View source for Gangut-class battleship

{{Short description|Russian dreadnought class}}
{{Other uses|Gangut (disambiguation)}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Gangut battleship.jpg
|Ship caption=''Gangut'' during World War I
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Builders=*[[Admiralty Shipyard]]
*[[Baltic Shipyard|Baltic Works]]
|Operators=*{{navy|Russian Empire}}
*{{navy|Soviet Union}}
|Class before={{sclass|Andrei Pervozvanny|battleship|4}}
|Class after={{sclass|Imperatritsa Mariya|battleship|4}}
|Built range=1909–1914
|In commission range=1914–1956
|Total ships planned=4
|Total ships completed=4
|Total ships scrapped=4
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Dreadnought]] [[battleship]]
|Ship displacement={{cvt|24800|t|LT|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|181.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|26.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|8.99|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*25 [[Yarrow boiler]]s
*{{convert|52000|shp|kW|abbr=on|lk=on}} (on trials)
|Ship propulsion=4 shafts, 4 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|24.1|kn|lk=in}} (on trials)
|Ship range={{convert|3200|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|Ship complement=1,149
|Ship armament=*4 × triple [[Obukhovskii 12"/52 Pattern 1907 gun|{{convert|12|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} guns]]
*16 × single [[120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905|4.7&nbsp;in (120&nbsp;mm)]] guns
*1 × single [[76 mm air-defense gun M1914/15|{{convert|3|in|abbr=on|0}}]] [[AA gun]]
*4 × {{convert|17.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=*[[Belt armor|Waterline belt]]: {{convert|125|-|225|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|12|-|50|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}
*[[Gun turret|Turrets]]: {{convert|76|-|203|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Barbette]]s: {{convert|75|-|150|mm|in|abbr=on}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|100|-|254|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
The '''''Gangut'' class''', also known as the '''''Sevastopol'' class''', were the first [[dreadnought]]s built for the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] before [[World War I]]. They had a convoluted design history involving several [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British]] companies, evolving requirements, an international design competition, and foreign protests. Four ships were ordered in 1909, {{ship|Russian battleship|Gangut|1911|2}}, {{ship|Russian battleship|Poltava|1911|2}}, {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1911|2}}, and {{ship|Russian battleship|Sevastopol|1911|2}}. Construction was delayed by financing problems until the [[Duma]] formally authorized the ships in 1911. They were delivered from December 1914 through January 1915, although they still needed work on the [[gun turret]]s and [[fire-control system]]s until mid-1915. Their role was to defend the mouth of the [[Gulf of Finland]] against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so the ships spent their time training and providing cover for [[Minelayer|minelaying]] operations. Their crews participated in the general [[mutiny]] of the [[Baltic Fleet]] after the [[February Revolution]] in 1917, and joined the [[Bolshevik]]s the following year.

All of the dreadnoughts except for ''Petropavlovsk'' were [[Reserve fleet|laid up]] in late 1918 for lack of manpower and ''Poltava'' was severely damaged by a fire while laid up. ''Petropavlovsk'' was retained in commission to defend [[Kronstadt]] and Leningrad against the British forces supporting the [[White Movement|White Russians]] although she also helped to suppress a mutiny by the garrison of [[Krasnaya Gorka fort|Fort Krasnaya Gorka]] in 1919. Her crew, and that of ''Sevastopol'', joined the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] of March 1921. After the revolt was violently quashed, the two ships were given 'revolutionary' names, with ''Petropavlovsk'' being renamed ''Marat'' and ''Sevastopol'' renamed to ''Parizhskaya Kommuna''. The other two serviceable vessels were recommissioned and renamed in 1925–1926. ''Gangut'' was renamed ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' and ''Poltava'' was renamed ''Frunze''. ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' was modified in 1928 to improve her sea-keeping abilities so that she could be transferred to the [[Black Sea Fleet]]. This proved to be the first of a series of modernizations where each ship of the class was progressively reconstructed and improved, with the exception of ''Frunze''. A number of proposals were made in the 1930s to rebuild ''Frunze'', but these came to naught and she was [[hulk (ship type)|hulk]]ed preparatory to [[ship breaking|scrapping]].

The two ships of the Baltic Fleet did not play a prominent role in the [[Winter War]], but did have their [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] guns significantly increased before [[Operation Barbarossa]] in 1941. ''Marat'' had her [[bow (ship)|bow]] blown off and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' was badly damaged by multiple bomb hits in September. The former was sunk, but later raised and became a [[floating battery]] for the duration of the [[Siege of Leningrad]] while the latter spent over a year under repair. Both ships bombarded German troops so long as they remained within reach, but ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' did not venture away from Kronstadt for the duration of the war. ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' remained in [[Sevastopol]] until forced to evacuate by advancing German troops. She made one trip to besieged Sevastopol in December 1941 and made a number of bombardments in support of the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)#The Soviet landing at Kerch|Kerch Offensive]] during January–March 1942. She was withdrawn from combat in April as German aerial supremacy had made it too dangerous to risk such a large target.

