View source for Gamilaraay language

{{short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{use Australian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gamilaraay
| nativename       = {{lang|kld|Gamilaraay}}
| altname          = Darling tributaries<br>Kamilaroi
| states           = [[Australia]]
| region           = Central northern [[New South Wales]]
| ethnicity        = [[Gamilaraay]], [[Ualarai]], [[Kawambarai]]
| revived          = 
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref><ref name=austlangd23/><ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|kld}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Australian
| fam1             = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
| fam2             = [[Wiradhuric languages|Wiradhuric]]
| dia1             = Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi)
| dia2             = Yuwaalaraay (Euahlayi)
| dia3             = Yuwaalayaay (Yuwaaliyaay)
| dia4             = Guyinbaraay (Gunjbaraay)
| dia5             = Gawambaraay (Kawambarai)
| dia6             = Wirray Wirray (Wiriwiri)
| dia7             = Waalaraay (Walaraay)
| iso3             = kld
| aiatsis          = D23
| glotto           = gami1243
| glottorefname    = Yuwaalaraay-Gamilaraay
| ELP2             = 5987
| ELPname2         = Yuwaalaraay
| map              = Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes.jpg
| mapcaption       = A map of the tribes of New South Wales, published in 1892. {{legend inline|#edac84|Gamilaraay}} is marked '''I'''.
| notice           = IPA
| map2             = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Gamilaraay is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|kld|ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj|}}
| speakers         = 1,065
| date             = 2021 census
| image            = Ngummi.png
| imagecaption     = {{lang|kld|[[gurre kamilaroi]]}}, a 19th-century Gamilaraay text
}}

The '''Gamilaraay''' or '''Kamilaroi''' language ({{IPA|kld|ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj}}) is a [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] language of the [[Wiradhuric languages|Wiradhuric]] subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the [[Gamilaraay|Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi)]], an [[Aboriginal Australian]] people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the [[2011 Australian Census]] to 105 in the [[2016 Australian Census]]. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.

'''Wirray Wirray''', '''Guyinbaraay''', '''Yuwaalayaay''', '''Waalaraay''' and '''Gawambaraay''' are dialects; '''Yuwaalaraay'''/'''Euahlayi''' is a closely related language.

==Name==
The name Gamilaraay means '{{Lang|kld|gamil}}-having', with {{Lang|kld|gamil}} being the word for 'no'. Other dialects and languages are similarly named after their respective words for 'no'. (Compare the division between ''[[langues d'oïl]]'' and ''[[langues d'oc]]'' in France, distinguished by their respective words for 'yes'.)

Spellings of the name, pronounced {{IPA|aus|ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj|}} in the language itself, include '''Goomeroi'''; '''Kamilaroi'''; '''Gamilaraay''' and '''Gamilaroi'''.

