View source for Gabby Hartnett

{{Short description|American baseball player and manager (1900–1972)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Gabby Hartnett
|image=Gabby Hartnett 1925.jpeg
|caption=Hartnett in 1925
|position=[[Catcher]] / [[Manager (baseball)|Manager]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1900|12|20}}
|birth_place=[[Woonsocket, Rhode Island]], U.S.
|death_date={{Death date and age|1972|12|20|1900|12|20}}
|death_place=[[Park Ridge, Illinois]], U.S.
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate=April 12
|debutyear=1922
|debutteam=Chicago Cubs
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=September 24
|finalyear=1941
|finalteam=New York Giants
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]]
|stat1value=.297
|stat2label=[[Home run]]s
|stat2value=236
|stat3label=[[Run batted in|Runs batted in]]
|stat3value=1,179
|stat4label=Managerial record
|stat4value=203–176
|stat5label=Winning %
|stat5value=.536
|teams=
'''As player'''
* [[Chicago Cubs]] ({{mlby|1922}}–{{mlby|1940}})
* [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] ({{mlby|1941}})
'''As manager'''
* [[Chicago Cubs]] ({{mlby|1938}}–{{mlby|1940}})
|highlights=
* 6× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1933 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1933]]–[[1938 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1938]])
* [[NL MVP]] (1935)
* [[Chicago Cubs#Cubs Hall of Fame|Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame]]
|hoflink = National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
|hoftype = National
|hofdate=[[1955 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1955]]
|hofvote=77.7% (12th ballot)
}}

'''Charles Leo''' "'''Gabby'''" '''Hartnett''' (December 20, 1900 – December 20, 1972), also nicknamed "'''Old Tomato Face'''",<ref name=sabrbio>{{sabrbio|ab6d173e|Bill Johnson|July 1, 2012}}</ref> was an American professional [[baseball]] player and [[Manager (baseball)|manager]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics">{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hartnga01.shtml |title=Gabby Hartnett statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> He played almost his entire career in [[Major League Baseball]] as a [[catcher]] with the [[Chicago Cubs]], from 1922 to 1940. He spent the final season of his career as a [[Coach (baseball)|player-coach]] with the [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] in 1941. After his playing career, Hartnett continued his involvement in baseball as a coach and as a minor league [[Manager (baseball)|manager]].

Hartnett was an all-around player, performing well both offensively and defensively.<ref name="Backstop: a history of the catcher and a sabermetric ranking of 50 all-time greats">{{Cite book |first=McNeil | last=William |year=2006 |title=Backstop: a history of the catcher and a sabermetric ranking of 50 all-time greats |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=978-0-7864-2177-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUtA_LRW2aoC&q=greatest+catchers+of+all+time&pg=PA44 }}</ref> Known for his strong and accurate throwing arm, he routinely led the [[National League (baseball)|National League]]'s catchers in [[caught stealing]] percentage and was the first major league catcher to hit more than 20 [[home run]]s in a season.<ref name="Backstop: a history of the catcher and a sabermetric ranking of 50 all-time greats"/> During the course of his career, Hartnett took part in some of the more memorable events in Major League Baseball history including: being behind the plate for [[Babe Ruth]] [[Babe Ruth's Called Shot|allegedly calling his shot]] during the [[1932 World Series]], [[Carl Hubbell]]'s strike-out performance in the [[1934 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1934 All-Star Game]] and [[Dizzy Dean]]'s career-altering injury during the [[1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1937 All-Star Game]].<ref name=sabrbio/> However, the greatest moment of Hartnett's career came with one week left in the 1938 season, when he hit a game-winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning to put the Cubs in first place.<ref name=sabrbio/> The event, which occurred as darkness descended onto [[Wrigley Field]], became immortalized as the "[[Homer in the Gloamin']]".<ref name=sabrbio/>

