View source for German battleship Bismarck

{{Short description|German battleship of World War II}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 193-04-1-26, Schlachtschiff Bismarck.jpg
| image_caption = ''Bismarck'' in 1940
}}
|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| country = [[Nazi Germany]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
| name = ''Bismarck''
| namesake = [[Otto von Bismarck]]
| builder = [[Blohm & Voss]], Hamburg
| laid_down = 1 July 1936
| launched = 14 February 1939
| commissioned = 24 August 1940
<!-- "SCUTTLED" PER EXTENSIVE DISCUSSIONS ON [[Talk:German battleship Bismarck]]. SEE TALK PAGE AND GET CONSENSUS BEFORE CHANGING -->| fate = * Scuttled following [[Last battle of Bismarck|severe battle damage]], 27 May 1941 in the North Atlantic
* {{coord|48|10|N|16|12|W}}
| badge = [[File:Bismarck (1939) ship badge.svg|50px]]
}}
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| class = {{sclass|Bismarck|battleship|1}}
| displacement =
* {{convert|41,700|t|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}} [[Standard displacement|standard]]
* {{convert|50,300|t|LT|abbr=on}} [[Full-load displacement|full load]]
| length = 
* {{convert|241.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[waterline length|waterline]]
* {{convert|251|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[length overall|overall]]
| beam = {{convert|36|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft = {{convert|9.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} standard{{efn|''Bismarck''{{'}}s draft at full load was {{convert|9.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}}}}
| propulsion =
*  3 × geared [[steam turbine|turbines]]
*  3 × [[screw propeller]]s
| power = 
* 12 × Wagner superheated [[water-tube boiler|boilers]]
* {{convert|{{convert|150170|PS|shp|0|disp=number}}|shp|kW|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| speed = {{convert|30.01|kn|lk=in}} during trials{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}}{{efn|One work claims a speed of {{convert|31.1|kn}}.{{sfn|Jackson|p=24}}}}
| range = {{convert|8,870|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|19|kn}}
| complement = *   103 officers
* 1,962 enlisted men
| sensors = 
* FuMO 23 [[Seetakt]] radar
* Hydrophone
| armament =
*  8 × [[38 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} SK C/34]] (4 × 2)
* 12 × [[15 cm SK C/28|{{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} SK C/28]] (6 × 2)
* 16 × [[10.5 cm FlaK 38|{{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} SK C/33]] (8 × 2)
* 16 × [[3.7 cm SK C/30|{{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} SK C/30]] (8 × 2)
* 12 × [[2 cm FlaK 30|{{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} FlaK 30]] (12 × 1)
| armour = 
* Belt: {{convert|320|mm|in|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
* Turrets: {{convert|360|mm|abbr=on|1}}
* Main deck: {{convert|100|–|120|mm|abbr=on}}
| aircraft = 4 × [[Arado Ar 196]] floatplanes
| aircraft_facilities = 1 double-ended [[aircraft catapult|catapult]]
| notes = 
}}
}}

'''''Bismarck''''' was the first of two {{sclass|Bismarck|battleship|1}}s built for [[Nazi Germany]]'s {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}}. Named after Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], the ship was [[Keel laying|laid down]] at the [[Blohm & Voss]] shipyard in [[Hamburg]] in July 1936 and [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] in February 1939. Work was completed in August 1940, when she was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the German fleet. ''Bismarck'' and her sister ship {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} were the largest battleships ever built by Germany, and two of the largest built by any European power.

In the course of the warship's eight-month career, ''Bismarck'' conducted only one offensive operation that lasted eight days in May 1941, codenamed {{lang|de|[[Operation Rheinübung|Rheinübung]]}}. The ship, along with the heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, was to break into the Atlantic Ocean and raid Allied shipping from North America to Great Britain. The two ships were detected several times off Scandinavia, and British naval units were deployed to block their route. At the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]], the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}} initially engaged ''Prinz Eugen'', probably by mistake, while {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} engaged ''Bismarck''. In the ensuing battle ''Hood'' was destroyed by the combined fire of ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'', which then damaged ''Prince of Wales'' and forced her retreat. ''Bismarck'' suffered sufficient damage from three hits by ''Prince of Wales'' to force an end to the raiding mission.

The destruction of ''Hood'' spurred a relentless pursuit by the [[Royal Navy]] involving dozens of warships. Two days later, heading for [[occupied France]] for repairs, ''Bismarck'' was attacked by fifteen [[Fairey Swordfish]] [[torpedo bomber]]s from the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}; one scored a hit that rendered the battleship's steering gear inoperable. In [[Last battle of Bismarck|her final battle]] the following morning, the already-crippled ''Bismarck'' was engaged by two British battleships and two heavy cruisers, and sustained incapacitating damage and heavy loss of life. The ship was [[Scuttling|scuttled]] to prevent her being boarded by the British, and to allow the ship to be abandoned so as to limit further casualties. Most experts agree that the battle damage would have caused her to sink eventually.

The wreck was located in June 1989 by [[Robert Ballard]], and has since been further surveyed by several other expeditions.

== Design ==
{{main|Bismarck-class battleship|l1=''Bismarck''-class battleship}}

The two {{sclass|Bismarck|battleship}}s were designed in the mid-1930s by the German {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} as a counter to French naval expansion, specifically the two {{sclass|Richelieu|battleship|1}}s France had started in 1935. Laid down after the signing of the [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] of 1935, ''Bismarck'' and her [[sister ship|sister]] {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} were nominally within the {{convert|35000|LT|adj=on|lk=on}} limit imposed by the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] that governed battleship construction in the [[interwar period]]. The ships secretly exceeded the figure by a wide margin, though before either vessel was completed, the international treaty system had fallen apart following Japan's withdrawal in 1937, allowing signatories to invoke an "escalator clause" that permitted displacements as high as {{convert|45000|LT}}.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin| 1985|pp=203–208}}

===General characteristics===
[[File:Bb bismarck.png|thumb|A 3D rendering of ''Bismarck'' based on her configuration during [[Operation Rheinübung]]]]

''Bismarck'' displaced {{convert|41,700|t|LT|abbr=on}} [[Standard displacement|as built]] and {{convert|50,300|t|LT|abbr=on}} [[Full-load displacement|fully loaded]], with an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|251|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|36|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a maximum [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|9.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}} The battleship was Germany's largest warship,{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin | 1985|p=203}} and displaced more than any other European battleship, with the exception of {{HMS|Vanguard|23|6}}, commissioned after the war.{{sfn|Gardiner & Chesneau|pp=16, 224}} ''Bismarck''{{'}}s [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] used 90&nbsp;percent [[welding|welded]] construction to save weight; it was divided into 22&nbsp;[[watertight compartment]]s and had a [[double bottom]] that ran for 83&nbsp;percent of the ship's length.{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}}

''Bismarck'' was powered by three [[Blohm+Voss|Blohm & Voss]] geared [[steam turbine]]s driving three 3-bladed [[screw propeller]]s. Steam was provided by twelve [[fuel oil|oil]]-fired Wagner [[Superheated steam|superheated]] [[Water-tube boiler|boilers]], which were vented through a single large [[funnel (ship)|funnel]] amidships. The propulsion system was rated to produce {{convert|138000|PS|shp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|29|kn|lk=in}}, but the ship significantly exceeded both figures on speed trials, reaching {{convert|150170|PS|shp}} for {{convert|30.01|kn}}. The ship stored {{cvt|6400|t}} of oil for the boilers, which gave her a cruising range of {{convert|8,870|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|19|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}}

The standard crew numbered 103 officers and 1,962 enlisted men.{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}} When ''Bismarck'' left port, fleet staff, [[prize crews]], and [[war correspondent]]s increased the crew complement to over 2,200 men.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|pp=29–30}} Roughly 600 of the crew came from the [[light cruiser]] {{ship|German cruiser|Karlsruhe||2}}, which had been lost during [[Operation Weserübung]], the German invasion of Norway.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=59–60}} ''Bismarck''{{'}}s crew published a ship's newspaper titled ''Die Schiffsglocke'' (The Ship's Bell).{{sfn|Grützner|p=166}} ''Bismarck'' carried four [[Arado Ar 196]] reconnaissance [[floatplane]]s in a double hangar amidships and two single hangars abreast the funnel, with a double-ended thwartship [[aircraft catapult|catapult]].{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}}

===Armament and armour===
''Bismarck'' was armed with a [[main battery]] of eight [[38 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} SK C/34 guns]] arranged in four twin [[gun turret]]s: two [[superfire|super-firing]] turrets forward—"Anton" and "Bruno"—and two aft—"Caesar" and "Dora".{{efn|SK stands for ''Schiffskanone'' (ship's gun), C/34 stands for ''Construktionsjahr'' (design year) 1934, and L/52 denotes the ''Länge'' (length) of the gun in terms of [[Caliber (artillery)|calibres]], meaning that the length of the gun barrel is 52 times greater than the calibre (internal diameter) of the gun barrel.{{sfn|Campbell |1985|p=219}}}} [[Secondary armament]] consisted of twelve [[15 cm SK C/28|{{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} L/55]] guns.{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}} The main-battery and secondary guns were aimed from three [[Fire-control system|fire-control director]] stations, using [[mechanical computer]]s to plot target distances and courses and to calculate angles for the guns. On top of each fire-control station a [[rangefinder]] was mounted in a rotating cupola, a FuMO 23 [[Seetakt]] radar set was installed by March 1941 on the front of all three cupolas.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|pp=25-26}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=34–37}}