''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' remained on the active list after the end of the war although little is known of their activities. Both were reclassified as 'school battleships' (''uchebnyi lineinyi korabl'') in 1954 and stricken in 1956 after which they were slowly scrapped. There were several plans to reconstruct ''Petropavlovsk'' using the bow of ''Frunze'', but they were not accepted and were formally cancelled on 29 June 1948. She was renamed ''Volkhov'' in 1950 and served as a stationary [[training ship]] until stricken in 1953 and subsequently broken up. ''Frunze'' was finally scrapped beginning in 1949.

==Design and development==
[[File:Gangut class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg|left|thumb|300px|{{center|Right elevation and deck plan as depicted in [[Brassey's Naval Annual]] 1912}}]]
After the end of the [[Russo-Japanese War]] the Imperial Russian Navy was in a state of confusion. Its leadership, tactics and ship designs had all been cast into disrepute by its repeated defeats by the Japanese at the [[Battle of Tsushima]], [[Battle off Ulsan]] and the [[Battle of the Yellow Sea]]. The Navy took quite some time to absorb the design lessons from the war while the government reformed the Naval Ministry and forced many of its more conservative officers to retire. It conducted a design contest for a dreadnought in 1906, but the [[Duma]] refused to authorize it, preferring to spend the money on rebuilding the Army.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 189–193, 203</ref>

The requirements for a new class of dreadnoughts were in a state of flux during 1907, but [[Vickers Ltd]] submitted a design that met the latest specifications and was very nearly accepted by the Navy for a {{convert|22000|LT|t|adj=on|lk=on}} ship with twelve {{convert|12|in|adj=on|0}} guns in triple [[superfiring|superimposed turrets]]. However rumors of a contract with Vickers raised a public outcry as they had some problems with the [[armored cruiser]] {{ship|Russian cruiser|Rurik|1906|2}} then building in [[United Kingdom|England]]. The Naval Ministry defused the situation on 30 December 1907<ref group=Note>All dates used in this article are [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|New Style]]</ref> by announcing an international design contest with the ship built in Russia regardless of the nationality of the winning firm. By the deadline of 12 March 1908 a total of 51 designs had been submitted by 13 different shipyards. The winner of the competition was a design from the [[Germany|German]] firm of [[Blohm + Voss|Blohm & Voss]], but the [[France|French]] protested that they did not want to see any of the money that they had loaned Russia to build up its defenses in German pockets.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 216</ref> The Russians bought the design for 250,000 [[ruble]]s and shelved it to placate both sides. A design by the [[Baltic Shipyard|Baltic Works]] had been the runner-up and was revised for the Navy's updated requirements with a complete design to be presented by 22 March 1909. This was extended by a month to allow the Baltic Works to finalize its contract with the British firm of [[John Brown & Company]] for design assistance with the hull form and machinery.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 210–217</ref>

The Naval General Staff believed that a speed advantage over the {{convert|21|kn|adj=on|lk=in}} German battle fleet would prove very useful in battle, as demonstrated at the Battle of Tsushima, but use of the heavy and bulky Belleville [[Water-tube boiler]]s, as insisted upon by the Engineering Section of the Naval Technical Committee, would prevent the new design from exceeding 21.25 knots itself. However, after John Brown indicated that the ship's turbines could deliver {{convert|45000|shp|kW|0|lk=on}} if supplied with enough steam and that the hull form could reach {{convert|23|kn}} with that amount of power, the Naval General Staff took the opportunity to get the speed it desired by using small-tube [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s. It convened a meeting of the Naval Technical Committee to discuss the issue, but packed it with engineers from the fleet who were in favor of small-tube boilers and the Engineering Section was outvoted.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 217</ref> The [[Yarrow Shipbuilders|Yarrow]] small-tube boiler was significantly smaller and lighter than Belleville large-tube boiler, but required more frequent cleaning and repair and their horsepower dropped off more rapidly with use.<ref>Roberts, pp. 72–75</ref>

The Russians did not believe that [[superfiring]] turrets offered any advantage as they discounted the value of axial fire, believed that broadside fire was much more important and also believed that super firing turrets could not fire while over the lower turret because of [[Muzzle flash|muzzle blast]] interfering with the open sighting hoods in the lower turret's roof. They therefore designed the ships with a 'linear' arrangement (''lineinoe raspolozhenie'') of turrets distributed over the length of the ship. This arrangement had several advantages because it reduced the stress on the ends of the ship since the turrets were not concentrated at the end of the ship, increased stability because the lack of elevated turrets and their barbettes, improved the survivability of the ship because the [[magazine (artillery)#|magazines]] were separated from each other and gave a lower silhouette. Disadvantages were that the magazines had to be put in the middle of all the machinery, which required steam pipes to be run through or around them and the lack of deck space free from blast. This greatly complicated the placement of the anti-[[torpedo boat]] guns which ultimately had to be mounted in the hull, closer to the water than was desirable.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 210, 212–213</ref>

