View source for GSK plc

{{Short description|British pharmaceutical and biotechnology company}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox company<!-- infobox source: http://www.hoovers.com/glaxosmithkline/--ID__41781--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml -->
| name = GSK plc
| logo = GSK logo 2022.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2022
| image = GlaxoSmithKline building, London, 30 July 2007 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Head office in Brentford, London with the former GlaxoSmithKline logo, taken in July 2007
| former_name = GlaxoSmithKline (2000–2022)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
* {{LSE|GSK}}
* [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100 Component]]
 }}
| predecessors = {{ubl|Glaxo Wellcome|SmithKline Beecham}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Sir Jonathan Symonds ([[chairperson]])
* [[Emma Walmsley]] ([[CEO]])
}}
| industry = {{ubl|[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]]|[[Biotechnology]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Medication|Pharmaceutical drugs]]|[[vaccine]]s}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{GBP|31.376&nbsp;billion|link=yes}} (2024)<ref name=results>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsk.com/media/11776/fy-2024-results-announcement.pdf|title=Preliminary Results 2024|publisher=GSK|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{GBP|4.021&nbsp;billion}}  (2024)<ref name=results/>
| income_year = 
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{GBP|2.951&nbsp;billion}} (2024)<ref name=results/>
| net_income_year = 
| assets = {{increase}} {{GBP|59.463&nbsp;billion}} (2024)<ref name=results/>
| assets_year = 
| equity = {{increase}} {{GBP|13.086&nbsp;billion}} (2024)<ref name=results/>
| equity_year = 
| num_employees = 70,000 (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/company/gsk-at-a-glance/|title=At a glance|publisher=GSK|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 
| divisions = 
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stiefel Laboratories]]
* [[Tesaro]]
* [[ViiV Healthcare]] <small>(76.5%)</small>
}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2000|12|27}}
| location = [[London]], England, UK
| website = {{URL|https://www.gsk.com}}
| footnotes = 
}}

'''GSK plc''' (an acronym from its former name '''GlaxoSmithKline plc''') is a British [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Pharmaceutics|pharmaceutical]] and [[biotechnology company]] with headquarters in [[London]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://us.gsk.com/en-us/contact-us/headquarters/ |title=Headquarters &#124; GSK US |website=us.gsk.com |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522204507/https://us.gsk.com/en-us/contact-us/headquarters/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/glaxosmithkline/ |title=GlaxoSmithKline on the Forbes Top Multinational Performers List |work=Forbes |access-date=11 December 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055852/https://www.forbes.com/companies/glaxosmithkline/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was established in 2000 by a [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham,{{refn|group=n|Glaxo Wellcome was formed from Glaxo's 1995 acquisition of The Wellcome Foundation and SmithKline Beecham from the 1989 merger of the [[Beecham Group]] and the [[SmithKline Beckman|SmithKline Beckman Corporation]].}} which was itself a merger of a number of pharmaceutical companies around the [[Smith, Kline & French]] firm.

GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and No. 294 on the 2022 [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]], ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies [[China Resources]], [[Sinopharm (company)|Sinopharm]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Pfizer]], [[Roche]], [[AbbVie]], [[Novartis]], [[Bayer]], and [[Merck & Co.|Merck Sharp & Dohme]].<ref name="Fortune">{{cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/global500/2022/search/?fg500_industry=Pharmaceuticals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081758/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2022/search/?fg500_industry=Pharmaceuticals |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref>

The company has a primary listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]]. As of February 2024, it had a [[Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of £69 billion, the eighth largest on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{cite web |title=FTSE All-Share Index Ranking |url=http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326184653/https://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=10 August 2022 |publisher=stockchallenge.co.uk}}</ref>

The company developed the first [[malaria vaccine]], [[RTS,S]], which it said in 2014, it would make available for five per cent above cost.<ref name="malariavaccine">{{cite news |last=Plumridge |first=Hester |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/glaxo-files-its-entry-in-race-for-a-malaria-vaccine-1406218538 |title=Glaxo Files Its Entry in Race for a Malaria Vaccine |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 July 2014 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040101/https://www.wsj.com/articles/glaxo-files-its-entry-in-race-for-a-malaria-vaccine-1406218538 |url-status=live }}{{pb}}
{{cite news |last=Lorenzetti |first=Laura |url=http://fortune.com/2014/07/24/glaxosmithkline-seeks-approval-for-first-ever-malaria-vaccine/ |title=GlaxoSmithKline seeks approval on first-ever malaria vaccine |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225000/http://fortune.com/2014/07/24/glaxosmithkline-seeks-approval-for-first-ever-malaria-vaccine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], such as [[amoxicillin]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[pyrimethamine]] and [[zidovudine]].<ref name="WHO21st" />

In 2012, under prosecution by the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DoJ) based on combined investigations of the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS-OIG), [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], primarily concerning sales and marketing of the drugs [[Rosiglitazone|Avandia]], [[Paroxetine|Paxil]] and [[Bupropion|Wellbutrin]], GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses, failure to report safety data and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay a US$3{{nbsp}}billion (£1.9bn) settlement. It was the largest health-care fraud case to date in the US and the [[List of largest pharmaceutical settlements|largest settlement]] in the [[pharmaceutical industry]].<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

==History==
===Glaxo Wellcome===
[[File:Glaxo Factory, Bunnythorpe, New Zealand 03.JPG|thumb|The Glaxo factory built in 1918, in [[Bunnythorpe|Bunnythorpe, New Zealand]], with the Glaxo Laboratories sign still visible]]

====Glaxo====
Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in [[Wellington]], New Zealand, by a Londoner, [[Joseph Nathan|Joseph Edward Nathan]].<ref>R. P. T. Davenport-Hines, Judy Slinn, ''Glaxo: A History to 1962'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp.&nbsp;7–13.</ref> In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near [[Bunnythorpe]]. The resulting product was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from ''lacto''), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies."<ref>David Newton, ''Trademarked: A History of Well-Known Brands, from Airtex to Wright's Coal Tar'', The History Press, 2012, p.&nbsp;435.</ref><ref name="Ravenscraft2000">{{Cite web |last1=Ravenscraft |first1=David J. |last2=Long |first2=William F. |date=January 2000 |title=Paths to Creating Value in Pharmaceutical Mergers |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8653/c8653.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075228/https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c8653/c8653.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2023 |website=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref>{{rp|306}}<ref name="history"/> The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}}
[[File:Glaxo feeder bottle with packaging.jpg|thumb|right| Feeder bottle with valve and teat, Glaxo Laboratories, Greenford, Middlesex]]

Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935.<ref>New "Glaxo" Company. ''The Times'', Tuesday, 15 October 1935; pg. 22; Issue 47195</ref> Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised the group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent<ref>J. Nathan And "Glaxo" Reorganization. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 8 January 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50653</ref> and obtained a listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>Joseph Nathan & Co. ''The Times'', Thursday, 20 February 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50690</ref> Glaxo acquired [[Allen & Hanburys]] in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist [[David Jack (scientist)|David Jack]] was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's [[research and development]] (R&D) until 1987.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>{{rp|306}} After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in the US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to [[Research Triangle Park]] (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in [[North Carolina]].<ref name="history"/>

====Burroughs Wellcome====
Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists [[Henry Wellcome]] and [[Silas Mainville Burroughs (pharmacist)|Silas Burroughs]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=B. Rajesh |title=Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-00590-8 |location=Cham |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in [[Tuckahoe (village), New York|Tuckahoe, New York]],<ref name="TriCent">{{Cite web |title=Eastchester: History of the Town |url=http://eastchester350.org/350/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/History-of-the-town-1964.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401183707/http://eastchester350.org/350/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/History-of-the-town-1964.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref>[http://news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc?a=d&d=theeastchester19241119.1.2 "Addition to Factory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201140948/https://news.hrvh.org/veridian/cgi-bin/senylrc?a=d&d=theeastchester19241119.1.2 |date=1 December 2020 }}, ''The Eastchester Citizen-Bulletin'', 19 November 1924</ref><ref>Peter Pennoyer, Anne Walker, ''The Architecture of Delano & Aldrich'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=PfsvwzwaQqUC&pg=PA188 188].</ref> which served as the US headquarters until the company moved to [[Research Triangle Park]] in North Carolina in 1971.<ref>[http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ "Iconic Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters Open for Rare Public Tour"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828173230/http://recentpast.org/iconic-burroughs-wellcome-headquarters-open-for-rare-public-tour/ |date=28 August 2018 }}, Triangle Modernist Houses, press release, 8 October 2012.</ref><ref name="Cummings">{{cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Alex Sayf |date=13 June 2016 |title=Into the Spaceship: A Visit to the Old Burroughs Wellcome Building |url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2016/06/13/into-the-spaceship-a-visit-to-the-old-burroughs-wellcome-building/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175810/https://tropicsofmeta.com/2016/06/13/into-the-spaceship-a-visit-to-the-old-burroughs-wellcome-building/ |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=25 November 2019 |website=Tropics of Meta historiography for the masses}}</ref> The [[Nobel Prize]] winning scientists [[Gertrude B. Elion]] and [[George H. Hitchings]] worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as [[mercaptopurine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bouton |first=Katherine |date=29 January 1989 |title=The Nobel Pair |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017153346/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/magazine/the-nobel-pair.html |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> In 1959, the [[Wellcome Foundation]] bought [[William Cooper (chemical manufacturer)|Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc]] to become more active in animal health.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |title=GSK History |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |access-date=18 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608203248/http://www.gsk.com/about/history-noflash.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>