The heavy anti-aircraft armament consisted of sixteen [[10.5&nbsp;cm FlaK 38|{{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} C/33]] guns in eight twin mountings.{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}} The forward two pairs of gun mountings were of the old C/31 type while the aft two pairs were of the newer C/37 type.{{Sfn|Stehr|Breyer|1999|p=27}} The middle and light anti-aircraft armament consisted of sixteen [[3.7 cm SK C/30|{{convert|3.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} C/30]], and initially twelve [[2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling|{{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}}]] C/30 anti-aircraft guns.{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}} In April 1941 two of the single 2&nbsp;cm guns mounted on the searchlight platform on the foretop were replaced by two quadruple 2 cm C/38 guns.{{Sfn|Draminski|p=23}} Anti-aircraft fire control for the 10.5&nbsp;cm guns was provided by four [[Stabilisierter Leitstand|stabilised SL-8 directors]],{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=40}}{{Sfn|Stehr|Breyer|1999|p=27}} though the 3.7 and 2&nbsp;cm guns were only given portable rangefinders.{{sfn|Draminski|p=24}}

The ship's [[belt armour|main belt]] was {{convert|320|mm|in|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} thick and was covered by a pair of upper and main armoured decks that were {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on|0}} and {{convert|100|to|120|mm|abbr=on}} thick, respectively. The {{convert|38|cm|abbr=on}} turrets were protected by {{convert|360|mm|abbr=on|1}} thick faces and {{convert|220|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides.{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}}

== Service history ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-MN-1361-16A, Schlachtschiff Bismarck, Indienststellung.jpg|thumb|left|''Bismarck'' in port in Hamburg]]
''Bismarck'' was ordered under the name {{lang|de|Ersatz Hannover}} ("''Hannover'' replacement"), a replacement for the old [[pre-dreadnought]] {{SMS|Hannover}}, under contract "F".{{sfn|Gröner|p=33}} The contract was awarded to the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, where the [[keel]] was laid on 1 July 1936 at Helgen IX.{{sfn|Campbell | 1987|p=43}}{{sfn|Konstam|2019|p=25}} The ship was launched on 14 February 1939 and during the elaborate ceremonies was christened by Dorothee von Löwenfeld, granddaughter of Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], the ship's namesake. [[Adolf Hitler]] made the christening speech.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=77}} [[Fitting-out]] work followed the launch, during which time the original straight [[Stem (ship)|stem]] was replaced with a raked "Atlantic bow" similar to those of the {{sclass|Scharnhorst|battleship|1}}s.{{sfn|Williamson|pp=21–22}} ''Bismarck'' was commissioned into the fleet on 24 August 1940 for [[sea trial]]s,{{sfn|Gröner|p=35}} which were conducted in the Baltic. {{lang|de|[[Kapitän zur See]]}} [[Ernst Lindemann]] took command of the ship at the time of commissioning.{{sfn|Williamson|p=22}}

On 15 September 1940, three weeks after commissioning, ''Bismarck'' left Hamburg to begin sea trials in [[Kiel Bay]].{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=210}} ''[[Sperrbrecher]] 13'' escorted the ship to [[Cape Arkona|Arcona]] on 28 September, and then on to [[Gotenhafen]] for trials in the [[Gulf of Danzig]].{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=38}} The ship's power-plant was given a thorough workout; ''Bismarck'' made measured-mile and high speed runs. As the ship's stability and manoeuvrability were being tested, a flaw in her design was discovered. When attempting to steer the ship solely through altering [[propeller (ship)|propeller]] revolutions, the crew learned that ''Bismarck'' could be kept on course only with great difficulty. Even with the outboard screws running at full power in opposite directions, they generated only a slight turning ability.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=39}} ''Bismarck''{{'}}s main battery guns were first test-fired in late November. The tests proved she was a very stable gun platform.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|pp=44–45}} Trials lasted until December; ''Bismarck'' returned to Hamburg, arriving on 9 December, for minor alterations and the completion of the fitting-out process.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin | 1985|p=210}}

The ship was scheduled to return to [[Kiel]] on 24 January 1941, but a merchant vessel had been sunk in the [[Kiel Canal]] and prevented use of the waterway. Severe weather hampered efforts to remove the wreck, and ''Bismarck'' was not able to reach Kiel until March.{{sfn|Garzke| Dulin |1985|p=210}} The delay greatly frustrated Lindemann, who remarked that "[''Bismarck''] had been tied down at Hamburg for five weeks&nbsp;... the precious time at sea lost as a result cannot be made up, and a significant delay in the final war deployment of the ship thus is unavoidable."{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=39}} While waiting to reach Kiel, ''Bismarck'' hosted Captain Anders Forshell, the Swedish naval attaché to Berlin. He returned to Sweden with a detailed description of the ship, which was subsequently leaked to Britain by pro-British elements in the [[Swedish Navy]]. The information provided the [[Royal Navy]] with its first full description of the vessel, although it lacked important facts, including top speed, radius of action, and displacement.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=39–40}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-41, Schlachtschiff "Bismarck".jpg|thumb|''Bismarck'' on trials; the rangefinders had not yet been installed]]

On 6 March, ''Bismarck'' received the order to steam to Kiel. On the way, the ship was escorted by several [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighters and a pair of [[Armed merchantman|armed merchant vessels]], along with an [[icebreaker]]. At 08:45 on 8 March, ''Bismarck'' briefly ran aground on the southern shore of the Kiel Canal; she was freed within an hour. The ship reached Kiel the following day, where her crew stocked ammunition, fuel, and other supplies and applied a coat of [[dazzle paint]] to camouflage her. British bombers attacked the harbour without success on 12 March.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=40}} On 17 March, the old battleship {{SMS|Schlesien||2}}, now used as an icebreaker, escorted ''Bismarck'' through the ice to Gotenhafen, where the latter continued combat readiness training.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=41}}

The Naval High Command ({{lang|de|[[Oberkommando der Marine]]}} or OKM), commanded by Admiral [[Erich Raeder]], intended to continue the practice of using heavy ships as surface raiders against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] merchant traffic in the Atlantic Ocean. The two ''Scharnhorst''-class battleships were based in [[Brest, France]], at the time, having just completed [[Operation Berlin (Atlantic)|Operation Berlin]], a major raid into the Atlantic. ''Bismarck''{{'}}s sister ship ''Tirpitz'' rapidly approached completion. ''Bismarck'' and ''Tirpitz'' were to sortie from the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and rendezvous with the two ''Scharnhorst''-class ships in the Atlantic; the operation was initially scheduled for around 25 April 1941, when a new moon period would make conditions more favourable.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin| 1985|pp=210–211}}

Work on ''Tirpitz'' was completed later than anticipated, and she was not commissioned until 25 February; the ship was not ready for combat until late in the year. To further complicate the situation, {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} was torpedoed in Brest and damaged further by bombs when in [[drydock]]. {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} required a boiler overhaul following Operation Berlin; the workers discovered during the overhaul that the boilers were in worse condition than expected. She would also be unavailable for the planned sortie.{{sfn|Garzke| Dulin| 1985|p=211}} Attacks by British bombers on supply depots in Kiel delayed repairs to the heavy cruisers {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} and {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Hipper||2}}. The two ships would not be ready for action until July or August.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=43}} Admiral [[Günther Lütjens]], {{lang|de|Flottenchef}} (Fleet Chief) of the Kriegsmarine, chosen to lead the operation, wished to delay the operation at least until either ''Scharnhorst'' or ''Tirpitz'' became available,{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=44–45}} but the OKM decided to proceed with the operation, codenamed [[Operation Rheinübung]], with a force consisting of only ''Bismarck'' and the heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}.{{sfn|Garzke |Dulin | 1985|p=211}} At a final meeting with Raeder in Paris on 26 April, Lütjens was encouraged by his commander-in-chief to proceed and he eventually decided that an operation should begin as soon as possible to prevent the enemy gaining any respite.{{sfn|Boog, Rahn, Stumpf & Wegner|p=132}}

=== Operation Rheinübung ===
{{main|Operation Rheinübung}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-012-03, Schlachtschiff Bismarck in der Ostsee.jpg|thumb|''Bismarck'', photographed from {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, in the Baltic at the outset of [[Operation Rheinübung]]]]

On 5 May 1941, Hitler and Wehrmacht High Command Chief [[Wilhelm Keitel]], with a large entourage, arrived to view ''Bismarck'' and ''Tirpitz'' in Gotenhafen. The men were given an extensive tour of the ships, after which Hitler met Lütjens to discuss the forthcoming mission.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=71}} On 16 May, Lütjens reported that ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' were fully prepared for Operation Rheinübung; he was therefore ordered to proceed with the mission on the evening of 19 May.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=74}} As part of the operational plans, a group of eighteen supply ships would be positioned to support ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''. Four [[U-boat]]s would be placed along the convoy routes between [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] and Britain to scout for the raiders.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=55–56}}

