View source for Glossary of broadcasting terms

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2014}}
This '''glossary of terms used in [[broadcasting]]''' is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to both [[radio broadcasting|radio]] and [[television broadcasting]], along with the industry in general.

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== A ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|ABC}}{{Defn|The [[American Broadcasting Company]], a major television network in the United States. Also operates radio networks [[ABC News Radio]] and [[ABC Audio]].|1}}{{Defn|The ABC Radio Network, a former radio network in the United States. Renamed Citadel Media in 2009, [[Cumulus Media Networks]] in 2011 and merged into [[Westwood One]].|2}}{{Defn|The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], Australia's main public service broadcaster.|3}}{{Defn|Associated Broadcasting Corporation, a former name for [[Mass media in the Philippines|Filipino media]] company [[TV5 Network]] and owners of television network [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]], formerly "ABC5".|4}}{{Defn|''[[ABC (Swedish TV programme)|ABC]]'', a former regional news program that aired over Sweden television broadcaster [[Sveriges Television]].|5}}{{Defn|[[ABC Weekend TV]], a former [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchise in Manchester, Birmingham and London.|6}}{{Defn|[[Asahi Broadcasting Corporation]], ({{langx|ja|朝日放送株式会社}}), a Japanese television and radio broadcaster.|7}}{{Defn|Associated Broadcasting Company, a former name of [[Associated Television]], a former ITV franchise.|8}}{{Defn|[[XEABC-AM]] in [[Mexico City]], which formerly branded as "ABC Radio".|9}}
{{Term|ABS-CBN|[[ABS-CBN]]}}{{Defn|The Alto Broadcasting System–Chronicle Broadcasting Network, a major television broadcaster in the Philippines.}} 
{{Term|ACMA}}{{Defn|[[Australian Communications and Media Authority]]: The regulator of broadcasting in Australia.}}
{{Term|A/D}}{{Defn|[[Analog signal|Analog]]-to-[[Digital data|digital]] conversion.}}
{{Term|absolute event}}{{Defn|A scheduled event whose start time is determined with an assigned time based upon the facility master clock.}}
{{Term|access time}}{{Defn|The total time required to find, retrieve and commence using information, also known as ''lead time''.}}
{{Term|actives}}{{Defn|Listeners who contact the radio show regarding requests, contests or other interaction.}}
{{Term|ADC}}{{Defn|[[Analog-to-digital converter]]: A device to convert analog signals to digital.}}
{{Term|ADI}}{{Defn|Area of dominant influence: The Arbitron equivalent to Designated Market Areas, produced from 1966 until Arbitron's exit from television ratings.}}
{{Term|aggregation}}{{defn|The 1980s–1990s process by which individual Australian regional television stations converted to competing in much larger broadcast areas consisting of multiple stations. See {{slink|Regional television in Australia#Aggregation}}. }}
{{Term|aircheck|[[Aircheck]]}}{{Defn|The recorded copy of a broadcast.}}
{{Term|AM stereo|[[AM stereo]]}}{{Defn|Two different, and mutually incompatible, [[multiplexing]] transmission techniques that provide stereophonic sound on the mediumwave (AM) band. See [[independent sideband]] (ISB; initially standard in the U.S.) and [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] (QAM; standard in Canada, Australia and Japan and later the U.S.).}}
{{Term|AMD}}{{Defn|AM [[drive time]]: The morning rush hour slot.}}
{{Term|Amplitude modulation|[[Amplitude modulation]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''AM radio''' or '''AM'''. Used interchangeably with '''[[#kilohertz (khz)|kilohertz (kHz)]]''' and '''[[#medium wave|medium wave]]'''.}}A modulation technique used in electronic communication where the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal. Developed in the early 1900s, this technique is most commonly used for transmitting an audio signal via a radio wave measured in kilohertz (kHz). See [[AM broadcasting]].}}
{{Term|analog recording|[[Analog recording]]}}{{Defn|Recording of audio using an electronic signal that varies continuously. The main drawback of analog recording is the introduction of inherent [[Signal noise|noise]] to the recorded signal.}}
{{Term|analog transmission|[[Analog transmission]]}}{{Defn|The [[broadcasting]] of a signal using an analog recording. Examples of use include [[radio]].}}
{{Term|ANATEL}}{{defn|The [[National Telecommunications Agency (Brazil)|National Telecommunications Agency]] ({{langx|pt|Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações}}), regulator of broadcasting in Brazil.|1}}{{defn|The National Television Association ({{ill|Asociación Nacional de Televisión|es}}), group of national television broadcasters in Chile.|2}}
{{Term|annoyance factor|[[Annoyance factor]]}}{{Defn|Irritating aspect of advertising that can strengthen or weaken messaging.}}
{{Term|Apex band|[[Apex (radio band)|Apex band]]}}{{Defn|A grouping of radio stations in the United States in the late 1930s, all with experimental licenses, that were launched to evaluate potential additional frequencies for radio stations. Named "apex" for transmission antennas needing to be placed on very high locations for [[line-of-sight]] reception. A direct precursor to FM radio, several of these stations were converted to the FM band between 1941 and 1944.}}
{{Term|Arbitron|[[Arbitron]]}}{{Defn|The company that provided the industry-accepted standard for radio audience measurement. Often abbreviated as ARB, a relic of its former name, American Research Bureau. Arbitron also rated television programming until 1993. Since acquired by [[Nielsen Media Research]] and now known as Nielsen Audio.}}
{{Term|archive|[[Archive]]}}{{Defn|Storage of [[Master recording|master material]] under controlled conditions|1}}{{Defn|Long term storage of material on an [[offline]] storage medium.|2}}{{Defn|''Archive copy'' is a master copy intended solely for storage and not to be used in distribution.|3}}
{{Term|artifact|[[Artifact (observational)|artifact]]}}{{Defn|Noticeable loss of video and/or audio fidelity in a broadcast or recording caused by limitations in the technology used. Usually reflects undesirable distortion(s) of the original when digitized.}}
{{Term|ARC}}
{{Term|Aspect Ratio Conversion|multi=y}}{{Defn|Changing the original aspect ratio of a HD picture through downconversion to either 16:9 letterbox or 4:3 center cut (see Center Cut). Also general term for converting original 4:3 / 14:9 material into 16:9 by zooming in whilst maintaining the aspect ratio, typically to allow the seamless insertion of archive footage into modern 16:9 productions. }}
{{Term|ascertainment}}{{Defn|Historic term for the process of community consultation required by the Federal Communications Commission of U.S. broadcasters. Ascertainment was intended to help a broadcaster determine the needs and concerns of the community being served.}}
{{Term|ASI}}{{Defn|[[Asynchronous serial interface]]: A streaming data format which often carries an [[MPEG transport stream]] (MPEG-TS).}}
{{Term|[[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect ratio]]}}{{Defn|The ratio between the width and the height of the picture. In NTSC television sets, this is 4:3; in widescreen (ATSC) sets, 16:9. Sometimes it is printed decimally as 1.33:1 for 4:3 and 1.78:1 for 16:9.}}
{{Term|Aston}}{{Defn|''(primarily UK)'' A synonym for lower thirds, the graphics on the bottom part of a television screen. An on-screen overlaid graphic, usually giving the name of the speaker, reporter or place in frame. Name derived from [[Aston Broadcast Systems]] Ltd., an early manufacturer of [[character generator]] (CG) equipment.}}
{{Term|ATR}}{{Defn|Audio [[tape recorder]]: A method of recording sound by [[Magnetic tape|electromagnetic pulses on a sensitised plastic strip]].|content=de}}
{{Term|[[Advanced Television Systems Committee|ATSC]]}}{{Defn|Advanced Television Systems Committee: A committee established by the FCC to decide the technical standards for digital broadcasting in the US. See also [[ATSC 3.0]], its third-generation digital standard.}}
{{Term|AQH}}{{Defn|[[Ratings (broadcast)#Average Quarter Hour.28AQH.29|Average Quarter Hour]]: A form of [[audience measurement]] used by [[Arbitron]], defined as the number of persons listening to a particular station for at least five minutes during a quarter hour. Typical audience measurements may be in the order of ten thousand for the larger shows. (e.g. [[Jerry Springer]] scored 1,600 in the 12+ age group in the spring 2005 figures. [[Rush Limbaugh]] scored 16,400 in the same report)<!--  see  http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-08-2005/0004084212&EDATE= -->}}
{{glossary end}}