When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters, the company selected [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] to design its new building.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaji-O'Grady |first1=Sandra |title=LabOratory: Speaking of Science and Its Architecture |last2=Smith |first2=Chris L. |publisher=MIT Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-262-35636-7 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=4–5 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Elion-Hitchings Building]] "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of [[Georgia State University]] wrote in 2016, that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of the history of both architecture and [[Research Triangle Park]]."<ref name="Elion-Hitchings"/> [[United Therapeutics]], which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020, to tear it down.<ref name="Elion-Hitchings">{{cite news |last=Stradling |first=Richard |date=21 September 2020 |title=United Therapeutics to demolish an RTP landmark building |work=[[News & Observer]] |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article245830330.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220235/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article245830330.html |archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

====Merger====
Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesney |first=Mark S. |date=January 2004 |title=The ghosts of pharma past |url=https://pubsapp.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i01/pdf/104timeline.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107075235/https://pubsapp.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i01/pdf/104timeline.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=Ravenscraft2000/> The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history.<ref name=":1" /> Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in [[Stevenage]], [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |date=15 June 1995 |title=10,000 face Glaxo's axe at Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/10000-face-glaxos-axe-at-wellcome-1586547.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706142050/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/10-000-face-glaxo-s-axe-at-wellcome-1586547.html |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160641/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-warns-of-redundancies-1587568.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2014 |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |title=Glaxo warns of redundancies |newspaper=The Independent |date=21 June 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grimond |first=Magnus |date=7 September 1995 |title=Glaxo Wellcome plans to axe 7,500 jobs |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-wellcome-plans-to-axe-7500-jobs-1600042.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124164542/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/glaxo-wellcome-plans-to-axe-7-500-jobs-1600042.html |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the [[California]]-based Affymax, a leader in the field of [[combinatorial chemistry]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 1995 |title=Glaxo to Acquire Affymax |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/glaxo-to-acquire-affymax.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404164133/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/business/glaxo-to-acquire-affymax.html |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind [[Novartis]] and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Outlook: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/outlook-glaxo-wellcome-1084036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316123746/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/outlook-glaxo-wellcome-1084036.html |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> Its products included [[Imigran]] (for the treatment of migraine), [[salbutamol]] (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), [[Zovirax]] (for the treatment of coldsores), and [[Retrovir]] and [[Epivir]] (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS.<ref name="indep1899">{{cite news |date=1 August 1999 |title=Company of the week: Glaxo Wellcome |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/company-of-the-week-glaxo-wellcome-1109929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161534/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/company-of-the-week-glaxo-wellcome-1109929.html |archive-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among the world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, [[Kent]], London and [[Verona]] (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East.<ref name="bbc17100">{{cite news |date=17 January 2000 |title=Profile: Glaxo Wellcome |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/606752.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412181754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/606752.stm |archive-date=12 April 2023}}</ref>

===SmithKline Beecham===
====Beecham====
{{Main|Beecham Group}}
[[File:BeechamsBuilding.jpg|thumb|Beecham's Clock Tower, constructed 1877, part of the [[Beecham (pharmaceutical company)|Beecham]]'s factory, [[St Helens, Merseyside|St Helens]]]]
In 1848, [[Thomas Beecham (chemist)|Thomas Beecham]] launched his [[Beecham's Pills]] laxative in England, giving birth to the [[Beecham Group]]. In 1859, Beecham opened its first factory in [[St Helens, Merseyside|St Helens]], [[Lancashire]]. By the 1960s, Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as [[Macleans (toothpaste)|Macleans toothpaste]], Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Corely |first1=T.A.B. |title=Beechams, 1848-2000: from Pills to Pharmaceuticals |date=2011 |publisher=Crucible Books |isbn=978-1905472147}}</ref>

====SmithKline====
{{Main|Smith, Kline & French}}
[[John K. Smith]] opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, [[Mahlon Kline]] joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891, it merged with French, Richard and Company, and in 1929, changed its name to [[Smith, Kline & French|Smith Kline & French Laboratories]] as it focused more on research. Years later it bought Norden Laboratories, a business doing research into animal health, and [[Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques]] in Belgium in 1963, to focus on vaccines. The company began to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the United States in 1969. In 1982, it bought [[Allergan]], a manufacturer of eye and skincare products.<ref name="history"/>

Smith Kline & French merged with Beckman Inc. in 1982, and changed its name to ''SmithKline Beckman''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kleinfield |first=N. R. |date=29 May 1984 |title=Smithkline: One-Drug Image |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/29/business/smithkline-one-drug-image.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405091137/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/29/business/smithkline-one-drug-image.html |archive-date=5 April 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1988, it bought International Clinical Laboratories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 1988 |title=SmithKline Beckman Corp. and International Clinical Laboratories Inc. announced... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/13/SmithKline-Beckman-Corp-and-International-Clinical-Laboratories-Inc-announced/3060576907200/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930175210/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/13/SmithKline-Beckman-Corp-and-International-Clinical-Laboratories-Inc-announced/3060576907200/ |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=UPI}}</ref>

====Merger====
In 1989, SmithKline Beckman merged with Beecham Group to form ''SmithKline Beecham P.L.C.''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=13 April 1989 |title=SmithKline, Beecham to Merge |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/13/business/smithkline-beecham-to-merge.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522171509/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/13/business/smithkline-beecham-to-merge.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The headquarters moved from the United States to England. To expand R&D in the United States, the company bought a new research center in 1995; another opened in 1997, in England at [[New Frontiers Science Park]], [[Harlow]].<ref name="history"/>

===2000: Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger===
Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000. The merger was completed on 27 December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 2000 |title=The new alchemy – The drug industry's flurry of mergers is based on a big gamble |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/275655 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725231652/https://www.economist.com/business/2000/01/20/the-new-alchemy |archive-date=25 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Partners resolve their differences and unite at the second attempt |journal=Nature |date=May 2000 |volume=405 |issue=6783 |doi=10.1038/35012210 |pmid=10821289 |page=258 |vauthors=Gershon D |s2cid=23140509 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The company's global headquarters were at GSK House, [[Brentford]], London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]. The building was erected at a cost of £300{{nbsp}}million and {{as of|2002|lc=yes}} was home to 3,000 administrative staff.<ref name=tele15702>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2767982/Hall-that-glitters-isnt-shareholder-gold.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2767982/Hall-that-glitters-isnt-shareholder-gold.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Hall that glitters isn't shareholder gold |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=15 July 2002}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===2001–2010===
[[File:Andrew Witty in 2015.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|[[Andrew Witty]], GSK's CEO from May 2008, to April 2017]]

GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey–based [[Block Drug]] in 2001, for {{US$|1.24 billion}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=GlaxoSmithKline Completes the Purchase of Block Drug for $1.24&nbsp;Billion |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/glaxosmithkline-completes-the-purchase-of-block-drug-for-124-billion-71032672.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213852/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/glaxosmithkline-completes-the-purchase-of-block-drug-for-124-billion-71032672.html |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=1 August 2010 |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> In 2006, GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary supplements, for US$566{{nbsp}}million in cash.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stouffer |first=Rick |date=9 October 2006 |title=Glaxo unit buys Breathe Right maker |work=Trib Live |url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_474181.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161139if_/http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_474181.html |archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

[[Chris Gent]], previously CEO of [[Vodafone]], was appointed chairman of the board in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2012 |title=Sir Christopher Gent to exit GlaxoSmithKline |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/9639020/Sir-Christopher-Gent-to-exit-GlaxoSmithKline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113206/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/9639020/Sir-Christopher-Gent-to-exit-GlaxoSmithKline.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in 2007, in Shanghai, initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2452000720070524 |title=Glaxo China R&D centre to target neurodegeneration |work=Reuters |date=24 May 2007 |author=Ben Hirschler |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811001312/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2452000720070524 |url-status=live }}<br />
{{cite news |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081029/full/4551168a.html |last=Cyranoski |first=David |title=Pharmaceutical futures: Made in China? |work=Nature |date=29 October 2008 |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221842/http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081029/full/4551168a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Andrew Witty]] became the chief executive officer in 2008.<ref>[http://www.gsk.com/about-us/corporate-executive-team.html "Corporate Executive Team"], GlaxoSmithKline. Retrieved 16 November 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014041607/http://www.gsk.com/about-us/corporate-executive-team.html |date=14 October 2012 }}</ref> Witty joined Glaxo in 1985, and had been president of GSK's Pharmaceuticals Europe since 2003.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHkj9dJ6aNE "Andrew Witty's journey from Graduate to GSK CEO"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209112338/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHkj9dJ6aNE |date=9 February 2017 }}, GlaxoSmithKline, 12 August 2008; [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=3027345&ticker=GSK "Andrew Philip Witty"], ''Bloomberg''.</ref>