By the start of the operation, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s crew had increased to 2,221 officers and enlisted men. This included an admiral's staff of nearly 65 and a prize crew of 80 sailors, who could be used to crew transports captured during the mission. At 02:00 on 19 May, ''Bismarck'' departed Gotenhafen and made for the [[Danish straits]]. She was joined at 11:25 by ''Prinz Eugen'', which had departed the previous night at 21:18, off Cape Arkona.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=63}} The two ships were escorted by three [[destroyer]]s—{{ship|German destroyer|Z10 Hans Lody||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt||2}}, and {{ship|German destroyer|Z23||2}}—and a [[flotilla]] of [[minesweeper]]s.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=76}} The [[Luftwaffe]] provided air cover during the voyage out of German waters.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=214}} At around noon on 20 May, Lindemann informed the ship's crew via loudspeaker of the ship's mission. At approximately the same time, a group of ten or twelve Swedish aircraft flying reconnaissance encountered the German force and reported its composition and heading, though the Germans did not see the Swedes.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=64}}

An hour later, the German flotilla encountered the Swedish [[cruiser]] {{HSwMS|Gotland|1933|6}}; the cruiser shadowed the Germans for two hours in the [[Kattegat]].{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=65}} ''Gotland'' transmitted a report to naval headquarters, stating: "Two large ships, three destroyers, five escort vessels, and 10–12 aircraft passed [[Marstrand]], course 205°/20'."{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin |1985|p=214}} The OKM was not concerned about the security risk posed by ''Gotland'', though both Lütjens and Lindemann believed operational secrecy had been lost.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=65}} The report eventually made its way to Captain Henry Denham, the British naval attaché to Sweden, who transmitted the information to the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]].{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=66–67}} The code-breakers at [[Bletchley Park]] confirmed that an Atlantic raid was imminent, as they had [[encryption|decrypted]] reports that ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' had taken on prize crews and requested additional [[navigational chart]]s from headquarters. A pair of [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s was ordered to search the Norwegian coast for the flotilla.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=68}}

German aerial reconnaissance confirmed that one [[aircraft carrier]], three battleships, and four cruisers remained at anchor in the main British naval base at [[Scapa Flow]], which persuaded Lütjens that the British were unaware of his operation. On the evening of 20 May, ''Bismarck'' and the rest of the flotilla reached the Norwegian coast; the minesweepers were detached and the two raiders and their destroyer escorts continued north. The following morning, radio-intercept officers on board ''Prinz Eugen'' picked up a signal ordering British reconnaissance aircraft to search for two battleships and three destroyers northbound off the Norwegian coast.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=114}} At 7:00 on the 21st, the Germans spotted four unidentified aircraft, which quickly departed. Shortly after 12:00, the flotilla reached [[Bergen]] and anchored at [[Grimstadfjord]], where the ships' crews painted over the Baltic camouflage with the standard "outboard grey" worn by German warships operating in the Atlantic.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=83}}

[[File:Bismarck reconnaissance.jpg|thumb|RAF aerial reconnaissance photo showing ''Bismarck'' anchored (centre right) in [[Grimstadfjord]], Norway]]

When ''Bismarck'' was in Norway, a pair of Bf 109 fighters circled overhead to protect her from British air attacks, but Flying Officer Michael Suckling managed to fly his Spitfire directly over the German flotilla at a height of {{convert|8000|m|abbr=on}} and take photos of ''Bismarck'' and her escorts.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=84}} Upon receipt of the information, Admiral [[John Tovey]] ordered the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, the newly commissioned battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}}, and six destroyers to reinforce the pair of cruisers patrolling the [[Denmark Strait]]. The rest of the [[Home Fleet]] was placed on high alert in Scapa Flow. Eighteen bombers were dispatched to attack the Germans, but weather over the [[fjord]] had worsened and they were unable to find the German warships.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=120}}

''Bismarck'' did not replenish her fuel stores in Norway, as her operational orders did not require her to do so. She had left port {{convert|200|t|LT|abbr=on}} short of a full load, and had since expended another {{convert|1000|t|LT|abbr=on}} on the voyage from Gotenhafen. ''Prinz Eugen'' took on {{convert|764|t|LT|abbr=on}} of fuel.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=71}} At 19:30 on 21 May, ''Bismarck'', ''Prinz Eugen'', and the three escorting destroyers left Bergen.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=72}} At midnight, when the force was in the open sea, heading towards the Arctic Ocean, Raeder disclosed the operation to Hitler, who reluctantly consented to the raid. The three escorting destroyers were detached at 04:14 on 22 May, while the force steamed off [[Trondheim]]. At around 12:00, Lütjens ordered his two ships to turn toward the Denmark Strait to attempt the break-out into the open Atlantic.{{sfn|Garzke| Dulin |1985|p=215}} The same bad weather that had encouraged Lütjens to start the break-out attempt, prevented any reconnaissance flights over Bergen. But at 16:00 a [[Martin Maryland]] managed to take off from [[RNAS Hatston]] and made it to Bergen where it could see the harbour was empty. On receiving the report, Tovey left Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet at 22:15.{{Sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=70–71}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=37–40}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|pp=4865–4866}}

By 04:00 on 23 May, Lütjens ordered ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' to increase speed to {{convert|27|kn}} to make the dash through the Denmark Strait.{{sfn|Garzke |Dulin| 1985|p=216}} Upon entering the Strait, both ships activated their FuMO radar detection equipment sets.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=126}} ''Bismarck'' led ''Prinz Eugen'' by about {{convert|700|m|yd|abbr=on}}; mist reduced visibility to {{convert|3000|–|4000|m|yd|abbr=on}}. The Germans encountered some ice at around 10:00, which necessitated a reduction in speed to {{convert|24|kn}}. Two hours later, the pair had reached a point north of Iceland. The ships were forced to zigzag to avoid [[Drift ice|ice floes]]. At 19:22, [[hydrophone]] and radar operators aboard the German warships detected the cruiser {{HMS|Suffolk|55|6}} at a range of approximately {{convert|12500|m|yd|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=216}} ''Prinz Eugen''{{'}}s radio-intercept team decrypted the radio signals being sent by ''Suffolk'' and learned that their location had been reported.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=126–127}}

Lütjens gave permission for ''Prinz Eugen'' to engage ''Suffolk'', but the captain of the German cruiser could not clearly make out his target and so held fire.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=127}} ''Suffolk'' quickly retreated to a safe distance and shadowed the German ships. At 20:30, the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Norfolk|78|6}} joined ''Suffolk'', but approached the German raiders too closely. Lütjens ordered his ships to engage the British cruiser; ''Bismarck'' fired five salvoes, three of which straddled ''Norfolk'' and rained shell splinters on her decks. The cruiser laid a smoke screen and fled into a fog bank, ending the brief engagement. The concussion from the 38&nbsp;cm guns' firing disabled ''Bismarck''{{'}}s FuMO 23 radar set; this prompted Lütjens to order ''Prinz Eugen'' to take station ahead so she could use her functioning radar to scout for the formation.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=129–130}}

At around 22:00, Lütjens ordered ''Bismarck'' to make a 180-degree turn in an effort to surprise the two heavy cruisers shadowing him. Although ''Bismarck'' was visually obscured in a rain squall, ''Suffolk''{{'}}s radar quickly detected the manoeuvre, allowing the cruiser to evade.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=132}} The cruisers remained on station through the night, continually relaying the location and bearing of the German ships. The harsh weather broke on the morning of 24 May, revealing a clear sky. At 05:07, hydrophone operators aboard ''Prinz Eugen'' detected a pair of unidentified vessels approaching the German formation at a range of {{convert|20|nmi|abbr=on}}, reporting "Noise of two fast-moving turbine ships at 280° relative bearing!"{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=133–134}}

==== Battle of the Denmark Strait ====
{{main|Battle of the Denmark Strait}}

At 05:45 on 24 May, German lookouts spotted smoke on the horizon; this turned out to be from ''Hood'' and ''Prince of Wales'', under the command of [[Vice Admiral]] [[Lancelot Holland]]. Lütjens ordered his ships' crews to [[battle stations]]. By 05:52, the range had fallen to {{convert|26000|m|yd|abbr=on}} and ''Hood'' opened fire, followed by ''Prince of Wales'' a minute later.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=219–220}} ''Hood'' engaged ''Prinz Eugen'', which the British thought to be ''Bismarck'', while ''Prince of Wales'' fired on ''Bismarck''.{{efn|The British were unaware that the German ships had reversed positions in the Denmark Strait. Observers on ''Prince of Wales'' correctly identified the ships but failed to inform Admiral Holland.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=165}}}} [[Adalbert Schneider]], the first gunnery officer aboard ''Bismarck'', twice requested permission to return fire, but Lütjens hesitated.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=167}} Lindemann intervened, muttering "I will not let my ship be shot out from under my ass."{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=151}} He demanded permission to fire from Lütjens, who relented and at 05:55 ordered his ships to engage the British.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=151}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1984-055-14, Schlachtschiff Bismarck, nach Seegefecht.jpg|thumb|left|''Bismarck'' as seen from ''Prinz Eugen'' after the [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]]]]

