View source for Gelechioidea

{{short description|Superfamily of moths}}
__NOTOC__{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Curved-horn moths
| image = Xylorycta assimilis.jpg
| image_caption = Adult ''[[Xylorycta assimilis]]'' of the [[Xyloryctidae]], photographed in [[Aranda, Australian Capital Territory|Aranda]] (Australia)<br/>Note prominent "horns" and long [[antenna (biology)|antenna]]e
| taxon = Gelechioidea
| authority = Fracker, 1915
| diversity_link = #Families
| diversity = 16-21 families (see text)
}}

'''Gelechioidea''' (from the type genus ''[[Gelechia]]'', "keeping to the ground") is the [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[moth]]s that contains the '''case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives''', also simply called '''curved-horn moths''' or '''gelechioid moths'''. It is a large and poorly understood '"[[micromoth]]" superfamily, constituting one of the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] lineages of the [[Ditrysia]].<ref name = rht949902>Robinson ''et al.'' (1994), Hodges (1999), O'Toole (2002)</ref>

As of the 1990s, this superfamily was composed of about 1,425 [[genera]] and 16,250 [[species]]. It was estimated that only 25% of the species diversity of Gelechioidea had been described.<ref>Hodges (1999)</ref> If this estimate is accurate, Gelechioidea will be one of the largest superfamilies of [[Lepidoptera]].<ref name = rht949902 />

The name "curved-horn moths" refers to one of the few conspicuous features found in (almost) all Gelechioidea, and, at least in the more extreme developments, unique to them: the [[External morphology of Lepidoptera#Palpi|labial palps]] are well-developed (though not thickened), and form more or less gently curved protrusions whose end has a drawn-out, pointed tip. Their [[proboscis#Lepidoptera mouth parts|proboscis]] is generally well-developed, allowing for long-lived [[imago|imagines]] (adults); the [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] part of the proboscis is scaly. Otherwise, the Gelechioidea vary extensively in [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]]; most have small hind-wings with long, hairy fringes, though these are not easily seen in the living animal as they are tucked under the fore-wings at rest. The body is usually quite compressed, either [[dorsoventral]]ly or [[Lateral (anatomy)|lateral]]ly.<ref>Robinson ''et al.'' (1994)</ref>

==Families==
The [[phylogeny]] and classification of the Gelechioidea remains a subject of considerable dispute. For example, the [[Elachistidae]] were at one time used as a sort of "[[wastebin taxon]]" to unite as [[subfamilies]] a variety of [[plesiomorphic]] members of this superfamily, which do not actually seem to form a [[monophyletic]] group. Many of these have now been moved to the [[Oecophoridae]], but others are almost certainly likely families in their own right, while additional ones may well be so.<ref>Hodges (1999), O'Toole (2002), ToL (2009), Wikispecies (2009-OCT-12)</ref>

In 2011 the superfamily was divided into 21 families, based mainly on morphological studies, with adjustments made for some molecular studies. The number of genera and an estimate of the species number are given in parentheses.<ref>van Nieukerken ''et al'', 2011</ref>

* [[Autostichidae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small> (72 genera, 638 species) &ndash; includes [[Deocloninae]], [[Glyphidocerinae]], [[Holcopogoninae]], [[Symmocinae]] and [[Metachandini]], which have sometimes been treated as families.
* [[Batrachedridae]] <small>Heinemann & Wocke, 1876</small> (10 genera, 99 species)
* [[Blastobasidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1894</small> (24 genera, 377 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* [[Chimabachidae]] <small>Heinemann, 1870</small> (2 genera, 6 species)
* [[Coelopoetidae]] <small>Hodges, 1978</small> (1 genus, 3 species)
* [[Coleophoridae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small> (case-bearers, case moths; 5 genera, 1,386 species) 
* [[Cosmopterigidae]] <small>Heinemann & Wocke, 1876</small> (cosmet moths; 135 genera, 1,792 species)
* [[Elachistidae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small> (grass-miner moths; 161 genera, 3,201 species) &ndash; includes [[Agonoxeninae]] (palm moths) and [[Ethmiinae]], which have sometimes been treated as families.
* [[Epimarptidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1914</small> (1 genus, 4 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Batrachedridae.
* [[Gelechiidae]] <small>Stainton, 1854</small> (twirler moths; 500 genera, 4,700 species)
* [[Lecithoceridae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small> (long-horned moths; 100 genera, 1,200 species)
* [[Lypusidae]] <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1857</small> (3 genera, 21 species) 
* [[Momphidae]] <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1857</small> (mompha moths; 6 genera, 115 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* [[Oecophoridae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small> (concealer moths; 313 genera, 3,308 species)
* [[Peleopodidae]] <small>Hodges, 1974</small> (7 genera, 28 species)
* [[Pterolonchidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1918</small> (2 genera, 8 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Coleophoridae.
* [[Schistonoeidae]] <small>Hodges, 1998</small> (scavenger moth; 1 genus, 1 species)
* [[Scythrididae]] <small>Rebel, 1901</small> (flower moths; 30 genera, 669 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Xyloryctidae.
* [[Stathmopodidae]] <small>Janse, 1917</small> (44 genera, 408 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of Oecophoridae.
* [[Syringopainae|Syringopaidae]] <small>Hodges, 1998</small> (1 genus, 1 species) &ndash; previously considered a subfamily of [[Deoclonidae]].
* [[Xyloryctidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1890</small> (60 genera, 524 species)