===General characteristics===
The ''Gangut''s were {{convert|180|m|ft|sp=us}} [[length at the waterline|long at the waterline]] and {{convert|181.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} long [[length overall|overall]]. They had a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|26.9|m|ft|sp=us}} and a [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|8.99|m|ftin|sp=us}}, {{convert|49|cm|ftin|sp=us}} more than designed. They were overweight and their [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] was {{convert|24800|t|LT|sp=us}} at load, over {{convert|1500|t|LT|abbr=on}} more than their designed displacement of {{convert|23288|t|LT|sp=us}}. This reduced their [[freeboard]] by about {{convert|16|in|cm|0}} and gave them a slight bow trim that made them very wet ships.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 207, 220</ref>

High-tensile steel was used throughout the longitudinally framed hull with mild steel used only in areas that did not contribute to structural strength. This, plus refinements in the design process, meant that the hull was 19% lighter than that of the preceding {{sclass|Andrei Pervozvanny|battleship|0}} [[pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]].<ref>Vinogradov, p. 125</ref> The hull was subdivided by 13 transverse watertight [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]] and had a [[double bottom]]. The engine and condenser rooms were divided by two longitudinal bulkheads. They had two electrically driven [[rudder]]s on the [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#C|centerline]], the main rudder [[abaft]] the smaller auxiliary rudder. Their designed [[metacentric height]] was {{convert|1.76|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 219–220</ref>

===Propulsion===
Two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]]-type [[steam turbine]] sets drove the four propellers. The engine rooms were located between [[gun turret|turrets]] three and four in three transverse compartments. The outer compartments each had a high-pressure ahead and reverse turbine for each wing propeller shaft. The central engine room had two each low-pressure ahead and astern turbines as well as two cruising turbines driving the two center shafts. The engines had a total designed output of {{convert|42000|shp|lk=in}}, but they produced {{convert|52000|shp|abbr=on}} during {{ship|Russian battleship|Poltava|1911|2}}'s full-speed trials on 21 November 1915 and gave a top speed of {{convert|24.1|kn}}. Twenty-five [[Yarrow boiler]]s provided steam to the engines at a designed working pressure of {{convert|17.5|atm|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. Each boiler was fitted with [[John I. Thornycroft & Company|Thornycroft]] oil sprayers for mixed oil/coal burning. They were arranged in two groups. The forward group consisted of two boiler rooms in front of the second turret, the foremost of which had three boilers while the second one had six. The rear group was between the second and third turrets and comprised two compartments, each with eight boilers. At full load they carried {{convert|1847.5|LT|MT}} of coal and {{convert|700|LT|MT}} of [[fuel oil]] and that provided them a range of {{convert|3500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 208, 224–225</ref>

===Armament===
[[File:Battleship Marat 12-inch bow triple turret.jpg|thumb|left|The forward triple turret of ''Petropavlovsk'']]
The main armament consisted of a dozen 52-[[Caliber#Caliber as measurement of length|caliber]] [[Obukhovskii 12"/52 Pattern 1907 gun|Obukhovskii 12-inch (305&nbsp;mm) Pattern 1907]] guns mounted in four electrically powered triple-gun turrets. The guns could be depressed to −5° and elevated to 25°. They could be loaded at any angle between −5° and +15°; their rate of fire was one round every 30 to 40 seconds up to 15° of elevation and one round per minute above that. The forward turret had an [[arc of fire]] of 330°, the second turret had a total of 280°, the third turret 310° and the aft turret 300°.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 220–221</ref> They could elevate at 3–4° per second and traverse at a rate of 3.2° per second. 100 rounds per gun were carried at full load. The guns fired {{convert|470.9|kg|lb|adj=on|sp=us}} projectiles at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|762|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}; this provided a maximum range of {{convert|23230|m|yd|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_12-52_m1907.htm|title=Russian 12"/52 (30.5 cm) Pattern 1907 305 mm/52 (12") Pattern 1907 |date=10 January 2010|publisher=Navweaps.com|access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref>

Sixteen manually operated 50-caliber [[120 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1905|4.7-inch (120&nbsp;mm) Pattern 1905]] guns were mounted in the hull in [[casemate]]s as the secondary battery intended to defend the ship against torpedo boats.<ref name=m7>McLaughlin, p. 207</ref> Because of the lack of freeboard and a bow-heavy [[trim (ship)|trim]] the forward casemates were often washed out in even moderate seas.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 220</ref> All guns had a firing arc of 125°–30° and at least four could bear on any part of the horizon. Their maximum elevation was +25° and they could elevate at 3.5° per second. They could traverse at six to eight degrees per second. 300 rounds per gun were provided which was increased from 245 rounds during construction.<ref name="m21"/> As designed they were {{convert|15|ft}} above the waterline, but this was reduced in service as the ships were overweight. The guns had a rate of fire of seven rounds per minute and a maximum range of about {{convert|16800|yd|0}} at 25° elevation with a {{convert|63.87|lb|adj=on}} semi-[[Armor-piercing shot and shell|armor-piercing]] Model 1911 shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|792.5|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_47-50_m1905.htm|title=Russian 120 mm/50 (4.7") Pattern 1905|date=21 May 2006|access-date=3 January 2010|publisher=Navweaps.com}}</ref>