The British ships approached the German ships head on, which permitted them to use only their forward guns; ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' could fire full [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]s. Several minutes after opening fire, Holland ordered a 20° turn to port, which would allow his ships to engage with their rear gun turrets. Both German ships concentrated their fire on ''Hood''. About a minute after opening fire, ''Prinz Eugen'' scored a hit with a high-explosive {{convert|20.3|cm|abbr=on}} shell; the explosion detonated [[unrotated projectile]] ammunition and started a large fire, which was quickly extinguished.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=220}} After firing three four-gun salvoes, Schneider had found the range to ''Hood''; he immediately ordered rapid-fire salvoes from ''Bismarck''{{'}}s eight 38&nbsp;cm guns. He also ordered the ship's 15&nbsp;cm secondary guns to engage ''Prince of Wales''. Holland then ordered a second 20° turn to port, to bring his ships on a parallel course with ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=151–152}} Lütjens ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to shift fire and target ''Prince of Wales'', to keep both of his opponents under fire. Within a few minutes, ''Prinz Eugen'' scored a pair of hits on the battleship that started a small fire.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=152–153}}

Lütjens then ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to drop behind ''Bismarck'', so she could continue to monitor the location of ''Norfolk'' and ''Suffolk'', which were still {{convert|10|to|12|nmi|abbr=on}} to the east. At 06:00, ''Hood'' was completing the second turn to port when ''Bismarck''{{'}}s fifth salvo hit. Two of the shells landed short, striking the water close to the ship, but at least one of the 38&nbsp;cm [[armour-piercing shot and shell|armour-piercing]] shells struck ''Hood'' and penetrated her thin deck armour. The shell reached ''Hood''{{'}}s rear ammunition magazine and detonated {{convert|112|t|LT|abbr=on}} of [[cordite]] propellant.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=153}} The massive explosion broke the back of the ship between the main mast and the rear funnel; the forward section continued to move forward briefly before the in-rushing water caused the bow to rise into the air at a steep angle. The stern also rose as water rushed into the ripped-open compartments.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=155–156}} Schneider exclaimed "He is sinking!" over the ship's loudspeakers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=153}} In only eight minutes of firing, ''Hood'' had disappeared, taking all but three of her crew of 1,419 men with her.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=223}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1968-015-25, Schlachtschiff Bismarck, Seegefecht.jpg|thumb|''Bismarck'' firing her main battery during the battle]]

''Bismarck'' then shifted fire to ''Prince of Wales''. The British battleship scored a hit on ''Bismarck'' with her sixth salvo, but the German ship found her mark with her first salvo. One of the shells struck the bridge on ''Prince of Wales'', though it did not explode and instead exited the other side, killing everyone in the ship's command centre, save Captain [[John Leach (Royal Navy officer)|John Leach]], the ship's commanding officer, and one other.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=176}} The two German ships continued to fire upon ''Prince of Wales'', causing serious damage. Guns malfunctioned on the recently commissioned British ship, which still had civilian technicians aboard.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=176–177}} Despite the technical faults in the main battery, ''Prince of Wales'' scored three hits on ''Bismarck'' in the engagement. The first struck her in the [[forecastle]] above the waterline but low enough to allow the crashing waves to enter the hull. The second shell struck below the armoured belt and exploded on contact with the [[torpedo bulkhead]], completely flooding a turbo-generator room and partially flooding an adjacent boiler room.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|pp=6–10}} The third shell passed through one of the boats carried aboard the ship and then went through the floatplane catapult without exploding.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=162–163}}

At 06:13, Leach gave the order to retreat; only five{{sfn|Roskill|p=406}} of his ship's ten {{convert|14|in|abbr=on|0}} guns were still firing and his ship had sustained significant damage. ''Prince of Wales'' made a 160° turn and laid a smoke screen to cover her withdrawal. The Germans ceased fire as the range widened. Though Lindemann strongly advocated chasing ''Prince of Wales'' and destroying her,{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=164–165}} Lütjens obeyed operational orders to shun any avoidable engagement with enemy forces that were not protecting a convoy,{{sfn|Kennedy|p=79}} firmly rejecting the request, and instead ordered ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen'' to head for the North Atlantic.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=165–166}} In the engagement, ''Bismarck'' had fired 93 armour-piercing shells and had been hit by three shells in return.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=223}} The forecastle hit allowed {{convert|1000|to|2000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of water to flood into the ship, which contaminated fuel oil stored in the bow. Lütjens refused to reduce speed to allow damage control teams to repair the shell hole which widened and allowed more water into the ship.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=224}} The second hit caused some additional flooding. Shell-splinters from the second hit also damaged a steam line in the turbo-generator room, but this was not serious, as ''Bismarck'' had sufficient other generator reserves. The combined flooding from these two hits caused a 9-degree [[List (watercraft)|list]] to port and a 3-degree [[wikt:trim#Noun|trim]] by the bow.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=226}}

While ''Prince of Wales'' was retreating, the hydrophone operators on ''Prinz Eugen'' detected torpedoes. It was unlikely that torpedoes were actually fired but both German ships took evasive manoeuvres. At the same time a shadowing [[Short Sunderland]] [[flying boat]] from [[No. 201 Squadron RAF]] approached too closely and the German heavy anti-aircraft artillery fired on it.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=64–65}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}} A [[Lockheed Hudson]] from [[No. 269 Squadron RAF]] witnessed the battle from a distance and remained in touch until 08:08. After the battle, the Sunderland reported the oil slick and guided the destroyer {{HMS|Electra|H27|2}} to the site where ''Hood'' had blown up. The destroyer found only three survivors.{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}}

==== Chase ====
[[File:Map Rheinuebung.svg|thumb|Course of ''Bismarck'' and the ships that pursued her]]
After the engagement, Lütjens reported, "Battlecruiser, probably ''Hood'', sunk. Another battleship, ''King George V'' or ''Renown'', turned away damaged. Two heavy cruisers maintain contact."{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=167}} At 08:01, he transmitted a damage report and his intentions to OKM, which were to detach ''Prinz Eugen'' for commerce raiding and to make for [[Saint-Nazaire]] for repairs.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=168}} Shortly after 10:00, Lütjens ordered ''Prinz Eugen'' to fall behind ''Bismarck'' to determine the severity of the oil leakage from the bow hit. After confirming "broad streams of oil on both sides of [''Bismarck''{{'}}s] wake",{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=173}} ''Prinz Eugen'' returned to the forward position.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=173}} About an hour later, the shadowing Sunderland reported the oil slick to ''Suffolk'' and ''Norfolk'', which had been joined by the damaged ''Prince of Wales''. Rear Admiral [[Frederic Wake-Walker]], the commander of the two cruisers, ordered ''Prince of Wales'' to remain behind his ships.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=173–174}}

When [[Karl Dönitz|Dönitz]] offered the assistance of all Atlantic U-boats, Lütjens requested to set up a patrol line on the extrapolated route of ''Bismarck'' into the open Atlantic.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=75}} Five U-boats—{{GS|U-43|1939|2}}, {{GS|U-46|1938|2}}, {{GS|U-66|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-94|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-557|3=2}} were ordered to take up positions south of Greenland where they were expected to make contact in the morning of 25 May. Since Lütjens had intentions to make for a French port, a second group of U-boats consisting of {{GS|U-48|1939|2}}, {{GS|U-74|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-97|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-98|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-556|3=2}} was stationed in the [[Bay of Biscay]]. Three other U-boats—{{GS|U-73|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-93|1940|2}}, and {{GS|U-111|1940|2}}—were rushing to reinforce the trap. {{GS|U-108|1940|2}} and {{GS|U-552|3=2}} were ordered to sail from port to reinforce the Biscay group.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=288–289}}{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=74}}

Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] ordered all warships in the area to join the pursuit of ''Bismarck'' and ''Prinz Eugen''. Tovey's Home Fleet was steaming to intercept the German raiders, but on the morning of 24 May was still over {{convert|350|nmi|abbr=on}} away. The Admiralty ordered the light cruisers {{HMS|Manchester|15|2}}, {{HMS|Birmingham|C19|2}}, and {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} to patrol the Denmark Strait in case Lütjens attempted to retrace his route. The battleship {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}}, which had been escorting {{RMS|Britannic|1929|6}} and was due for a refit in the [[Boston Navy Yard]], joined Tovey. Two old {{sclass|Revenge|battleship|1}}s were ordered into the hunt: {{HMS|Revenge|06|2}}, from Halifax, and {{HMS|Ramillies|07|2}}, which was escorting Convoy HX 127.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=174–175}} In all, six battleships and battlecruisers, two aircraft carriers, thirteen cruisers, and twenty-one destroyers were committed to the chase.{{sfn|Williamson|p=33}} By around 17:00, the crew aboard ''Prince of Wales'' restored nine of her ten main guns to working order, which permitted Wake-Walker to place her in the front of his formation to attack ''Bismarck'' if the opportunity arose.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=175}}