==Dialects==

[[File:Dharag-Neighbors1.png|thumb|Traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal tribes around Sydney, New South Wales. Gamilaraay in {{Legend inline|#c0e000|green}}.{{#tag:ref| This map is indicative only.|group=Note}}]]
While [[AUSTLANG]] cites Euahlayi, Ualarai, Euhahlayi, and Juwalarai as synonyms for Gamilaraay in earlier sources,<ref name=austlangd23>{{cite web | title=D23: Gamilaraay / Gamilaroi / Kamilaroi | website=AIATSIS Collection | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/D23 | access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> it has updated its codes to reflect more recent sources suggest different distinctions.  AIATSIS groups the Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi/Yuwaaliyaay language and people in its resource collection,<ref name=aiatsisyuwaal1>{{cite web | title=Yuwaalaraay, Euahlayi, Yuwaaliyaay | website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/guides-and-resources/language-and-people-bibliographies/yuwaalaraay-euahlayi-yuwaaliyaay | access-date=11 September 2020 | archive-date=11 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911005004/https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/guides-and-resources/language-and-people-bibliographies/yuwaalaraay-euahlayi-yuwaaliyaay | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=aiatsisyuwaaldoc>{{cite web|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_published_1.pdf|date=Feb 2017|title=Selected bibliography of material on the Yuwaalaraay / Euahlayi / Yuwaaliyaay language and people held in the AIATSIS Library|author=AIATSIS|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025126/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_published_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and gives it a separate code (D23).<ref name=austlangd27>{{cite web | title=D27: Yuwaalaraay | website=AIATSIS Collection: AUSTLANG | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/d27 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> AUSTLANG assigns separate codes to the following dialects, all related and part of the Gamilaraay  group:<ref name=austlangd27/> 
*Yuwaalaraay (Yuwaaliyaay, Euahlayi) (D27), spoken by the [[Yuwaalaraay]] people;{{#tag:ref|For more information on the Euahlayi dialect and tribe, see {{Citation | author1=Parker, K. Langloh (Katie Langloh) | author2=Lang, Andrew, 1844–1912 | title=The Euahlayi tribe : a study of Aboriginal life in Australia | date=1905 | publisher=Archibald Constable|via=The Gutenberg Bible | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3819/3819-h/3819-h.htm#intro | access-date=14 September 2020}}.|group=Note}}
*Wirray Wirray (Wiriwiri) (D28);<ref name=confusion>{{cite web | title=D28: Wiriyaraay| website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG) | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/d28| access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Not to be confused with Wirraay-Wirraay (D66).<ref>{{cite web | title=D66: Wirraay-Wirraay | website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG)| date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/d66 | access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>|group=Note}}
*Guyinbaraay (Gunjbaraay) (D15);<ref>{{cite web | title=D15: Guyinbaraay | website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG) | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/D15 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>
*Yuwaalayaay (D54);<ref>{{cite web | title=D54: Yuwaalayaay | website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG) | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/D54 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Closely related to Yuwaalaaray, but different.|group=Note}}
*Waalaraay (Walaraay) (D55);<ref>{{cite web | title=D55: Waalaraay | website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG) | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/D55 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>
*Gawambaraay (Kawambarai) (D39), spoken by the [[Gawambaraay]] people.<ref>{{cite web | title=D39: Gawambaraay | website=AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG) | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/D39 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

According to Robert Fuller of the Department of Indigenous Studies at [[Macquarie University]] and his colleagues, the Gamilaraay and Euahlayi peoples are a cultural grouping of north and northwest [[New South Wales]] (NSW), and the Gamilaraay dialect groups are known as Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay, while the Euahlayi (Euayelai<ref>{{cite journal | title=Aboriginal Urban Identity: Preserving the Spirit, Protecting the Traditional in Non-Traditional Settings|first=Larissa|last=Behrendt|author-link=Larissa Behrendt |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal|date= 1995 |volume=4|pages=55–61|doi=10.1080/13200968.1995.11077156| via=HeinOnline | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/afemlj4&div=9&id=&page= | access-date=11 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>) have a similar but distinct language.<ref name=fuller>{{cite journal | title=The Emu Sky Knowledge of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi Peoples|first1=Robert S.|last1=Fuller|first2=Michael G. |last2=Anderson|first3= Ray P. |last3=Norris|first4=Michelle|last4= Trudgett|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|volume= 17|issue=2|pages=171–179|date=2014 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.02.04 |arxiv=1403.0304|bibcode=2014JAHH...17..171F|s2cid=53352158 | via=Academia.edu | url=https://www.academia.edu/11575118 | access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Southern Aboriginal guides led the surveyor [[John Howe (Australian settler)|John Howe]] to the upper [[Hunter River (New South Wales)|Hunter River]] above present-day [[Singleton, New South Wales|Singleton]] in 1819. They told him that the country there was "Coomery Roy [=Gamilaraay] and more further a great way", meaning to the north-west, over the [[Liverpool Range]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last=O'Rourke | first=Michael. | title=The Kamilaroi Lands: North-central New South Wales in the Early 19th Century | publisher=Self-published | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-646-34533-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iws3AAAACAAJ |page=29}}</ref> This is probably the first record of the name.

A basic wordlist collected by [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] in 1832 is the earliest written record of Gamilaraay.