The ''Gangut''-class ships were completed with only a single 30-caliber [[76 mm air-defense gun M1914/15|{{convert|3|in|adj=on|0}} ''Lender'']] [[anti-aircraft gun|anti-aircraft (AA) gun]] mounted on the quarterdeck.<ref name="m21">McLaughlin, p. 221</ref> This had a maximum depression of -5° and a maximum elevation of +65°. It fired a {{convert|14.33|lb|kg|adj=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|1929|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. It had a rate of fire of 10–12 rounds per minute and had a maximum ceiling of {{convert|19000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_3-30_Lender.htm|title=Russia / USSR 76.2 mm/30 (3") Pattern 1914/15 "Lender's Gun" (8-K)|date=21 November 2007|access-date=25 January 2010|publisher=Navweaps.com}}</ref> Other AA guns were probably added during the course of World War I, but details are lacking,<ref name="m21"/> although Conway's says that four [[75mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892|{{convert|75|mm|adj=on|sp=us}}]] guns were added to the roofs of the end turrets during the war.<ref>Budzbon, p. 303</ref> Four {{convert|17.7|in|mm|0|adj=on}} submerged [[torpedo tube]]s were fitted with three [[torpedo]]es for each tube.<ref name="m21"/>

===Fire control===
Two [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]] {{convert|5|m|ftin|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]]s were fitted on the conning towers and there was also a {{convert|4.5|ft|adj=on}} [[Barr and Stroud|Barr & Stroud]] instrument, possibly for precise stationkeeping on the master ship when concentrating fire. Two Krylov [[stadimeter]]s were situated in the lower level of the forward conning tower.<ref name="m21"/> These would provide data for the central artillery post to calculate with its imported Pollen Argo Mark V Clock, a mechanical fire-control computer, and then transmit the gun commands via the Geisler transmission system for the gun crew to follow. During the winter of 1915–1916 the Zeiss rangefinders were transferred to armored hoods on the rear of the fore and aft turrets and, at some point, {{convert|18|ft|m|1|adj=on}} Barr & Stroud rangefinders were added to the roofs of the middle turrets. {{ship|Russian battleship|Gangut|1911|2}} received a {{convert|9|ft|m|1|adj=on}} Pollen rangefinder in the spring of 1916.<ref>Friedman 2008, pp. 273–275</ref>

===Protection===
The armor protection of the ''Gangut''-class ships had to protect against two different threats as revealed during the Russo-Japanese War. Japanese [[Explosive material#High explosives|high explosive]] shells had riddled the unarmored portions of Russian ships and had even sunk several ships with their heavy armor belts unpenetrated. The Russians decided that the entire side of the ship needed to be armored, even though this would limit the thickness of the main belt. They developed a system where the outer armor would break up or at least slow shells down and burst immediately behind the outer armor and an inboard armor bulkhead would stop the splinters and shell fragments from reaching the vitals.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 179</ref> This system likely would have worked against the British armor-piercing shells that performed so badly at the [[Battle of Jutland]], but would have failed against the improved shells introduced afterwards with their redesigned fuses. A related weakness was that the turrets and conning towers lacked the inboard splinter bulkhead even though they used armor thickness roughly equivalent to that of the main belt.<ref name="m21" />

The [[Belt armor|waterline belt]], made of [[Krupp cemented armor]] (KCA), had a maximum thickness of {{convert|225|mm|sp=us}}, but tapered to about {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} on its bottom edge. It was {{convert|117.2|m|sp=us}} long and had a total height of {{convert|5|m|sp=us|0}}, {{convert|3.26|m|sp=us|ftin}} of which was above the design waterline and {{convert|1.74|m|sp=us}} below. However, the ship's draft was almost {{convert|50|to|79|cm|sp=us}} deeper than intended, which meant that much less was above water. The remaining portion of the waterline was protected by {{convert|125|mm|sp=us|adj=on}} plates. The upper belt, which protected the casemates, was 125&nbsp;mm of KCA over the citadel and {{convert|2.72|m|sp=us}} high. It thinned to a thickness of 75&nbsp;millimeters forward of the citadel. The area aft of the citadel was the only unprotected section of the hull. {{convert|3.4|m|sp=us}} inboard of the side was a longitudinal splinter bulkhead made of Krupp non-cemented armor (KNC). It was {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} thick at the level of the main belt, but thinned to {{convert|37.55|mm|abbr=on}} behind the upper belt. The main deck sloped from the bulkhead to the lower edge of the waterline belt and consisted of a 50-millimeter KNC plate on a {{convert|12|mm|abbr=on}} [[mild steel]] plate. This space was used as a coal bunker, which added extra protection. The main belt was closed off by {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on|1}} transverse bulkheads fore and aft and the steering gear was protected by armor 100–125&nbsp;mm thick.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 221–222</ref>