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== B ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|backhaul}}{{Defn|Typically a raw broadcast signal direct from a remote site that is devoid of program graphics or studio segments (see fronthaul)}}
{{Term|backsell}}{{Defn|The technique where the DJ announces the song title and/or artist of the song that has just played. Also known as "back announcing".}}
{{Term|backtiming}}{{Defn|Where the DJ calculates the intro time on the song in an attempt to talk over the intro of the song and finish just prior to the vocals commencing. Frequently referred to as 'Hitting the Post' or 'Talking Up the Song'
In the case where a piece of music or theme is intended to end at the end of a program, the start of that music is backtimed for its ending to match the end of the program.  This music is usually started silently and faded up for the credits.}}
{{Term|bandwidth|[[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]]}}{{Defn|The available space between two given points on the electromagnetic spectrum and, inter alia, the amount of information that can be squeezed into that space.}}
{{Term|BBC|[[BBC]]}}{{Defn|British Broadcasting Corporation: The main public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, founded as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922.}}
{{Term|bed}}{{Defn|A production element, usually instrumental music or sound effect played in the background of a spoken commercial, promo or other announcement.<ref>Example of BBC Radio 1 beds - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtVd5wtPIlg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909200814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtVd5wtPIlg |date=September 9, 2022 }}</ref>}}
{{Term|bias}}{{Defn|A constant amplitude high frequency signal added to the recording signal to improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] and reduce the [[distortion]] of an analog tape recording.  It works by overcoming [[magnetic hysteresis]].}}
{{Term|billboard}}{{Defn|A short announcement to identify a sponsor at the beginning or end of a production element such as the news or traffic/weather reports.}}
{{Term|BITC|[[Burnt-in timecode|BITC]]}}{{Defn|Burnt-In Time Code: pronounced bit-see. A permanently visible (as opposed to [[Vertical interval timecode|VITC]]) clock counter superimposed over a video picture, typically showing duration in hours, minutes, seconds and frames.}}
{{Term|Black Clipping Circuit}}{{Defn|An analog video control circuit that clips the black level signal from [[Black Encoded]] content prior to presentation. Historically used in analog TV broadcasts to prepare the video signal just prior to transmission. The presence of this signal in analog masters of classic television shows and the lack of this circuit, or an equivalent filter, in digital conversion explains the presence of this encoded data in various content on Netflix, Hulu, and other digital content providers. Failing to leverage this encoded data also explains the poor color reproduction present in some cases.}}
{{Term|Black Encoded}}{{Defn|Refers to analog tv video content in which the video signal of black (7.5 IRE units) has been overlaid on the top or bottom edge of the frame and recorded or merged for broadcast.}}
{{Term|BTA}}{{Defn|Black To Air}}
{{Term|book}}{{Defn|A rating period, particularly in radio.}}
{{Term|breakbumper}}{{Defn|An animation or logotype briefly shown after the end of a program or part of a program before the advertising. See also "optical".}}
{{Term|breakfiller}}{{Defn|An animation shown during the middle of a commercial break to provide relevant graphic information accompanied by backing music, usually only taking up no more than two minutes. On news channels, breakfiller content usually includes news excerpts, weather, stock market indices, current time(s) and/or schedules.}}
{{Term|breaking news|[[Breaking news]]}}{{Defn|Interruptions of regular or planned programming for recently-occurring events as reported by a news organization or agency.}}
{{Term|[[Broadcast clock]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#format clock|format clock]]''' and '''[[#wheel|wheel]]'''.}}A broadcast clock is a diagram produced by a program director or a producer to illustrate where each programming element appears in a typical hour.}}
{{Term|broadcast license|[[broadcast license]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''licence''', '''license''' and '''concession''' in several countries.}}Authorization for a radio or television station within their respective country to operate, usually with specifications and restrictions on power input, antenna placement, interference mitigation, and in some cases, the specific hours a station can operate.}}
{{Term|b-roll}}{{Defn|Video used to illustrate a story.}}
{{Term|Bug}}{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#dog|DOG]]''' and '''[[#watermark|Watermark]]'''.}}
{{Term|bump|multi=y}}
{{Term|bumper|[[Bumper (broadcasting)|bumper]]}}{{Defn|An element that acts as a transition to or from commercial breaks}}
{{Term|bumper music}}{{Defn|A pre-recorded production element containing [[voice-over]] and/or music that acts as a transition to or from commercial breaks.}}
{{Term|Bulletin}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#breaking news|breaking news]]'''. Also '''news bulletin'''.}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;A specific interruption of regularly scheduled programming for coverage of a major news event.}}{{Defn|A regularly scheduled radio or television newscast.|2}}
{{term|BVOD}}{{defn|Broadcaster video on demand: a free streaming service featuring video content from a traditional television broadcaster.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== C ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|call letters}}{{term|call sign|[[call sign]]|multi=y}}{{Defn|A legal identifier assigned to a broadcast station by its national broadcast regulator. Not all countries assign call signs.}}
{{Term|cans}}{{Defn|Slang for [[headphones]].}}
{{Term|CBC}}{{anchor|CBC}}{{Defn|The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], a [[Crown corporations of Canada|federal Crown corporation]] that is Canada's national public service broadcaster.}}{{Defn|The English-language [[CBC Radio One]], [[CBC Music]] (radio) and [[CBC Television]] (television).|no=1}}{{Defn|The French-language [[Ici Radio-Canada Première]], [[Ici Musique]] (radio) and [[Ici Radio-Canada Télé]] (television).|no=2}}
{{Term|CBS|[[CBS]]}}{{Defn|[[CBS]], a major television network in the United States originally known as the "Columbia Broadcasting System". Operators of radio network [[CBS News Radio]] and former owners of [[CBS Radio]] (a now-defunct radio station holding company).|1}}{{Defn|The [[Christian Broadcasting System]] ({{langx|ko|기독교방송}}), a religious broadcasting service in [[South Korea]].|2}}{{Defn|Central Broadcasting System, state broadcaster for the [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]. Its international service, [[Radio Taiwan International]] ({{zh|c=中央廣播電台|p=Zhōngyāng Guǎngbò Diàntái}}) is relayed into [[Mainland China]] over [[shortwave radio|shortwave]] transmitters.|3}}
{{Term|CCIR}}{{Defn|''[[Comité consultatif international pour la radio]]'': In English, "International Radio Consultative Committee," the organisation responsible for assigning frequencies to radio stations between 1927 and 1992. Now known as ''[[ITU-R]]''.}}
{{Term|CCTV}}{{defn|[[Closed-circuit television]]: Dissemination of television pictures within a given premises without being openly broadcast. |1}}{{defn|[[China Central Television]] ({{zh|c=中国中央电视台|p=Zhōngguó Zhōngyāng Diànshìtái}}): The state broadcaster of China. |2}}
{{Term|Channel|[[Channel (broadcasting)|Channel]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''station'''. Used interchangeably with '''[[#frequency|frequency]]''' and '''[[#virtual channel|virtual channel]]'''.}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;A frequency designation for use by a radio or television station by a broadcasting regulator. More commonly associated with television, see [[television channel]].}}{{Defn|A common brand for a television station or said station's respective news service (ex: [[Channel 4 (disambiguation)]] and [[Channel Four News]]).|2}}{{Defn|[[ITV Channel Television]], originally "Channel Television" or "Channel", an ITV franchise originating from [[Jersey]], [[Channel Islands]].|3}}
{{Term|channel sharing}}{{defn|''(US)'' An agreement by which two or more separately licensed television stations are broadcast on the same multiplex.}}
{{Term|Chyron}}{{Defn|''(primarily US)'' A synonym for lower thirds, the graphics on the bottom part of a television screen. An on-screen overlaid graphic, usually giving the name of the speaker, reporter or place in frame. Name derived from [[Chyron Corporation]], an early manufacturer of [[character generator]] (CG) equipment.}}
{{Term|City of license|[[City of license]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''community of license'''.}}''(North America)'' A city or town designation for a radio or television station by the terms of its broadcast license, e.g., "licensed to serve". In the United States, used in conjunction with a radio or television station's call sign for a station identification at regular intervals.}}
{{term|class}}{{defn|A type of classification system for broadcast radio stations based on their technical parameters, used primarily in North and South America. See [[List of North American broadcast station classes]].}}
{{Term|clear-channel station|[[clear-channel station]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''clear channel''' and '''clear-channel'''.}}''(North America)'' A former definition for high-powered AM stations with the maximum protection from interference by other stations that use the same frequency, arranged by international treaty. Defined by the FCC as Class I-A stations, this was retired in favor of Class A status in the 1980s.}}
{{Term|Clear Channel Communications}}{{Defn|A major radio station ownership group in the United States from 1975 to 2014, named after the AM station designation. Renamed as [[iHeartMedia]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|date=September 16, 2014|title=Clear Channel Renames Itself iHeartMedia in Nod to Digital|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/business/media/embracing-digital-brand-clear-channel-renames-itself-iheartmedia.html|access-date=January 21, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609075557/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/business/media/embracing-digital-brand-clear-channel-renames-itself-iheartmedia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Term|clearance}}{{Defn|Airing of programs, particularly in the context of programs on individual stations. From "time clearance".}}
{{Term|closed captioning|[[Closed captioning]]}}{{Defn|Text version of a program's dialogue overlaid on the screen by an equipped television set for people with hearing impairment.}}
{{Term|closing billboard (CBB)}}{{Defn|A title card of the program that is shown after the credits, marking the end of a show.}}
{{Term|clutter}}{{Anchor|clutter}}{{Defn|An excessive number of non-program elements (such as commercials) appearing one after another.}}
{{Term|CNN|[[CNN]]}}{{Defn|The abbreviation for "Cable News Network", a news agency based out of [[New York City]] and [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], United States, with multiple international news bureaus. Owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery]].}}
{{Term|cold open|[[Cold open]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#teaser|teaser]]'''. Also '''teaser sequence'''. }}A part of a program played before the title sequence, usually featuring a cliffhanger or prefiguring the plot of the episode to follow.}}
{{Term|comparative hearing|[[comparative hearing]]}}{{defn|The process by which the United States [[Federal Communications Commission]] determined which of several mutually exclusive applications—for instance, for the same radio frequency or TV channel in a given area—to grant. Abandoned in the 1990s.}}
{{Term|CONELRAD|[[CONELRAD]]}}{{Defn|"Control of Electromagnetic Radiation", an early method for [[state of emergency|emergency broadcasting]] to the general public in the United States from 1951 to 1963, maintained by the [[Federal Civil Defense Administration]]. Upon activation, all FM and TV stations, and most AM stations, were required to shut down, with the remaining AM stations to rotate between transmitting at {{frequency|640|kHz}} or {{frequency|1240|kHz}} on a round-robin basis, in order to confuse enemy aircraft relying on [[radio direction finding]]. Precursor to the [[#EBS|Emergency Broadcast System]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/16/archives/citys-civil-defense-sirens-will-be-tested-tomorrow.html|title=City's Civil Defense Sirens Will Be Tested Tomorrow|date=September 16, 1963|work=New York Times|pages=30|access-date=September 27, 2008|url-access=subscription|archive-date=March 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044746/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/16/archives/citys-civil-defense-sirens-will-be-tested-tomorrow.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tvt">{{cite news|url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/66838|title=An Emergency Alert System for the Digital Era|last=Rhodes|first=Charles|date=September 17, 2008|work=[[TV Technology]]|publisher=New Bay Media|pages=30–34|access-date=September 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008051854/http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/66838|archive-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Term|copy|[[Copy (written)|copy]]}}{{Defn|Written material to be read by a [[DJ]] or [[Television presenter|presenter]].}}
{{Term|countdown|[[Countdown]]}}{{Defn|A bumper which counts down to the beginning of the following broadcast or news event. Also used for the debut of a new channel.}}
{{Term|coverage}}{{Defn|The percentage of households that can tune into a radio station within the theoretical broadcast radius.}}
{{Term|crash}}{{Defn|When an announcement, jingle or graphic overlaps with a fixed point in the schedule (e.g., the news or a time signal), usually due to poor timing.}}
{{Term|crossfade|[[Crossfade (audio engineering)|crossfade]]}}{{Defn|The technique where a DJ, producer or engineer fades out the outgoing track at the same time as fading in the new track.}}
{{Term|cross conversion}}{{Defn|Changing scan rates for synchronicity within a broadcast plant.  Typically done by converting between 480i/p 720p, 1080i/p, and 2160 4k.}}