[[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[missionary]] [[William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary)|William Ridley]] studied the language from 1852 to 1856.

=== Status ===
In 2013 Gamilaraay was noted as [[endangered language|endangered]] by ''[[Ethnologue]]'', with only 35 speakers left in 2006 (AUSTLANG says 37 at that date), all mixing Gamilaraay and English.<ref name=e18/> At the 2011 census there were 87 speakers recorded and in 2016, 105.<ref name=austlangd23/> There are no known fluent speakers of the language.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}, {{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}}
|{{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}, {{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2"|{{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|aa}}
|}
{{IPA|/wa/}} is realised  as {{IPA|[wo]}}.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
!colspan="2"| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
!colspan="2"| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
! [[Bilabial consonant|<small>Bilabial</small>]]
! [[Velar consonant|<small>Velar</small>]]
! [[Palatal consonant|<small>Palatal</small>]]
! [[Dental consonant|<small>Dental</small>]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|<small>Alveolar</small>]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|<small>Post-<br />alveolar</small>]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|b}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA link|ɟ}} {{angbr|dj}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}} {{angbr|dh}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|d}}
|
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}} {{angbr|nh}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|
|-
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|rr}}
|{{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|-
! [[Semivowel]]
| colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
|{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|
|
|}
Initially, {{IPA|/wu/}} and {{IPA|/ji/}} may be simplified to {{IPAblink|u}} and {{IPAblink|i}}.

===Stress===
All long vowels in a word get equal stress. If  no long vowels are present, stress falls on the first syllable. Secondary stress falls on short vowels, which are two syllables to the right or to the left of a stressed syllable.

==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
'''Gawambaraay Dialect'''

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subject pronouns:<ref>Austin, P. (1993) ''A Reference Grammar of Gamilaraay, Northern New South Wales''.</ref>
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! 1st person
| {{lang|kld|ngaya}} || {{lang|kld|ngali}} || {{lang|kld|ngiyaani}}
|-
! 2nd person
| {{lang|kld|ngindu}} || {{lang|kld|ngindaali}} || {{lang|kld|ngindaay}}
|-
! 3rd person
| {{lang|kld|nguru}} || {{lang|kld|(nguru)gali}} || {{lang|kld|ganu}}
|}