The main gun turrets had a KCA face and sides {{convert|203|mm|abbr=on}} thick with a 100&nbsp;mm roof. The guns had 3-inch gun shields to protect against splinters entering the embrasures and they were separated by splinter bulkheads. The barbettes were 150&nbsp;mm thick above the upper deck, but reduced to 75&nbsp;mm behind other armor, except for the fore and aft barbettes which only thinned to 125&nbsp;mm. The conning tower sides were {{convert|254|mm|abbr=on}} thick with a 100&nbsp;mm roof. The 120&nbsp;mm guns had their own individual 3-inch [[gun shield]]s. The funnel uptakes were protected by {{convert|22|mm|abbr=on}} of armor. The upper [[deck (ship)|deck]] was {{convert|37.5|mm|abbr=on}} of nickel-chrome steel and the middle deck was {{convert|25|mm|abbr=on}} of nickel-chrome steel between the longitudinal splinter bulkheads, but thinned to {{convert|19|mm|abbr=on}} outside them. The lower deck was of {{convert|12|mm|abbr=on}} mild steel.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 220, 222–223</ref>

Underwater protection was minimal as there was only a single watertight bulkhead, presumably of high-tensile steel, behind the upwards extension of the double bottom. This was an extension of the splinter bulkhead and was also 3.4&nbsp;meters inboard. A more comprehensive system was considered early in the design process but rejected because it would have cost some {{convert|500|-|600|t|ton|abbr=on}}.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 223</ref>

The armor scheme of the ''Gangut''-class ships had some significant weaknesses. The rear transverse bulkhead was unprotected by any other armor but was the same thickness as the forward bulkhead which was defended by the upper belt armor. The thinness of the barbette armor was a serious defect which could have proved fatal in a battle. And the lack of a splinter bulkhead behind the armor of the turrets, barbettes and conning towers left all of those locations vulnerable to main gun hits. But the biggest weakness was the lack of an anti-torpedo bulkhead, which made the ships highly vulnerable to [[Naval mine|mines]] or [[torpedo]]es.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 222–223</ref>

==Ships==
[[File:Линкоры Гангут.jpg|thumb|right|''Gangut'' and ''Poltava'' fitting out during the winter of 1911–1912|alt=]]
All four ships were laid down on 16 June 1909, but this was just a ceremonial event as actual work did not begin until September–October. One major complication was that the design for the turrets and their magazines was not completed when construction began so their weights and dimensions had to be estimated.<ref name=m4>McLaughlin, p. 214</ref> The machinery for these ships was built by either the Baltic Works or the Franco-Russian Works as the New Admiralty Shipyard lacked its own engine shop. Construction was initially very slow because the Duma did not allocate any money for these ships until May 1911. Initial funding was taken from other budget items or the emperor's discretionary fund<ref>McLaughlin, p. 194</ref> and the shipyards had to use their own money to keep the work going. They were enormously expensive with their cost estimated at 29.4 million rubles each, including armament. By way of comparison the preceding class of pre-dreadnoughts had only cost 11 million rubles each. Once the Duma provided the funding the pace of work accelerated and the ships were launched later that year, although delays in the delivery of engines and turrets hindered their completion. All of the ships completed abbreviated trials by the end of 1914 and reached the fleet in December 1914 – January 1915.<ref name="m4" />

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 97%"
|+ Construction data
! scope="col" | Ship
! scope="col" | Russian name
! scope="col" | Builder
! scope="col" | Namesake
! scope="col" | Renamed
! scope="col" | Second Namesake
! scope="col" | [[Laid down]]
! scope="col" | [[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]
! scope="col" | [[Ship commissioning|Commissioned]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Russian battleship|Gangut|1911|2}}
! scope="row" | {{lang|ru|Гангут}}
| [[Admiralty Shipyard]], [[Saint Petersburg]]
| [[Battle of Gangut]], 1714
| {{transliteration|ru|Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya}} ({{lang|ru|Октябрьская революция}}) 27&nbsp;Jun 1925
| [[October Revolution]], 1917
| rowspan=4 | 16&nbsp;Jun 1909
| 20&nbsp;Oct 1911
| 11 Jan 1915
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1911|2}}
! scope="row" | {{lang|ru|Петропавловск}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Baltic Yard]], Saint Petersburg
| [[Siege of Petropavlovsk]], 1854
| {{transliteration|ru|Marat}} ({{lang|ru|Марат}}) 31&nbsp;Mar 1921
| [[Jean-Paul Marat]]
| 22&nbsp;Sep 1911
| 5&nbsp;Jan 1915
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Russian battleship|Sevastopol|1911|2}}
! scope="row" | {{lang|ru|Севастополь}}
| [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|Siege of Sevastopol]]
| {{transliteration|ru|Parizhskaya Kommuna}} ({{lang|ru|Парижская коммуна}}) 31&nbsp;Mar 1921
| [[Paris Commune]], 1871
| 10&nbsp;Jul 1911
| 30&nbsp;Nov 1914
|-
! scope="row" | {{ship|Russian battleship|Poltava|1911|2}}
! scope="row" | {{lang|ru|Полтава}}
| Admiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg
| [[Battle of Poltava]], 1709
| {{transliteration|ru|Frunze}} ({{lang|ru|Фру́нзе}}) 7&nbsp;Jan 1926
| [[Mikhail Frunze]]
| 23&nbsp;Jul 1911
| 30&nbsp;Dec 1914
|}

