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{{Short description|Town in Pskov Oblast, Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox Russian town
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|ru_name=Гдов
|image_skyline=Gdov_Centre.jpg
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|adm_ctr_of=Gdovsky District
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|mun_district_jur=Gdovsky Municipal District
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|urban_settlement_jur=Gdov Urban Settlement
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|mun_admctr_of1=Gdovsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="OKTMO">{{OKTMO reference|58 608}}</ref>
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|established_date=beginning of<br />the 14th century
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|current_cat_date=1780
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[[File:RR5514-0050R 10 рублей биметалл 2007 Древние города России Гдов реверс.png|140px|right|thumb|10 rubles (2007). Ancient Towns Of Russia Coin Series]]

'''Gdov''' ({{langx|ru|Гдов}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Gdovsky District]] in [[Pskov Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the river [[Gdovka]], just {{convert|2|km|sp=us}} from its outflow into [[Lake Peipus]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2021=3,465|p2010=4,379|p2002=5,171|p1989=6,009}}

==History==
It was first mentioned in the beginning of the 14th century, as an outpost guarding the city of [[Pskov]].<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=105–106}}</ref> Between 1431 and 1434, Pskovians built a [[Gdov Kremlin|fortress]] there,<ref name="gr" /> the remains of which can still be seen. It was attacked on numerous occasions by the [[Sweden|Swedes]] and the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref name="gr" /> (e.g., during the [[Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595)]] and the [[Ingrian War]]), and captured by the Swedes in 1614, but was finally returned to Russia in 1617 according to the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article106520.html|script-title=ru:Столбовский мир 1617|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|language=ru|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

In the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708–1710|administrative reform]] carried out in 1708 by [[Peter the Great]], Gdov was made a part of Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]]).<ref name="1708List">[http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/2005/ Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Gdov was mentioned as one of the towns into which the governorate was divided.<ref name="1708List" /> In 1780, Gdov was granted town status;<ref name="BSE">{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article008938.html|title=Гдов (Gdov)|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|language=ru}}</ref> its [[coat of arms]] was granted on May&nbsp;28, 1781.<ref name="gr" /> Between 1874 and 1912, Gdov issued [[Zemstvo stamp]]s. The first stamp, worth two [[Russian ruble|kopeck]]s, appeared on April&nbsp;16, 1874. Stamp production ceased, however, with the coming of [[World War I]]. In 1919, Gdov was an area where important events of the [[Russian Civil War]] and the [[Estonian War of Independence]] took place. Originally, the area east of [[Lake Peipus]] was under control of the revolutionary government. On May&nbsp;15, 1919, the detachment under command of [[Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz]] (subordinate to General [[Aleksandr Rodzyanko]]) captured Gdov and the whole ''[[uyezd]]'' thus came under control by the White Army troops of [[Nikolai Yudenich]]. In November 1919, the [[Red Army]] recaptured Gdov.<ref name="SovRos">{{cite web|url=http://bibliotekar.ru/sovetskaya-rossiya/21.htm|script-title=ru:История Советской России|last=Ратьковский|first=И.С.|author2=Ходяков М. В.|year=2001|publisher=Лань|language=ru|access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref>

On August&nbsp;1, 1927, the ''uyezds'' and governorates were abolished and Gdovsky District, with the [[administrative center]] in Gdov, was established as a part of [[Luga Okrug]] of [[Leningrad Oblast]].<ref name="PskovO1988">''Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast'', pp.&nbsp;11–13</ref><ref name="GdovskyDHist">{{cite web|url=http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/44_Gdovsky_rayon.htm|script-title=ru:Гдовский район (август 1927 г. - август 1944 г.)|publisher=Справочник истории административно-территориального деления Ленинградской области|language=ru|access-date=June 23, 2014|archive-date=October 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192220/http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/44_Gdovsky_rayon.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It included parts of former Gdovsky Uyezd.<ref name="GdovskyDHist" /> On July&nbsp;23, 1930, the [[Okrug|''okrugs'']] were also abolished and the districts were directly subordinated to the [[oblast]].<ref name="PskovO1988" /> Between March&nbsp;22, 1935 and September&nbsp;19, 1940, Gdovsky District was part of the restored [[Pskov Okrug]] of Leningrad Oblast,<ref name="PskovO1988" /> one of the ''okrugs'' abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union.