[[File:WRUW Antenna (photo by glacial23) closeup.jpg|thumb|150px|[[WRUW-FM]]'s antenna, with crossed-dipole antennas at right. Their resemblance to a turnstile gives them the nickname "turnstile antenna".]]
{{Term|crossed-dipole antenna}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#turnstile_antenna|turnstile antenna]]'''.}}A radio antenna with two identical dipole antennas mounted at right angles to each other and fed in [[phase quadrature]], resulting in the two currents applied being 90 degrees out of phase. Nicknamed a "turnstile antenna" as the antenna resembles a [[turnstile]] when viewed horizontally. Commonly used in FM broadcasting.<ref name=Milligan>{{cite book|last=Milligan|first=Thomas|title=Modern Antenna Design|url=https://archive.org/details/modernantennades00mill_174|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-471-45776-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernantennades00mill_174/page/n122 231]–237|edition=2nd|chapter=5 - Dipoles, Slots and Loops}}</ref>}}
{{Term|CRTC}}{{Defn|[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]]: The regulator of broadcasting and communications in Canada.}}
{{Term|cueing}}{{Term|cue|[[cue (audio)|cue]]|multi=y}}{{Defn|Determining a desired playback point for recorded audio or visual material. Commonly associated in radio broadcasting with setting a recorded piece of music for future playback, which can be determined via off-air means, but is also utilized in television broadcasting and [[DJing|live music events]]. The intended effect is to prevent [[#dead-air|dead air]] from being broadcast.<ref>{{cite book |title= Radio in the Movies: A History and Filmography, 1926–2010 |first= Laurence |last= Etling |location= Jefferson, NC |publisher= McFarland |year= 2011 |isbn= 9780786449491|page=99}}</ref>}}
{{Term|cue burn}}{{Defn|An effect of the back and forth movement of a record turntable when a DJ was cueing tracks for future airplay. The cartridge of the player would rub the vinyl and damage the records creating a characteristic noise.}}
{{Term|cue dot}}{{Defn|A small square inserted in the corner of the picture to inform rebroadcasters that an advertisement break is about to happen. In the UK, this appeared exactly one minute before the break and disappeared 55 seconds later.}}
{{Term|cue channel}}{{Defn|In the early days of networks a dedicated multi-drop phone line connected all affiliated station engineers to the network Master Control. The system was backed up with teletype too.}}
{{Term|cue track}}{{Defn|A recorded audio track containing information about upcoming events that an operating engineer would need to know. It was first used by Thomas Edison on his first talking pictures using records for the sound playback. He used the information to synchronize picture and sound. On early soundtrack records, the introduction of a "beep tone" was used to tell the operator to turn on and off the auditorium speakers so the audience would not hear the cue information. Cue tracks were adopted in the early days of Kinescope to cue the film chain engineer, later used in early Ampex Quad Tape systems and is still used today either as voice or digitally for station automation systems. In the early days of bicycled programs cue tracks along with a printed timeline was used to inform the engineer of breaks or jam (insert) spots in the tape including a 5-second countdown to the break-in and out locations. Because the program tape or film never stopped, often the original recording engineer would add comments of his own regarding the program, sometimes humorous. When smaller networks supported independent stations, programs were assembled with the cue track often containing the voices of the original and assembling engineers.}}
{{Term|cue tone|[[Cue tone]]}}{{Defn|Used to prompt insertion of a local TV commercial or radio advertisement by the broadcast automation equipment at the broadcast station or cable headend.}}
{{Term|cume|[[Cume]]}}{{Defn|Short for ''cumulative audience'', a similar measurement for a newspaper or magazines' circulation figures.}}
{{Term|CW, The|[[The CW|CW, The]]}}{{Defn|A major television network in the United States, formed in 2006 as a merger between [[UPN]] (owned by [[CBS Corporation]]) and [[The WB]] (owned by [[WarnerMedia|TimeWarner]]). Currently jointly owned by successor companies [[Paramount Global]] and [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] with a pending purchase of majority control by [[Nexstar Media Group]].}}
{{glossary end}}