However, a later phylogenetic analysis of the Gelechioidea, using a morphological and molecular dataset, proposed a revision into 16 families, with the status of two further families, [[Schistonoeidae]] and [[Epimarptidae]], unclear.<ref>Heikkilä ''et al'', 2014</ref>

{{col-float-begin}}{{col-float-break}}
* [[Autostichidae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small>
** [[Autostichinae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small>
** [[Deocloninae]] <small>[[Ronald W. Hodges|Hodges]], 1999</small>
** [[Glyphidocerinae]] <small>Hodges, 1999</small>
** [[Holcopogoninae]] <small>Gozmány, 1967</small>
** [[Oegoconiinae]] <small>Leraut, 1992</small>
** [[Symmocinae]] <small>Gozmány, 1957</small>
* [[Batrachedridae]] <small>Heinemann & Wocke, 1876</small>
* [[Blastobasidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1894</small>
** [[Blastobasinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1894</small>
** [[Holcocerinae]] <small>Adamski, 1989</small>
* [[Coleophoridae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small>
* [[Cosmopterigidae]] <small>Heinemann in Heinemann & Wocke, 1876</small>
** [[Antequerinae]] <small>Hodges, 1978</small>
** [[Chrysopeleiinae]] <small>Mosher, 1916</small>
** [[Cosmopteriginae]] <small>Heinemann and Wocke, 1876</small>
** [[Scaeosophinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1922</small>
* [[Depressariidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1883</small>
** [[Acriinae]] <small>Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984</small>
** [[Aeolanthinae]] <small>Kuznetsov and Stekolnikov, 1984</small>
** [[Cryptolechiinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1883</small>
** [[Depressariinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1883</small>
** [[Ethmiinae]] <small>[[August Busck|Busck]], 1909</small>
** [[Hypercalliinae]] <small>Leraut, 1993</small>
** [[Hypertrophinae]] <small>Fletcher, 1929</small>
** [[Oditinae]] <small>Lvovsky, 1996</small>
** [[Peleopodinae]] <small>Hodges, 1974</small>
** [[Stenomatinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1906</small>
* [[Elachistidae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small> &ndash; substantially reduced with movement of five subfamilies to Depressariidae.
** [[Agonoxeninae]] <small>Meyrick, 1926</small>
** [[Elachistinae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small>
** [[Parametriotinae]] <small>Capuse, 1971</small>
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* [[Gelechiidae]] <small>Stainton, 1854</small>
** [[Anacampsinae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small>
** [[Anomologinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1926</small>
** [[Apatetrinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1947</small>
** [[Dichomeridinae]] <small>Hampson, 1918</small>
** [[Gelechiinae]] <small>Stainton, 1854</small>
** [[Physoptilinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1914</small>
** [[Thiotrichinae]] <small>Karsholt ''et al''., 2013</small>
* [[Lecithoceridae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small>
** [[Ceuthomadarinae]] <small>Gozmány, 1978</small>
** [[Lecithocerinae]] <small>Le Marchand, 1947</small>
** [[Torodorinae]] <small>Gozmány, 1978</small>
* [[Lypusidae]] <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1857</small>
** [[Chimabachinae]] <small>Heinemann, 1870</small>
** [[Lypusinae]] <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1857</small>
* [[Momphidae]] <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1857</small>
* [[Oecophoridae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small>
** [[Oecophorinae]] <small>Bruand, 1850</small>
** [[Pleurotinae]] <small>Toll, 1956</small>
* [[Pterolonchidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1918</small>
** [[Coelopoetinae]] <small>Hodges, 1978</small>
** [[Pterolonchinae]] <small>Meyrick, 1918</small>
** [[Syringopainae]] <small>Hodges, 1999</small>
* [[Scythrididae]] <small>Rebel, 1901</small>
* [[Stathmopodidae]] <small>Meyrick, 1913</small>