==Service==

===World War I===
All four of the ''Gangut''s were assigned to the First Battleship Brigade of the [[Baltic Fleet]] in December 1914 – January 1915 when they reached [[Helsinki|Helsingfors]]. Their turrets and fire-control systems, however, were still being adjusted and fine-tuned through the next spring.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 218–219</ref> Their role was to defend the mouth of the [[Gulf of Finland]] against the Germans, who never tried to enter, so they spent their time training with occasional sorties into the Baltic. Several ships ran aground in 1915 and 1916, often while providing cover for minelaying operations, but only ''Sevastopol'' suffered any significant damage. A minor [[mutiny]] broke out on 1 November on board ''Gangut'' when the executive officer refused to feed the crew the traditional meal of meat and [[macaroni]] after coaling.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 299</ref> The crews of the battleships joined the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet on 16 March 1917, after the idle sailors received word of the [[February Revolution]] in Saint Petersburg. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] required the Soviets to evacuate their base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have them interned by newly independent [[Finland]] even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over. ''Gangut'' and her sisters led the first group of ships on 12 March and reached [[Kronstadt]] five days later in what became known as the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|'Ice Voyage']].<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 207, 299–303</ref>

===Russian Civil War and interwar period===
All of the dreadnoughts except for ''Petropavlovsk'' were [[Reserve fleet|laid up]] in October–November 1918 for lack of manpower. She bombarded the rebellious garrison of [[Krasnaya Gorka fort|Fort Krasnaya Gorka]] in 1919 and supported [[Bolshevik]] light forces operating against British ships supporting the [[White Movement|White Russians]] in the [[Gulf of Finland]].<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 322, 324</ref> On 17 August 1919 ''Petropavlovsk'' was claimed as torpedoed and put out of action by the British [[Coastal Motor Boat]] ''CMB 88'' in Kronstadt harbor, but was, in fact, not damaged at all.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Erikson|first=Rolf|year=1974|title=Letter to the Editor|journal=Warship International|volume=XI|issue=1|page=16|issn=0043-0374}}</ref> On 24 November 1919 a fire broke out in ''Poltava''{{'}}s forward boiler room and gutted much of her interior; she was never repaired although numerous proposals were made to reconstruct her. The crews of ''Sevastopol'' and ''Petropavlovsk'' joined the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] of 1921 and they were renamed ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' and ''Marat'' respectively after the rebellion was crushed to commemorate the [[Paris Commune]] and to erase their 'betrayal' of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]]. The two undamaged ships were recommissioned in 1925–1926 and all the ships were given proper revolutionary names.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 323–324</ref>

The initial attempts to return ''Frunze'' to service were to restore her to the original design, but money ran out before she was even half completed. Subsequent plans that focused on reconstructing her as a modernized equivalent to her sisters or even as a [[battlecruiser]], with one turret deleted to save weight, were considered, but finally abandoned on 23 January 1935 when all work was stopped.<ref name="McLaughlin, pp. 227, 348–54">McLaughlin, pp. 227, 348–354</ref>