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== D ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|DAB}}{{Defn|[[Digital Audio Broadcasting]]: The use of digital encoding to send higher quality or a greater number of radio services to equipped receivers.}}
{{Term|DAC}}{{Defn|[[Digital-to-analog converter]]: Equipment that changes digital signals into pictures or sound.}}
{{Term|dayparting|[[Dayparting]]}}{{Defn|The radio station's [[broadcast programming]] day is normally split up (starting at 6{{nbsp}}am) into a series of 4 hour sessions containing one or more shows. In radio broadcasting, the term is usually used to refer to the practice of pushing certain songs to a later or earlier listening time (such as more adult-oriented content to a later hour).}}
{{Term|daytimer}}{{Defn|''(North America)'' An AM station required to suspend all operations during nighttime hours if they operate on a frequency assigned to a high-powered Class A station. See [[#clear-channel station|clear-channel station]].}}
{{Term|dB}}{{Term|decibel|[[Decibel]]|multi=y}}{{Defn|A measure of [[voltage]], [[Electric current|current]] or [[Electric power|power]] gain.}}
{{Term|DBS}}{{Defn|[[Direct-broadcast satellite]]: Television and radio programs distributed by [[Communications satellite|satellite]] for reception via a [[Satellite dish|dish]] at the receiver's property.}}
{{Term|DD}}{{Defn|[[Doordarshan]], the Indian public television broadcaster.}}
{{Term|dead air|[[Dead air]]}}{{Defn|The time on-air where there is no audible transmission. This silence can be down to any of the following:
:* DJ, Producer or Engineer error
:* Equipment error or failure
:* [[Act of God]]
:* Deliberate [[silence]] for remembrance.}}
{{Term|deintermixture}}{{defn|''(historical, United States)'' The reallocation of television frequencies such that an area would only have VHF or UHF television stations. As UHF stations suffered from severe economic disadvantages to VHF stations in the early years of television, numerous proposals were made to separate VHF and UHF cities, thereby ensuring fair competition in a given market.}}
{{Term|diginet}}{{defn|[[Digital multicast television network]]: A type of national television service designed to be broadcast as a secondary channel by existing TV stations.}}
{{Term|dipole antenna|[[dipole antenna]]}}{{Defn|A class of antennas commonly consisting of two identical conductive elements (ex., metal wires or rods). Currents or output signals applied by a transmitter are divided between the two halves of the antenna, which in turn produces radio waves. Can be used for [[Antenna (radio)#Resonant antennas|resonant antennas]], [[radar altimeter]]s or for broadcasting. Regarded as the simplest type of antenna from a theoretical point of view.}}
{{Term|DJ}}{{Defn|[[Disc Jockey]]: A radio presenter who links records.}}
{{Term|DMA}}{{Defn|[[Designated Market Area]]: In the United States, a group of counties or parts of counties that share a group of television stations. DMAs are defined by [[Nielsen Media Research]] and are referenced by several federal regulations. There are 210 DMAs in the United States.}}
{{Term|[[Digital on-screen graphic|DOG]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#bug|Bug]]''' and '''[[#watermark|Watermark]]'''.}}Digital on-screen graphic: A common practice of displaying on-screen the logo of a television station, a network, a sponsoring company or the program itself. Commonly referred to as a "bug" because it looks like an insect is hanging out in the corner of the screen, typically as a translucent image in the right hand bottom corner. Controversial due to "[[Screen burn-in|screenburn]]" issues, found to be distracting, among other reasons.}}
{{Term|Dolby Digital|[[Dolby Digital]]}}{{Defn|Also Dolby D. The standard for 5.1 channel (surround sound) audio. Six discrete channels are used (Left, Center, Right, Left Rear Surround, Right Rear Surround, and [[Subwoofer]]).}}
{{Term|double pumping}}{{Defn|Putting out two [[episode]]s of a show back-to-back, either to boost ratings in a given slot or to burn off episodes of a cancelled show.}}
{{Term|drive time}}{{Defn|[[Drive time]] refers to the period of time where the majority of radio listeners travel to or from work (i.e. [[rush hour]]). This is traditionally 6–10 am and 2–6 pm, and is normally accompanied by radio stations' highest listenership. Commercials are normally more expensive during such times.}}
{{Term|down-stream keyer}}{{Defn|Part of a [[vision mixer]] used for [[compositing]] by removing part of one video signal (the "key") and adding in another video signal (the "fill").}}
{{Term|dropping the light}}{{Defn|Lowering the light levels.  "Drop the light" is often yelled while shooting when the director wants to continue shooting the action of the scene after the light levels are lowered.  It has nothing to do with any physical dropping of a lighting fixture during the scene.}}
{{Term|drops}}{{Defn|These are excerpts of TV, movies and other audio programs that are used to accentuate programming.}}
{{Term|drop song}}{{Defn|Temporary unselecting a playlist song to better accommodate an accurate clock hour.|no=1}}{{Defn|A song scheduled on a radio station but not played for timing reasons.|no=2}}
{{Term|DSNG}}{{Defn|Digital [[Satellite news gathering]]: Use of digital satellite transmission from [[remote broadcast]] locations for the purpose of [[live television]] [[television news|news]] event coverage.}}
{{Term|DTH}}{{Defn|[[Direct to Home]]: Television and radio programs distributed by satellite for reception via a dish at the receiver's property.}}
{{Term|DTMB}}{{Defn|[[Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast]]: Digital television transmission standard developed in the People's Republic of China.}}
{{Term|DTT}}{{Defn|[[Digital terrestrial television]]: Digital broadcast of television signals over the air.}}
{{Term|DVB}}{{Defn|[[Digital Video Broadcasting]]: A standard of digital television transmission and reception. Comes in variants according to the type of broadcast, e.g. [[DVB-T]] for terrestrial.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== E ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|E/I}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''Children's Television Act (CTA)''', the '''E/I rules''', or the '''Kid Vid rules'''.}}Shorthand for "[[educational television|educational]] and informative", part of a series of [[regulations on children's television programming in the United States]].<ref name="rbr-kidvid">{{Cite web |first=Adam |last=Jacobson |date=January 29, 2018 |url=https://www.rbr.com/should-the-fcc-retire-the-kid-vid-requirements/ |title=Should The FCC Retire The 'Kid Vid' Requirements? |website=Radio & Television Business Report |language=en-US |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715093647/https://www.rbr.com/should-the-fcc-retire-the-kid-vid-requirements/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vty-future">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/politics/news/fcc-childrens-television-broadcasters-1202871448/|title=FCC Takes First Step Toward Easing Children's TV Mandates on Broadcasters|last=Johnson|first=Ted|date=July 12, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=July 13, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712201423/https://variety.com/2018/politics/news/fcc-childrens-television-broadcasters-1202871448/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Term|EAS}}{{defn|[[Emergency Alert System]]: An emergency warning system used in the United States.}}
{{Term|EBS}}{{defn|[[Educational Broadcasting System]]: A public broadcaster in South Korea.|1}}{{defn|[[Emergency Broadcast System]]: A former emergency warning system used in the United States.|2}}
{{Term|EBU}}{{defn|[[European Broadcasting Union]]: An alliance of public service broadcasting entities, mostly in Europe.}}
{{term|eFM}}{{defn|The [[FM extended band in Brazil]], 76.1–87.3 MHz.}}
{{term|ENACOM}}{{defn|The [[Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones]] (National Communications Entity), regulator of broadcasting in Argentina.}}
{{Term|encryption|[[encryption]]}}{{Defn|The scrambling of a signal to allow reception via a decoder only by specific viewers, e.g. after the payment of a fee.}}
{{Term|ERP}}{{defn|[[Effective radiated power]]: A standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power used in VHF and UHF broadcasting, including FM radio and television.}}
{{Term|ESPN|[[ESPN]]}}{{Defn|The flagship network of six basic cable television channels, four [[college athletics]] channels and a streaming video service based out of [[Bristol, Connecticut]], United States, focused on live sport coverage and analysis. Formerly an abbreviation for "Entertainment and Sports Programming Network". Jointly owned by [[The Walt Disney Company]] and [[Hearst Communications]]. See also: [[ESPN Radio]] and [[The Sports Network]].}}
{{glossary end}}

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== F ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|fader}}{{Defn|See [[#pot|pot]].}}
{{Term|FAST}}{{defn|[[Free ad-supported streaming television]], a type of linear streaming-only TV service.}}
{{Term|fax}}{{Defn|Abbreviation of “facilities check”; a diagnostic process of ensuring all video and audio sources are properly connected and configured throughout all production equipment prior to a broadcasting or recording event.  Sometimes spelled facs. }}
{{Term|feedback|[[Audio feedback|feedback]]}}{{Defn|A loud noise produced when the amplified sound from an output ([[loudspeaker]]) is picked up by an input ([[microphone]], [[phonograph]]) feeding that [[loudspeaker]]. This can be potentially damaging to both the speaker(s) in question, as well as the hearing of the subjected listener. This may also occur when an input is directly patched into an output of the same device, usually due to operator error. <br />In radio broadcasting, feedback may occur when a [[DJ]] increases his or her headphone volume to a high enough level that the microphone is able to pick up the sound coming from the headphones, usually when the DJ's head is turned to one side.}}
{{Term|FCC}}{{Defn|[[Federal Communications Commission]]: The regulator of broadcasting and communications in the United States.}}
{{Term|Format clock}}{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#broadcast clock]]''' and '''[[#wheel|wheel]]'''.}}
{{Term|Fox}}{{Defn|Shorthand for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]], a major television network in the United States.}}
{{Term|Fox News|[[Fox News]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''Fox News Channel'''.}}A news service based out of [[New York City|New York, New York]], United States, with multiple international bureaus and features [[pundit]]ry programming with a largely [[Conservativism in the United States|conservative]] slant. Owned by [[Fox Corporation]].}}
{{Term|FPS}}
{{Term|frames per second|multi=y}}{{Defn|The [[Frame rate|number of times]] the television is refreshed in a second of time. As a rule of thumb, this is the same as the frequency of the local alternating current electricity supply – {{frequency|60|Hz}} or {{frequency|50|Hz}}.}}
{{Term|FRC}}
{{Term|frame rate conversion|multi=y}}{{Defn|A technology to synchronize and change frame rates between two formats (ie: film to video, PAL to NTSC, {{frequency|50|Hz}} to {{frequency|60|Hz}}. etc..)}}
{{Term|Frequency|[[Frequency]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#channel|channel]]'''.}}The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.}}
{{Term|Frequency modulation|[[Frequency modulation]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''FM radio''' or '''FM'''. Used interchangeably with '''[[#megahertz (mhz)|megahertz (MHz)]]'''.}}A modulation technique used in electronic communication where the [[instantaneous frequency]] of the wave is varied, with the instantaneous [[frequency deviation]] having a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. Invented by [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]], this technique is most commonly used for transmitting an audio signal via a radio wave measured in megahertz (MHz). See [[FM broadcasting]].}}
{{Term|fronthaul}}{{Defn|A broadcast video feed that is complete with graphics, commercials, interstitials and studio integration.  This typically originates from a master control room and is delivered to a distributor or over-the-air (also see backhaul)}}
{{Term|front sell}}{{Defn|The act of introducing a song about to be played.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== G ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|gain}}{{Defn|A change in signal level, usually expressed in [[#decibel|decibels]].}}
{{Term|gallery}}{{Defn|Also known as the production control room or the studio control room. Where the composition of the outgoing program takes place.}}
{{Term|genlock|[[genlock]]}}{{Defn|Distributing a reference signal to multiple video devices in order to make them operate at the same frequency.}}
{{Term|Gigahertz (GHz)}}{{Defn|Thousand million cycles per second. Used [[Electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetically]] to measure satellite frequencies.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== H ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|HAAT}}{{defn|[[Height above average terrain]]: A calculation of the variance in height between a VHF or UHF broadcasting antenna and the surrounding terrain.}}
{{Term|hammocking|[[hammocking]]}}{{Defn|Placing a new or poorly-performing program between two established popular programs in order to boost viewing figures.}}
{{Term|HBO|[[HBO]]}}{{Defn|"Home Box Office", a [[pay television]] channel in the United States centered on theatrically released motion pictures, original television programs, made-for-cable movies, documentaries, sports coverage, comedy and concert specials. The flagship of seven multiplex channels, a traditional subscription video on demand platform and streaming video service [[HBOMax]]. Owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery]].}}
{{Term|HDTV}}{{Defn|[[High-definition television]]: Broadcasting using a line standard of 720 or greater. Prior to World War II, ''high definition'' meant a line standard greater than 240 lines.}}