Prior to [[Johnny Bench]], Hartnett was considered the greatest catcher in the history of the National League.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/gabby-hartnett-hof.htm |title=Gabby Hartnett |publisher=entertainment.howstuffworks.com |access-date=February 12, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615123709/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/gabby-hartnett-hof.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Vass |first=George |date=November 1969 |title=Superstars of the 70's Who Will They Be? |work=Baseball Digest}}</ref> A six-time [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]], he appeared in four [[World Series]] during his playing career. At the time of his retirement, Hartnett held the career records for catchers in home runs, runs batted in, hits, doubles and most games played as a catcher. Hartnett was inducted into the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]] in [[1955 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1955]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/hartnett-gabby |title=Gabby Hartnett  |publisher=Baseball Hall of Fame |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

==Life and career==

===Early life===
Hartnett was born in [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island]], as the eldest of 14 children.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett"/> His father moved the family to [[Millville, Massachusetts]], just over the state line from Woonsocket, when he took a job at Banigan's Millville Rubber Shop. He began his professional [[baseball]] career at the age of 20 with the Worcester Boosters of the [[Eastern League (baseball, 1916–32)|Eastern League]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hartne001cha |title=Gabby Hartnett minor league statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> New York Giants manager [[John McGraw]] sent scout [[Jesse Burkett]] to appraise Hartnett's talent as a player.<ref name="Scout's Report on Hartnett Proved Wrong">{{cite magazine |author=Birtwell |first=Roger |date=February 1970 |title=Scout's Report on Hartnett Proved Wrong |work=Baseball Digest}}</ref> Burkett reported back to McGraw that Hartnett's hands were too small for a major league catcher.<ref name="Scout's Report on Hartnett Proved Wrong"/>

===Professional career===
Hartnett joined the Cubs in [[1922 Chicago Cubs season|1922]], serving as a backup catcher to [[Bob O'Farrell]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> He was given his ironic nickname of "Gabby" as a rookie due to his shy, reticent nature.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett at Baseball Statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-statistics.com/HOF/Hartnett.html |title=Gabby Hartnett at Baseball Statistics |publisher=baseball-statistics.com |access-date=February 12, 2011 |archive-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120201427/http://baseball-statistics.com/HOF/Hartnett.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On July 22, O'Farrell suffered a fractured skull during a game against the Boston Braves and Hartnett took over as the Cubs starting catcher, posting a .299 [[batting average (baseball)|batting average]] along with 16 home runs and 67 [[runs batted in]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/><ref>{{cite book |author=James, Bill |title=The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |title-link=The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/401 401] |isbn=0-684-80697-5 }}</ref> After the retirement of catcher [[Bill Killefer]], Hartnett became the favorite catcher of Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]] and caught Alexander's 300th career win on September 20, 1924.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Ahrens |first=Art |date=March 1976 |title=The Day Old Alex Won His 300th Game |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_baseball-digest_1976-03_35_3/page/n3/mode/2up |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=Baseball Digest |pages=88-90 |via=Internet Archive |volume=35 |issue=3}}</ref> Hartnett played well enough during O'Farrell's absence the Cubs decided to keep him as their starting catcher, trading O'Farrell to the St. Louis Cardinals in May 1925.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ritter |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Ritter |url=https://archive.org/details/gloryoftheirtime00ritt/page/235 |title=The Glory of Their Times |date=March 19, 1992 |publisher=Collier Books |isbn=0-688-11273-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gloryoftheirtime00ritt/page/235 235]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/o/o'farbo01.shtml |title=Bob O'Farrell |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