Between July&nbsp;19, 1941 and February&nbsp;4, 1944, Gdov was occupied by [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops and [[Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts|Waffen SS]] units from occupied [[Estonia]]. During the war two-thirds of Gdov's population died. The town was seriously damaged during the war; of 640 buildings that existed in 1941, all but 34 were destroyed. Most of the devastation occurred just before the Nazi retreat on January 28, 1944, when the 37th Estonian Police Battalion, part of the [[20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)|20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chuev, Sergeĭ Gennadʹevich.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56389355|title=Проклятые солдаты|date=2004|publisher=Яуза|isbn=5-699-05970-9|location=Moskva|trans-title=The Damned Soldiers: Traitors Serving the Third Reich|oclc=56389355}}</ref> set wooden buildings on fire and used explosives on stone structures. Among the destroyed historical buildings was the unique ensemble of two 15th and 16th-century churches that survived the Bolshevik anti-religion campaigns.<ref name="Зотов">{{Cite web|last=Зотов|first=Георгий|date=2020-07-01|title=Город мертвых церквей. Это забытое преступление – одно из тысяч в России|url=https://aif.ru/society/75_victory/gorod_mertvyh_cerkvey_eto_zabytoe_prestuplenie_odno_iz_tysyach_v_rossii|access-date=2020-10-09|website=aif.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Вперед, за Ленинград! Как освободили от фашистов Гдов|url=https://histrf.ru/biblioteka/b/vpieried-za-lieninghrad-kak-osvobodili-ot-fashistov-gdov|access-date=2020-10-09|website=histrf.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

On August&nbsp;23, 1944, the district was transferred to the newly established Pskov Oblast.<ref name="GdovskyDHist" /> The town was reconstructed during the 1950s and 1960s and continued to expand until the economic and demographic collapse of the early 1990s. In 1993 an exact copy of St. Dmitry Solounskiy church was built at its original location at the [[Gdov Kremlin]], financed exclusively by crowdfunding.<ref name="Зотов"/>

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Gdov serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Gdovsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|58 208}}</ref> to which it is directly subordinate.<ref name="Incorp">Law #833-oz stipulates that the borders of the administrative districts are identical to the borders of the municipal districts. The Law #420-oz, which describes the borders and the composition of the municipal districts, lists the town of Gdov as a part of Gdovsky District.</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of Gdov, together with sixty-two rural localities, is incorporated within Gdovsky Municipal District as '''Gdov Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="PskovO_mun">Law #420-oz</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Гдов, трактор.jpg|thumb|SKhTZ-15/30 tractor as a monument near the local history museum]]
===Industry===
The economy of Gdov is based on the food and timber industries.<ref name="econ">{{cite web|url=http://gdov.reg60.ru/orajone/ekonomika|script-title=ru:Экономика|publisher=Портал муниципальных образований Псковской области|language=ru|access-date=May 23, 2012}}</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:Derzhavnaya.jpg|thumb|St. Dmitry Solounskiy cathedral in Gdov (1993)]]
[[File:Вокзал станции Гдов.JPG|thumb|right|Abandoned Gdov railway station]]
A railway line via Gdov connecting Narva and Pskov was built before WWI. Later a new line from Gdov to [[Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast|Slantsy]] and [[:ru:Веймарн|Veimarn]] was constructed and used for passenger and cargo connections to Leningrad. During WWII the Gdov–Pskov stretch was destroyed, thus making Gdov the terminal station. There was one pair of passenger trains daily servicing the St. Petersburg–Gdov route. In the mid-2010s, passenger traffic between Slantsy and Gdov was discontinued for commercial reasons. The railway between Slantsy and Gdov was deserted and, as of 2021, mainly demolished.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Теплов |first1=Игорь |title=Кингисепп и Сланцы: кто первый встал, того и тапки |url=https://rodinananeve.ru/kingisepp-i-slanczy-kto-pervyj-vstal-togo-i-tapki/ |work=Rodina na Neve |date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

Between the 1950s and 1980s an unpaved [[Aerodrome|airfield]] in Gdov<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.aopa.ru/#lon/27.829245/lat/58.735135/z/15/bl/gs/type/1/p/292/mode/r/ll/a |title = Карта аэродромов России}}</ref> was used for commuter air transit to the neighbouring towns of Slantsy, Pskov and [[Tartu]] aboard an [[Antonov An-2]] passenger biplane.