[[File:UHF CB with rubber ducky exposed.jpg|thumb|175px|A CB radio with an exposed helical "rubber ducky" antenna.]]
{{Term|helical antenna|[[helical antenna]]}}{{Defn|A radio antenna with one or more conductive wires, wound up in the shape of a [[helix]]. A version of this is utilized for both FM and UHF broadcasting, while an axial mode helical antenna is commonly used for satellite communication. Also known as the "[[rubber ducky antenna]]" used in [[two way radio]].}}
{{Term|HEVC}}{{defn|[[High Efficiency Video Coding]] (also known as H.265), a video codec.}}
{{Term|hit the post}}{{Defn|A DJ talking right up to the point where the vocals of a song commence hits the post.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== I ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|ident|[[Television ident|ident]]}}{{Defn|A station's symbol or logo, often accompanied by music, a jingle or an animation.}}
{{Term|image liner}}{{Defn|A short audio clip played frequently on a radio station between songs and ads to identify the station that is being aired, i.e. the station's name, call letters, or positioning statement.}}
{{term|IFT}}
{{term|1=Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones |content={{langx|es|Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones}}|multi=yes}}
{{defn|The [[Federal Telecommunications Institute]], primary regulator of broadcasting in Mexico.}}
{{Term|In-band on-channel|[[In-band on-channel]]}}{{Defn|A hybrid method of encoding an analog signal and a digital signal on the same frequency. Also referred to as IBOC. Utilized in North American radio for the proprietary [[HD Radio]] standard.}}
{{Term|Independent station|[[Independent station]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''independent''' or '''indie'''.}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;A radio or television station generally not linked to a major network.}}{{Defn|''[[Independent station (North America)|(U.S., Canada and Mexico)]]'' A television station not affiliated with any of the main broadcast networks.|2}}{{Term|ITU}}{{Defn|[[International Telecommunication Union]]: Originally the ''International Telegraph Union'', the ITU is the international organization established in 1865 to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications.}}
{{Term|iTV}}
{{Term|interactive television|multi=y}}{{Defn|Systems that allow viewers to interact (e.g. play games, shop for related items or find further information) either two-way, via a telephone line, or one-way, via MHEG graphics.}}
{{Term|ITV|[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]}}{{Defn|"Independent Television", a major commercial television network in the United Kingdom.|1}}{{Defn|A [[public limited company]] of [[ITV plc|the same name]] that owns and operates most of the network's current franchises.|2}}
{{glossary end}}

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== J ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|jingle|[[jingle]]}}{{Defn|A produced programming element usually in the form of vocals to accompanying music often produced in-house to identify the show, DJ or the station.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== K ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|kilohertz (kHz)}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#amplitude modulation|amplitude modulation]]''' and '''[[#medium wave|medium wave]]'''.}}Thousand cycles per second. Used electromagnetically to measure medium wave and short wave frequencies.}}
{{Term|KBP}}{{defn|{{langx|fil|[[Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas]]}}, the trade association of commercial broadcasters in the Philippines.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== L ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|legal ID}}{{Defn|In the United States, the station identification consisting of the station call letters followed by the community of license.  Given as close as practical to the top of the hour at a natural break in program offerings.}}
{{Term|letterbox|[[Letterboxing (filming)|letterbox]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#pillar box|pillar box]]''' and '''[[#postage stamp|postage stamp]]'''.}}The appearance of black bars at the top and bottom of a picture when 16:9 or 14:9 widescreen material is shown on 4:3 sets.}}
{{Term|lighthouse}}{{defn|In [[ATSC 3.0]], a station designated to serve as the primary broadcaster of ATSC 3.0 transmissions on behalf of multiple stations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butts |first=Tom |date=March 10, 2020 |title=Here's the Skinny on ATSC 3.0: Broadcast's NextGen TV Standard |language=en |work=TV Technology |url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/resources/atsc-30-the-skinny-on-nextgen-tv |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823005042/https://www.tvtechnology.com/resources/atsc-30-the-skinny-on-nextgen-tv |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Term|liner}}{{Defn|A piece of written text that the DJ says over the intro of a song or between spots and songs. Liners are designed to invoke the imagination.}}
{{Term|line standard}}{{Defn|The number of lines broadcast to make up a television picture. Generally, 525 in NTSC areas and 625 elsewhere.}}
{{Term|live}}{{Defn|Any programming which is broadcast immediately as it is being delivered (a ''live'' report); performed (a ''live'' concert or show); or captured (''live'' news or sports coverage). Requires an unbroken communications chain without any intervening recording or storage technology. Considered the most exciting form of broadcasting, delivered “as it happens”.}}
{{Term|live on tape}}
{{Term|live-to-tape|multi=y}}{{Defn|A recorded program produced in real time, usually with a studio audience, for later broadcast. Requires precisely timed pauses for insertion of station breaks and commercials at time of broadcast. Typically employed for network broadcast across multiple time zones. Also applies to live broadcasting which is simultaneously recorded for rebroadcast at a later time or date.}}
{{Term|LKFS|[[LKFS]]}}{{Defn|A newly introduced audio measurement tool that measure loudness, K-weighted, relative to Full Scale (or LKFS) is a loudness standard designed to enable normalization of audio levels for delivery of broadcast TV and other video.  It typically is measured over time and not as immediate peak readings.  LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770.}}
{{Term|LMA}}{{defn|[[Local marketing agreement]]: ''(U.S.)'' A type of management agreement in which one entity assumes most of the operational functions of a broadcast station owned by another. Less comprehensive agreements include the joint sales agreement (JSA) and shared services agreement (SSA).}}
{{Term|log}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#pasb|PASB]]'''.}}A written record of broadcasting. There are typically three logs:}}{{Defn|A Music Log recording what songs were played, typically used with radio stations.|1}}{{Defn|An Engineer's Log detailing technical production settings.|2}}{{Defn|A Commercial Log recording which commercials were played during the day.}}
{{Term|lower third|[[lower third]]}}{{Defn|Portion of screen of regular broadcast reserved for textual and static visual content; i.e., [[news ticker]], time, title of segment, title of program, [[digital on-screen graphic|channel bug]], etc. Upper third has sometimes been used alongside lower third, as in the case of [[MSNBC]] since 2010.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== M ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|Macrovision|[[Macrovision]]}}{{Defn|A trademarked system designed to prevent unauthorized copying of video material.}}