===Rise to stardom===
[[File:Gabby Hartnett 1932.jpg|thumb|190px|Hartnett, circa 1932]]
Hartnett hit 24 home runs in 1925, breaking the single-season home run record for catchers set by [[Jack Clements]] in 1893.<ref name="Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher">{{cite web|url=http://rockymtn.sabr.org/sabr.cfm?a=cms,c,734,3,158 |title=Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher |publisher=sabr.org |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044545/http://rockymtn.sabr.org/sabr.cfm?a=cms%2Cc%2C734%2C3%2C158 |archive-date=July 14, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref> He finished second overall in the National League behind the 39 home runs hit by [[Rogers Hornsby]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1925-batting-leaders.shtml |title=1925 National League Batting Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> Although Hartnett led National League catchers in [[Error (baseball)|errors]], he also led in [[range factor]] and in [[putout]]s, while his strong throwing arm helped him lead the league in [[Assist (baseball)|assists]] and [[caught stealing]] percentage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1925-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1925 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> [[Leo Durocher]], who played against Hartnett and was a National League manager during Johnny Bench's career, stated that the two catchers had similarly strong throwing arms.<ref name="Baseball's All-Time Greatest Catchers">{{cite magazine |author=Haag |first=Irv |date=April 1973 |title=Baseball's All-Time Greatest Catchers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_baseball-digest_1973-04_32_4 |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=Baseball Digest |pages=48-61 |via=Internet Archive |volume=32 |issue=4}}</ref> During the major league baseball winter meetings in December 1925, it was rumored Hartnett might be traded to the New York Giants for catcher [[Frank Snyder (baseball)|Frank Snyder]] and outfielder [[Irish Meusel]]; however, Cubs president [[William Veeck Sr.|Bill Veeck Sr.]], squelched the rumors saying Hartnett would not be traded for anybody.<ref>{{cite news |title=Many Big Trades Expected At Meet |agency=I.N.S. |work=The Telegraph-Herald |page=9 |date=December 9, 1925 |access-date=February 13, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vytFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4608,69252&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref>

The young catcher had a disappointing year in [[1926 Chicago Cubs season|1926]] as his batting average dropped to .275 with only 41 runs batted in. Hartnett's offensive statistics rebounded in [[1927 Chicago Cubs season|1927]], producing a .294 batting average with 10 home runs and 80 runs batted in. Although he led the league's catchers in putouts, assists and in baserunners caught stealing, his inexperience showed as he also led the league in errors and in passed balls. He finished tenth in the balloting for the 1927 National League [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1927.shtml#NLmvp |title=1927 National League Most Valuable Player Award ballot |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=June 28, 2012 }}</ref>

===Career prime===
In [[1928 Chicago Cubs season|1928]], Hartnett hit above .300 for the first time, posting a .302 batting average with 14 home runs.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> He also surpassed Jack Clements' major league record of 72 career home runs by a catcher.<ref name="Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher"/> Hartnett also led National League catchers in assists, caught stealing percentage and in fielding percentage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1928-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1928 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> As he matured as a player, he became more disciplined on the field and committed fewer errors.<ref name="Backstop: a history of the catcher and a sabermetric ranking of 50 all-time greats" /> He threw the baseball around the infield in a fearless manner, throwing out baserunners with a high degree of accuracy. Between 1928 and 1938, Hartnett led the league's catchers in fielding percentage seven times.<ref name="Backstop: a history of the catcher and a sabermetric ranking of 50 all-time greats"/>

In [[1929 Chicago Cubs season|1929]], Hartnett injured his throwing arm by making a hard throw without warming up. The arm ailment limited him to one game behind the plate and 24 games as a [[pinch hitter]] as the Cubs won the National League [[Pennant (sports)|pennant]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett at The Baseball Page">{{cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballpage.com/players/hartnga01.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203184935/http://www.thebaseballpage.com/players/hartnga01.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |title=Gabby Hartnett at The Baseball Page |publisher=thebaseballpage.com |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> Hartnett struck out in all three of his [[at bats]] in the [[1929 World Series]] against the [[1929 Philadelphia Athletics season|Philadelphia Athletics]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett at Baseball Statistics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hartnga01.shtml#batting_postseason::none |title=Gabby Hartnett post-season statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> He rebounded with his best season in [[1930 Chicago Cubs season|1930]], hitting for a .339 batting average with career highs of 122 runs batted in, a .630 [[slugging percentage]] and 37 home runs, breaking his own single-season home run record for catchers.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/><ref name="Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher"/> Hartnett led all National League catchers in putouts, assists, [[fielding percentage]] and in baserunners caught stealing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1930-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1930 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> His single-season home run record for catchers stood for 23 years, until [[Roy Campanella]] hit 40 home runs in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/bb_catchers/catchers/hr_record_sea.htm |title=Progression of Season Catcher Homerun Record |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers |access-date=June 27, 2012 }}</ref>