In 2009, GSK acquired [[Stiefel Laboratories]], then the world's largest independent dermatology drug company, for {{US$|3.6 billion}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ruddick |first=Graham |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/gsk/5186751/GlaxoSmithKline-buys-Stiefel-for-3.6bn.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/gsk/5186751/GlaxoSmithKline-buys-Stiefel-for-3.6bn.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=GlaxoSmithKline buys Stiefel for $3.6bn |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 April 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In November 2009, the FDA approved GSK's vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection, manufactured by the company's ID Biomedical Corp in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2009 |title=FDA Approves Additional Vaccine for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm190783.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119011901/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm190783.htm |archive-date=19 November 2009 |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]]}}</ref> Also in November 2009, GSK formed a joint venture with [[Pfizer]] to create [[ViiV Healthcare]], which specializes in HIV research.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jack |first=Andrew |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5327ff12-2aaa-11de-8415-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5327ff12-2aaa-11de-8415-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Companies / Pharmaceuticals – GSK and Pfizer to merge HIV portfolios |work=Financial Times |date=16 April 2009}}</ref> In 2010, the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company, for US$253m,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2010 |title=GSK Acquires Laboratorios Phoenix for 3m {{!}} InfoGrok |url=http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/pharma-companies/gsk-acquires-laboratorios-phoenix.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614180626/http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/pharma-companies/gsk-acquires-laboratorios-phoenix.html |archive-date=14 June 2010 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=infogrok.com}}</ref> and the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition for £162{{nbsp}}million (US$256{{nbsp}}million).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandle |first=Paul |date=13 December 2010 |title=UPDATE 2-Glaxo buys protein-drinks firm Maxinutrition |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6BC0XO20101213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216024711/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6BC0XO20101213 |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref>

===2011–2022===
In 2011, in a US$660-million deal, [[Prestige Brands|Prestige Brands Holdings]] took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$210{{nbsp}}million, including [[BC Powder]], [[Beano (dietary supplement)|Beano]], [[Ecotrin]], Fiber Choice, [[Goody's Powder]], [[Sominex]] and [[Tagamet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.newsobserver.com/business/gsk-sells-bc-goodys-and-other-brands |work=News & Observer |last=Ranii |first=David |title=GSK sells BC, Goody's and other brands |date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415192244/http://blogs.newsobserver.com/business/gsk-sells-bc-goodys-and-other-brands |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500{{nbsp}}million in manufacturing facilities in [[Ulverston]], northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2012 |title=GSK confirms 500 mln stg UK investment plans |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/glaxosmithkline-britain-idUSWLA506520120322 |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074247/https://www.reuters.com/article/glaxosmithkline-britain-idUSWLA506520120322 |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> In May that year it acquired CellZome, a German biotech company, for US$98{{nbsp}}million,<ref>European Biotechnology News 16 May 2012. [http://www.european-biotechnology-news.com/news/news/2012-02/gsk-acquires-cellzome-100.html GSK acquires Cellzome 100%: Britain's largest drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline will pay about €75m in cash to acquire Cellzome AG completely] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604083405/http://www.european-biotechnology-news.com/news/news/2012-02/gsk-acquires-cellzome-100.html |date=4 June 2016 }}; John Carroll for FierceBiotech 15 May 2012 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/gsk-snags-proteomics-platform-tech-98m-cellzome-buyout/2012-05-15 GSK snags proteomics platform tech in $98M Cellzome buyout]</ref> and in June, worldwide rights to [[alitretinoin]] (Toctino), an [[eczema]] drug, for US$302{{nbsp}}million.<ref>John Carroll for FiercePharma. 12 June 2012 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/gsk-continues-deal-spree-302m-deal-eczema-drug/2012-06-12 GSK continues deal spree with $302M pact for Basilea eczema drug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051425/http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/gsk-continues-deal-spree-302m-deal-eczema-drug/2012-06-12 |date=29 May 2014 }}; Basilea Pharmaceutica Press Release. 11 June 2012 [http://hugin.info/134390/R/1618919/516985.pdf Basilea enters into global agreement with Stiefel, a GSK company, for Toctino (alitretinoin)]</ref> In 2013, GSK acquired [[Human Genome Sciences]] (HGS) for US$3{{nbsp}}billion; the companies had collaborated on developing the [[lupus]] drug [[Belimumab]] (Benlysta), [[albiglutide]] for [[type 2 diabetes]], and [[darapladib]] for [[atherosclerosis]],<ref name="3Lessons">{{Cite web |last=Herper |first=Matthew |date=16 July 2012 |title=Three Lessons From GlaxoSmithKline's Purchase Of Human Genome Sciences |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/07/16/three-lessons-from-glaxosmithklines-purchase-of-human-genome-sciences/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140527183210/http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/07/16/three-lessons-from-glaxosmithklines-purchase-of-human-genome-sciences/ |archive-date=27 May 2014 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> and in September, sold its beverage division to [[Suntory]]. This included the brands [[Lucozade]] and [[Ribena]]; however, the deal did not include [[Horlicks]].<ref name="Monaghan">{{Cite news |last=Monaghan |first=Angela |date=9 September 2013 |title=Ribena and Lucozade sold to Japanese drinks giant |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/09/ribena-lucozade-sold-japan-glaxosmithkline |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015039/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/09/ribena-lucozade-sold-japan-glaxosmithkline |archive-date=5 April 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In March 2014, GSK paid US$1{{nbsp}}billion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, [[GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals]], to 75 per cent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hirschler |first=Ben |date=10 March 2014 |title=GSK pays $1&nbsp;billion to lift Indian unit stake to 75 percent |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-glaxosmithkline-india-idUSBREA2909U20140310 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405080005/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-glaxosmithkline-india-idUSBREA2909U20140310 |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref> In April 2014, Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than US$20{{nbsp}}billion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bray |first1=Chad |last2=Jolly |first2=David |date=23 April 2014 |title=Novartis and Glaxo Agree to Trade $20 Billion in Assets |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/novartis-announces-major-restructuring/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405080005/https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/novartis-announces-major-restructuring/ |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="wsj4222014">{{cite news |last1=Rockoff |first1=Jonathan D. |last2=Whalen |first2=Jeanne |last3=Falconi |first3=Marta |date=22 April 2014 |title=Deal Flurry Shows Drug Makers' Swing Toward Specialization |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/deal-flurry-shows-drug-makers-swing-toward-specialization-1398214581 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910233717/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/deal-flurry-shows-drug-makers-swing-toward-specialization-1398214581 |archive-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> In February 2015, GSK announced that it would acquire GlycoVaxyn, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, for US$190{{nbsp}}million,<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2015 |title=GEN - News Highlights:GSK Acquires GlycoVaxyn for $190M |url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/gsk-acquires-glycovaxyn-for-190m/81250916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403180134/https://www.genengnews.com/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |work=GEN}}</ref> and in June that year that it would sell two [[meningitis]] drugs to [[Pfizer]], Nimenrix and [[Mencevax]] for around US$130{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2015 |title=Pfizer Buys Two GSK Meningitis Vaccines for $130M |url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/pfizer-buys-two-gsk-meningitis-vaccines-for-130m/81251415/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331181324/https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/pfizer-buys-two-gsk-meningitis-vaccines-for-130m/ |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=GEN}}</ref>

[[Philip Hampton]], at that time chair of the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], became GSK chairman in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=James |date=25 September 2014 |title=Sir Philip Hampton to chair Glaxo |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11120385/Sir-Philip-Hampton-to-chair-Glaxo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113206/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11120385/Sir-Philip-Hampton-to-chair-Glaxo.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 March 2017, [[Emma Walmsley]] became [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]. She is the first female CEO of the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herper |first=Matthew |title=GlaxoSmithKline Appoints Big Pharma's First Woman Chief Executive |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-appoints-big-pharmas-first-woman-chief-executive/#7f8a02ca3276 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910234224/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-appoints-big-pharmas-first-woman-chief-executive/?sh=149dee932769 |archive-date=10 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=successionAWtoEW>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-names-emma-walmsley-to-replace-sir-andrew-witty/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921225245/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/09/20/glaxosmithkline-names-emma-walmsley-to-replace-sir-andrew-witty/ |archive-date=21 September 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Emma Walmsley becomes latest female CEO in FTSE 100 as she replaces Sir Andrew Witty at GSK |last=Yeomans |first=Jon |newspaper=The Telegraph |publisher=Daily Telegraph, London |date=20 September 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49%) taking over control from its Saudi partner Banaja KSA Holding Company.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2017 |title=GlaxoSmithKline boosts stake in Saudi Arabia unit |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/gsk-saudi/glaxosmithkline-boosts-stake-in-saudi-arabia-unit-idUSL8N1OI1Q4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404145936/https://www.reuters.com/article/gsk-saudi/glaxosmithkline-boosts-stake-in-saudi-arabia-unit-idUSL8N1OI1Q4 |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