With the weather worsening, Lütjens attempted to detach ''Prinz Eugen'' at 16:40. The squall was not heavy enough to cover her withdrawal from Wake-Walker's cruisers, which continued to maintain radar contact. ''Prinz Eugen'' was therefore recalled temporarily.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=192–193}} The cruiser was successfully detached at 18:14. ''Bismarck'' turned around to face Wake-Walker's formation, forcing ''Suffolk'' to turn away at high speed. ''Prince of Wales'' fired twelve salvos at ''Bismarck'', which responded with nine salvos, none of which hit. The action diverted British attention and permitted ''Prinz Eugen'' to slip away. After ''Bismarck'' resumed her previous heading, Wake-Walker's three ships took up station on ''Bismarck''{{'}}s port side.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=227}}

[[File:Swordfish on HMS Victorious before strike on Bismarck.jpg|thumb|The Swordfish torpedo bombers of the strike force being prepared on the deck of HMS ''Victorious'']]

Although ''Bismarck'' had been damaged in the engagement with ''Hood'' and forced to reduce speed, she was still capable of reaching {{convert|27|to|28|kn}}, the maximum speed of Tovey's {{HMS|King George V|41|2}}. Unless ''Bismarck'' could be slowed, the British would be unable to prevent her from reaching Saint-Nazaire. Shortly before 16:00 on 25 May, Tovey detached the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}} and four light cruisers to shape a course that would position her to launch her [[torpedo bomber]]s.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=194–195}} At 22:00, ''Victorious'' launched the strike, which comprised nine [[Fairey Swordfish]] torpedo bombers of [[825 Naval Air Squadron]], led by Lt Cdr [[Eugene Esmonde]]. The inexperienced aviators nearly attacked ''Norfolk'' and the U.S. Coast Guard cutter {{USCGC|Modoc|WPG-46|6}} on their approach; the confusion alerted ''Bismarck''{{'}}s anti-aircraft gunners.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=229}}

''Bismarck'' also used her main and secondary batteries to fire at maximum depression to create giant splashes in the paths of the incoming torpedo bombers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=189}} None of the attacking aircraft were shot down. One of the Swordfish lost its way in the cloud and failed to attack. ''Bismarck'' evaded seven of the torpedoes launched at her, but the eighth{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|p=84}}{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4853}}{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=229}} struck amidships on the main armoured belt, throwing one man into a bulkhead and killing him and injuring five others.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=229–230}} The explosion also caused minor damage to electrical equipment. The ship suffered more serious damage from manoeuvres to evade the torpedoes: rapid shifts in speed and course loosened [[collision mat]]s, which increased the flooding from the forward shell hole and eventually forced abandonment of the port number 2 boiler room. This loss of a second boiler, combined with fuel losses and increasing bow trim, forced the ship to slow to {{convert|16|kn}}. Divers repaired the collision mats in the bow, after which speed increased to {{convert|20|kn}}, the speed that the command staff determined was the most economical for the voyage to occupied France.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=230}}

Shortly after the Swordfish departed from the scene, ''Bismarck'' and ''Prince of Wales'' engaged in a brief artillery duel. Neither scored a hit.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=192–193}} ''Bismarck''{{'}}s damage control teams resumed work after the short engagement. The sea water that had flooded the number 2 port side boiler threatened to enter the number 4 turbo-generator feedwater system, which would have permitted saltwater to reach the turbines. The saltwater would have damaged the turbine blades and thus greatly reduced the ship's speed. By morning on 25 May, the danger had passed. The ship slowed to {{convert|12|kn}} to allow divers to pump fuel from the forward compartments to the rear tanks; two hoses were successfully connected and a few hundred tons of fuel were transferred.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=226}}

As the chase entered open waters, Wake-Walker's ships were compelled to zig-zag to avoid German U-boats that might be in the area. This required the ships to steam for ten minutes to port, then ten minutes to starboard, to keep the ships on the same base course. For the last few minutes of the turn to port, ''Bismarck'' was out of range of ''Suffolk''{{'}}s radar.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=229–230}} At 03:00 on 25 May, Lütjens decided to abandon the plan to lure the pursuers to the U-boat trap and to head directly for France.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=289}} He ordered an increase to maximum speed, which at this point was {{convert|28|kn}}. He then ordered the ship to circle away to the west and then north. This manoeuvre coincided with the period during which his ship was out of radar range; ''Bismarck'' successfully broke radar contact and circled back behind her pursuers. ''Suffolk''{{'}}s captain assumed that ''Bismarck'' had broken off to the west and attempted to find her by also steaming west. After half an hour, he informed Wake-Walker, who ordered the three ships to disperse at daylight to search visually.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=230–231}}

The Royal Navy search widened, despite the fact that many of the British ships were low on fuel. ''Victorious'' and her escorting cruisers were sent west, Wake-Walker's ships continued to the south and west, and Tovey continued to steam toward the mid-Atlantic. [[Force H]], with the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} and steaming up from [[Gibraltar]], was still at least a day away.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=232–233}} Unaware that he had shaken off Wake-Walker, Lütjens sent long radio messages to Naval Group West headquarters in Paris. The signals were intercepted by the British, from which bearings were determined. They were wrongly plotted on board ''King George V'', leading Tovey to believe that ''Bismarck'' was heading back to Germany through the Iceland-Faeroe gap, which kept his fleet on the wrong course for seven hours. By the time the mistake had been discovered, ''Bismarck'' had put a sizeable gap between herself and the British ships.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=231}}

[[File:HMS Ark Royal h85716.jpg|thumb|left|The aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} with a flight of Swordfish overhead]]

British code-breakers were able to decrypt some of the German signals, including an order to the Luftwaffe to provide support for ''Bismarck'' making for Brest, decrypted by [[Jane Fawcett]] on 25 May 1941.{{sfn|Schudel}} The [[French Resistance]] provided the British with confirmation that Luftwaffe units were relocating there. Tovey could now turn his forces toward France to converge in areas through which ''Bismarck'' would have to pass.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=232}} Two [[Consolidated Catalina]] flying boats from [[No. 209 Squadron RAF]] and [[No. 240 Squadron RAF]] based out of [[RAF Castle Archdale]] in [[Northern Ireland]] joined the search, covering areas where ''Bismarck'' might head in the attempt to reach occupied France.{{Sfn|Tovey|1947|p=4866}} At 10:30 on 26 May, a Catalina piloted by British Flying Officer Dennis Briggs and co-piloted by Ensign [[Leonard B. Smith]] of the US Navy located her, some {{convert|690|nmi|abbr=on}} northwest of Brest.{{efn|Smith was one of nine American officers assigned to the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] as special observers.{{sfn|Miller|p=162}}}} At her current speed, she would have been close enough to reach the protection of U-boats and the Luftwaffe in less than a day. Most British forces were not close enough to stop her.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=233}}

The only possibility for the Royal Navy was ''Ark Royal'' with Force H, under the command of Admiral [[James Somerville]].{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=234}} ''Victorious'', ''Prince of Wales'', ''Suffolk'' and {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} were forced to break off the search due to fuel shortage; the only heavy ships remaining apart from Force H were ''King George V'' and ''Rodney'', but they were too distant.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=233}} ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s Swordfish were already searching nearby when the Catalina found her. Several torpedo bombers also located the battleship, about {{convert|60|nmi|abbr=on}} away from ''Ark Royal''. Somerville ordered an attack as soon as the Swordfish returned and were rearmed with torpedoes. He detached the cruiser {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}} to shadow ''Bismarck'', though ''Ark Royal''{{'}}s aviators were not informed of this.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=235}} As a result, the Swordfish, which were armed with torpedoes equipped with magnetic [[detonator]]s, accidentally attacked ''Sheffield''. The magnetic detonators failed to work properly and ''Sheffield'' emerged unscathed.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=236–237}}{{Efn|The Duplex pistol could be triggered either by impact or magnetic influence. It was used in the highly successful attack on the Italian fleet at the harbour of Taranto. The pistol worked well in calm waters only.{{sfn|Stephen|1988|p=38}}}}

[[File:HMS Ark Royal Swordfish.jpg|thumb|A Swordfish returns to ''Ark Royal'' after making the torpedo attack against ''Bismarck'']]

Upon returning to ''Ark Royal'', the Swordfish loaded torpedoes equipped with contact detonators. The second attack comprised fifteen aircraft and was launched at 19:10. At 19:50, ''Ark Royal'' and ''Renown'' passed the position of ''U-556''. The U-boat was in an ideal shooting position, but had expended all torpedoes on previous operations and could not launch an attack.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=149}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=146}} Before attacking, the Swordfish made first contact at 20:00 with ''Sheffield'', which gave them a direction to ''Bismarck.'' They could not however find the German ship and at 20:30 asked again for direction from ''Sheffield.''{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=125}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=107}} Finally at 20:47, the torpedo bombers began their attack descent through the clouds.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=258–259}} As the Swordfish approached, ''Bismarck'' again fired her main battery at the aircraft, trying to catch planes in splash columns. The Swordfish then attacked; ''Bismarck'' began to turn violently as her anti-aircraft batteries engaged the bombers.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=259–261}} One torpedo hit amidships on the port side, just below the bottom edge of the main armour belt. The force of the explosion was largely contained by the underwater protection system and the belt armour but some structural damage caused minor flooding.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=234}}

