View source for Garibaldi (fish)

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Other uses|Garibaldi (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hypsypops rubicundus adult.jpg
| image_caption = At [[Birch Aquarium]], [[La Jolla]], [[California]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite journal | author1 = Allen, G. | author2 = Robertson, R. | author3 = Lea, B. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2010 | title = ''Hypsypops rubicundus'' | journal =[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T183367A8100806 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183367A8100806.en | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Hypsypops
| parent_authority = [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1861
| species = rubicundus
| authority = ([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1854)
| synonyms = ''Glyphisodon rubicundus'' <small>Girard, 1854</small>
}}
[[File:Garibaldi (Fish).jpg|thumb|A Garibaldi in Shedd Aquarium, Chicago]]
The '''Garibaldi''', known historically also as the '''Catalina goldfish''' and '''marine goldfish''' and now commonly as the '''Garibaldi damselfish''' ('''''Hypsypops rubicundus''''') is a [[species]] of bright orange fish in the [[damselfish]] family. It occurs in the [[Subtropics|subtropical]] northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. The Garibaldi is the official marine [[List of U.S. state fish|state fish]]  of California as of 1955, and has since been protected in California coastal waters from recreation and commercial fishing.<ref>[https://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/state-symbols/#tab-mf California State Library - History and Culture - State Symbols]</ref><ref name="Calderon9">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fuentes Calderon, B. E.)), ((Eagleton, J. L.)), ((Williams, C. M.)), ((Claisse, J. T.)) | journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | title=Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus) from artificial reefs and cooler island natural reefs consume more animal material, which is associated with greater adult size and body condition | volume=580 | pages=152048 | date=1 November 2024 | issn=0022-0981 | doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2024.152048 | bibcode=2024JEMBE.58052048F | doi-access=free }}</ref> 

The English name, Garibaldi, is based on an Italian surname and is a reference to the Italian general and political figure [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], whose followers often wore a characteristic [[Scarlet (color)|scarlet]] or [[Redshirts (Italy)|red shirt]]. As is the case in all damselfish, male Garibaldis aggressively defend the nest site after the female lays eggs.

==Description==
[[File:Hypsypops rubicundus, Avalon, Californie 90704, États-Unis imported from iNaturalist photo 239967320 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Juvenile, in California]]
Garibaldi are deep-bodied, or laterally compressed fish, covered in coarse scales. They have a single dorsal fin with about 12 spines and 16 rays.<ref name="Limbaugh10">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Limbaugh, C.)) | journal=Pacific Science | title=Notes on the Life History of Two Californian Pomacentrids: Garibaldis, Hypsypops rubicunda (Girard), and Blacksmiths, Chromis punctipinnis (Cooper) | volume=18 | issue=1 | pages=41–50 | date= 1964 | issn=0030-8870}}</ref>  Adult fish in this species are uniformly bright orange in color. It is the largest member of the [[damselfish]] family and can grow up to 35.6 cm ({{convert|35.6|cm|0|disp=out|abbr=off}}) in length. Among Garibaldi there is a sexual size dimorphism, with adult males growing, on average, 25{{nbs}}mm ({{convert|25|mm|0|disp=out|abbr=off}}) larger than females, <ref name="Williams16">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Williams, C. M.)), ((Eagleton, J. L.)), ((Pondella, D. J.)), ((Claisse, J. T.)) | journal=Frontiers in Marine Science | title=Habitat type and environmental conditions influence the age and growth of a temperate marine damselfish | volume=9 | publisher=Frontiers | date=6 October 2022 | issn=2296-7745 | doi=10.3389/fmars.2022.988158 | doi-access=free }}</ref>⁠{{nowrap|{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}}}}an unusual trait for damselfish species and other marine fish in southern California, where typically adult females are larger.<ref name="Williams16" />

Juveniles are a deeper, more reddish shade of orange than adults and are covered in many small iridescent blue stripes and spots, which they gradually lose as they become adults.<ref name="Limbaugh10" /> Their tail (caudal fin) and dorsal fins are more translucent compared to their adult counterparts.

