Mejia |first4=Sonia |last5=Sievenpiper |first5=John L. |last6=Au-Yeung |first6=Fei |last7=Jenkins |first7=Alexandra L. |last8=Duvnjak |first8=Lea |last9=Leiter |first9=Lawrence |last10=Vuksan |first10=Vladimir |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of konjac glucomannan, a viscous soluble fiber, on LDL cholesterol and the new lipid targets non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=May 2017 |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=1239–1247 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.116.142158 |issn=1938-3207|doi-access=free |pmid=28356275 }}</ref>

Supplements containing glucomannans pose a risk for choking and [[bowel obstruction]] if they are not taken with sufficient water.<ref name=HC>{{cite news|title=Health Canada Advises Canadians that Natural Health Products containing Glucomannan May Cause Serious Choking if Used with Insufficient Fluid|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_16-eng.php|work=Health Canada|date=January 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204224908/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2010/2010_16-eng.php|archive-date=4 February 2010}}</ref>  Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.<ref name=Ernst2014/>

Glucomannans are also used to supplement [[animal feed]] for [[farmed animals]], to cause the animals [[feed conversion ratio|gain weight more quickly]].

==Chemistry==
Glucomannan is mainly a straight-chain [[polymer]], with a small amount of branching.  The component sugars are β-(1→4)-linked [[mannose|<small>D</small>-mannose]] and [[glucose|<small>D</small>-glucose]] in a ratio of 1.6:1.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00039-0| title=Constitution of konjac glucomannan: chemical analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy |author1=Kaname Katsuraya |author2=Kohsaku Okuyamab |author3=Kenichi Hatanakab |author4=Ryuichi Oshimab |author5=Takaya Satoc |author6=Kei Matsuzakic | journal=Carbohydrate Polymers| volume=53 |issue =2|year =2003| pages= 183–89}}</ref> The degree of branching is about 8% through β-(1→6)-glucosyl linkages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-205-glucomannan.aspx?activeingredientid=205&activeingredientname=glucomannan|title=Glucomannan: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings}}</ref>

Glucomannan with α-(1→6)-linked [[galactose]] units in side branches is called [[galactoglucomannan]].{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

==Biological function==
In the [[yeast]] cell wall, mannan oligosaccharides are present in complex molecules that are linked to the protein moiety. There are two main locations of mannan oligosaccharides in the surface area of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' cell wall.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=GG|last2=Russell|first2=I|year=1998|title=Brewer's Yeast|journal=Brewing Science & Technology Series III}}</ref>

They can be attached to the cell wall proteins as part of –O and –N glycosyl groups and also constitute elements of large α-D-mannanose polysaccharides (α-D-Mannans), which are built of α-(1,2)- and α-(1,3)- D-mannose branches (from 1 to 5 rings long), which are attached to long α-(1,6)-D-mannose chains.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lesage|first1=G.|last2=Bussey|first2=H.|title=Cell Wall Assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=70|issue=2|pages=317–43|year=2006|pmid=16760306|pmc=1489534|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00038-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vinogradov|first1=E|last2=Petersen|first2=B|last3=Bock|first3=K|title=Discussion|journal=Carbohydrate Research|volume=307|issue=1–2|pages=177–83|year=1998|pmid=9658572|doi=10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00042-1}}</ref>