The second torpedo struck ''Bismarck'' in her stern on the port side, near the port rudder shaft. The coupling on the port rudder assembly was badly damaged and the rudder became locked in a 12° turn to port. The explosion also caused much shock damage. The crew eventually managed to repair the starboard rudder but the port rudder remained jammed. A suggestion to sever the port rudder with explosives was dismissed by Lütjens, as damage to the screws would have left the battleship helpless.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=234–236}}{{sfn|Kennedy|p=211}} At 21:15, Lütjens reported that the ship was unmanoeuvrable.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=237}}

==== Sinking ====
{{main|Last battle of Bismarck}}
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A4092.jpg|left|thumb|Splinter damage on the rear director tower of ''Sheffield'' caused by a near miss of the ''Bismarck.'']]
With the port rudder jammed, ''Bismarck'' was now steaming in a large circle, unable to escape from Tovey's forces. Though fuel shortages had reduced the number of ships available to the British, the battleships ''King George V'' and ''Rodney'' were still available, along with the heavy cruisers ''Dorsetshire'' and ''Norfolk''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=271–272}} Lütjens signalled headquarters at 21:40 on the 26th: "Ship unmanoeuvrable. We will fight to the last shell. Long live the Führer."{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980a|p=182}} The mood of the crew became increasingly depressed, especially as messages from the naval command reached the ship. Intended to boost morale, the messages only highlighted the desperate situation in which the crew found itself.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|pp=256–257}} As the Swordfish returned to the carrier, ''Bismarck'' briefly fired her main battery at the shadowing ''Sheffield''. The first salvo went a mile astray, but the second salvo straddled the cruiser. Shell splinters rained down on ''Sheffield'', killing three men and wounding two others. Four more salvoes were fired but no hits were scored.{{sfn|Bercuson|Herwig|2003|p=259}}{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=89–92}} ''Sheffield'' quickly retreated under cover of a smoke screen.{{Sfn|Busch|1980|pp=107–108}} ''Sheffield'' lost contact in the low visibility and Captain [[Philip Vian]]'s group of five destroyers was ordered to keep contact with ''Bismarck'' through the night.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=279}}

These destroyers encountered ''Bismarck'' at 22:38; the battleship quickly engaged them with her main battery. After firing three salvos, she straddled the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Polish]] destroyer {{ORP|Piorun|G65|6}}. The destroyer continued to close the range until a near miss at around {{convert|12000|m|abbr=on}} forced her to turn away. Throughout the night and into the morning, Vian's destroyers harried ''Bismarck'', illuminating her with [[star shell]]s and firing sixteen torpedoes in nine separate attacks, none of which hit.{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=92–93}} Between 05:00 and 06:00, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s crew attempted to launch one of the Arado 196 float planes to carry away the ship's war diary, footage of the engagement with ''Hood'', and other important documents. The third shell hit from ''Prince of Wales'' had damaged the steam line on the aircraft catapult, rendering it inoperative. As it was not possible to launch the aircraft, it had become a fire hazard, and was pushed overboard.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|pp=237–238}} Lütjens then asked at 07:10 if a U-boat could rendezvous with ''Bismarck'' to fetch these documents. ''U-556'' was assigned at once to this task, but the U-boat missed the signalled order because it was submerged. ''U-556'' was anyway too low on fuel to be able to carry out the order.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=148–150}}{{Sfn|Busch|1980|p=125}}

[[File:Rodney firing on Bismarck.png|thumb|''Rodney'' firing on ''Bismarck'', which can be seen burning in the distance]]

After daybreak on 27 May, ''King George V'' led the attack. ''Rodney'' followed off her port quarter; Tovey intended to steam directly at ''Bismarck'' until he was about {{convert|8|nmi|abbr=on}} away. At that point, he would turn south to put his ships parallel to his target.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=286–287}} At 08:43, lookouts on ''King George V'' spotted her, some {{convert|23000|m|yd|abbr=on}} away. Four minutes later, ''Rodney''{{'}}s two forward turrets, comprising six {{convert|16|in|0|abbr=on}} guns, opened fire, then ''King George V''{{'}}s {{convert|14|in|0|abbr=on}} guns began firing. ''Bismarck'' returned fire at 08:50 with her forward guns; with her second salvo, she straddled ''Rodney''.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=288–289}} Thereafter, ''Bismarck''{{'}}s ability to aim her guns deteriorated as the ship, unable to steer, moved erratically in the heavy seas and deprived Schneider of a predictable course for range calculations.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=268}}

As the range fell, the ships' secondary batteries joined the battle. ''Norfolk'' and ''Dorsetshire'' closed and began firing with their {{convert|8|in|0|abbr=on}} guns. At 09:02, a 16-inch shell from ''Rodney'' struck ''Bismarck''{{'}}s forward [[superstructure]], killing hundreds of men and severely damaging the two forward turrets. According to survivors, this salvo probably killed both Lindemann and Lütjens and the rest of the bridge staff,{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=290–291}} although other survivors stated that they saw Lindemann on the deck as the ship sank.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=282}} The main fire control director was also destroyed by this hit, which probably also killed Schneider. A second shell from this salvo struck the forward main battery, which was disabled, though it fired one last salvo at 09:27.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=269}}{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=239}} Lieutenant Müllenheim-Rechberg, in the rear control station, took over firing control for the rear turrets. He managed to fire three salvos before a shell destroyed the gun director, disabling his equipment. He gave the order for the guns to fire independently, but by 09:31, all four main battery turrets had been put out of action.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=291}} One of ''Bismarck''{{'}}s shells exploded 20 feet off ''Rodney''{{' }}s bow and damaged her starboard torpedo tube—the closest ''Bismarck'' came to a direct hit on her opponents.{{sfn|Kennedy|p=246}} At 09:10 ''Rodney'' launched six of her [[British 24.5-inch torpedo|{{cvt|24.5|in}} torpedo]]es from a distance of {{cvt|10|km}} and ''Norfolk'' launched four from {{cvt|15|km}}. All torpedoes missed.{{Sfn|Stephen|1988|p=97}}{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|p=174}}

[[File:HMS Dorsetshire Bismarck survivors.jpg|left|thumb|{{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|6}} picking up survivors]]

With the bridge personnel no longer responding, the executive officer ''Fregattenkapitän'' Hans Oels took command of the ship from his station at the Damage Control Central. Some near misses alongside the port side, and the fact that the ship was no longer able to fight back, caused Oels to decide at around 09:30 to scuttle ''Bismarck''{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=28}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=416, 437}} to prevent the ship being boarded by the British, and to allow the crew to abandon ship so as to reduce casualties.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=50}} ''Bismarck'' was also slowly sinking due to an increasing list that allowed water to enter the ship via damage to the main deck, leading to significant [[free surface effect]]s,{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=413, 581}} although the ship's very large metacentric height kept her afloat.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=435}} At around 09:30 Oels ordered the men below decks to abandon ship; he instructed the engine room crews to open the ship's watertight doors and to prepare scuttling charges.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=293}} The order to prepare to scuttle meant that watertight hatches between decks would be left open, ensuring that water that entered the battery deck via shell damage would start to penetrate below the battery deck, significantly increasing the list and eventually causing ''Bismarck'' to capsize.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=413, 435, 581–582}}

Gerhard Junack, the chief engineering officer, ordered his men to set the demolition charges with a 9-minute fuse but the intercom system broke down and he sent a messenger to confirm the order to scuttle the ship. The messenger never returned, so Junack primed the charges and ordered his men to abandon ship. They left the engine spaces at around 10:10.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=16}}{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=545}} Junack and his comrades heard the demolition charges detonate as they made their way up through the various levels.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=281}} Oels rushed throughout the ship, ordering men to abandon their posts. At around 10:05 to 10:10, a 14-inch shell from ''King George V'' penetrated the upper citadel belt and exploded in the ship's aft canteen, killing Oels on the gun deck and about a hundred others.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=441–442}}{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=295}}

By 10:00, Tovey's two battleships had fired over 700 main battery shells, many at very close range.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–294}} ''Rodney'' closed to {{convert|2700|m|yd|abbr=on}}, [[point-blank range]] for guns of that size, and continued to fire. ''Bismarck'' had been reduced to a shambles, aflame from bow to stern. She was slowly settling by the stern from uncontrolled flooding with a 20 degree list to port.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–294}} Tovey would not cease fire until the Germans [[Striking the colors|struck their ensigns]] or it became clear they were abandoning ship.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|pp=292–293}} Overall the four British ships fired more than 2,800 shells at ''Bismarck'', and scored more than 400 hits, but were unable to sink ''Bismarck'' by gunfire. The heavy gunfire at virtually point-blank range devastated ''Bismarck''<nowiki/>'s superstructure and the sections of the hull that were above the waterline, causing very heavy casualties, but it contributed little to the eventual sinking of the ship.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=51}} ''Rodney'' fired two torpedoes from her port-side tube and claimed one hit.{{sfn|Gatacre|p=140}} According to [[Ludovic Kennedy]], "if true, [this is] the only instance in history of one battleship torpedoing another".{{sfn|Kennedy|p=246}}