''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' was refitted in 1928 in preparation for her transfer to the Black Sea Fleet the next year and she was given an open-topped false bow to improve her sea-keeping ability. However, while en route through the [[Bay of Biscay]], she was caught in a heavy storm that damaged the bow and she was forced to put into [[Brest, France|Brest]] for repairs. ''Marat'' was the first of the class to be reconstructed between 1928 and 8 April 1931. Her superstructure was enlarged, her guns were replaced, the turrets overhauled, the anti-aircraft armament augmented and the fire-control equipment modernized. Her boilers were converted to burn only [[fuel oil]] and this produced enough steam that the forward three boilers could be removed and the boiler room was turned into anti-aircraft [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s and control spaces. The forward funnel was angled to the rear and extended to try to keep the exhaust out of the gunnery spaces and the bridge. She was also given a false bow, but hers had a solid top that turned it into a [[forecastle]]. ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' was the next ship to be rebuilt and profited from the experiences of her sister's modernization between 1931 and 1934. All twenty-five of her old boilers were replaced by a dozen oil-fired boilers originally intended for the {{sclass|Borodino|battlecruiser}} ''Izmail''. The space saved was used to add another inboard longitudinal watertight bulkhead that greatly improved her underwater protection. The rest of her modernization was along the same lines as ''Marat''{{'}}s, except that the latter's tubular foremast was replaced by a sturdier semi-conical mast, a new aft structure was built in front of the rear conning tower which caused the mainmast to be moved forward, her forward funnel was curved to the rear to better keep the bridge clear of exhaust gases and the thickness of her turret roofs was increased to {{convert|152|mm|sp=us}}. ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' began her two-stage reconstruction in 1933 along the lines of ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya''{{'}}s modernization. Major differences were that her guns and turrets were improved to increase their rate of fire to about two rounds per minute and to extend their range, she was the first ship of the class to receive light anti-aircraft guns and her forward funnel was given a more sinuous curve to direct its exhaust gases away from the forward superstructure. She completed these alterations in 1938, but was returned to the dockyard from December 1939 through July 1940 to receive a new armored deck and [[anti-torpedo bulge]]s which cured her stability problems and greatly increased her underwater protection at a modest cost in speed.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 338–346</ref>

===World War II===

====Baltic Fleet====
The participation of ''Marat'' and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' in the [[Naval warfare in the Winter War|Winter War]] was limited to a bombardment of Finnish [[coastal artillery]] in December 1939 at [[Saarenpää]] in the [[Beryozovye Islands]] before the Gulf of Finland iced over. They failed to inflict any permanent damage before being driven off by near misses. Both ships had their anti-aircraft armament modernized and reinforced over the winter of 1939–40 and were transferred to [[Tallinn]] shortly after the Soviets [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupied Estonia]] in 1940. ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' received more AA guns in February–March 1941. ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' received a more modest number of AA guns while she was receiving her bulges, but landed four 120-mm guns right before the Germans invaded.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 401, 404, 406–07</ref>

On 22 June 1941, the Germans attacked the Soviet Union under the codename of [[Operation Barbarossa]]; on that date ''Marat'' was in Kronstadt and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' was in Tallinn.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 401</ref> The latter was soon forced to fall back to Kronstadt by the speed of the German advance and neither of the Baltic Fleet dreadnoughts participated in combat until 8 September when they fired on troops of the German [[18th Army (Wehrmacht)|18th Army]] from positions near Kronstadt and Leningrad. ''Marat'' was lightly damaged by German {{convert|15|cm|adj=on|sp=us}} guns on 16 September<ref>Rohwer, pp. 98, 100</ref> and had her bow blown off on 23 September by two bomb hits, one of which was claimed by [[Second Lieutenant|Lieutenant]] [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]] of III./[[Sturzkampfgeschwader 2|StG 2]] flying a [[Junkers Ju 87]]B 'Stuka', that detonated her forward magazine. She sank in the shallow water from progressive flooding, but was raised and used as a floating artillery battery for the rest of the war using two, and later, three of her gun turrets.<ref name=m02/> ''Marat'' reverted to her original name on 31 May 1943.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 226</ref> ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' was badly damaged on 21 September 1941 by three bomb hits on her bow that knocked out two of her turrets. She was sent for repairs at the [[Baltic Shipyard|Ordzhonikidze Yard]] on 23 October, although she was hit by more bombs on two different occasions while under repair until November 1942. Her AA armament was further reinforced during this period and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' returned to her mission of providing fire support during the [[Siege of Leningrad]], the [[Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive]] in January 1944 and the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive]] in June 1944. She was the last Soviet battleship to [[wikt:Fire in anger|fire shots in anger]] on 9 June 1944 during the latter offensive.<ref name=m02>McLaughlin, p. 402</ref> On 22 July 1944, the ship was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]]. ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' received a [[Lend-Lease]] British [[Type 279 radar|Type 279]] air-warning radar sometime during 1944.<ref name=m02/>

During the late 1930s ''Frunze'' was used as a barracks [[hulk (ship type)|hulk]] while she was stripped for parts, until she was formally discarded 1 December 1940, after scrapping had already begun at a leisurely pace.<ref name="McLaughlin, pp. 227, 348–54"/> After the German invasion she was towed to Kronstadt and run aground in late July 1941 near the Leningrad Sea Canal. During the [[Siege of Leningrad]] her hull was used as a base for small ships.<ref>{{cite book|last=Цветков|first=И.Ф.|script-title=ru:Линкор Октябрьская Революция|publisher=Ленинград "Судостроение"|page=190|language=ru|location=Leningrad}}</ref> ''Frunze'' raised on 31 May 1944, towed to [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] and scrapped beginning in 1949.<ref>McLaughlin, p. 354</ref>