[[File:WBNS Blaw-Knox.jpg|right|thumb|175px|A Blaw-Knox mast radiator used by [[WBNS (AM)|WBNS]] radio.]]
{{Term|mast radiator|[[mast radiator]]}}{{Defn|A monopole antenna, commonly a conductive steel [[guyed mast]], that is energized and functions as an antenna. Used for medium wave AM stations, the mast is connected electrically to a transmitter and mounted to insulate it from the ground. Can also be a freestanding [[lattice tower]]. A few of these towers, constructed by [[Blaw-Knox]], are known for [[Blaw-Knox tower|their distinctive diamond shape]].<ref name=tennesseeanNatRegister>[http://www.tennessean.com/article/20110414/WILLIAMSON01/304140049/WSM-tower-gets-historic-status WSM tower gets 'historic' status], ''The Tennessean'', April 14, 2011</ref>}}
{{Term|master clock}}{{Defn|A [[signal generator]] that outputs timecode and reference video for [[#genlock|genlocking]]. May output [[word clock]] as well.}}
{{Term|Medium wave|[[Medium wave]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#amplitude modulation|amplitude modulation]]''' and '''[[#kilohertz (khz)|kilohertz (kHz)]]'''.}}A specific spectrum of the [[medium frequency]] (MF) radio band allocated for AM radio broadcasting.}}{{Term|Megahertz (MHz)}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#frequency modulation|frequency modulation]]'''.}}Million cycles per second. Used electromagnetically to measure FM broadcasts and television.}}
{{Term|miscue}}{{Defn|A mistake by the DJ or production engineer resulting in two audio elements being played at the same time, e.g. an interview and the next song.}}
{{Term|monopole antenna|[[monopole antenna]]}}{{Term|Marconi antenna|multi=y}}{{Defn|Invented by [[Guglielmo Marconi]]. A rod-shaped conductor typically mounted perpendicularly over a [[electrical conductor|conductive]] [[ground plane]] surface, which emits radio waves when connected to a transmitter. }}
{{Term|MTV}}{{Defn|[[MTV]], a pay television cable channel in the United States. Originally an abbreviation for "Music Television" and launched in 1981 with an all-[[music videos]] lineup.|1}}{{Defn|MTV ({{langx|hu|[[Magyar Televízió]]}}, "Hungarian Television"), a public television broadcaster in Hungary.|2}}
{{Term|multichannel}}{{defn|''(Australia)'' A secondary channel from an existing major broadcaster. See [[Digital multicast television network]].}}
{{Term|Mutual Broadcasting System|[[Mutual Broadcasting System]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''Mutual Radio''', '''Mutual''' and '''MBS'''.}}A former major radio network in the United States established in 1934 as a [[cooperative]] among affiliate stations.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== N ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|NAB}}{{defn|[[National Association of Broadcasters]], the U.S. trade association of commercial broadcasters.}}
{{Term|nat/VO}}{{Defn|Video only with natural sound: (Television news) Video with natural sound played at full volume intended to be accompanied by a [[news correspondent]] reading a news story.}}
{{Term|NBC}}{{Defn|[[NBC]], an abbreviation for the National Broadcasting Company, a major television network in the United States.|1}}{{Defn|Two former radio networks in the United States: NBC Red (later the [[NBC Radio Network]]) and NBC Blue (later the [[Blue Network]]).|2}}{{Defn|[[NBC PNG]], [[Papua New Guinea]]'s state-owned broadcaster.|3}}{{Defn|The [[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation]] ({{langx|af|Namibiese Uitsaai-Korporasie}}), the public broadcaster of [[Namibia]].|4}}{{Defn|[[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]], a major radio and TV network in the [[Philippines]].|5}}{{Defn|The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, ({{langx|no|[[NRK|Norsk rikskringkasting AS]]}}), the public broadcaster of [[Norway]].|6}}{{Defn|"Newfoundland Broadcasting Company", a former on-air brand for (and the current ownership of) [[CJON-DT]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada.|7}}
{{Term|Network}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''[[broadcast network]]''' or '''chain broadcasting'''.}}A system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously, or slightly delayed, for the purpose of extending total broadcast coverage beyond the limits of a single radio or television signal.}}{{Defn|[[Television network]], distributing [[television program]] content.|no=1|term=Television network}}{{Defn|[[Radio network]], either for distributing audio content to a chain of radio stations or a means of direct [[two-way radio|two-way]] communication.|term=Radio network|no=2}}{{Defn|News network, a form of [[broadcast journalism]] either in radio, television or the internet.|no=3|term=News network}}
{{Term|NEMO}}{{Defn|''(historical, United States)'' Not Emanating Main Office: An early term used in remote broadcast operations. It was often used to refer to the remote lines that fed live programming from dance halls, ballrooms, clubs and sporting events to the station's master control.}}
{{Term|News ticker|[[News ticker]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also called '''news crawl'''.}}A scrolling ticker at the bottom of the display of television content. It is usually reserved for text headlines or numeric statistics (or both) depending upon the focus of the channel.}}
{{Term|Nielsen ratings|[[Nielsen ratings]]}}{{Defn|Survey of US viewers by the AC Nielsen Company to establish the audiences for individual programs and their demographics.}}
{{Term|Non-commercial educational station (NCE)|[[Non-commercial educational station]] (NCE)}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably in the United States with '''[[#public-broadcasting|public broadcasting]]'''.}}A radio or television station in the United States that does not accept any on-air advertising. Some early NCE stations were founded as extensions of area universities or school districts and offered (and in some cases, still offer) in-school educational programming.}}
{{Term|NPR|[[NPR]]}}{{Defn|National Public Radio: The main public radio service in the United States and operators of a news agency of the same name.}}
{{Term|NTSC|[[NTSC]]}}{{Defn|National Television System Committee: An American committee formed to set the line standard and later color standard for broadcasting. Gave its name to the method of color reproduction used in the Americas (except Brazil) and in Japan.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== O ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|Ofcom|[[Ofcom]]}}
{{Term|Office of Communications|multi=y}}{{Defn|The regulator of broadcasting and communications in the United Kingdom. Successor to the [[Independent Television Commission]].}}
{{Term|optical}}{{Defn|Generically, any on-screen graphic. Specifically, a graphic inserted between a program and an advertisement or between individual advertisements.}}
{{Term|OOV}}
{{Term|Out Of Vision|multi=y}}{{Defn|A stage instruction noting that a character is not seen when speaking. Also, in [[Continuity announcer|continuity announcing]], the practice of speaking over a caption rather than appearing on screen.}}
{{Term|opening billboard (OBB)}}{{Defn|A title card of the program that is shown when the show starts.}}
{{Term|Opt-out}}{{Defn|Regional variation or deviation from the network programme.}}
{{Term|OB}}{{Defn|[[Outside broadcast]]. A complete event or programme, or a brief news report, produced and fed back live from the location by an OB vehicle to the broadcaster. }}
{{Term|OTT}}{{Defn|[[Over-the-top content]]. Term used for the delivery of film and TV content via the internet.}}
{{Term|O&O}}
{{Term|Owned-and-operated station|[[Owned-and-operated station]]|multi=y}}{{defn|A local television station owned and operated by the network it broadcasts, particularly in countries where television networks maintain regional affiliate partnerships.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== P ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|PAL|[[PAL]]}}{{Defn|Phase Alternating Line: Television broadcast system used in Europe and Australia & New Zealand, also parts of Asia, Africa and South America.}}
{{Term|PASB|[[Lower third#Terminology|PASB]]}}{{Defn|Program As Broadcast: A BBC term for a (supposedly contemporaneous) log of a channel's output – also a video (or film) recording of an individual live program.}}
{{Term|pay-per-view|[[pay-per-view]]}}{{Defn|Reception of a scrambled film or sporting event after the payment of a one-off fee for that broadcast.}}
{{Term|PBS|[[PBS]]}}{{Defn|The Public Broadcasting Service, a programming service for non-commercial television stations in the United States.}}{{Term|PGF}}
{{Term|Pink and Green Flashing|multi=y}}{{Defn|The erroneous effect of pink and green flashing on a video signal usually caused by a disturbance to the [[serial digital interface|SDI]] input/output of broadcast equipment.}}
{{Term|PIF|[[Public information film|PIF]]}}{{Defn|Public information film: A government-produced commercial, usually shown for free, giving safety information or advice.}}
{{Term|pillarbox|[[Pillar box (film)|pillarbox]]}}{{Defn|The appearance of blank bars on either side of the picture when 4:3 material is shown on a 16:9 widescreen television set.}}
{{Term|Pilot|[[Television pilot|Pilot]]}}{{Defn|A one-off episode of a proposed series, usually in extended form, to gauge audience reaction. If successful, the rest of the series is made and the pilot becomes the first episode.}}
{{Term|pips}}{{Defn|Slang term for the [[Greenwich Time Signal|time signal]] broadcast by some radio stations at the top of the hour.}}
{{Term|pirate radio|[[Pirate Radio]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''bootleg radio''', '''clandestine radio''' or '''free radio'''.}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;A radio or television station that operates without legal authorization by their respective country's broadcasting regulator. Depending on the country, said regulators can enforce penalties on the operators and confiscate equipment.<ref name="Misiroglu">{{cite book |editor-last=Misiroglu |editor-first=Gina |title=American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-47728-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iICsBwAAQBAJ&q=%22pirate+radio%22+bootleg |chapter=Pirate Radio |quote=An unlicensed FM station (often run by an amateur radio operator) that manages to occupy a commercial or state-run FM band is an example of a pirate or "bootleg" radio station |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209203126/https://books.google.com/books?id=iICsBwAAQBAJ&q=%22pirate+radio%22+bootleg |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Pirate radio in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], stations like [[Radio Caroline]] and [[Radio Atlanta]] proliferated in the 1960s via [[offshore radio|offshore]] transmissions as a challenge to the [[BBC]]'s monopoly on radio broadcasting.<ref>{{cite book |last = Harris |first = Paul |author-link = Paul Harris (author) |title = Broadcasting From The High Seas |publisher = Paul Harris Publishing Edinburgh |year = 1977 |isbn = 0-904505-07-3}}</ref><ref name="bbcofcom">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7919748.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Technology - Pirate radio 'puts lives at risk'|first=Daniel|last=Emery|date=March 3, 2009|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=February 8, 2023|archive-date=March 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306140242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7919748.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Defn|A brand used by Los Angeles radio station [[KKLQ (FM)|KQLZ]] from 1989 to 1992. Although KQLZ was legally licensed, the station marketed itself as an "illegal broadcast" that took over the previous format.<ref name="RR 1989-03-24 p42">{{cite magazine |title=Shannon Launches Pirate Radio|id={{ProQuest|1017208368}} |magazine=Radio & Records |page=42 |date=March 24, 1989 }}</ref>|2}}
{{Term|playlist|[[playlist]]}}{{Defn|The official songs that a radio station will play during a given week.  The playlist is not usually chosen by the DJ.}}
{{Term|playout|[[playout]]}}{{Defn|The transmission of radio or TV channels from the broadcaster into broadcast networks that deliver content to the audience.}}
{{Term|PMD}}{{Defn|PM [[drive time]]: The evening rush hour slot.}}
[[File:Portable radio station KGGM (1928).jpg|thumb|250px|Portable broadcast station [[KNML|KGGM]] in operation during the 1928 [[Trans-American Footrace]].<ref name="station">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39588103/|title=Portable Radio on Graham School Bus|page=6|work=Albuquerque Journal|date=May 6, 1928|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=February 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209203127/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39588103/portable-radio-on-graham-school-bus/|url-status=live}}. This feature also ran, with identical photo and copy, in other newspapers in the United States.</ref>]]
{{Term|portable broadcasting station|[[Portable broadcasting stations in the United States|portable broadcasting station]]}}{{Defn|Radio stations in the United States which were not restricted to operate in a specific community (i.e., a city of license), but could be transported to various locations. Originally instituted by the [[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]] in 1922, this classification was ended in 1928 by the Federal Radio Commission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 1928 |title=Portable stations no longer licensed (General Order No. 30, May 10, 1928) |page=8 |work=Radio Service Bulletin |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |issue=134 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=594 |via=Hathitrust |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208050749/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=594 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Term|positioning statement}}{{Defn|A radio station's mission statement or vision statement. A one to two sentence statement that conveys what you do for whom, to uniquely solve an urgent need. These are usually aired during Image Liners.}}
{{Term|postage stamp}}{{Defn|The appearance of a black border all around the picture, usually in error, when 4:3 material is converted to 16:9 and then back to 4:3 before broadcast.}}
{{Term|pot}}{{Defn|[[Potentiometer]]: A control for attenuating the level of a signal. Also used as a verb, as in "pot up" (increase volume, typically but not always from nothing) or "pot down" (lower volume, sometimes to nothing).}}