This specific combination of various functionalities involves mannan oligosaccharides-protein conjugates and highly hydrophilic and structurally variable 'brush-like' mannan oligosaccharides structures that can fit to various receptors of animal digestive tracts,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Michael K.|last1=Mansour|first2=Stuart M.|last2=Levitz|year=2003|title=Fungal Mannoproteins: the Sweet Path to Immunodominance|journal=ASM News|volume=69|issue=12|pages=595–600|url=http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=23549}}</ref> and to the receptors on the surface of bacterial membranes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Garofalo|first1=Corinne|last2=Wellens|first2=Adinda|last3=Nguyen|first3=Hien|last4=Van Gerven|first4=Nani|last5=Slättegård|first5=Rikard|last6=Hernalsteens|first6=Jean-Pierre|last7=Wyns|first7=Lode|last8=Oscarson|first8=Stefan|last9=De Greve|first9=Henri|last10=Hultgren|first10=S|last11=Bouckaert|first11=J|editor1-last=Zhang|editor1-first=Shuguang|title=Intervening with Urinary Tract Infections Using Anti-Adhesives Based on the Crystal Structure of the FimH–Oligomannose-3 Complex|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=4|pages=e2040|year=2008|pmid=18446213|pmc=2323111|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002040|display-authors=8|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2040W|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> impacts these molecules' bioactivity. Mannan oligosaccharides-protein conjugates are involved in interactions with the animal's immune system and as result enhance immune system activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wismar|first1=René|last2=Brix|first2=Susanne|last3=Frøkiaer|first3=Hanne|last4=Laerke|first4=Helle Nygaard|title=Dietary fibers as immunoregulatory compounds in health and disease|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1190|issue=1|pages=70–85|year=2010|pmid=20388138|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05256.x|bibcode=2010NYASA1190...70W|s2cid=24236736}}</ref> They also play a role in animal antioxidant and [[antimutagenic]] defense.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krizkova|first1=L|last2=Zitnanova|first2=I|last3=Mislovicova|first3=D|last4=Masarova|first4=J|last5=Sasinkova|first5=V|last6=Durackova|first6=Z|last7=Krajcovic|first7=J|title=Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of mannan neoglycoconjugates: Mannan–human serum albumine and mannan–penicillin G acylase|journal=Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis|volume=606|issue=1–2|pages=72–79|year=2006|doi=10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.03.003|pmid=16677851|bibcode=2006MRGTE.606...72K}}</ref>

==Natural sources==
Glucomannan comprises 40% by dry weight of the roots, or [[corm]], of the [[konjac]] plant. Another culinary source is [[salep]], ground from the roots of certain orchids and used in Greek and [[Turkish cuisine]]. However, these orchid species are protected in the whole EU and the trade of salep is strictly forbidden. Glucomannan is also a [[hemicellulose]] that is present in large amounts in the wood of [[conifer]]s and in smaller amounts in the wood of [[dicotyledon]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Glucomannan is also a constituent of bacterial, plant and yeast cell wall with differences in the branches or glycosidic linkages in the linear structure.<ref>Elbein, A. D. (1969)."Biosynthesis of a cell wall glucomannan in mung bean seedlings". ''Journal of Biological Chemistry'', 244(6), 1608–16.</ref><ref>Tokoh, C., Takabe, K., Sugiyama, J., & Fujita, M. (2002). 
"CP/MAS 13C NMR and electron diffraction study of bacterial cellulose structure affected by cell wall polysaccharides". ''Cellulose'', 9(3–4), 351–60.</ref><ref>Chorvatovičová, D., Machová, E., Šandula, J., & Kogan, G. (1999). "Protective effect of the yeast glucomannan against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity". ''Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis'', 444(1), 117–22.</ref>

==Uses==

===Human food additive===
Glucomannan is a [[food additive]] used as an [[emulsifier]] and [[thickener]] with the [[E number]] E425(ii).<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_6 Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers], [[Food Standards Agency]], 26 November 2010</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mortensen |first1=Alicja |last2=Aguilar |first2=Fernando |last3=Crebelli |first3=Riccardo |last4=Di Domenico |first4=Alessandro |last5=Frutos |first5=Maria Jose |last6=Galtier |first6=Pierre |last7=Gott |first7=David |last8=Gundert-Remy |first8=Ursula |last9=Lambré |first9=Claude |last10=Leblanc |first10=Jean-Charles |last11=Lindtner |first11=Oliver |last12=Moldeus |first12=Peter |last13=Mosesso |first13=Pasquale |last14=Oskarsson |first14=Agneta |last15=Parent-Massin |first15=Dominique |last16=Stankovic |first16=Ivan |last17=Waalkens-Berendsen |first17=Ine |last18=Woutersen |first18=Rudolf Antonius |last19=Wright |first19=Matthew |last20=Younes |first20=Maged |last21=Brimer |first21=Leon |last22=Christodoulidou |first22=Anna |last23=Lodi |first23=Federica |last24=Tard |first24=Alexandra |last25=Dusemund |first25=Birgit |title=Re-evaluation of konjac gum (E 425 i) and konjac glucomannan (E 425 ii) as food additives |journal=EFSA Journal |date=June 2017 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e04864 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4864|pmid=32625526 |pmc=7009929 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref>