With respect to [[rare disease]]s, the company divested its portfolio of [[gene therapy]] drugs to Orchard Therapeutics in April 2018.<ref name=":0" /> In November 2018, [[Reuters]] reported that [[Unilever]] was in prime position to acquire GSK's interest in its Indian unit, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, in a sale that could generate around US$4{{nbsp}}billion for the company.<ref name="pole">{{cite news |last1=Gruber |first1=Kane Wu |date=28 November 2018 |title=Unilever in pole position to swallow GSK's Indian Horlicks business |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gsk-m-a-india/nestl-unilever-in-pole-position-for-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-reports-idUKKCN1NX0F0 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128071040/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gsk-m-a-india/nestl-unilever-in-pole-position-for-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-reports-idUKKCN1NX0F0 |archive-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> [[Nestlé]] and [[Coca-Cola]] have also been reported to be interested in the business unit as they look to strengthen their presence in India.<ref name=pole/><ref>{{cite web |last=Sagonowsky |first=Eric |date=28 November 2018 |title=GlaxoSmithKline taps Unilever as lead bidder in Indian Horlicks buyout: report |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/unilever-gsk-late-stage-talks-for-horlicks-buyout-india-reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015037/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/unilever-gsk-late-stage-talks-for-horlicks-buyout-india-reuters |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=FiercePharma}}</ref> On 3 December 2018, GSK announced that Unilever would acquire the Indian-listed GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare business for US$3.8{{nbsp}}billion (£2.98{{nbsp}}billion). Unilever will pay the majority of the deal in cash, with the remaining being paid in shares in its Indian operation, [[Hindustan Unilever|Hindustan Unilever Limited]]. Upon completion, GSK will then own around 5.7% of Hindustan Unilever Limited, selling those shares in a number of tranches.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Unilever swallows GSK's Indian Horlicks business for $3.8&nbsp;billion |work=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gsk-m-a-unilever/unilever-swallows-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-for-3-8-billion-idUKKBN1O20P3 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203114000/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-m-a-unilever/unilever-swallows-gsks-indian-horlicks-business-for-3-8-billion-idUKKBN1O20S7 |archive-date=3 December 2018}}</ref> The same day, the company also announced it would acquire oncology specialist, [[Tesaro]], for US$5.1{{nbsp}}billion. The deal will give GSK control of ovarian cancer treatment, [[Zejula]] - a member of the class of [[poly ADP ribose polymerase]] (PARP) inhibitors.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hirschler |first=Ben |date=3 December 2018 |title=GSK slides after buying cancer firm Tesaro for hefty $5.1&nbsp;billion |work=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-tesaro-m-a-gsk/gsk-slides-after-buying-cancer-firm-tesaro-for-hefty-5-1-billion-idUKKBN1O218H |url-status=dead |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203161201/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-tesaro-m-a-gsk/gsk-slides-after-buying-cancer-firm-tesaro-for-hefty-5-1-billion-idUKKBN1O218B |archive-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its [[rabies]] vaccine, [[RabAvert]], and its [[tick-borne encephalitis]] vaccine, [[Encepur]], to [[Bavarian Nordic]] for US$1.06{{nbsp}}billion (€955{{nbsp}}million).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/gsk-sells-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic-for-up-to-1-06b |title=Zeroing in on fast-growing vaccines, GSK sheds 2 shots to Bavarian Nordic for up to $1.1B |last=Sagonowsky |first=Eric |date=21 October 2019 |website=FiercePharma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105160030/https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/gsk-sells-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic-for-up-to-1-06b |archive-date=5 January 2020 |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=GSK agrees to divest rabies and tick-borne encephalitis vaccines to Bavarian Nordic |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-agrees-to-divest-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804142613/https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-agrees-to-divest-rabies-and-tick-borne-encephalitis-vaccines-to-bavarian-nordic/ |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=GSK }}</ref>

In July 2020, GSK acquired a 10% stake in German biotech company [[CureVac]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schuetze |first1=Arno |last2=Aripaka |first2=Pushkala |date=20 July 2020 |title=GSK buys 10% of CureVac in vaccine tech deal |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-curevac-stake-idUKKCN24L0JR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720223837/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-curevac-stake-idUKKCN24L0JR |archive-date=20 July 2020 |via=uk.reuters.com}}</ref>

==== GSK–Novartis consumer healthcare buy-out ====
In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with [[Novartis]] to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for US$13{{nbsp}}billion (£9.2{{nbsp}}billion).<ref>{{cite news |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=27 March 2018 |title=GSK buys out Novartis in $13&nbsp;billion consumer healthcare shake-up |work=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-novartis-gsk/gsk-buys-out-novartis-in-13-billion-consumer-healthcare-shake-up-idUKKBN1H30FK |url-status=deviated |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327111340/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-novartis-gsk/gsk-buys-out-novartis-in-13-billion-consumer-healthcare-shake-up-idUKKBN1H30FK |archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=<!--no byline--> |date=21 July 2018 |title=GlaxoSmithKline considers splitting up the group - FT |work=Reuters |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/gsk-divestiture/glaxosmithkline-considers-splitting-up-the-group-ft-idINKBN1KB07N |url-status=dead |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721085717/https://in.reuters.com/article/gsk-divestiture/glaxosmithkline-considers-splitting-up-the-group-ft-idINKBN1KB07N |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

==== GSK–Pfizer joint venture ====
In December 2018, GSK announced that it, along with [[Pfizer]], had reached an agreement to merge and combine their consumer healthcare divisions into a single entity. The combined entity would have sales of around £9.8{{nbsp}}billion ($12.7{{nbsp}}billion), with GSK maintaining a 68% controlling stake in the joint venture. Pfizer would own the remaining 32% shareholding. The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business.<ref name="split">{{cite news |last=Hirschler |first=Ben |date=19 December 2018 |title=Drugmaker GSK to split after striking Pfizer consumer health deal |work=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pfizer-m-a-gsk/drugmaker-gsk-to-split-after-striking-pfizer-consumer-health-deal-idUKKBN1OI0IP |url-status=deviated |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219125857/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pfizer-m-a-gsk/drugmaker-gsk-to-split-after-striking-pfizer-consumer-health-deal-idUKKBN1OI0IN |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

==== Subsequent split ====
[[File:GSK logo 2014.svg|thumb|100px|Prior logo before 9 June 2022]]
The culmination of the Consumer Healthcare string of deals will result in GSK splitting into two separate companies, via a demerger and subsequent listing of the joint venture. This will create two publicly traded companies, one focusing on pharmaceuticals and research & development, the other on consumer healthcare. On 22 February 2022, GSK announced that the spin-off consumer healthcare company will be called [[Haleon]].<ref name=split/><ref>{{cite news |last=Freeman |first=Simon |date=22 February 2022 |title=Hello, Haleon: GlaxoSmithKline reveals name of £60bn consumer health spin-out |newspaper=Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/glaxosmithkline-gsk-names-spinoff-haleon-sensodyne-walmsley-elliott-b983928.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015033/https://www.standard.co.uk/business/glaxosmithkline-gsk-names-spinoff-haleon-sensodyne-walmsley-elliott-b983928.html |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

In January 2022, the company announced that they had received three unsolicited offers from [[Unilever]] to acquire the Consumer Healthcare business unit, with the final proposal valuing the business unit at £50 billion (£41.7 billion in cash, plus £8.3 billion in Unilever shares).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cavale |first1=Siddharth |last2=Burger |first2=Ludwig |last3=Dey |first3=Mrinmay |date=15 January 2022 |title=GSK rejects 50-billion-pound Unilever offer for consumer assets |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/unilever-offers-50-bln-pounds-gsk-unit-report-2022-01-15/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115110019/https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/unilever-offers-50-bln-pounds-gsk-unit-report-2022-01-15/ |archive-date=15 January 2022 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

Subsequently, GSK declined all outside offers/attempts to acquire its consumer healthcare business and moved forward with its plan to complete the demerger from the main biopharmaceutical business.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/85f28cd9-ca18-4f2b-8346-c22efdfe1382 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/85f28cd9-ca18-4f2b-8346-c22efdfe1382 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Pfizer to exit GSK consumer health joint venture after London listing |newspaper=Financial Times |date=1 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Recent developments ===
In April 2022, the business announced it would acquire Sierra Oncology Inc for $1.9 billion ($55 per share).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grover |first1=Natalie |last2=Shabong |first2=Yadarisa |date=13 April 2022 |title=GSK to buy Sierra Oncology amid pressure to boost drug pipeline |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gsk-buy-sierra-oncology-19-billion-2022-04-13/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413065844/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gsk-buy-sierra-oncology-19-billion-2022-04-13/ |archive-date=13 April 2022 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> In May 2022, GSK announced it would acquire Affinivax and its phase II 24-valent [[pneumococcal]] vaccine candidate for up to $3.3 billion, strengthening its vaccine business.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keown |first=Alex |date=31 May 2022 |title=GSK Bolsters Vaccines Business with $3.3B Affinivax Buy |newspaper=Biospace |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-bolsters-vaccines-business-with-affinivax-buy/?s=79 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205012142/https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-bolsters-vaccines-business-with-affinivax-buy/?s=79 |archive-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

On 16 May 2022, the company changed its name from GlaxoSmithKline to GSK.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=Change of name |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/news-article/GSK/change-of-name-to-gsk-plc/15454280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517145739/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/news-article/GSK/change-of-name-to-gsk-plc/15454280 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=London Stock Exchange}}</ref>

In April 2023, GSK announced it would acquire Bellus Health Inc. for $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Susin |first=Michael |date=18 April 2023 |title=GSK: To Acquire The Late-stage Biopharmaceutical Group For $14.75 Per Share |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/gsk-to-acquire-the-late-stage-biopharmaceutical-group-for-14-75-per-share-ed67d6d |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064221/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/gsk-to-acquire-the-late-stage-biopharmaceutical-group-for-14-75-per-share-ed67d6d |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US}}</ref>

In February 2024, the company acquired [[Aiolos Bio]] for over $1 billion, adding to its existing asthma business through [[AIO-001]] a long-acting [[monoclonal antibody]] that targets the [[thymic stromal lymphopoietin]] cytokine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-puts-1-4b-on-the-line-in-aiolos-acquisition-to-boost-asthma-pipeline/?s=79 |title=GSK Puts $1.4B on the Line in Aiolos Acquisition to Boost Asthma Pipeline|date=9 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=GSK completes acquisition of Aiolos Bio for up to $1.4 bln |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gsk-completes-acquisition-aiolos-bio-up-14-bln-2024-02-15/ |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

In May 2024, GSK sold off its 4.2% shares in Haleon for $1.58 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSK sells off remaining stake in Haleon |url=https://www.ft.com/content/557b7f43-da17-46b6-aa1c-740c1859fa96 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.ft.com|date=17 May 2024 | vauthors = Johnston I }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSK to sell remaining 4.2% stake in Haleon |url=https://www.sharecast.com/news/news-and-announcements/gsk-to-sell-remaining-42-stake-in-haleon--16794044.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Sharecast |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=GSK Sells Last Haleon Shares for $1.58 Bln |newspaper=Marketwatch |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/gsk-sells-last-haleon-shares-for-1-58-bln-c99ca63f}}</ref>