* [[Xyloryctidae]] <small>[[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1890</small>
{{col-float-end}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{wikispecies-inline}} See also [[:wikispecies:Talk:Gelechioidea|associated Talk page]] for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.
* {{aut|Hodges, R.W.}} (1999): The Gelechioidea. ''In:'' {{aut|Kristensen, N.P. (ed.)}}: ''Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology'' (Volume IV &ndash; Arthropoda: Insecta. Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies 1): 131–158. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York. <small>{{ISBN|3-11-015704-7}}</small>
* {{aut|O'Toole, Christopher (ed.)}} (2002): ''Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders''. <small>{{ISBN|1-55297-612-2}}</small>
* {{aut|Robinson, G.S.; Tuck, K.R.; Shaffer, M. and Cook, K.}} (1994): ''The smaller moths of South-East Asia''. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
* {{aut|[[Tree of Life Web Project]] (ToL)}} (2009): [http://tolweb.org/Gelechioidea/12057 Gelechioidea]. Version of 2009-APR-02. Retrieved 2010-APR-22.
* {{cite journal|last1=van Nieukerken|first1=Erik J. |first2=Lauri |last2=Kaila |first3=Ian J. |last3=Kitching |first4=Niels P. |last4=Kristensen |first5=David C. |last5=Lees |first6=Joël |last6=Minet |first7=Charles |last7=Mitter |first8=Marko |last8=Mutanen |first9=Jerome C. |last9=Regier |first10=Thomas J. |last10=Simonsen |first11=Niklas |last11=Wahlberg |first12=Shen-Horn |last12=Yen |first13=Reza |last13=Zahiri |first14=David |last14=Adamski |first15=Joaquin |last15=Baixeras |first16=Daniel |last16=Bartsch |first17=Bengt Å. |last17=Bengtsson |first18=John W. |last18=Brown |first19=Sibyl Rae |last19=Bucheli |first20=Donald R. |last20=Davis |first21=Jurate |last21=De Prins |first22=Willy |last22=De Prins |first23=Marc E. |last23=Epstein |first24=Patricia |last24=Gentili-Poole |first25=Cees|last25=Gielis|author25-link=Cees Gielis |first26=Peter |last26=Hättenschwiler |first27=Axel |last27=Hausmann |first28=Jeremy D. |last28=Holloway |first29=Axel |last29=Kallies |first30=Ole |last30=Karsholt|author31-link=Akito Y. Kawahara |first31=Akito Y. |last31=Kawahara |first32=Sjaak (J.C.) |last32=Koster |first33=Mikhail V. |last33=Kozlov |first34=J. Donald |last34=Lafontaine |first35=Gerardo |last35=Lamas |first36=Jean-François |last36=Landry |first37=Sangmi |last37=Lee |first38=Matthias |last38=Nuss |first39=Kyu-Tek |last39=Park |first40=Carla |last40=Penz |first41=Jadranka |last41=Rota |first42=Alexander |last42=Schintlmeister |first43=B. Christian |last43=Schmidt |first44=Jae-Cheon |last44=Sohn |last45=Solis |first45=M. Alma |author-link45=Maria Alma Solis |first46=Gerhard M. |last46=Tarmann |first47=Andrew D. |last47=Warren |first48=Susan |last48=Weller |first49=Roman V. |last49=Yakovlev |first50=Vadim V. |last50=Zolotuhin |first51=Andreas |last51=Zwick |title=Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758|journal=Zootaxa|date=23 December 2011|volume=3148|series=Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness|pages=212–221|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p221.pdf|editor1-first=Zhi-Qiang|editor1-last=Zhang|ref=Zootaxa}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Heikkilä|first1=Maria |last2=Mutanen|first2=Marko |last3=Kekkonen|first3=Mari |last4=Kaila|first4=Lauri |title=Morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities: a revised classification for Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera) |journal=Cladistics |volume=30|issue=6 |year=2014|pages=563–589 |issn=0748-3007|doi=10.1111/cla.12064|pmid=34794251 |s2cid=84696495 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
*[http://mississippientomologicalmuseum.org.msstate.edu/Researchtaxapages/Lepidoptera/GelechioideaFramework.htm Global Framework for Gelechioidea]

{{Lepidopteran superfamilies}}
{{Lepidoptera}}

{{taxonbar|from=Q135051}}

[[Category:Gelechioidea| ]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera superfamilies]]