In a stunt on April 1, 1930 in Los Angeles, he caught a baseball dropped either {{convert|550|or|800|ft}} from a [[Goodyear blimp]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Scott |title=Baseball's oddest arms race featured balls thrown from the Washington Monument |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2023/05/31/washington-monument-baseball-catches/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=5 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Tim |title=Second thoughts |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2009/apr/07/second-thoughts-20090407/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=[[Arkansas Democrat Gazette]] |date=7 April 2009 |language=en}}</ref> If dropped from 800 feet, it would have been traveling {{convert|95.5|mph}} at the time it was caught.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kagan |first1=David |title=The Physics of Falling Baseballs |url=https://tht.fangraphs.com/the-physics-of-falling-baseballs/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=[[The Hardball Times]] |publisher=[[FanGraphs]] |date=22 December 2014}}</ref>

During an exhibition game against the [[Chicago White Sox]] on September 9, 1931, Hartnett was photographed while signing an autograph for gangster [[Al Capone]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett: the life and times of the Cubs' greatest catcher">McNeil, William. (2004). In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L7o5ZFTBRg8C&dq=gabby+hartnett+al+capone&pg=PA147 Gabby Hartnett: the life and times of the Cubs' greatest catcher]''. McFarland Publishing. p. 147. {{ISBN|0-7864-1850-8}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved on February 14, 2011.</ref> After the photograph was published in newspapers across the United States, Hartnett received a telegram from Baseball Commissioner [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]] instructing him not to have his photograph taken with Capone in the future.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett: the life and times of the Cubs' greatest catcher"/> Hartnett replied with a telegram to the Commissioner whimsically stating, "OK, but if you don't want me to have my picture taken with Al Capone, you tell him."<ref name="Gabby Hartnett: the life and times of the Cubs' greatest catcher"/>

[[File:GabbyHartnettGoudeycard.jpg|thumb|left|Hartnett on a 1933 Goudey card]]
In [[1932 Chicago Cubs season|1932]], Hartnett guided the Cubs' pitching staff to the lowest team [[earned run average]] in the league, as the Cubs clinched the National League pennant by 4 games over the [[1932 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pittsburgh Pirates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1932.shtml#teams_standard_pitching::7 |title=1932 National League Team Statistics and Standings |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> Hartnett was the Cubs' catcher on October 1, in Game 3 of the [[1932 World Series]] against the [[1932 New York Yankees season|New York Yankees]] when [[Babe Ruth]] hit his debated "called shot."<ref name="Baseball's All-Time Greatest Catchers"/> Although he hit for a .313 batting average with 1 home run, the Yankees won the series in a four-game sweep.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1932_WS.shtml |title=1932 World Series |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

In [[1933 Chicago Cubs season|1933]], Hartnett was selected to be a reserve catcher for the National League team in the inaugural [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] held on July 6, [[1933 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1933]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193307060.shtml |title=1933 All-Star Game |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> It was the first of six consecutive All-Star game selections for Hartnett.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> At the mid-season point of the [[1934 Chicago Cubs season|1934 season]], Hartnett was hitting for a .336 batting average with 13 home runs to earn the starting catcher's role for the National League team in the 1934 All-Star Game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=hartnga01&t=b&year=1934 |title=1934 Gabby Hartnett batting log |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NLS/NLS193407100.shtml |title=1934 All-Star Game |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> Hartnett was calling the pitches for Carl Hubbell in the 1934 All-Star Game when the Giants pitcher set a record by [[strikeout|striking out]] future Hall of Fame members [[Babe Ruth]], [[Lou Gehrig]], [[Jimmie Foxx]], [[Al Simmons]], and [[Joe Cronin]] in succession.<ref name="Baseball's All-Time Greatest Catchers"/> Hartnett ended the 1934 season with another strong offensive performance, hitting for a .299 batting average with 22 home runs and 90 runs batted in.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> He dominated the defensive statistics, leading the league's catchers in assists, putouts, baserunners caught stealing, caught stealing percentage, range factor and in fielding percentage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1934-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1934 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=June 30, 2012 }}</ref>