In July 2024, GSK moved its headquarters from Brentford to [[Oxford Street|New Oxford Street]] in central London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=GSK moves to new HQ in return to central London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/gsk-london-emma-walmsley-brentford-city-b2579395.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

====Acquisition-history diagram====
{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=GlaxoSmithKline Structure|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
* '''GSK'''
** GlaxoSmithKline
*** SmithKline Beecham Plc {{small|(Renamed 1989)}}
**** SmithKline Beckman {{small|(Renamed 1982)}}
***** SmithKline-RIT {{small|(Renamed 1968)}}
****** [[Smith, Kline & French]] {{small|(Reorganized 1929 into Smith Kline and French Laboratories)}}
******* French, Richards and Company {{small|(Acquired 1891)}}
******* Smith, Kline and Company
****** [[Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques]] {{small|(Acquired 1968)}}
***** [[Beckman Instruments, Inc.]] {{small|(Merged 1982, Sold 1989)}}
****** Specialized Instruments Corp. {{small|(Acquired 1954)}}
****** Offner Electronics {{small|(Acquired 1961)}}
***** International Clinical Laboratories {{small|(Acquired 1989)}}
***** Reckitt & Colman {{small|(Acquired 1999)}}
**** [[Beecham Group]] Plc {{small|(Merged 1989)}}
***** Beecham Group Ltd
****** [[S. E. Massengill Company]] {{small|(Acquired 1971)}}
****** C.L. Bencard {{small|(Acquired 1953)}}
****** County Chemicals
***** Norcliff Thayer {{small|(Acquired 1986)}}
*** Glaxo Wellcome
**** Glaxo {{small|(Merged 1995)}}
***** Joseph Nathan & Co
***** [[Allen & Hanburys]] {{small|(Founded 1715, acquired 1958)}}
***** Meyer Laboratories {{small|(Merged 1978)}}
***** Affymax {{small|(Acquired 1995)}}
**** Wellcome Foundation {{small|(Renamed 1924, merged 1995)}}
***** Burroughs Wellcome & Company {{small|(Founded 1880)}}
***** McDougall & Robertson Inc {{small|(Acquired 1959)}}
** [[Block Drug]] {{small|(Acquired 2001)}}
** CNS Inc. {{small|(Acquired 2006)}}
** [[Stiefel Laboratories]] {{small|(Acquired 2009)}}
** Laboratorios Phoenix {{small|(Acquired 2010)}}
** Maxinutrition {{small|(Acquired 2010)}}
** CellZome {{small|(Acquired 2011)}}
** [[Human Genome Sciences]] {{small|(Acquired 2013)}}
** GlycoVaxyn {{small|(Acquired 2015)}}
** [[Tesaro]] {{small|(Acquired 2019)}}
** Sitari Pharmaceuticals {{small|(Acquired 2019)}}
** Sierra Oncology {{small|(Acquired 2022)}}
** Affinivax {{small|(Acquired 2022)}}
** Bellus Health Inc. {{small|(Acquired 2023)}}
** Aiolos Bio {{small|(Acquired 2024)}}
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

==Research areas and products==
{{further|List of GSK plc products}}

===Pharmaceuticals===
GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, and mental health. Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include [[amoxicillin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Most-recognized brands: Anti-infectives, December 2013 |url=https://www.drugs.com/news/most-recognized-brands-anti-infectives-december-2013-49719.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127154225/https://www.drugs.com/manufacturer/glaxosmithkline-62.html |archive-date=27 January 2023 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> and [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Geddes AM, Klugman KP, Rolinson GN |date=December 2007 |title=Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate |journal=Int J Antimicrob Agents |volume=30 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S109–12 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.015 |pmid=17900874}}</ref> [[Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid|ticarcillin-clavulanate]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown AG |date=August 1986 |title=Clavulanic acid, a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor--a case study in drug discovery and development |journal=Drug Des Deliv |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |pmid=3334541}}</ref> [[mupirocin]],<ref>{{cite web |title=mupirocin search results |website=DailyMed |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=mupirocin |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204035210/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=mupirocin |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[ceftazidime]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Richards DM, Brogden RN |title=Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use |journal=Drugs |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=105–61 |date=February 1985 |pmid=3884319 |doi=10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002 |s2cid=265707490}}</ref> for bacterial infections, [[zidovudine]] for [[HIV infection]], [[valacyclovir]] for herpes virus infections, [[albendazole]] for parasitic infections, [[sumatriptan]] for [[migraine]], [[lamotrigine]] for epilepsy, [[bupropion]] and [[paroxetine]] for [[major depressive disorder]], [[cimetidine]] and [[ranitidine]] for [[gastroesophageal reflux disorder]], [[mercaptopurine]]<ref name="pubs.acs.org">{{Cite web |title=Chemical & Engineering News: Top Pharmaceuticals: 6-Mercaptopurine |url=https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/83256-mercaptopurine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601233238/https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/83256-mercaptopurine.html |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubsapp.acs.org}}</ref> and [[thioguanine]]<ref name="ScienceHistory">{{cite web |date=June 2016 |title=George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/george-hitchings-and-gertrude-elion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609192507/https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/scientific-biographies/george-hitchings-and-gertrude-elion/ |archive-date=9 June 2023 |publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref> for the treatment of leukemia, [[allopurinol]] for [[gout]],<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elion GB |title=The purine path to chemotherapy |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4900 |pages=41–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2649979 |doi=10.1126/science.2649979 |bibcode=1989Sci...244...41E}}</ref> gepotidacin for UTIs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Blujepa (gepotidacin) approved by US FDA for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) in female adults and paediatric patients 12 years of age and older {{!}} GSK |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/blujepa-gepotidacin-approved-by-us-fda-for-treatment-of-uncomplicated-urinary-tract-infections/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.gsk.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=FDA approves first new antibiotic for UTIs in nearly 30 years |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-approves-first-new-antibiotic-utis-nearly-30-years-rcna197953 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> [[pyrimethamine]] for [[malaria]],<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |date=23 February 1999 |title=Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/gertrude-elion-drug-developer-dies-at-81.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017170627/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/23/us/gertrude-elion-drug-developer-dies-at-81.html |archive-date=17 October 2009}}</ref> and the antibacterial [[trimethoprim]].<ref name="ScienceHistory"/>

Among these, albendazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, allopurinol, mercaptopurine, mupirocin, pyrimethamine, ranitidine, thioguanine, trimethoprim, and zidovudine are on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO21st">{{cite book |vauthors=((World Health Organization)) |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |year=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |author-link=World Health Organization |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Malaria vaccine===
In 2014, GSK applied for regulatory approval for the first [[malaria vaccine]].<ref name="malariavaccine" /> [[Malaria]] is responsible for over 650,000 deaths annually, mainly in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.path.org/news/press-room/651/ |title=Press release: Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children |publisher=PATH |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415124827/http://www.path.org/news/press-room/651/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Known as [[RTS,S]], the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the [[PATH (global health organization)|PATH]] vaccines initiative and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]. The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five per cent above the cost of production.<ref name=malariavaccine/>

{{As of|2013}}, RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary AS01 adjuvant, was being examined in a Phase 3 trial in eight African countries. PATH reported that "[i]n the 12-month period following vaccination, RTS,S conferred approximately 50% protection from clinical Plasmodium falciparum disease in children aged 5-17 months, and approximately 30% protection in children aged 6-12 weeks when administered in conjunction with Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) vaccines."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Birkett AJ, Moorthy VS, Loucq C, Chitnis CE, Kaslow DC |display-authors=3 |date=April 2013 |title=Malaria vaccine R&D in the Decade of Vaccines: breakthroughs, challenges and opportunities |journal=Vaccine |volume=31 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=B233–43 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.040 |pmid=23598488}}</ref> In 2014, Glaxo said it had spent more than US$350{{nbsp}}million and expected to spend an additional US$260{{nbsp}}million before seeking regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsk.com/media/press-releases/2013/malaria-vaccine-candidate-reduces-disease-over-18-months-of-foll.html |title=Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children |publisher=GlaxoSmithKline |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081405/http://www.gsk.com/media/press-releases/2013/malaria-vaccine-candidate-reduces-disease-over-18-months-of-foll.html |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |author-link=Donald G. McNeil Jr. |date=18 October 2011 |title=Scientists See Promise in Vaccine for Malaria |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/health/19malaria.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085414/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/health/19malaria.html |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