[[File:Arbitron Portable People Meter.jpg|150px|thumb|A Portable People Meter device.]]
{{Term|PPM}}{{Defn|[[Portable People Meter]]: A wearable device used in conjunction with inaudible tones embedded in the audio of a radio station or television channel to generate ratings information. Utilized by the [[ACNielsen]] Company for [[audience measurement]] of radio and television stations.}}
{{Term|production element}}{{Defn|A Production Element is a piece of audio that is used in the final audio mix. This may include commercials, music, [[sound effect]]s, audio effects (e.g. echo) station id or program signatures or announcements.}}
{{Term|producer}}{{Defn|The person who performs or manages the day to day business operations of a station. Also the person responsible for an individual program – a [[radio producer]] or a [[television producer]].}}
{{Term|promo|[[Promo (media)|promo]]}}{{Defn|An announcement (either recorded or live) used to promote the station's image or other event.}}
{{Term|proxy file|[[proxy file]]}}{{Defn|Proxy Video is a form of metadata. It consists of highly compressed, very low resolution video (with sound) that mirrors a high resolution original master digital recording.}}
{{Term|public broadcasting|[[public broadcasting]]}}{{Term|public radio|multi=y}}{{Term|public television|multi=y}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably in the United States with '''[[#non-commercial_educational_station|non-commercial educational station]]'''.}}A form of electronic media outlets whose primary mission is [[public service]]. Usually funded by outside and diverse sources including [[television licence|licence fees]], individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing. Can be operated on either a national level via a singular organization (e.g., the BBC), or on a local level via a network of affiliated stations.}}
{{Term|PSA|[[Public service announcement|PSA]]}}{{Defn|Public service announcement: Produced for television or radio stations with intent to change the [[public interest]] by raising awareness of an issue, affecting public attitudes, and potentially stimulating action. Typically between 30 and 60 seconds in length.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== Q ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|quadraphonic|[[quadraphonic]]}}{{Defn|Sound reproduction utilizing four speakers. Now superseded by Dolby 5.1 Surround Sound.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== R ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|racks}}{{Defn|Control panel where several television cameras are matched together by operator(s) for exposure, colour balance and black level.}}{{Defn|A standard enclosure containing various broadcasting equipment, including servers, power supplies, networking, storage, transmission and computing equipment, as in a [[19-inch rack]].}}
{{Term|radio format|[[Radio format]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''format'''.}}The description of programming and content broadcast over a radio station. Can be defined by genre, musical selections, or other thematic elements. Sometimes employed to reach a specific age group or demographic.}}
{{Term|rating}}{{defn|The estimated percentage of all households or persons tuned to a specific station or channel. Contrast with ''share''.}}
{{Term|ramp}}{{Defn|An intro to a piece of music.}}
{{Term|reader}}{{Defn|A story read by a presenter entirely on-camera (as opposed to a voice-over).}}
{{Term|regional sports network|[[Regional sports network]]}}{{defn|In the United States, a pay television channel with a restricted distribution area that broadcasts sports programming from professional teams.}}
{{Term|repack}}{{Defn|A process by which television stations were cleared from blocks of spectrum to make way for other communications services. See {{slink|2016 United States wireless spectrum auction#Repacking}}.}}
{{Term|RT|[[RT (TV Network)|RT]]}}{{Defn|The abbreviation for "Russia Today", a state-owned news agency in Russia. Formerly operated multiple international news channels, including [[RT America]], until distributors suspended their involvement following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].}}
{{Term|rundown}}{{term|run of show|multi=yes}}{{Defn|A timed outline of a program.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== S ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|screenburn|[[Screen burn-in|screenburn]]}}{{Defn|Where a permanent mark is burnt into the mask of the TV screen due to prolonged display. Common with sets tuned to one channel for promotional purposes or on ordinary sets from DOGs inserted by broadcasters. Also known as [[Phosphor burn-in]].}}
{{Term|Simulcast|[[Simulcast]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''simultaneous broadcasting''' and '''SB'''.}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;The broadcast of the same program from multiple transmitters.}}{{Defn|Relaying the same programming from one television or radio station onto another station, or a series of stations, on a continuous basis.|2}}{{Defn|When a broadcaster joins another feed typically produced by a third-party supplier outside their facility either live or in a prerecorded format.  For example, a press conference or event that is simultaneously joined by various non-related broadcasters.|3}}
{{Term|share}}{{defn|The estimated percentage of all households or persons actively listening to radio or television that are tuned to a specific station or channel. Contrast with ''rating''.}}
{{Term|Sirius XM|[[Sirius XM]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Formerly '''[[Sirius Satellite Radio]]''' and '''[[XM Satellite Radio]]'''.}}American satellite radio platform.}}
{{Term|Sky News}}{{Defn|[[Sky News]], an international news service and pay television channel based out of [[London]], [[England]].|1}}{{Defn|[[Sky News Australia]], a pay television channel in Australia formerly under common ownership with the British Sky News.|2}}
{{Term|slipmat|[[slipmat]]}}{{Defn|A slipmat was a mat that was placed on a record deck between the deck and the record. Normally made by the DJ, it was cut significantly oversized when compared to a vinyl record. The DJ would cue the record to the beginning of a song and then holding onto the mat would turn the turntable on whilst the record stayed at the beginning of the song. The DJ could then introduce the record and then release the mat onto the already spinning deck thus reducing the spin up speed to 33 or 45 rpm. The effect was to reduce the whirl effect produced by the turning on of the turntable.}}
{{Term|Soundbite|[[Soundbite]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''SOT''', '''sound''' and '''sound on tape.'''}}A small portion (usually one or two sentences) of an audio recording (often an interview) used to illustrate a news story in the words of the interviewee (cf. a [[quotation]] from a [[politician]]).}}
{{Term|Sponsorship|[[Sponsor (commercial)|Sponsorship]]}}{{Defn|In the United States, the practice of a [[sponsor (commercial)|company]] funding the making of a program in order to entertain an audience and sell a product.|1}}{{Defn|In the UK, an advertisement inserted between the end-of-part caption and the breakbumper.|2}}
{{Term|spot|[[Advertising|spot]]}}{{Defn|A [[radio commercial|radio]], [[television commercial]] or [[underwriting spot]]}}
{{Term|spot advertising}}{{Defn|A commercial or commercials run in the middle of or between programs, sold separately from the program (as opposed to sponsors' messages).}}

[[File:WAKR 1980s logo.jpg|thumb|175px|A station identification slide for [[WVPX-TV|WAKR-TV]] in [[Akron, Ohio]] ({{circa}} early 1980s).]]
{{Term|Station identification|[[Station identification]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''top of the hour ID''' or '''TOH ID'''.}}A procedure commonly used on radio and television stations in the United States in which the respective station's [[call sign]] and [[city of license]] is read aloud on radio and displayed visually on television (and in some instances, read aloud). Typically done on an hourly basis.}}
{{Term|stop set}}{{Defn|Or ''stopset''. The slot in the schedule where commercials are played during a typical broadcast hour. There may be several scattered throughout a typical 60 minute period. Stop set length can vary much between local stations and even network programming.}}
{{Term|sting}}{{Defn|a visual and/or musical punctuation that signals a break between two sections of a program.}}

[[File:Ridge Radio Studio.jpg|thumb|Studios for Ridge Radio, an internet radio station in [[Caterham]], England.]]
{{Term|studio}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''broadcast studio''' or '''studio facilities'''. Often used interchangeably with the following:}}1.&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Recording studio]]: a specialized facility used for sound recording, mixing and audio production.}}{{Defn|[[Radio studio]]: a room or series of rooms where a radio program or show is produced, either live or in pre-recorded form.|2}}{{Defn|[[Television studio]]: a facility for television or video production which can be used for [[live television]], recorded content either through analog [[video tape]] or digital [[tapeless]] means, or the assembly of raw [[footage]] via [[post-production]].|3}}
{{Term|Stunting|[[Stunting (broadcasting)|Stunting]]}}{{Defn|A publicity stunt performed by a radio station. Typically occurs during the interregnum between the end of one format and the beginning of another, featuring a series of songs or a continuous loop of a song, uncharacteristic of the previous format (ex., [[CKKS-FM]] in [[Vancouver]] looping "[[Killing in the Name]]" after dropping their [[Adult contemporary music|Hot AC]] format, yielding international press coverage).<ref name="guardian-stunt">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/29/canadian-radio-station-rage-against-the-machine-song-nonstop|title=Mystery as Canadian radio station plays Rage Against the Machine song nonstop|first=Tracey|last=Lindeman|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 29, 2022|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630003054/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/29/canadian-radio-station-rage-against-the-machine-song-nonstop|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/vancouver-kiss-fm-rage-against-the-machine-protest-layoffs-1376288/|title=After DJ Layoffs, a Radio Station Has Been Playing Rage Against the Machine Over and Over and Over|first=Tomás|last=Mier|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 29, 2022|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=June 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629233753/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/vancouver-kiss-fm-rage-against-the-machine-protest-layoffs-1376288/|url-status=live}}</ref> Can also occur to engender awareness of an existing format or as an act of protest. Sometimes associated with [[Christmas music]].}}
{{Term|subscription television}}{{Term|STV|multi=y}} Technology used to broadcast encrypted signals to be decoded by equipment owned or leased by paid subscribers, as well as the programming services thereby broadcast.
{{Term|subtitles|[[Subtitle (captioning)|subtitle]]s}}{{Defn|Text version of a program's dialogue, overlaid on the screen either at broadcast or at reception (often via Teletext or Closed Captioning) for the [[Hearing impairment|hearing impaired]] or for when a speaker is unclear or speaking in a foreign language.}}
{{Term|Superstation|[[Superstation]]}}{{Defn|''(North America)'' A television station retransmitted to an audience larger than its original city of license and media market via communications satellite or microwave relay to multichannel television providers (e.g., cable, direct broadcast satellite and IPTV services). [[WPCH-TV]] in Atlanta, originally under the WTCG call sign and later WTBS, became the best-known example of this in the late 1970s, with its programming eventually spun off into cable channel [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]].}}{{Term|SVOD|[[Video on Demand|SVOD]]}}{{Defn|Subscription Video on Demand. A video/audio on demand service that uses a subscription model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content.}}
{{Term|sweeps|[[sweeps]]}}{{Defn|A period, usually in February, May, July and November, where the [[ACNielsen]] Company undertakes [[audience measurement]] to record the [[Nielsen ratings]] of all television shows in all markets with all demographics. This allows networks and local stations to spot surprise hits and unexpected failures. It is also a time when a successful network will try pilot episodes of new shows, whilst a failing network will often put existing successful programs in place of poorly performing shows to boost average ratings.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== T ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|T-antenna|[[T-antenna]]}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Also '''T-arial''' or '''flat-top antenna'''.}}A monopole antenna consisting of one or more horizontal wires suspended between two supports and insulated from them at the ends, resulting in a "T" shape. These supports can either be a radio mast or a building. Developed as an outgrowth of [[wireless telegraphy]], it is still typically used for shortwave transmissions, amateur radio, and some medium wave AM stations.<ref name=Graf>{{cite book|last=Graf|first=Rudolf F.|title=Modern dictionary of electronics, 7th Ed.|publisher=Newnes|year=1999|location=USA|page=761|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uah1PkxWeKYC&q=%22T+antenna%22+capacitance&pg=PA761|isbn=0-7506-9866-7|access-date=February 9, 2023|archive-date=February 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209203128/https://books.google.com/books?id=uah1PkxWeKYC&q=%22T+antenna%22+capacitance&pg=PA761|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Chatterjee>{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Rajeswari|title=Antenna theory and practice, 2nd Ed.|publisher=New Age International|year=2006|location=New Delhi|pages=243–244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4YcUA-rxJoC&q=%22low+frequency+antennas%22&pg=PA244|isbn=81-224-0881-8|access-date=February 9, 2023|archive-date=February 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209203131/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4YcUA-rxJoC&q=%22low+frequency+antennas%22&pg=PA244|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Term|tape sync}}{{Defn|An interview conducted by phone and recorded in both locations, with the two recordings to be mixed later.}}
{{Term|teaser}}{{Ghat|Also '''teaser sequence'''. Used interchangeably with '''[[#cold_open|cold open]]'''.}}
{{Term|teletext|[[teletext]]}}{{Defn|Electronic information inserted into the unused parts of a television signal and decodable by an equipped television set.}}
{{Term|tiling}}{{Defn|The appearance of large non-congruent blocks on a video display when a digitally generated broadcast (i.e., image) was received by the monitor in an incomplete form. Tiling also occurs when the video signal has degraded or been partially interrupted as it was received by the monitor.}}
{{Term|translator}}{{defn|''(U.S.)'' A broadcast facility that repeats another station and rebroadcasts (translates) it onto a different channel. See [[Broadcast relay station]]}}