The scuttling charges detonated around 10:20.{{efn|"WHO SANK THE BISMARCK – The British or the Germans? We are convinced the answer is ... "BOTH!!" Bismarck unquestionably would have sunk due to progressive flooding hours after the battle ended. By 0930, CDR Oels heard no response from the Bridge and he knew that the ship was defenceless, when turrets Caesar and Dora were no longer operational. There is enough evidence to indicate that he ordered the ship scuttled to prevent her boarding by the British and to end the agony of the prolonged battering by British shellfire that was hindering escape into the sea."{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=51}} }} By 10:35, the ship had assumed a heavy port list, capsizing slowly and sinking by the stern.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}} At around 10:20, running low on fuel, Tovey ordered the cruiser ''Dorsetshire'' to sink ''Bismarck'' with torpedoes and ordered his battleships back to port.{{sfn|McGowen|p=56}} ''Dorsetshire'' fired a pair of torpedoes into ''Bismarck''{{'}}s starboard side, one of which hit. ''Dorsetshire'' then moved around to her port side and fired another torpedo, which also hit. By the time these torpedo attacks took place, the ship was already listing so badly that the deck was partly awash.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=281}} It appears that the final torpedo may have detonated against ''Bismarck''{{'}}s port side superstructure, which was by then already underwater.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=33}} ''Bismarck'' disappeared beneath the surface at 10:40.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}}

Junack, who had abandoned ship by the time it capsized, observed no underwater damage to the ship's starboard side.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|pp=545–546}} Müllenheim-Rechberg reported the same but assumed that the port side, which was then under water, had been more significantly damaged. Some survivors reported they saw Captain Lindemann standing at attention at the stem of the ship as she sank.{{sfn|Zetterling | Tamelander |2009|p=282}} Around eight-hundred to a thousand men were now in the water;{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=466}} ''Dorsetshire'' and the destroyer {{HMS|Maori|F24|2}} moved in and lowered ropes to pull the survivors aboard. At 11:40, ''Dorsetshire''{{'}}s captain ordered the rescue effort abandoned after lookouts spotted what they thought was a U-boat. ''Dorsetshire'' had rescued 85 men and ''Maori'' had picked up 25 by the time they left the scene.{{sfn|Bercuson | Herwig |2003|p=297}} ''U-74'', which had been watching the action from a distance, rescued three men from a rubber dinghy in the evening at 19:30. The next day the German trawler {{ship|German weather ship|Sachsenwald||2}} rescued another two from a raft at 22:45.{{sfn|Müllenheim-Rechberg|1980b|pp=188–190}} One of the men picked up by the British died of his wounds the following day. Out of a crew of over 2,200 men, only 114 survived.{{sfn|Garzke | Dulin |1985|p=246}}

== Wreckage ==
=== Discovery by Robert Ballard ===
[[File:Bismarck illustration.png|thumb|Painting by [[Ken Marschall]] depicting the unmanned probe {{ship||Argo|ROV|2}} exploring the wreck]]
The wreck of ''Bismarck'' was discovered on 8 June 1989 by [[Robert Ballard]], the [[oceanographer]] responsible for finding {{RMS|Titanic}}.{{sfn|Garzke|Dulin|Jurens|2019|p=474}} ''Bismarck'' was found to be resting on her keel at a depth of approximately {{convert|4791|m|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=221}} about {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}} west of Brest. The ship struck an extinct underwater volcano, which rose some {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} above the surrounding [[abyssal plain]], triggering a {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} [[landslide]]. ''Bismarck'' slid down the mountain, coming to a stop about two-thirds of the way down. Ballard kept the wreck's exact location a secret to prevent other divers from taking artefacts<!--this is the correct spelling; "artefact" is the British English spelling of the word. Please do not change it.--> from the ship, a practice he considered a form of [[grave robbing]].{{sfn|Ballard|1990|pp=216, 221}}

Ballard's survey found no underwater penetrations of the ship's fully armoured [[Armored citadel|citadel]]. Eight holes were found in the hull, one on the starboard side and seven on the port side, all above the waterline. One of the holes is in the deck, on the bow's starboard side. The angle and shape indicates the shell that created the hole was fired from ''Bismarck''{{'}}s port side and struck the starboard anchor chain. The anchor chain has disappeared down this hole.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=194}} Six holes are [[amidships]], three shell fragments pierced the upper splinter belt, and one made a hole in the main armour belt.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=214}} Further aft a huge hole is visible, parallel to the aircraft catapult, on the deck. The submersibles recorded no sign of a shell penetration through the main or side armour here, and it is likely that the shell penetrated the deck armour only.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=191}} Naval historians William Garzke and Robert Dulin noted that the British battleships were shooting at very close range; the flat trajectory of the shells made it difficult to hit the relatively narrow target represented by the belt armour above the waterline due to the high waves, caused by gale force winds, which shielded the belt armour as shells that fell short would either strike the water and ricochet up into the superstructure or explode after striking the waves.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=34}}

Ballard noted that he found no evidence of the internal implosions that occur when a hull that is not fully flooded sinks. The surrounding water, which has much greater pressure than the air in the hull, would crush the ship. Instead, Ballard points out that the hull is in relatively good condition; he states simply that "''Bismarck'' did not implode."{{sfn|Ballard|1990|pp=214–215}} This suggests that ''Bismarck''{{'}}s compartments were flooded when the ship sank, supporting the scuttling theory.{{sfn|Jackson|p=88}} Ballard added "we found a hull that appears whole and relatively undamaged by the descent and impact". They concluded that the direct cause of sinking was scuttling: sabotage of engine-room valves by her crew, as claimed by German survivors.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=215}}

The whole stern had broken away; as it was not near the main wreckage and has not yet been found, it can be assumed this did not occur on impact with the sea floor. The missing section came away roughly where the torpedo had hit, raising questions of possible structural failure.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|pp=177–178}} The stern area had also received several hits, increasing the torpedo damage. This, coupled with the fact the ship sank stern first and had no structural support to hold it in place, suggests the stern detached at the surface. While no one onboard ''Bismarck'' when it sank could confirm or deny that, ''Prinz Eugen''{{'}}s stern collapsed after it was similarly torpedoed in the stern in 1942. This prompted the Germans to strengthen the stern structures on all German capital ships.{{sfn|Ballard|1990|p=215}}

=== Subsequent expeditions ===
In June 2001, Deep Ocean Expeditions, partnered with [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], conducted another investigation of the wreck. The researchers used Russian-built [[Submersible|mini-submarines]]. William N. Lange, a Woods Hole expert, stated, "You see a large number of shell holes in the superstructure and deck, but not that many along the side, and none below the waterline."{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}} The expedition found no penetrations in the main armoured belt, above or below the waterline. The examiners noted several long gashes in the hull, but attributed these to impact on the sea floor.{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}}

An Anglo-American expedition in July 2001 was funded by a British TV channel. The team used the volcano—the only one in that area—to locate the wreck. Using [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROVs]] to film the hull, the team concluded that the ship had sunk due to combat damage. Expedition leader [[David Mearns]] claimed significant gashes had been found in the hull: "My feeling is that those holes were probably lengthened by the slide, but initiated by torpedoes".{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}}

The 2002 documentary ''[[Expedition: Bismarck]]'', directed by [[James Cameron]] and filmed in May–June 2002 using smaller and more agile [[Mir (submersible)|Mir submersibles]], reconstructed the events leading to the sinking. These provided the first interior shots.{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}} Unlike the Ballard expedition, Cameron's investigation was able to examine parts of the sides of the hull. When ''Bismarck'' hit the bottom bow first, massive "hydraulic outburst" separated much of the shell plating of the hull along the line where it joined the bottom of the armour belt. The decks under the armour deck have been compressed by 3 to 4 metres.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=42}} The most extensive damage, including the gashes Mearns observed, was thus due to impact of the hull with the ocean floor as opposed to directly due to battle damage.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=47}}

Although around 719 large calibre shells were fired at ''Bismarck'' that morning, Cameron's survey noted only two instances where the 320&nbsp;mm main side belt armour had actually been fully penetrated in the visible parts of the hull.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=30}} These were both on the starboard side amidships. One hole is forward of the 320&nbsp;mm displaced armour belt. In the second case the explosion dislodged a rectangular segment of the 320&nbsp;mm armour. Instead, the expedition argues long range plunging fire hitting the deck was almost completely responsible for the damage that directly contributed to the sinking of the ship.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|pp=30–31}} The later close-range shelling (including by secondary armament) "devastated the superstructure and exposed parts of the hull above the waterline, and caused massive casualties", but contributed little to the sinking of the ship.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=51}} British gunnery accuracy was "mediocre at best", partially due to the "miserable" firing conditions and the ship's list to port, with only around 10% of fired medium calibre shots hitting.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|pp=32–34}}