===Consumer healthcare===
GSK's consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2{{nbsp}}billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, including [[List of toothpaste brands|Aquafresh]], [[List of toothpaste brands|Macleans]] and [[Sensodyne]] toothpastes. GSK also previously owned the [[Lucozade]] and [[Ribena]] brands of soft drinks, but they were sold in 2013, to [[Suntory]] for £1.35bn.<ref name=Monaghan/> Other products include [[Docosanol|Abreva]] to treat cold sores; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right [[nasal strip]]s; and [[Nicoderm]] and [[Nicorette]] nicotine replacements.<ref name="Maj07">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vI9vE7_LJX4C&pg=PT242 |title=Product management in India |publisher=PHI Learning |year=2007 |page=242 |isbn=978-81-203-3383-3 |first=Ramanuj |last=Majumdar |edition=3rd}}</ref> In March 2014, it recalled [[Orlistat|Alli]], an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and [[Puerto Rico]] because of possible tampering, following customer complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Aaron |date=27 March 2014 |title=Alli, a popular weight-loss drug, is recalled by maker GlaxoSmithKline for possible tampering |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/03/27/news/companies/glaxosmithkline-alli-recall/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328051325/http://money.cnn.com/2014/03/27/news/companies/glaxosmithkline-alli-recall/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=CNNMoney}}</ref> On 18 July 2022, GSK formally spun off its consumer healthcare business as a separate entity, [[Haleon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kansteiner |first1=Fraiser |title=GSK offloads remaining stake in Haleon for £1.25B |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/gsk-plans-offload-remaining-stake-consumer-health-spinoff-haleon-through-385m-share-offer#:~:text=GSK%20completed%20the%20spinoff%20of,%2C%20Sensodyne%2C%20Tums%20and%20Theraflu. |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en |date=17 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Consumer Healthcare Demerger {{!}} GSK |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/investors/corporate-actions/consumer-healthcare-demerger/ |website=www.gsk.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roland |first1=Denise |title=GSK Spins Off $36 Billion Consumer-Healthcare Business Haleon |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gsk-spins-off-36-billion-consumer-healthcare-business-haleon-11658135866 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Facilities===
{{As of|2013}}, GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in [[Research and development|R&D]]. The company's single largest market is the United States. Its US headquarters are in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Durham, North Carolina; its consumer-products division is in [[Moon Township, Pennsylvania]].<ref name=achievements>[http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html "About us: what we do"], GlaxoSmithKline, accessed 16 November 2013 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013192519/http://www.gsk.com/about-us/what-we-do.html |date=13 October 2013 }}</ref>

===COVID-19 vaccine===
{{main article|Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine}}
In July 2020, the UK government signed up for 60 million doses of a [[COVID-19 vaccine]] developed by GSK and [[Sanofi]]. It uses a [[recombinant DNA|recombinant protein]]–based technology from Sanofi and GSK's pandemic technology. The companies claimed to be able to produce one billion doses, subject to successful trials and regulatory approval, during the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus vaccine: UK signs deal with GSK and Sanofi |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53577637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729070218/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53577637 |archive-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> The company also agreed to a $2.1&nbsp;billion deal with the United States to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lovelace Jr. |first=Berkeley |date=31 July 2020 |title=U.S. agrees to pay Sanofi and GSK $2.1&nbsp;billion for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/us-agrees-to-pay-sanofi-and-gsk-2point1-billion-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801234333/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/us-agrees-to-pay-sanofi-and-gsk-2point1-billion-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine.html |archive-date=1 August 2020 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref>

==Venture arms==
SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further.<ref name=JPE2003>{{cite journal |last1=Reaume |first1=Andrew |title=Is Corporate Venture Capital a Prescription for Success in the Pharmaceutical Industry? |journal=The Journal of Private Equity |date=1 January 2003 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=77–87 |jstor=43503355 |doi=10.3905/jpe.2003.320058 |s2cid=154182967}}</ref> {{As of|2003}}, SR One tended to invest only if the company aligned with GSK's business.<ref name=JPE2003/>

In September 2019, Avalon Ventures announced that it entered into a definitive agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the acquisition of Sitari Pharmaceuticals by GSK. This includes its [[transglutaminase 2]] (TG2) small molecule program for the treatment of [[celiac disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keown |first=Alex |date=11 September 2019 |title=GSK to Acquire Celiac-Focused Sitari Pharmaceuticals |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-snaps-up-celiac-focused-sitari-pharmaceuticals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922084101/https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-snaps-up-celiac-focused-sitari-pharmaceuticals/ |archive-date=22 September 2019 |website=BioSpace}}</ref>

==Recognition, philanthropy and social responsibility==
===Scientific recognition===
Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development.
* [[Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]], a former student of [[Paul Ehrlich]], received the 1936 [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for his work on the chemical transmission of neural impulses. Dale served as a pharmacologist and then as Director of the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories from 1904 to 1914, and later served as Trustee and chairman of the board of the [[Wellcome Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1936/dale/biographical/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826193351/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1936/dale/biographical/ |archive-date=26 August 2018 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
* [[John Vane]] of Wellcome Research Laboratories shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on prostaglandin biology and the discovery of [[prostacyclin]]. Vane served as group research and development director for The Wellcome Foundation from 1973 to 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/vane/biographical/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002730/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/vane/biographical/ |archive-date=20 February 2019 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
* [[Gertrude B. Elion]] and [[George Hitchings]], both of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with [[Sir James W. Black]], formerly of Smith Kline & French and the Wellcome Foundation, ""for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"." Elion and Hitchings were responsible for the discovery of a plethora of important drugs, including mercaptopurine<ref name="pubs.acs.org"/> and thioguanine<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> for the treatment of leukemia, the immunosuppressant azothioprine,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Azathioprine: old drug, new actions |pmc=152947 |pmid=12697731 |doi=10.1172/JCI18384 |volume=111 |issue=8 |date=April 2003 |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |pages=1122–4 |vauthors=Maltzman JS, Koretzky GA}}</ref> allopurinol for gout,<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy"/> pyrimethamine for malaria,<ref name="nytimes.com"/> the antibacterial trimethoprim,<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> acyclovir for herpes virus infection,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elion GB |title=Acyclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity |journal=J. Med. Virol. |volume=Suppl 1 |pages=2–6 |year=1993 |pmid=8245887 |doi=10.1002/jmv.1890410503 |s2cid=37848199}}</ref> and nelarabine for cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Koenig R |title=The legacy of great science: the work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion lives on |journal=Oncologist |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=961–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17030634 |doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961}}</ref>

===Philanthropy and social responsibility===
Since 2010, GlaxoSmithKline has several times ranked first among pharmaceutical companies on the Global Access to Medicines Index, which is funded by the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref name="www.accesstomedicineindex.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org/sites/www.accesstomedicineindex.org/files/longitudinal_analysis_2010-2012_access_to_medicine_index.pdf |title=Access to medicine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207165041/http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org/sites/www.accesstomedicineindex.org/files/longitudinal_analysis_2010-2012_access_to_medicine_index.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Human Rights Campaign]], an [[LGBT]]-rights advocacy group gave GSK a score of 100 per cent in its [[Corporate Equality Index]].<ref>Human Rights Campaign. [http://www.hrc.org/apps/buyersguide/profile.php?orgid=1563 Profile: Buyers Guide entry for GlaxoSmithKline] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513062232/http://www.hrc.org/apps/buyersguide/profile.php?orgid=1563 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Accessed 16 May 2014</ref>

GSK has been active, with the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), in the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF). Around 120{{nbsp}}million people globally are believed to be infected with [[Filariasis|lymphatic filariasis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpma.org/index.php?id=588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227072400/http://www.ifpma.org/index.php?id=588 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |title=Global alliance to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis |publisher=Ifpma.org}}</ref> In 2012, the company endorsed the [[London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases]]; it agreed to donate 400{{nbsp}}million [[albendazole]] tablets to the WHO each year to fight [[soil-transmitted helminthiasis]] and to provide 600{{nbsp}}million albendazole tablets every year for lymphatic filariasis until the disease is eradicated.<ref name="bill">{{cite web |title=Private and Public Partners Unite to Combat 10 Neglected Tropical Diseases by 2020 |date=30 January 2012 |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/press-releases/2012/01/private-and-public-partners-unite-to-combat-10-neglected-tropical-diseases-by-2020 |publisher=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314153950/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/press-releases/2012/01/private-and-public-partners-unite-to-combat-10-neglected-tropical-diseases-by-2020 |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{pb}}
{{cite web |title=Research-based pharma pledges on neglected tropical diseases |date=31 January 2012 |url=http://www.thepharmaletter.com/file/110665/research-based-pharma-pledges-on-neglected-tropical-diseases.html |work=The Pharma Letter |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719035149/http://www.thepharmaletter.com/file/110665/research-based-pharma-pledges-on-neglected-tropical-diseases.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, over 5{{nbsp}}billion treatments had been delivered, and 18 of 73 countries in which the disease is considered endemic had progressed to the surveillance stage.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9038.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017042413/https://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9038.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2015 |publisher=World Health Organization |page=490}}</ref>

In 2009, the company said it would cut drug prices by 25 per cent in 50 of the poorest nations, release intellectual property rights for substances and processes relevant to neglected disease into a [[patent pool]] to encourage new drug development, and invest 20 per cent of profits from the least-developed countries in medical infrastructure for those countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=13 February 2009 |title=Drug giant GlaxoSmithKline pledges cheap medicine for world's poor |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/feb/13/glaxo-smith-kline-cheap-medicine |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905231853/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development |archive-date=5 September 2013 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>UNITAID 16 February 2009. [http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/news/158-unitaid-statement-on-gsk-patent-pool-for-neglected-diseases UNITAID Statement on GSK Patent Pool For Neglected Diseases] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215419/http://www.unitaid.eu/en/resources/press-centre/news/158-unitaid-statement-on-gsk-patent-pool-for-neglected-diseases |date=27 May 2014 }}</ref> [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] welcomed the decision, but criticized GSK for failing to include HIV patents in its patent pool and for not including middle-income countries in the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=The Guardian: Letter in response to GSK's patent pool proposal |url=https://msfaccess.org/guardian-letter-response-gsks-patent-pool-proposal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620145600/https://msfaccess.org/guardian-letter-response-gsks-patent-pool-proposal |archive-date=20 June 2019 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, GSK licensed its HIV portfolio to the Medicines Patent Pool for use in children, and agreed to negotiate a license for [[dolutegravir]], an [[integrase inhibitor]] then in clinical development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2013 |title=GlaxoSmithKline unit joins patent pool for AIDS drugs |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-drugs-patents-idUSBRE91Q0P520130227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404232539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aids-drugs-patents-idUSBRE91Q0P520130227 |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> In 2014, this license was extended to include dolutegravir and adults with HIV. The licenses include countries in which 93 per cent of adults and 99 per cent of children with HIV live.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Medicines Patent Pool, ViiV Healthcare Sign Licence for the Most Recent HIV Medicine to Have Received Regulatory Approval |url=http://www.medicinespatentpool.org/medicines-patent-pool-viiv-healthcare-sign-licence-for-the-most-recent-hiv-medicine-to-have-received-regulatory-approval/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602211728/https://medicinespatentpool.org/news-publications-post/medicines-patent-pool-viiv-healthcare-sign-licence-for-the-most-recent-hiv-medicine-to-have-received-regulatory-approval |archive-date=2 June 2023 |work=Medicines Patent Pool}}</ref> Also in 2013 GSK joined [[AllTrials]], a British campaign to ensure that all clinical trials are registered and the results reported. The company said it would make its past clinical-trial reports available and future ones within a year of the studies' end.<ref>[[Ben Goldacre]], ''[[Bad Pharma]]'', Fourth Estate, 2013 [2012], p. 387.</ref>