=== Role of Coloration Difference ===
[[File:Big Orange Fish (17354300599).jpg|thumb|Adult, at the Monterey Bay Aquarium]]
A study conducted by Caron & Rainboth in 1992, found that vibrant colorations reduce aggressive behavior that territorial fish express toward members of their own species, especially during the breeding season.<ref name="Caron6">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Caron, S.)), ((Rainboth, W. J.)) | journal=Copeia | title=Field Analysis of Color Cues That Elicit Territorial Behavior in the Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus (Pomacentridae) | volume=1992 | issue=4 | pages=1080–1084 | publisher=[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), Allen Press] | date= 1992 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446642 | issn=0045-8511 | doi=10.2307/1446642 | jstor=1446642 | access-date=18 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> They tested orange and patterned orange (in addition to non-orange) as stimuli for territorial behavior in Garibaldi. The study found that orange was a very successful stimulus, and that adding disruptive patterns to the color orange counteracted or nullified the effect of pure orange.<ref name="Caron6" /> These findings support the “intraspecific camouflage” theory, or the idea that the distinct coloration of juvenile Garibaldi allows them to go unrecognized as competitors by the adults. However, Caron & Rainboth only tested the effect of color by using blocks of color. Would there be the same results with live fish?

A separate study (Neal, 1993) answered this question by conducting preliminary experiments in which adult Garibaldi were exposed to live fish with various colorations.<ref name="Neal11">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Neal, T. J.)) | journal=Pacific Science | title=A test of the function of juvenile color patterns in the pomacentrid fish Hypsypops rubicundus (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=240–247 | date= 1993 | url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5094346.pdf | issn=0030-8870 | access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>  The result was that normal-colored juveniles were attacked more (not less as you'd expect with intraspecific camouflage) than the adult-colored juveniles.<ref name="Neal11" /> 
A hypothesis known as “adult-habituation” could provide an alternate, theoretical basis for Garibaldi juveniles being more brightly colored than adults. This hypothesis proposes that the vibrant colors of the juveniles help adults get used to their presence more quickly, particularly when juveniles begin remaining within adult territories and use shelter holes too small for the adults to follow. The idea is that juvenile coloration works similarly to the bright coloration of poisonous organisms. Rather than facilitating the recognition of a deadly prey, juvenile coloration accelerated Garibaldi adults' learning to avoid wasting time and energy chasing after juvenile fish, allowing juveniles to gradually increase the amount of time they could spend foraging within the adults' territory.<ref name="Neal11" /> <gallery class="center" mode="packed">
File:Garibaldi, Catalina Island, Channel Islands, California.jpg
File:Garibaldi Damsel.jpg
File:Garibaldi fish closeup.jpg
File:Grahambones - 3626550703.jpg
</gallery>

==Distribution and habitat==
Garibaldis are found in water from a depth of up to {{convert|30|m|ft}} depth, usually in association with rock reefs and typically over rocky sea-bottoms.<ref name="fishbase5">{{FishBase|genus=Hypsypops|species=rubicundus|year=2005|month=November}}</ref> They prefer to live over rocky bottoms on exposed or semi-protected coasts with clear water and plenty of crevices as well as small caves for cover.<ref name="Limbaugh10" /> Juveniles can be found in [[tide pool]]s and up to depths of 40 feet (just over {{convert|40|ft|0|disp=out}}). This species is native to the northeastern subtropical parts of the [[Pacific Ocean]], ranging from [[Monterey Bay]], [[California]], to [[Guadalupe Island]], [[Baja California]].<ref name="fishbase5" />