Hartnett had another impressive season in [[1935 Chicago Cubs season|1935]] when he produced a .344 batting average, third-highest in the league and led the league's catchers in assists, [[double play]]s, and fielding percentage.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1935-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1935 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> He also led the Cubs pitching staff to the lowest earned run average in the league as they won the National League pennant by 4 games over the [[1935 St. Louis Cardinals season|St. Louis Cardinals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1935.shtml#teams_standard_pitching::7 |title=1935 National League Team Statistics and Standings |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=January 23, 2011 }}</ref> For his performance, Hartnett was named the recipient of the 1935 National League Most Valuable Player Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1935.shtml#NLmvp |title=1935 National League Most Valuable Player Award ballot |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> The Cubs lost to the [[1935 Detroit Tigers season|Detroit Tigers]] led by [[Mickey Cochrane]] in the [[1935 World Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1935 World Series - Detroit Tigers over Chicago Cubs (4-2) |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1935_WS.shtml |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Baseball-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Cubs fell to third place in [[1936 Chicago Cubs season|1936]], as Hartnett had a sub-standard year for him, hitting only 7 home runs with 64 runs batted in, although he still hit above .300 with a .307 average, and earned his fourth consecutive All-Star selection.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett at Baseball Statistics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NLS/NLS193607070.shtml |title=1936 All-Star Game |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> Defensively, he led the league's catchers in fielding percentage, and his pitch-calling skills helped the Cubs pitching staff lead the league with 18 [[shutouts in baseball|shutout]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1936.shtml#teams_standard_pitching::7 |title=1936 National League Team Statistics and Standings |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> In the [[1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1937 All-Star Game]], pitcher [[Dizzy Dean]] kept shaking off Hartnett's signs for a [[curve ball]] resulting in a [[Hit (baseball)|hit]] by [[Joe DiMaggio]], a home run by [[Lou Gehrig]] and finally, a [[line drive]] off the bat of [[Earl Averill]] that struck Dean on his toe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ALS/ALS193707070.shtml |title=1937 All-Star Game |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 14, 2011 }}</ref> Dean had been one of the preeminent pitchers in the National League until the injury to his toe eventually led to the end of his baseball playing career.<ref name="Baseball's All-Time Greatest Catchers"/> Hartnett ended the 1937 season with a career-high .354 batting average and finished second to [[Joe Medwick]] in voting for the National League Most Valuable Player Award.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1937.shtml#NLmvp |title=1937 National League Most Valuable Player Award ballot |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> His .354 batting average in 1937 was the highest batting average by a major league catcher for 60 years until 1997, when [[Mike Piazza]] posted a .362 average.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Vass, George |date=April 1996 |title=Here's How Division Races Shape Up for the '96 Season |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_baseball-digest_1996-04_55_4 |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=Baseball Digest |pages=18-57 |via=Internet Archive |volume=55 |issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/piazzmi01.shtml |title=Mike Piazza career statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 16, 2011 }}</ref>