GSK has largely had an access strategy, providing medicines at a subsidized price to lower and middle income markets including Africa under the former CEO Andrew Witty. In 2017, its new CEO, Emma Walmsley,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Eric |date=17 January 2018 |title=GSK cutting jobs in sub-Saharan Africa, will rely on distributors |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/gsk-cutting-jobs-sub-saharan-africa-will-rely-distributors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118034343/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/gsk-cutting-jobs-sub-saharan-africa-will-rely-distributors |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Fierce Pharma}}</ref> shifted away from this with GSK exiting all Sub-Saharan African markets and there being no plans to provide its newer expensive oncology and genetics pipeline to this population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=Kabui |date=15 October 2022 |title=GSK stops Nairobi production as high costs and low sales eat into revenue |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/gsk-stops-nairobi-production-3986288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609000152/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/gsk-stops-nairobi-production-3986288 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===1973 Antitrust case over griseofulvin===
In the 1960s, Glaxo Group Ltd. (Glaxo) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) each owned patents covering various aspects of the antifungal drug [[griseofulvin]].<ref name="GSKICI">{{Cite web |title=UNITED STATES v. GLAXO GROUP LTD., 410 U.S. 52 (1973) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-supreme-court/410/52.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911005137/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-supreme-court/410/52.html |archive-date=11 September 2023 |website=FindLaw}}</ref>{{rp|54, nn. 1–2}}<ref name=LaHatte>{{cite journal |last1=LaHatte |first1=Gabrielle |title=Reverse Payments: When the Federal Trade Commission can Attack the Validity of Underlying Patents |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=jolti |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet |date=2011 |volume=2 |pages=37–73 |access-date=19 June 2015 |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118203407/https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=jolti |url-status=live }}</ref> They created a [[patent pool]] by [[cross-licensing]] their patents, subject to express licensing restrictions that the chemical from which the "finished" form of the drug (tablets and capsules) was made must not be resold in bulk form, and they licensed other drug companies to sell the drug in finished form and subject to similar restrictions.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|54–55}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The effect and intent of the [[bulk-sale restriction]] was to keep the drug chemical out of the hands of small companies that might act as price-cutters, and the effect was to maintain stable, uniform prices.<ref name=Leslie>{{cite book |last1=Leslie |first1=Christopher R. |title=Antitrust Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Cases and Materials |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195337198 |pages=574–75}}</ref><ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/410/52.html ''United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204030146/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/410/52.html |date=4 December 2020 }} at 62-63.</ref><ref name=Jacobson>{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Jonathan M. |title=Antitrust Law Developments |date=2007 |publisher=American Bar Association |isbn=9781590318676 |page=1162}}</ref>

The United States brought an antitrust suit against the two companies—''[[United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.]]''—charging them with violation of the Sherman Act and also seeking to have the patents declared invalid.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|55}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The trial court found that the defendants had engaged in several unlawful conspiracies, but dismissed the part of the suit seeking invalidation of patents and refused to grant as relief mandatory sales of the bulk drug chemical and compulsory licensing of the patents.<ref name=GSKICI/>{{rp|56}}<ref name=LaHatte /> The government appealed to the Supreme Court, which reversed, in ''[[United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.]]'', 410 U.S. 52 (1973).<ref name=LaHatte />

===2000s Ribena===
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There were concerns in the 2000s about the sugar and vitamin content of [[Ribena]], a [[blackcurrant]]-based [[syrup]] and [[soft drink]] owned by GSK until 2013. Produced in England by H.W. Carter & Co from the 1930s, the company's unbranded syrup was distributed to children as a source of [[vitamin C]] during World War II, which gave the drink a reputation as good for health. [[Beecham Group|Beecham]] bought H. W. Carter in 1955.<ref>Oliver Thring, [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/sep/07/consider-squash-cordial "Consider squash and cordial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110645/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/sep/07/consider-squash-cordial |date=10 May 2017 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 September 2010.{{pb}}
[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Frank-Vernon-thank-Ribena/story-19804329-detail/story.html "We have Frank and Vernon to thank for Ribena"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418215501/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Frank-Vernon-thank-Ribena/story-19804329-detail/story.html |date=18 April 2015 }}, ''The Bristol Post'', 17 September 2013.</ref>

In 2001, the British [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) required GSK to withdraw its claim that Ribena Toothkind, a lower-sugar variety, did not encourage tooth decay. A company poster showed bottles of Toothkind in place of the bristles on a toothbrush. The ASA's ruling was upheld by the High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gregoriadis |first=Linus |date=18 January 2001 |title=Makers of Ribena lose fight over anti-decay claims |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318417/Makers-of-Ribena-lose-fight-over-anti-decay-claims.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324132820/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318417/Makers-of-Ribena-lose-fight-over-anti-decay-claims.html |archive-date=24 March 2010 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, GSK was fined US$217,000 in New Zealand over its claim that ready-to-drink Ribena contained high levels of vitamin C, after two schoolgirls showed it contained no detectable vitamin C.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10431253 |title=Judge orders Ribena to fess up |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |last=Eames |first=David |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025623/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10431253 |url-status=live }}{{pb}}
Tony Jaques, [http://issueoutcomes.publishpath.com/Websites/issueoutcomes/Images/Ribena%20icon%20stumbles%20CCIJ.pdf "When an Icon Stumbles – The Ribena Issue Mismanaged"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044727/http://issueoutcomes.publishpath.com/Websites/issueoutcomes/Images/Ribena%20icon%20stumbles%20CCIJ.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''Corporate Communications: An International Journal'', 13(4), 2008, pp.&nbsp;394–406.{{pb}}
Michael Regester, Judy Larkin, ''Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations'', Kogan Page Publishers, 2008, p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MIIx4NVTz6EC&pg=PA67 67ff].</ref> In 2013, GSK sold Ribena and another drink, [[Lucozade]], to the Japanese multinational [[Suntory]] for £1.35{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="Monaghan"/>

===SB Pharmco Puerto Rico===
In 2010, the US Department of Justice announced that GSK would pay a US$150{{nbsp}}million criminal fine and forfeiture, and a civil settlement of US$600{{nbsp}}million under the False Claims Act. The fines stemmed from production of improperly made and adulterated drugs from 2001 to 2005, at GSK's subsidiary, SB Pharmco Puerto Rico Inc., in Cidra, Puerto Rico, which at the time produced US$5.5&nbsp;billion of products each year. The drugs involved were [[Kytril]], an antiemetic; [[Bactroban]], used to treat skin infections; Paxil, the anti-depressant; and [[Avandamet]], a diabetes drug.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2010 |title=Office of Public Affairs {{!}} GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty & Pay $750 Million to Resolve Criminal and Civil Liability Regarding Manufacturing Deficiencies at Puerto Rico Plant {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/glaxosmithkline-plead-guilty-pay-750-million-resolve-criminal-and-civil-liability-regarding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019113737/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/glaxosmithkline-plead-guilty-pay-750-million-resolve-criminal-and-civil-liability-regarding |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> GSK closed the factory in 2009.<ref name="NYTPuerto">{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Gardiner |last2=Wilson |first2=Duff |date=26 October 2010 |title=Glaxo to Pay $750 Million for Sale of Bad Products |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/business/27drug.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405082107/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/business/27drug.html |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

The case began in 2002, when GSK sent experts to fix problems cited by the FDA. The lead inspector recommended recalls of defective products, but they were not authorised; she was fired in 2003, and filed a whistleblower lawsuit. In 2005, federal marshals seized US$2{{nbsp}}billion worth of products, the largest such seizure in history. In the 2010 settlement SB Pharmco pleaded guilty to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$150&nbsp;million in a criminal fine and forfeiture, at that time the largest such payment ever by a manufacturer of adulterated drugs, and US$600&nbsp;million in civil penalties to settle the civil lawsuit.<ref name=NYTPuerto/>