== Biology ==

=== Life History ===
[[File:Platform Hypsypops rubicunda Bob Wohlers.jpg|thumb|Juvenile]]
The breeding season for Garibaldi may begin as early as March and continue through July.<ref name="Limbaugh10" /> During this time, the male clears a sheltered nest site within his territory, and then the female deposits eggs in the nest. When first deposited, the elliptical eggs are bright yellow and turn gray after approximately 5 days.<ref name="Sikkel13">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sikkel, P. C.)) | journal=Animal Behaviour | title=Egg presence and developmental stage influence spawning-site choice by female garibaldi | volume=38 | issue=3 | pages=447–456 | date=1 September 1989 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347289800387 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80038-7 | access-date=18 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref>  After fertilizing the eggs, the male guards the nest area until the eggs hatch, which takes 19–21 days. Garibaldi have diel patterns of egg-hatching, meaning that spawning occurs at regular intervals within a day (24 hours), every day during the spawning season.<ref name="Alcalay5">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Alcalay, O. M.)), ((Sikkel, P. C.)) | journal=Bulletin of Marine Science | title=Diel periodicity of hatching of demersal eggs in the temperate damselfish, Hypsypops rubicundus | volume=54 | issue=2 | pages=565–569 | date= 1994 | url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1994/00000054/00000002/art00012?crawler=true | issn=0007-4977 | access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> Embryos hatch within 2 hours after sunset and before early morning, potentially to minimize risk of predation by planktivorous reef fishes.<ref name="Alcalay5" /> The embryos hatch and disperse as planktonic larvae, eventually reaching the first juvenile stage with a striped blue head and iridescent blue markings over an otherwise translucent orange body.<ref name="Sikkel13" /><ref name="Limbaugh10" /> In their juvenile stage, Garibaldi will inhabit tiny crevices, or shelter holes, in their habitat. As they grow older, their orange color deepens, and they gradually lose their blue markings.<ref name="Sikkel13" /> Garibaldi will typically achieve adult coloration at around 5 years and reach sexual maturity at 6 years.<ref name="Clarke7">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Clarke, T. A.)) | journal=Ecological Monographs | title=Territorial Behavior and Population Dynamics of a Pomacentrid Fish, the Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicunda | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=189–212 | publisher=Ecological Society of America | date= 1970 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942295 | issn=0012-9615 | doi=10.2307/1942295 | jstor=1942295 | bibcode=1970EcoM...40..189C | access-date=18 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> The average lifespan is believed to be around 12 years, and for the longest time the maximum age for an individual was thought to be 17 years.<ref name="Clarke7" /> A newer study, conducted by Williams et al., 2022, collected a Garibaldi with the age of 57 years, making it the longest lived of any species of damselfish by two decades.<ref name="Williams16" />

=== Diet ===
Classified as generalist omnivores, Garibaldi feed mainly on [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]],<ref name="fishbase5" /> which they remove from the rocks. Their diet also includes a variety of algae and occasionally their own eggs.<ref name="Calderon9" /> Garibaldi are found to most commonly feed upon fleshy red algae, polychaete worms, anemones, and sponge fragments. But they have also been found to eat encrusting bryozoans, hydroids, branching bryozoans, mollusks, and brown algae.<ref name="Calderon9" /> 

=== Predators ===
Adult Garibaldi have very few known natural predators and are protected by law against fishing,<ref name="Williams16" /> although [[kelp bass]] (Paralabrax clathratus) have been reported to prey on the on young-of-the-year Garibaldi.<ref name="Williams16" />

=== Parasites and Cleaning Symbiosis ===
Senoritas (Oxyjulis californica) and Kelp Perch (Brachyistius frenatus) remove external parasitic organisms, like bacteria, fungi, copepods, and isopods, from Garibaldis.<ref name="Limbaugh10" /> As is the case with other parasitized fish species, Garibaldi will seek out cleaner fish to remove particular parasites. It has been observed that Garibaldi will often hold their operculum open so that a Senorita can remove gill parasites. The red and white shrimp (Hippolysmata californica) has also been observed removing parasites from Garibaldi.<ref name="Limbaugh10" />

==Behavior==

=== Territoriality ===
Unlike other damselfish where males guard nest sites only during the mating season, both male and female adult Garibaldi tend to defend year-round territories of about 3-10 square meters, demonstrating a strong attachment to their specific locations.<ref name="Williams16" /> Males are more strict with defense, especially during the breeding season.<ref name="Clarke8">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Clarke, T. A.)) | journal=Copeia | title=Territory Boundaries, Courtship, and Social Behavior in the Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicunda (Pomacentridae) | volume=1971 | issue=2 | pages=295–299 | publisher=[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), Allen Press] | date= 1971 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1442830 | issn=0045-8511 | doi=10.2307/1442830 | jstor=1442830 | access-date=18 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the time period that the eggs are developing, the male Garibaldi aggressively tries to keep all other fish away from the eggs, and will boldly attack much larger swimming creatures, including humans, to the point of biting divers in order to try to drive them away from the area where the eggs are deposited. Garibaldi territories include a shelter hole, foraging area, and for adult males, a nest site consisting of perennial patches of red algae cultivated by the male.<ref name="Clarke8" /> These territories often share borders, but boundaries are maintained with a little intraspecific aggression but mostly aggression towards other species.<ref name="Clarke8" /> Juvenile Garibaldi don't tend to be territorial or aggressive toward each other unless they are confined in an aquarium.<ref name="Clarke7" />