===Homer in the Gloamin'===
On July 20, [[1938 Chicago Cubs season|1938]], Cubs owner [[Philip K. Wrigley]] named the 37-year-old Hartnett as the team's [[player-manager]], replacing [[Charlie Grimm]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gabby Hartnett Succeeds Grimm As Cub Manager |work=The Daily Times |page=9 |date=July 21, 1938 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6siAAAAIBAJ&pg=1671,5851154&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> When Hartnett took over as manager, the Cubs had been in third place, six games behind the first place [[1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pittsburgh Pirates]] led by [[Pie Traynor]].<ref name="1938 Chicago Cubs Schedule">{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CHC/1938-schedule-scores.shtml |title=1938 Chicago Cubs Schedule |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> By September 27, with one week left in the season, the Cubs had battled back to within a game and a half game of the Pirates in the National League standings as the two teams met for a crucial three-game series.<ref name="1938 Chicago Cubs Schedule"/> The Cubs won the first game of the series with a 2–1 victory by pitcher Dizzy Dean, cutting the Pirates' lead to a half game and setting the stage for one of baseball's most memorable moments.<ref name="Homer In The Gloamin'">{{cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070720&content_id=2099223&vkey=news_chc&fext=.jsp&c_id=ch |title=Homer In The Gloamin' |work=mlb.com |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

On September 28, 1938, the two teams met for the second game of the series, where Hartnett experienced the highlight of his career. With darkness descending on the lightless Wrigley Field and the score tied at 5 runs apiece, the umpires ruled that the ninth [[inning]] would be the last to be played. The entire game would have to be replayed the following day if the score remained tied. Hartnett came to bat with two [[Out (baseball)|out]] in the bottom of the ninth inning. With a count of 0 balls and 2 strikes, Hartnett connected on a [[Mace Brown]] pitch, launching the ball into the darkness, before it eventually landed in the left-center field [[bleachers]]. The stadium erupted into pandemonium as players and fans stormed the field to escort Hartnett around the bases.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Carmichael |first=John |date=October 1978 |title=When Gabby Hartnett Hit His Homer In The Gloamin' |work=Baseball Digest |volume=37 |issue=10}}</ref> Hartnett's [[walk-off home run]] became immortalized as the "[[Homer in the Gloamin']]".<ref name="Homer In The Gloamin'"/>

The Cubs were in first place, culminating an impressive 19-3-1 record in September, and the pennant was clinched three days later.<ref name="1938 Chicago Cubs Schedule"/> Hartnett once again led the Cubs pitching staff to the lowest earned run average in the league and led National League catchers with a .995 fielding percentage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1938.shtml#teams_standard_pitching::7 |title=1938 National League Team Statistics and Standings |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=January 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1938-fielding-leaders.shtml |title=1938 National League Fielding Leaders |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> However, the Cubs were swept in the [[1938 World Series]] by the [[1938 New York Yankees season|New York Yankees]], their fourth Series loss in ten years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1938_WS.shtml |title=1938 World Series |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

===Later career===
Hartnett felt the strain of managing a team during the [[1939 Chicago Cubs season|1939 season]] as he faced player discontent over the pampering of Dizzy Dean while pitcher [[Larry French]] went over his head to complain to owner Philip Wrigley about his lack of pitching assignments.<ref name="French Action Further Pains Cub's Manager">{{cite news |title=French Action Further Pains Cub's Manager |agency=United Press International |work=The Telegraph-Herald |page=9 |date=August 1, 1939 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tuxBAAAAIBAJ&pg=3584,6340239&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> French felt he was being punished for requesting to have [[Gus Mancuso]] as his catcher.<ref name="French Action Further Pains Cub's Manager"/> In addition, Hartnett was forced to pencil himself into the lineup more often because the Cubs' other catchers had little luck at the plate.<ref name="French Action Further Pains Cub's Manager"/> On August 28, 1939, he broke [[Ray Schalk]]'s major league record of 1,727 career games as a catcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago Catcher-Manager Has Equalled or Cracked Long Time Backstop Mark |agency=Associated Press |work=The Calgary Herald |page=7 |date=August 29, 1939 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DCFkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1708,5809655&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> His record for longevity was surpassed by [[Al López]] during the 1945 season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Lopez Set Major Loop Catching Mark |work=The Daily Times |page=5 |date=August 3, 1945 |access-date=June 27, 2012 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rpQiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2346,4816287&dq=al+lopez+gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref>