====Black Sea Fleet====
''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' was in Sevastopol and remained until 30 October 1941 when she was evacuated to [[Novorossiysk]] after the Germans had breached Soviet defensive lines near the [[Isthmus of Perekop|Perekop Isthmus]]. The ship fired her first shots of the war on 28–29 November when she bombarded German and Romanian troops south of Sevastopol.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 111, 119</ref> ''Parizhskaya Kommuna'' made one evacuation run to Sevastopol on 29 December, bombarding German troops on her arrival, but spent most of her time supporting troops during the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)#The Soviet landing at Kerch|Kerch Offensive]] in January–March 1942. She fired her last shots of the war at targets near [[Feodosiya]] during the nights of 20–22 March 1942 before returning to [[Poti]] to have her worn-out 12-inch guns relined.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 149, 153</ref> By the time this was finished the Soviets were unwilling to expose such a prominent ship to German air attacks, which had already sunk a number of cruisers and destroyers. She returned to her original name on 31 May 1943, but remained in [[Poti]] until late 1944 when she led the surviving major units of the [[Black Sea Fleet]] back to Sevastopol on 5 November.<ref name=m02/> British [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 290|Type 290]] and [[Type 291 radar|Type 291]] air-warning radars were fitted during the war.<ref name=m7/> ''Sevastopol'' was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 8 July 1945.<ref name=m02/>

===Postwar===
''Sevastopol'' and ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya'' remained on the active list after the end of the war although little is known of their activities. Both were reclassified as 'school battleships' (''uchebnyi lineinyi korabl'') on 24 July 1954 and stricken on 17 February 1956. Their [[scrap]]ping began that same year although ''Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsiya''{{'}}s hulk was still in existence in May 1958.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 225, 227</ref>

After the war there were several plans, known as ''Project 27'', to reconstruct ''Petropavlovsk'' (ex-Marat), using the bow of [[Russian battleship Poltava (1911)|''Frunze'']] and moving her third turret to replace the first, but they were not accepted and were formally cancelled on 29 June 1948. She was renamed ''Volkhov'', after the nearby [[Volkhov River|river]], on 28 November 1950 and served as a stationary training ship until stricken on 4 September 1953 and broken up afterwards.<ref>McLaughlin, pp. 413–14</ref>

After [[World War II]] two of ''Frunze''{{'}}s turrets and their guns were used to rebuild the destroyed [[Maxim Gorky Fortresses|Coastal Defense Battery 30 (Maxim Gorky I)]] in [[Sevastopol]]. It remained in service with the [[Soviet Navy]] and the [[Russian Navy]] until 1997.<ref>Wernet, pp. 22–34</ref>

==See also==

*[[Vladimir Yourkevitch]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |year=1985 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |last=Budzbon|first=Przemysław |pages=291–325|chapter=Russia}}
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor-last=Chesneau |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7 |last=Budzbon|first=Przemysław|pages=318–346|chapter=Soviet Union|editor-first=Roger}}
*{{cite book |last1=Budzbon |first1=Przemysław |last2=Radziemski |first2=Jan |last3=Twardowski |first3=Marek |title=Warships of the Soviet Fleets 1939–1945 |date=2022 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-68247-877-6|volume=I: Major Combatants|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59114-555-4|author-link=Norman Friedman}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations: An Illustrated Directory|publisher=Seaforth |location=Barnsley, UK|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84832-100-7}} 
*{{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Stephen|title=Russian & Soviet Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2003|isbn=1-55750-481-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=John|title=Battlecruisers|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=1997 |isbn=1-55750-068-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised |isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Vinogradov|first1=Sergei E.|title=Battleship Development in Russia from 1905 to 1917 |journal=Warship International |date=1998|volume=XXXV|issue=3|pages=267–290 |issn=0043-0374}}
*{{cite journal|last=Vinogradov|first=Sergei E.|year=1999|title=Battleship Development in Russia From 1905 to 1917, Chapter 2 |journal=Warship International|volume=XXXVI|issue=2|issn=0043-0374|pages=118–141}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wernet|first=Dieter|author2=Wernet, Inge|year=1997|title=Maksim Gor'kii I: A Recent Example of the Re-Use of Naval Turrets in Coast Defenses|journal=Warship International|volume=XXXIV|issue=1|issn=0043-0374|name-list-style=amp}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gangut class battleship}}
*[http://flot.sevastopol.info/eng/ship/dreadnoughts/sevastopol.htm Battleship "Sevastopol" from Russian/Soviet Black Sea fleet (with photos)]
*[http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=101251 Article in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306193746/http://ship.bsu.by/ship/101251 |date=2012-03-06 }}

{{Gangut class battleship}}
{{WWI Russian ships}}
{{WWII Soviet ships}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Battleship classes]]
[[Category:Gangut-class battleships| Gangut class battleship]]
[[Category:World War I battleships of Russia| Gangut class battleship]]
[[Category:World War II battleships of the Soviet Union| Gangut class battleship]]