Glucomannan-rich [[salep]] powder is responsible for the unique textural properties of salep [[dondurma]], a mastic-flavored stretchable and chewy ice cream of Turkish origin.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/dining/01curi.html "Ice Cream That's a Stretch"], Harold McGee, ''The New York Times''. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 27 September, 2018.</ref>

[[Konjac]], also rich in glucomannan, is widely used for its jelly-like texture. It found use in [[shirataki noodles]], in fruit jellies snacks (with choking risk),<ref>[http://www.food.gov.uk/consultations/ukwideconsults/2002/draftcomprop Draft Commission Decision (SANCO/362/2002) suspending the placing on the market and import of jelly confectionery containing food additive E 425 Konjac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405200630/http://www.food.gov.uk/consultations/ukwideconsults/2002/draftcomprop |date=2011-04-05 }}, UK [[Food Standards Agency]], 8 March 2002</ref> and as a substitute for gelatin.

===Human dietary supplement===
Glucomannan is an ingredient in a variety of [[dietary supplement]] products marketed with claims that they aid in [[weight loss]], but medical research has found no good evidence to support its use for this purpose.<ref name=wharton>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wharton S, Bonder R, Jeffery A, Christensen RA |title=The safety and effectiveness of commonly-marketed natural supplements for weight loss in populations with obesity: A critical review of the literature from 2006 to 2016 |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=1614–30 |date=2020 |pmid=30896252 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2019.1584873 |s2cid=84843051 |type=Systematic review |quote=GM appears generally safe, but there is insufficient evidence to suggest its efficacy in weight loss}}</ref><ref name= Rios2016/> The claim is that it makes a gel when mixed with water, which can take up space in the stomach and linger there longer than water alone would, inducing a person to feel full after having eaten a smaller amount of food.<ref name=Ernst2014>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E |title=The efficacy of glucomannan supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |journal=J Am Coll Nutr |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |year=2014 |pmid=24533610 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2014.870013 |s2cid=19874145 }}</ref>

In Europe and Canada, glucomannan dietary supplements can be marketed with claims to lower cholesterol levels and to relieve constipation.<ref name=HC1/><ref name=EFSA2010/>

Data from a randomized controlled clinical trial suggests that glucomannan dietary supplements help regulate the hormone ghrelin and might help control appetite in people with Type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chearskul|first1=S.|last2=Kriengsinyos|first2=W.|last3=Kooptiwut|first3=S.|last4=Sangurai|first4=S.|last5=Onreabroi|first5=S.|last6=Churintaraphan|first6=M.|last7=Semprasert|first7=N.|last8=Nitiyanant|first8=W.|date=February 2009|title=Immediate and long-term effects of glucomannan on total ghrelin and leptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168822708005780|journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=83|issue=2|pages=e40–e42|doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2008.11.014|pmid=19108925|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Health risks====
A health advisory was released by [[Health Canada]] stating the following: "Natural health products containing the ingredient glucomannan in tablet, capsule or powder form, which are currently on the Canadian market, have a potential for harm if taken without at least 250 ml or 8 ounces of water or other fluid. The risk includes choking and/or blockage of the throat, esophagus or intestine, according to international adverse reaction case reports. It is also important to note that these products should ''not'' be taken immediately before going to bed."<ref name=HC/>

Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.<ref name=Ernst2014/>

====Consumer issues====
Several companies have been determined by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) or the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to have, at some time, violated the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]].<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2004/06/ads-various-diet-supplements-and-topical-gels-dont-cut-fat-says "Ads for Various Diet Supplements and Topical Gels Don't Cut the Fat, Says the FTC"]. Federal Trade Commission</ref> The companies include [[Vitacost]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060116174313/http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2005/CL142e.pdf Food and Drug Administration letter]</ref> PediaLean,<ref>C. Landis Plummer (June 15, 2004). [http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9318/0023300part3cmp040616.pdf Docket No. 9318] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513095800/http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9318/0023300part3cmp040616.pdf |date=2008-05-13 }}. [[Federal Trade Commission]].</ref> Herbal Worldwide Holdings,<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/os/1998/09/9723157.cmp.htm Federal Trade Commission complaint]</ref> BioTrim,<ref>Kovacic, William E.; Chun, Barbara Y.K. (November 3, 2004). [http://www.ftc.gov/os/caselist/0323238/041109cmp0323238.pdf "Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief"]. [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]].</ref> and others.  The company Obesity Research Institute, the marketer of FiberThin, Zylotrim, Propolene and Lipozene, settled FTC charges that their misleading weight-loss claims violated federal laws by agreeing to pay $1.5 million in consumer redress.<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2005/06/ftc-settles-claims-marketers-fiberthin-and-propolene "FTC Settles Claims with Marketers of FiberThin and Propolene"]. Federal Trade Commission. June 20, 2005</ref>

In 2001, a number of jelly-type candy products containing konjac-derived glucomannan were barred from import by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] due to choking hazards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091008210717/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_105.html "Import Alert 33-15, Detention Without Physical Examination of Gel Candies Containing Konjac"] US FDA, Retrieved April 1, 2016</ref>

===Dietary supplements for animals===
It is also used as [[dietary supplement]] for farmed animals in order to help them gain more weight from food, called the [[feed conversion ratio]]. The effect of mannan oligosaccharides on animal performance was analysed in [[meta-analyses]] for poultry,<ref name="RosenBroilers">{{cite journal|last1=Rosen|first1=G. D.|title=Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos in broiler nutrition|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=48|issue=1|pages=21–26|year=2007|pmid=17364536|doi=10.1080/00071660601050755|s2cid=24138780}}</ref><ref name="HoogeTurkey">{{cite journal|first1=Danny M.|last1=Hooge|title=Turkey Pen Trials with Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide: Meta-analysis, 1993-2003|year=2004|volume=3|issue=3|pages=179–88|url=http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=599214|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025727/http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=599214|archive-date=2012-03-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RosenTurkey">{{cite journal|last1=Rosen|first1=G. D.|title=Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos in turkey nutrition|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=48|issue=1|pages=27–32|year=2007|pmid=17364537|doi=10.1080/00071660601050730|s2cid=10865778}}</ref> pigs,<ref name="MiguelPigs">{{cite journal|first1=Jennifer C.|last1=Miguel|first2=Sandra L.|last2=Rodriguez-Zas|first3=James E.|last3=Pettigrew|year=2004|title=Efficacy of a mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) for improving nursery pig performance|journal=Journal of Swine Health and Production|volume=12|issue=6|pages=296–307|doi=10.54846/jshap/408 |url=http://www.aasv.org/shap/issues/v12n6/v12n6p296.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="RosenPigs">{{cite journal|last1=Rosen|first1=G. D.|title=Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos in pig nutrition|journal=Animal Science|volume=82|issue=5|pages=683–89|year=2007|doi=10.1079/ASC200684}}</ref> and calves.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Mannan Oligosaccharides: Natural Alternatives for Animal Nutrition (Part 3)|publisher=Milk Products|year=2007|url=http://www.milkproductsinc.com/html/frontlineNewsletter/Newsletter/T001.44%20MOS%20Natural%20Alternatives%20for%20Animal%20Nutrition.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819235148/http://www.milkproductsinc.com/html/frontlineNewsletter/Newsletter/T001.44%20MOS%20Natural%20Alternatives%20for%20Animal%20Nutrition.pdf|archive-date=August 19, 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
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* [http://www.rxlist.com/glucomannan/supplements.htm Glucomannan information from Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database via RxList]

[[Category:Polysaccharides]]
[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]
[[Category:Natural gums]]