After two disappointing seasons, Hartnett was dismissed by the Cubs on November 13, [[1940 Chicago Cubs season|1940]], after 19 years with the club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gabby Hartnett Dismissed as Chicago Cubs Manager in National League |agency=Associated Press |work=Montreal Gazette |page=15 |date=November 14, 1940 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ar8tAAAAIBAJ&pg=4362,2366595&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> On December 3, he signed a contract with the [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] to be a player-coach.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gabby Hartnett To Coach Giants |agency=Associated Press |work=The Calgary Herald |page=7 |date=December 3, 1940 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Hx1kAAAAIBAJ&pg=2234,143008&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> Hartnett hit for a .300 average in 64 games as a backup catcher to [[Harry Danning]] in the [[1941 New York Giants (MLB) season|1941 season]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> Hartnett played his final game on September 24, 1941, retiring as a player at the age of 40.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/>

==Career statistics==
In a 20-year major league career, Hartnett played in 1,990 [[Games played|games]], accumulating 1,912 [[hit (baseball)|hits]] in 6,432 [[at bats]] for a .297 career batting average along with 867 [[run (baseball)|runs]], 396 [[double (baseball)|doubles]], 64 [[triple (baseball)|triples]], 236 home runs, 1,179 runs batted in, 703 [[bases on balls]], .370 [[on-base percentage]] and .489 [[slugging percentage]].<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> He retired with a .984 career fielding percentage.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> Hartnett caught 100 or more games for a league record 12 times, including a record eight seasons in a row.<ref name="Former Cubs great, Gabby Hartnett dead">{{cite news |title=Former Cubs great, Gabby Hartnett dead |agency=Associated Press |work=The Telegraph-Herald |page=24 |date=December 19, 1972 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q-xYAAAAIBAJ&pg=7115,3430136&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> He led the National League in putouts four times and in assists and fielding percentage six times.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> Hartnett led the league seven times in [[double play]]s and set a National league record with 163 career double plays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/bb_catchers/catchers/fielding_misc.htm |title=Catchers' fielding records |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> He set a since-broken major league record for catchers of 452 consecutive [[Total chances|chances]] without committing an error.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hartnett Looks Like Old Gabby |agency=Associated Press |work=The Tuscaloosa News |page=24 |date=February 26, 1941 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fDo_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5555,2350689&dq=gabby+hartnett+452+consecutive+chances&hl=en}}</ref>

At the time of his retirement, Hartnett's 236 home runs, 1,179 runs batted in, 1,912 hits, and 396 doubles were all records for catchers.<ref name="Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher"/> [[Bill Dickey]] surpassed his records for most runs batted in and hits in 1943, while his career home run record for catchers was broken by [[Yogi Berra]] in 1956.<ref name="Record for Most Home Runs by a Catcher"/> His career mark for doubles stood until 1983 when it was broken by [[Ted Simmons]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 2002 |title=How Ted Simmons Rates With Hall of Fame Catchers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_baseball-digest_2002-08_61_8/page/n7/mode/2up |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-03-07 |magazine=Baseball Digest |page=9 |via=Internet Archive |volume=61 |issue=8}}</ref> Hartnett also finished among the National League's top ten in slugging percentage seven times in his career.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> A six-time All-Star, he was the recipient of one Most Valuable Player Award and played on four pennant-winning teams.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett statistics"/> Hartnett's .370 career on-base percentage was higher than the .342 posted by Johnny Bench and the .348 posted by Yogi Berra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/benchjo01.shtml |title=Johnny Bench career statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/berrayo01.shtml |title=Yogi Berra career statistics |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 16, 2011 }}</ref> His 56.11% career caught stealing percentage ranks second to [[Roy Campanella]] among major league catchers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/caught_stealing_perc_career.shtml |title=Career Leaders & Records for Caught Stealing Percentage |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> Hartnett's bat and catcher's mask were the first artifacts sent to the newly constructed [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1938.<ref name="Gabby Hartnett at The Baseball Page"/> In his book, ''[[The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract]]'', baseball historian [[Bill James]] ranked Hartnett 9th all-time among major league catchers.<ref>{{cite book |author=James, Bill |title=The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |title-link=The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newbilljameshist00jame/page/374 374] |isbn=0-684-80697-5 }}</ref>