[[File:WDET-FM transmitter.png|thumb|175px|An [[FM broadcasting|FM]] transmitter used by [[WDET-FM]] radio.]] 
{{Term|transmitter|[[transmitter]]}}{{Term|radio transmitter|multi=y}}{{Defn|{{ghat|Used interchangeably with '''mast radiator''', '''antenna''' or '''radio tower'''.}}An electronic device connected to an antenna that generates a [[radio frequency]] [[alternating current]]. When this current is applied to the antenna, it is excited and radiates radio waves.<ref name="Balanis">{{cite book|last=Balanis|first=Constantine A.|title=Antenna theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed.|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|date=2005|pages=10|url=https://archive.org/details/Antenna.Theory.Analysis.and.Design3rd.Edition|isbn=9781118585733}}</ref>}} {{Term|transponder|[[transponder]]}}{{Defn|A physical part of a satellite that broadcasts the signal. In colloquial use, the satellite equivalent of the "channel" a television station is broadcast on (e.g. "broadcasting from Transponder 2C of the satellite").}}
{{Term|turnstile antenna|[[turnstile antenna]]}}{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#crossed-dipole_antenna|crossed-dipole antenna]]'''.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== U ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|[[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]}}{{Defn|Ultra high frequency: Frequencies between {{frequency|300|MHz}} (wavelength 1 meter) and {{frequency|3.0|GHz}} (wavelength 10 centimeters), used for television broadcasting.}}
{{Term|Upconversion}}{{Defn|Typically used to increase scan lines on SD video so content can be viewed or processed in a higher resolution environment.  Quality is not improved, but scan lines are added to permit a suitable viewing experience in a higher resolution environment.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== V ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|[[Vertical blanking interval|VBI]]}}{{Defn|Vertical blanking interval: The blank area out of sight at the top and bottom of a television picture that allows the raster gun to reset. The space created is often used for Teletext and other services.}}
{{Term|[[Very high frequency|VHF]]}}{{Defn|Very high frequency: Frequencies from {{frequency|30|MHz}} (wavelength 10 m) to {{frequency|300|MHz}} (wavelength 1 m), used for radio and television broadcasting.}}
{{Term|VJ|[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]}}{{Defn|Video jockey: The television version of a disc jockey.}}
{{term|Virtual channel|[[Virtual channel]]}}{{term|Logical channel number (LCN)|multi=y}}{{defn|A number assigned to a television channel broadcast digitally for tuning and identification purposes. This may be a whole number or a two-part number (e.g. 4.1 or 13-3), depending on the standard.}}
{{Term|Visual radio}}{{Defn|A generic term for adding visuals to normal audio radio broadcasts.}}
{{Term|VITC|[[Vertical interval timecode|VITC]]}}{{Defn|Vertical Interval Time Code: pronounced vit-see. A non-visible (as opposed to [[Burnt-in timecode|BITC]]) timecode integrated within the video signal, readable by editing and playback equipment to ensure synchronisation.}}
{{Term|VO}}
{{Term|Voice over|[[Voice over]]|multi=y}}{{Defn|Recorded voice announcer played as off-screen narration in drama or advertising.|1}}{{Defn|Video without commentary intended to be aired along with a [[news correspondent]] reading the news story.|2}}
{{Term|VOD}}
{{Term|Video on demand|[[Video on demand]]|multi=y}}{{Defn|On demand videos are basically the opposite of live streaming which gives users the opportunities to view past broadcasts whenever convenient for them from any Internet-connected devices.}}
{{Term|VOSOT}}
{{Term|Voice over/sound on tape|multi=y}}{{Defn|Video intended to be aired along with a [[news correspondent]] reading the news story, which contains at least one soundbite to accompany narration.}}
{{Term|[[Video tape recorder|VTR]]}}{{Defn|Video tape recorder: A method of recording television pictures by electromagnetic pulses on a sensitized plastic strip.}}
{{glossary end}}

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== W–Z ==
{{glossary}}
{{Term|[[World Administrative Radio Conference|WARC]]}}{{Defn|World Administrative Radio Conference: The regular meetings of the CCIR (now [[ITU-R]]) to allocate radio [[frequency spectrum]].}}
{{Term|Warehousing}}{{Defn|The practice of swapping [[call sign]]s between two or more radio/TV stations.}}
{{Term|Wendy}}{{Defn|A large carpeted wedge used to display items for shooting.}}
{{Term|Watermark|[[Digital watermarking|Watermark]]}}{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#bug|Bug]]''' and '''[[#dog|DOG]]'''.}}
{{Term|Wheel}}{{Ghat|Used interchangeably with '''[[#broadcast clock|broadcast clock]]''' and '''[[#format clock|format clock]]'''.}}
{{Term|[[Wheel series]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Also '''wheel show''', '''Wheel format''' or '''umbrella series'''.}}A television series in which two or more regular programs are rotated in the same time slot, sometimes with an umbrella title.}}
{{Term|XM Satellite Radio|[[XM Satellite Radio]]}}{{Defn|{{Ghat|Former name for [[#sirius xm|Sirius XM]].}}Defunct American satellite radio platform.}}
{{Term|Y}}{{Defn|[[Luma (video)|Luminance]] in many color models used for television broadcast, such as [[YIQ]] and [[YUV]].}}
{{Term|ZDF|[[ZDF]]}}{{Defn|Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ({{langx|en|"Second German Television"}}), a major public television broadcaster in Germany.}}
{{Term|zoom}}{{Defn|To go from a long shot to a close-up (or vice versa) with the camera.}}
{{glossary end}}

==See also==
*[[Glossary of journalism]]
*[[Glossary of motion picture terms]]
*[[Glossary of video terms]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*Generation Technologies [http://www.generationtechnologies.com/glossaries/glossary-of-video-quality-terminology/ Broadcast Video Quality Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226072351/http://www.generationtechnologies.com/glossaries/glossary-of-video-quality-terminology/ |date=February 26, 2013 }}, [http://www.generationtechnologies.com/glossaries/glossary-of-video-sharing-terms/ Broadcast Video Sharing Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226071622/http://www.generationtechnologies.com/glossaries/glossary-of-video-sharing-terms/ |date=February 26, 2013 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130615233139/http://www.bitcentral.com/digital-broadcasting-glossary/ Bitcentral Digital Broadcasting Glossary]
*[http://www.evertz.com/glossary/ Evertz Glossary of Technical Film and Broadcasting Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051212/http://www.evertz.com/glossary |date=December 27, 2010 }}
*[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0776021.html Factmonster Broadcasting Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304183438/http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0776021.html |date=March 4, 2006 }}
*[http://www.udel.edu/nero/Radio/glossary.html University of Delaware Radio Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226020118/http://www.udel.edu/nero/Radio/glossary.html |date=December 26, 2005 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819233334/http://www.tvb.org/rcentral/mediatrendstrack/tvbasics/59_Glossary.asp Television Bureau of Advertising Glossary of Television-Related Terms]
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[[Category:Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Mass media lists|Broadcasting terms]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:Broadcasting lists|Terms]]
[[Category:Wikipedia glossaries|Broadcasting terms]]
[[Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists]]