Gdov is connected by paved roads to Pskov, [[Kingisepp]] via Slantsy, and [[Plyussa]]. There are daily bus services to Pskov, Slantsy, [[Saint Petersburg]], and neighbouring villages.

In the mouth of the [[Gdovka]] there is a harbour for fishing and leisure boats. However, due to the lack of customs and border guard offices, sailing to Estonia is not possible.

===Military installations===
During [[World War II]] Gdov briefly hosted the headquarters of the Chudskoye Lake Flotilla (1941).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victory.mil.ru/rkka/units/07/14.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121222114424/http://www.victory.mil.ru/rkka/units/07/14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-22|title=Chudskaya Lake Flotilla|language=en-us|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>

The [[Russian Air Force|Russian Airforce]] base [[Smuravyevo]], now abandoned, was located northeast of the town.

==Restricted access==
Gdov is included in the [[Border Security Zone of Russia|border security zone]], intended to protect the [[borders of Russia]] from unwanted activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102423974|title=Приказ Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации от 29.12.2016 № 802 "О пределах пограничной зоны на территории Псковской области"|website=pravo.gov.ru|publisher=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> Visits to the zone or transit through it are subject to the Frontier Regime Regulations set by the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] that stipulate cases where permits are required or where holding a passport is enough.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102451178|title=Приказ Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации от 07.08.2017 № 454 "Об утверждении Правил пограничного режима"|website=pravo.gov.ru|publisher=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> Permits may be obtained electronically via e-mail, four weeks ahead of the planned journey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pskov.ru/prelease/17.11.17/86022|title=Выдача пропусков в погранзону изменится с 1 января {{!}} Официальный портал государственных органов Псковской области|website=www.pskov.ru|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Gdov Center.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx street, Gdov downtown]]
[[File:Gdov.Kremlin wall.20100803.DSC 0594.JPG|thumb|right|The wall of the Gdov Kremlin]]

Gdov contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally twelve objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance.{{RKN_base}} The federal monuments are archaeological sites. Gdov has a [[Kremlin (fortification)|kremlin]], an ancient fortress built in the 14th century. Only fragments of the original fortress walls have survived. The [[Saint Dimitry Cathedral, Gdov|St.&nbsp;Dimitry Solounskiy Cathedral]] was destroyed in 1944 and reconstructed in 1993.

The only state museum in the district is the [[Gdov Museum of Regional History]]. It was founded in 1919, destroyed during the German occupation of Gdov, and rebuilt after [[World War II]]. The museum hosts historical and local interest collections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.ru/M826 |script-title=ru:Гдовский музей истории края |publisher=Российская сеть культурного наследия |language=ru |access-date=May 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716035807/http://www.museum.ru/M826 |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Dmitri Ivanovsky|Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920; alternative spelling ''Dmitrii'' or ''Dmitry Iwanowski'' ({{Langx|ru|Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский|links=no}}), Russian botanist, co-discoverer of viruses (1892) and one of the founders of [[virology]].

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|mun|list}}
*Архивный отдел Псковского облисполкома. Государственный архив Псковской области. "Административно-территориальное деление Псковской области (1917–1988&nbsp;гг.). Справочник". (''Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast (1917–1988). Reference.'') Книга&nbsp;I. Лениздат, 1988

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
*[http://gpgdov.ru/ Official website of Gdov] {{in lang|ru}}
* Gdov Business Directory [https://gdov.jsprav.ru/ jsprav.ru] {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://borovaya52.narod.ru/gdov.htm Architectural history of Gdov] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Pskov Oblast}}
{{Major fortresses of Western Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pskov Oblast]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Gdovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Gdovsky District]]