The Cameron report stated that "The devastation caused by the shellfire combined with the effects of several torpedo hits to overwhelm and defeat the ''Bismarck'', causing the ship to begin sinking due to uncontrollable progressive flooding. The German crew sped the inevitable demise of their ship by initiating scuttling measures."{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=20}} It suggests the torpedoes may have increased the subsequent extensive damage to the ship when it hit the ocean floor.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=33}} In some cases the torpedo blasts had failed to shatter the torpedo bulkheads.{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}} and some hits claimed may have been torpedoes that exploded prematurely due to the heavy seas.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=31}} However the locations of other hits were buried in mud or were impossible to distinguish due to the extent of overall damage to the ship.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=33}} Overall the report disputed Mearns' claim that scuttling was irrelevant to the timing of the sinking.{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=42}}

Despite their sometimes differing viewpoints, these experts generally agree that ''Bismarck'' would have eventually foundered if the Germans had not scuttled her first. Ballard estimated that ''Bismarck'' could still have floated for at least a day when the British vessels ceased gunfire, but before Bismarck was torpedoed by ''Dorsetshire'', and could have been captured by the Royal Navy, a position supported by Ludovic Kennedy (who was serving on the destroyer {{HMS|Tartar|F43|6}} at the time). Kennedy stated, "That she would have foundered eventually there can be little doubt; but the scuttling ensured that it was sooner rather than later."{{sfn|Ballard|1990|pp=214-215}} The Cameron expedition's report asserts "Bismarck unquestionably would have sunk due to progressive flooding hours after the battle ended".{{sfn|Cameron|Dulin|Garzke|Jurens|2002|p=50}} In Mearns' subsequent book ''Hood and Bismarck'', he conceded that scuttling "may have hastened the inevitable, but only by a matter of minutes."{{sfn|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}} Ballard later concluded that "As far as I was concerned, the British had sunk the ship regardless of who delivered the final blow."{{sfn|Ballard|2008|p=111}}

== See also ==
* [[Unsinkable Sam]] – Cat which is said to have survived the sinking of ''Bismarck''
* ''[[Last Nine Days of the Bismarck]]'' – 1959 novel by [[C. S. Forester]]
* ''[[Sink the Bismarck!]]'' – 1960 film based on the Forester novel
* "[[Sink the Bismark]]" – 1960 song by [[Johnny Horton]]

== Footnotes ==
===Notes===
{{notelist|35em}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|23em}}

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  | year = 2010
  | language = de
  | title = Kapitän zur See Ernst Lindemann: Der Bismarck-Kommandant&nbsp;– Eine Biographie
  | publisher = VDM Heinz Nickel
  | location = Zweibrücken
  | isbn = 978-3-86619-047-4
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Grützner}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Hildebrand
  | first1 = Hans H.
  | last2 = Röhr
  | first2 = Albert
  | last3 = Steinmetz
  | first3 = Hans-Otto
  | year = 1993
  | title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart
  | trans-title=The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present
  | volume = 2
  | language = de
  |location = Ratingen
  |publisher = Mundus Verlag
  |isbn = 978-3-8364-9743-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Jackson
  | first = Robert
  | year = 2002
  | title = The Bismarck
  | publisher = Weapons of War
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-1-86227-173-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Jackson}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Kennedy
  | first = Ludovic
  | author-link = Ludovic Kennedy
  | date = 1991
  | orig-date = 1974
  | title = Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck
  | publisher = Fontana
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-00-634014-0
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Kennedy}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Konstam
  | first1 = Angus
  | year = 2019
  | title = Hunt the Bismarck: The pursuit of Germany's most famous battleship
  | publisher = Osprey Publishing
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-1-47283-384-6
  | edition = pdf ebook
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = McGowen
  | first = Tom
  | year = 1999
  | title = Sink the Bismarck: Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II
  | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books
  | location = Brookfield
  | isbn = 978-0-7613-1510-0
  | ref = {{sfnRef|McGowen}}
  | url = https://archive.org/details/sinkbismarckgerm0000mcgo
  | via = Archive.org
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Miller
  | first = Nathan
  | year = 1997
  | title = War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 978-0-19-511038-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Miller}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Müllenheim-Rechberg
  | first = Burkhard von
  | date = 1980a
  | title = Battleship Bismarck, A Survivor's Story
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-096-9
  }}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Müllenheim-Rechberg
  | first = Burkhard von
  | title = De ondergang van de Bismarck
  | publisher = De Boer Maritiem
  | date = 1980b
  | isbn = 978-90-228-1836-7
  | language = nl
  }}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Rohwer
  | first = J.
  | title = Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | year = 2005
  | isbn = 978-1-59114-119-8
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Roskill
  | first1 = Stephen
  |editor=J. R. M. Butler
  | orig-year = 1954
  | year = 1976
  | title = The War at Sea 1939–1945
  | volume = I: The Defensive
  | series = History of the Second World War
  | publisher = HMSO
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-11-630188-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Roskill}}
  }}
* {{Cite book |last=Stehr |first=Werner F.G. |title=Leichte und mitlere Artillerie auf deutschen Kriegsschiffen |last2=Breyer |first2=Siegfried |date=1999 |publisher=Podzun Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0664-6 |series=Marine-Arsenal |volume=Sonderheft band 18 |location=Wölfersheim-Berstadt |language=de}}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Stephen
  | first = Martin
  | title = Sea Battles in close-up: World War 2
  | publisher = Ian Allan ltd
  | year = 1988
  | isbn = 978-0-7110-1596-8
  | editor-last = Grove
  | editor-first = Eric
  | location = London
  }}
* {{cite web
  | last1 = Tovey
  | first1 = John
  |work=Despatches Published in the London Gazette
  | year = 1947
  | title = Despatch on the sinking of the German battleship "Bismarck" 1941 May 27
  | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38098.pdf
   |via =ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/londongazette.html.
 }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Williamson
  | first = Gordon
  | year = 2003
  | title = German Battleships 1939–45
  | publisher = Osprey Publishing
  | series = New Vanguard No 71
  | location = Oxford
  | isbn = 978-1-84176-498-6
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Williamson}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Zetterling
  | first1 = Niklas
  | last2 = Tamelander
  | first2 = Michael
  | date = 2009
  | title = Bismarck: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship
  | publisher = Casemate
  | location = Drexel Hill
  | isbn = 978-1-935149-04-0
  | name-list-style = amp
  }}

===Online sources===
* {{cite news
  | last = Broad
  | first = William J.
  | date = 3 December 2002
  | title = Visiting Bismarck, Explorers Revise Its Story
  | newspaper = New York Times
  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/03/science/visiting-bismarck-explorers-revise-its-story.html
  | access-date = 16 June 2011
  | ref = {{sfnRef|''New York Times'', "Visiting Bismarck"}}
|url-access=subscription
  }}
* {{cite web
  | last3= Garzke
  | first3 = William H.
  | last2 = Dulin
  | first2 = Robert O.
  | last4 = Jurens
  | first4 = William
  | last5 = Smith
  | first5 = Kenneth M.
  | last1 = Cameron
  | first1 = James
  | date = 2002
  | title = The Wreck of DKM Bismarck − A Marine Forensics Analysis
  | url = https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/12480849/the-wreck-of-dkm-bismarck-a-marine-forensics-analysis-1-the-
  | access-date = 30 June 2020
}}
* {{cite news
  |last=Schudel
  | first=Matt
  | date=28 May 2016
  | title=Jane Fawcett, British code-breaker During World War II, Dies at 95
  | newspaper=[[Washington Post]]
  |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jane-fawcett-british-codebreaker-during-world-war-ii-dies-at-95/2016/05/28/a001f860-24e4-11e6-9e7f-57890b612299_story.html
  |ref={{sfnRef|Schudel}}
  }}

== Further reading ==
* Ballard, R. (1990). ''The Discovery of the Bismarck''. New York, NY. Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-446-51386-9}}
* {{cite magazine|title=The Bismarck Found|first=Robert D.|last=Ballard|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|pages=622–637|volume=176|issue=5|date=November 1989|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}
* {{cite journal
  | last1 = Garzke
  | first1 = William H.
  | last2 = Dulin
  | first2 = Robert O.
  | year = 1994
  | title = Bismarck's Final Battle
  | journal = Warship International
  | volume = XXXI
  | issue = 2
  |issn=0043-0374
  | publisher = [[International Naval Research Organization]]
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Garzke & Dulin 1994}}
  |url=http://www.navweaps.com/index_inro/INRO_Bismarck.php
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite web
  | last1 = Junack
  | first1 = Gerhard
  |work=Purnell's History of the Second World War, Vol.2, No. 5
  | year = 1967
  | title = The Last Hours of the Bismarck
  | url=http://www.kbismarck.com/bismarck-last-hours.html
   |via =KBismarck.com
  }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Koop | first1 = Gerhard | last2 = Schmolke | first2 = Klaus-Peter | title = Battleships Of The Bismarck Class | location = UK| year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-84832-197-7 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* [https://www.uboatarchive.net/Int/BismarckINT.htm CB 4051. German battleship Bismarck: Interrogation of survivors, August 1941]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismarck}}
[[Category:German battleship Bismarck| ]]
[[Category:1939 ships]]
[[Category:Bismarck-class battleships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1941]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels of Germany]]
[[Category:Ships built in Hamburg]]
[[Category:World War II battleships of Germany]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:1989 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks discovered by Robert Ballard]]