=== Female Spawning-Site Selection ===
Females will travel considerable distances during breeding season, encountering courting males and don't just spawn automatically with the mate nearest to her territory.<ref name="Sikkel12">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sikkel, P. C.)) | journal=Copeia | title=Factors Influencing Spawning Site Choice by Female Garibaldi, Hypsypops rubicundus (Pisces: Pomacentridae) | volume=1988 | issue=3 | pages=710–718 | publisher=[American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), Allen Press] | date= 1988 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445392 | issn=0045-8511 | doi=10.2307/1445392 | jstor=1445392 | access-date=18 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> She has standards, favoring nests that already contain eggs. Females will selectively spawn with males whose nests contain eggs that are less than three days old, over males with empty nests or those guarding mostly older eggs.<ref name="Sikkel13" /> They will also always lay their eggs adjacent to younger eggs. Depositing eggs among other females would confer the advantage of reduced risk of predation per egg through the diluting effect (there is a per capita reduction in predation risk when spawning in nests with eggs).<ref name="Sikkel13" />

When choosing empty nests, female Garibaldi base their decision on algal growth. They prefer nests with the greatest amount of dense turf algae with short or medium growth.<ref name="Sikkel12" /> As this may be a reflection of the amount of energy a male devotes to nest tending, serving as an indicator of ability to invest in paternal care and/or parental experience.<ref name="Sikkel12" /> 

=== Filial Cannibalism ===
Filial cannibalism is when parents consume their own offspring, in this case their eggs. This is a widespread behavior among teleost fish.<ref name="Sikkel14">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sikkel, P. C.)) | journal=Animal Behaviour | title=Filial cannibalism in a paternal-caring marine fish: the influence of egg developmental stage and position in the nest | volume=47 | issue=5 | pages=1149–1158 | date=1 May 1994 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347284711535 | issn=0003-3472 | doi=10.1006/anbe.1994.1153 | access-date=21 October 2024| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Male filial cannibalism during the mating phase is believed to be an adaptive response to female spawning-site preference.<ref name="Sikkel14" /> Since females only lay eggs next to the youngest eggs, if there are older eggs in the front of the nest they can limit the number of additional eggs the male can receive. One way the male can maintain this age gradient the females look for is by selectively cannibalizing the older eggs that are exposed to empty nest space.<ref name="Sikkel14" />

== Conservation Status ==
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists Garibaldi as Least Concern. Due in part to the species being widespread in the Eastern Pacific, common in many parts of its range with no major threats, and no current indication of population decline.<ref name="IUCN" />

A brand new study Fuentes Calderon et al., 2024, has data that shows correlated patterns between sea surface temperature across islands and the relationship between diet composition and habitat type. It is hard to find direct evidence of habitat-related differences in the ecological performance of marine fishes, but this knowledge can be critically important in the future design and assessment of projects that may add or remove reef habitats in the ocean.<ref name="Calderon9" />

==In aquarium==
It is peaceful during the juvenile period. But as long as the body is slightly larger, it will show territorial rights to other meek fish and compete with other small fish for territory.<ref name="idEOFEeEvbV7A3">YouTube <<Advance Marine Aquarium>> Creatures section, Damselfish - Author:Sublanding Fish[2020-06-19]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Hypsypops rubicundus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Hypsypops rubicundus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1338609}}

[[Category:Pomacentridae]]
[[Category:Fauna of California]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula]]
[[Category:Symbols of California]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1854]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard]]
[[Category:Giuseppe Garibaldi]]