[[File:Gabby Hartnett plaque.jpg|thumb|upright|right|110px|Hartnett's plaque at the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]]]]
[[File:Grave of Charles Leo Hartnett (1900–1972) at All Saints Cemetery, Des Plaines.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Hartnett's grave at All Saints Cemetery]]

==Post-playing career and retirement==
Afterwards, Hartnett managed in the minor leagues for five seasons, retiring to [[Lincolnwood, Illinois]], in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=hartne001cha#standard_managing::none |title=Gabby Hartnett minor league manager record |work=Baseball Reference |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> On January 26, 1955, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame along with Joe DiMaggio, [[Ted Lyons]] and [[Dazzy Vance]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Di Mag, Lyons, Hartnett, Vance Voted To Hall |agency=United Press International |work=The Victoria Advocate |page=10 |date=January 27, 1955 |access-date=February 12, 2011 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PGRTAAAAIBAJ&pg=1178,2554751&dq=gabby+hartnett&hl=en}}</ref> In 1981, [[Lawrence Ritter]] and [[Donald Honig]] included Hartnett in their book ''The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time''. In 1999, he was named as a finalist to the [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/mlb_history_moreinfo.jsp |title=Major League Baseball All-Century Team |work=mlb.com |access-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

Hartnett also served as a color commentator for [[Major League Baseball on CBS|CBS' Major League Baseball]] telecasts. Hartnett in particular, alongside Bob Finnegan called the April 11, [[1959 Major League Baseball season|1959]], contest between [[1959 Los Angeles Dodgers season|Los Angeles Dodgers]] and [[1959 Chicago Cubs season|Chicago Cubs]] and the June 12, [[1960 Major League Baseball season|1960]], contest between the [[1960 Philadelphia Phillies season|Philadelphia Phillies]] and the [[1960 Chicago Cubs season|Cubs]].

In his last job in the majors Hartnett worked as a [[Coach (baseball)|coach]] and [[Scout (sports)|scout]] with the [[Kansas City Athletics]] for two years in the mid-1960s.

Hartnett died of [[cirrhosis]] in [[Park Ridge, Illinois]], on [[Birthday effect|his 72nd birthday]] in 1972, and is interred in [[All Saints Cemetery]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]].<ref name="Former Cubs great, Gabby Hartnett dead"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Baseball}}
*[[List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball player-managers]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{bbhof|hartnett-gabby}}
*{{sabrbio|Gabby-Hartnett|Bill Johnson|March 7, 2025}}
*{{baseballstats |br=h/hartnga01 |fangraphs=1005458 |retro=H/Phartg103}}

{{NL MVP's}}
{{1955 Baseball HOF}}
{{Baseball Hall of Fame members}}
{{Chicago Cubs HOF}}
{{Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame}}
{{Chicago Cubs managers}}
{{Major League Baseball on CBS}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartnett, Gabby}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
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[[Category:Chicago Cubs coaches]]
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[[Category:Indianapolis Indians managers]]
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[[Category:Major League Baseball catchers]]
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[[Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:National League All-Stars]]
[[Category:National League Most Valuable Player Award winners]]
[[Category:New York Giants (baseball) players]]
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[[Category:People from Lincolnwood, Illinois]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Woonsocket, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Providence County, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Park Ridge, Illinois]]
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[[Category:Worcester Boosters players]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Illinois]]
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