==Influence in English==
Several [[loanword]]s have entered [[Australian English]] from Gamilaraay, including:
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="3"| Common nouns
|-
! Anglicised form || Gamilaraay || Meaning
|-
| bindi-eye, bindii, bindies || {{lang|kld|bindayaa}} || The burrs of several plant species (''[[Emex australis]]'', ''[[Tribulus terrestris]]'', and ''[[Soliva sessilis]]'') that stick in one's feet
|-
| [[brolga]] || {{lang|kld|burralga}} || A bird species, ''Grus rubicunda''
|-
| ''possibly'' [[budgerigar]] || {{lang|kld|gidjirrigaa}} || A bird species, ''Melopsittacus undulatus''
|-
| [[galah]] || {{lang|kld|gilaa}} || A bird species, ''Eolophus roseicapilla''
|-
| [[yarran]] || {{lang|kld|yarraan}} || A species of acacia tree, ''Acacia homalophylla''<ref>''[[Oxford Dictionary of English]]'', p 2,056</ref>
|-
!colspan="3"| Proper nouns
|-
! Anglicised form || Gamilaraay || Meaning
|-
| Kamilaroi || {{lang|kld|gamilaraay}} || The Gamilaraay people or language
|-
!colspan="3"| Place names
|-
! Anglicised form || Gamilaraay || Meaning
|-
| [[Boggabri]] || {{lang|kld|bagaaybaraay}} || having creeks
|-
| [[Boggabilla]] || {{lang|kld|bagaaybila}} || full of creeks
|-
| [[Collarenebri]] || {{lang|kld|galariinbaraay}} || having [[acacia]] blossoms
|-
| colspan=3; align=center | {{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
|}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Austin (linguist)|title=A Reference Dictionary of Gamilaraay, northern New South Wales|publisher=[[La Trobe University]]|year=1993|url=http://www.dnathan.com/language/gamilaraay/dictionary/GAMDICTF.HTM}}
*{{cite book|last=Dixon |first=Robert M. W. |author-link=R. M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=0-521-47378-0 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780}} (On [https://books.google.com.au/books/cambridge?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&vq=xxiv&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Books])
*{{cite journal|last=Mathews |first=R. H. |author-link=R. H. Mathews |date=Jul–Dec 1903 |title=Languages of the Kamilaroi and Other Aboriginal Tribes of New South Wales |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=33 |pages=259–283 |doi=10.2307/2842812|publisher=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 33|jstor=2842812|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449596 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Ridley |first=William |author-link=William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary) |year=1856 |title=On the Kamilaroi Tribe of Australians and Their Dialect |journal=Journal of the Ethnological Society of London |volume=4 |pages=285–293 |doi=10.2307/3014109|publisher=[[Ethnological Society of London]] (1848-1856), Vol. 4|jstor=3014109}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first1=Anna |last1=Ash |first2=John |last2=Glacon |first3=Amanda |last3=Lissarrague |title=Gamilaraay, Yuwaaaraay and Yuwaalayaay Dictionary |location=Alice Springs |publisher=IAD Press |year=2003}}
*{{cite Q|Q19086199|mode=cs1|last=Parker|first=K. Langloh |author-link=K. Langloh Parker}}<!-- The Euahlayi Tribe --> Contains a [[s:The Euahlayi Tribe/Glossary|glossary]]
* {{cite journal|last=Ridley|first=William|author-link=William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary)|title=On the Kamilaroi Language of Australia|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|volume=2|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=82|year=1855|issue=6|pages=72–84|ref=Ridley|doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1855.tb00794.x|url-access=subscription}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary category}}
*[https://ia800902.us.archive.org/1/items/kmilariother00ridlrich/kmilariother00ridlrich.pdf KAMILAROI LANGUAGE - PUBLISHED 1880] -  
*http://yuwaalaraay.org/ has information about recent Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay language development and links to numerous language resources.
*[http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/peter_austin/AustinGamil.pdf The Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) Language, northern New South Wales &mdash; A Brief History of Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821124954/http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/peter_austin/AustinGamil.pdf |date=21 August 2008 }} ([[PDF]])
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/languages/kld Gutenberg Project Browse By Language: Gamilaraay]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601072239/http://www1.aiatsis.gov.au/ASEDA/WWWVLPages/AborigPages/LANG/GAMDICT/GAMDICT.HTM Online dictionary]
*[http://www.dnathan.com/language/gamilaraay/dictionary/GAMDICTF.HTM Gamilaraay Online dictionary] by [[Peter Austin (linguist)|Peter Austin]] and David Nathan
*[https://www.academia.edu/2457676/A_Reference_Grammar_of_Gamilaraay_northern_New_South_Wales A Reference Grammar of Gamilaraay]
*Bibliographies of [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_published_1.pdf published] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025253/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_published_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }}, [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_rare_1.pdf rare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025312/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_rare_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }} or [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_special_1.pdf special] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025326/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/gamilaraay_gamilaroi_kamilaroi_special_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }} materials on Gamilaraay language and people, at the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]
*Bibliographies of [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_published_1.pdf published] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025126/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_published_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }}, [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_rare_1.pdf rare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025140/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_rare_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }} or [https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_special_1.pdf special] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412025154/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/yuwaalaraay_euahlayi_yuwaaliyaay_special_1.pdf |date=12 April 2020 }} materials on Yuwaalaraay language and people, at the [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]]
*[https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/bumb4u/alma99183893315102061 Des Crump digital story], [[State Library of Queensland]]. Digital story discussing Gamilaraay language.

<!-- *[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Kamilaroi/ Webster's Kamilaroi-English Dictionary] -->

{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|East}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gamilaraay Language}}
[[Category:Gamilaraay]]
[[Category:Wiradhuric languages]]
[[Category:Critically endangered languages]]