=== 2010 Pandemrix connected with narcolepsy ===
'''The [[Pandemrix]]''' [[influenza vaccine]] was developed by GlaxoSmithKline in 2006. It was used by Finland and Sweden in the [[2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine|H1N1 mass vaccination]] of the population against the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]]. In August 2010, [[Medical Products Agency (Sweden)|The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA)]] and [[National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland|The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)]] launched investigations regarding the development of [[narcolepsy]] as a possible side effect to Pandemrix flu vaccination in children,<ref name="lakemedelsverket.se">{{cite news |date=18 August 2010 |title=The MPA investigates reports of narcolepsy in patients vaccinated with Pandemrix |work=The Swedish Medical Products Agency |url=http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2010/The-MPA-investigates-reports-of-narcolepsy-in-patients-vaccinated-with-Pandemrix/ |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-date=17 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217101203/http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2010/The-MPA-investigates-reports-of-narcolepsy-in-patients-vaccinated-with-Pandemrix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and found a 6.6-fold increased risk among children and youths, resulting in 3.6 additional cases of narcolepsy per 100,000 vaccinated subjects.<ref>[http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2011/Report-from-an-epidemiological-study-in-Sweden-on-vaccination-with-Pandemrix-and-narcolepsy-/ Report from an epidemiological study in Sweden on vaccination with Pandemrix and narcolepsy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215134007/https://lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2011/Report-from-an-epidemiological-study-in-Sweden-on-vaccination-with-Pandemrix-and-narcolepsy-/ |date=15 December 2018 }}, Swedish medical product agency, 30 June 2011.</ref>

In February 2011, [[National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland|The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)]] concluded that there is a clear connection between the Pandemrix vaccination campaign of 2009 and 2010, and the narcolepsy epidemic in Finland. A total of 152 cases of narcolepsy were found in Finland during 2009–2010, and ninety per cent of them had received the Pandemrix vaccination.<ref>{{cite web |title=THL: Pandemrixilla ja narkolepsialla on selvä yhteys |url=http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/kotimaa.shtml/2011/02/1265779/thl-pandemrixilla-ja-narkolepsialla-on-selva-yhteys%7B%7Bfull%7D%7D |access-date=8 September 2018 |website=Mtv3.fi |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602231645/https://www.mtvuutiset.fi// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos - THL |url=http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/pressrelease?id=24103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230223/http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/pressrelease?id=24103 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |access-date=8 September 2018 |website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Narkolepsia ja sikainfluenssarokote - THL |url=http://www.thl.fi/fi_FI/web/fi/rokotteet/narkolepsia_ja_sikainfluenssarokote |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517225553/http://www.thl.fi/fi_FI/web/fi/rokotteet/narkolepsia_ja_sikainfluenssarokote |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=8 September 2018 |website=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos}}</ref> Sweden however observed very few influenza cases totally in 2009 and especially 2010 as compared to most other years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistikdatabas för dödsorsaker (den öppna delen av dödsorsaksregistret) |url=https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_dor/val.aspx |publisher=Socialstyrelsen |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=sv |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213123151/https://sdb.socialstyrelsen.se/if_dor/val.aspx |url-status=live }}, diagnoskod J09, J10 och J11</ref> In 2015, it was reported that the British [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]] was paying for [[Sodium oxybate]] medication for 80 patients who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the swine flu vaccine, at a cost to the government of £12,000 per patient per year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lintern |first=Shaun |date=20 July 2015 |title=DH funds private prescriptions for drug denied to NHS patients |publisher=Health Service Journal |url=http://www.hsj.co.uk/5087926.article?WT.tsrc=email&WT.mc_id=Newsletter2 |url-status=live |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225070637/https://www.hsj.co.uk/home/exclusive-dh-funds-private-prescriptions-for-drug-denied-to-nhs-patients/5087926.article?WT.tsrc=email&WT.mc_id=Newsletter2 |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>

===2012 criminal and civil settlement===
====Overview====
In July 2012, GSK pleaded guilty in the United States to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$3{{nbsp}}billion, in what was the [[List of Largest Pharmaceutical Settlements|largest settlement]] until then between the Justice Department and a drug company. The US$3{{nbsp}}billion included a criminal fine of US$956,814,400 and forfeiture of US$43,185,600. The remaining US$2{{nbsp}}billion covered a civil settlement with the government under the [[False Claims Act]]. The investigation was launched largely on the basis of information from four whistleblowers who filed [[qui tam]] (whistleblower) lawsuits against the company under the False Claims Act.<ref name="USDOJJuly2012">[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/July/12-civ-842.html "GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909141736/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/July/12-civ-842.html |date=9 September 2014 }}, United States Department of Justice, 2 July 2012.{{pb}}
Katie Thomas and Michael S. Schmidt, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraud-settlement.html "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302145001/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/glaxosmithkline-agrees-to-pay-3-billion-in-fraud-settlement.html |date=2 March 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2 July 2012.{{pb}}
Simon Neville, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/03/glaxosmithkline-fined-bribing-doctors-pharmaceuticals "GlaxoSmithKline fined $3bn after bribing doctors to increase drugs sales"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 3 July 2012.</ref>

The charges stemmed from GSK's promotion of the anti-depressants Paxil ([[paroxetine]]) and Wellbutrin ([[bupropion]]) for unapproved uses from 1998 to 2003, specifically as suitable for patients under the age of 18, and from its failure to report safety data about Avandia ([[rosiglitazone]]), both in violation of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]. Other drugs promoted for unapproved uses were two inhalers, Advair ([[fluticasone/salmeterol]]) and Flovent ([[fluticasone propionate]]), as well as Zofran ([[ondansetron]]), Imitrex ([[sumatriptan]]), Lotronex ([[alosetron]]) and Valtrex ([[valaciclovir]]).<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

The settlement also covered reporting false best prices and underpaying rebates owed under the [[Medicaid Drug Rebate Program]], and kickbacks to physicians to prescribe GSK's drugs. There were all-expenses-paid spa treatments and hunting trips for doctors and their spouses, speakers' fees at conferences, and payment for articles [[Medical ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by the company and placed by physicians in medical journals.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> The company set up a ghostwriting programme called CASPPER, initially to produce articles about Paxil but which was extended to cover Avandia.<ref>[[Max Baucus]], [[Chuck Grassley]], [http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805051726/http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b |date=5 August 2010 }}, United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010.<br />
Jim Edwards, [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/inside-gsks-cassper-ghostwriting-program/ "Inside GSK's CASSPER Ghostwriting Program"], CBS News, 21 August 2009.</ref>

As part of the settlement GSK signed a five-year [[corporate integrity agreement]] with the [[Department of Health and Human Services]], which obliged the company to make major changes in the way it did business, including changing its compensation programmes for its sales force and executives, and to implement and maintain transparency in its research practices and publication policies.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> It announced in 2013, that it would no longer pay doctors to promote its drugs or attend medical conferences, and that its sales staff would no longer have prescription targets.<ref name=Reuters17Dec2013>[http://sustainability.thomsonreuters.com/2013/12/17/gsk-stop-paying-doctors-major-marketing-overhaul "GSK to stop paying doctors in major marketing overhaul"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028041032/http://sustainability.thomsonreuters.com/2013/12/17/gsk-stop-paying-doctors-major-marketing-overhaul/ |date=28 October 2014 }}, Thomson/Reuters, 17 December 2013.</ref>

====Rosiglitazone (Avandia)====
{{further|Rosiglitazone#Adverse effects|Rosiglitazone#Lawsuits}}
[[File:Avandia 2mg oral tablet.jpg|thumb|[[Rosiglitazone]]]]
The 2012 settlement included a criminal fine of US$242,612,800 for failing to report safety data to the FDA about Avandia ([[rosiglitazone]]), a [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|diabetes]] drug approved in 1999, and a civil settlement of US$657{{nbsp}}million for making false claims about it. The Justice Department said GSK had promoted rosiglitazone to physicians with misleading information, including that it conferred cardiovascular benefits despite an FDA-mandated label warning of cardiovascular risks.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

In 1999, [[John Buse]], a diabetes specialist, told medical conferences that rosiglitazone might carry an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. GSK threatened to sue him, called his university head of department, and persuaded him to sign a retraction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Senate Committee on Finance Report: The Intimidation of Dr. John Buse and the Diabetes Drug Avandia |url=https://www.finance.senate.gov/download/committee-staff-report-the-intimidation-of-dr-john-buse-and-the-diabetes-drug-avandia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000154/https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/prb111507a.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2016 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.finance.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> GSK raised questions internally about the drug's safety in 2000, and in 2002, the company [[Medical ghostwriter|ghostwrote]] an article in ''[[Circulation (journal)|Circulation]]'' describing a GSK funded clinical trial that suggested rosiglitazone might have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk.<ref>[[Max Baucus]], [[Chuck Grassley]], [http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805051726/http://finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=a5c07780-6351-4905-8c63-52e4a7a7a66b |date=5 August 2010 }}, United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010; for internal concerns, p. 2 and attachment E, pp.&nbsp;20–35; for ghostwriting, p. 3 and attachment H, pp. 58–109; for the ghostwriting, attachment I, p. 110ff; for cover letter to ''[[Circulation (journal)|Circulation]]'', attachment I, p.&nbsp;143; for the ghostwritten article, attachment I, pp.&nbsp;152–158.{{pb}}
{{cite journal |vauthors=Haffner SM, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, Chen H, Williams K, Freed MI |display-authors=3 |date=August 2002 |title=Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=679–84 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000025403.20953.23 |pmid=12163427 |doi-access=free}}</ref> From 2001, reports began to link the [[thiazolidinedione]]s (the class of drugs to which rosiglitazone belongs) to [[heart failure]].<ref name="pmid20154334"/> In April that year, GSK began a six-year, [[Open-label trial|open-label]], [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized trial]], known as RECORD, to examine rosiglitazone and cardiovascular events.<ref name="RECORDLancet">{{cite journal |vauthors=Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Jones NP, Komajda M, McMurray JJ |display-authors=3 |title=Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9681 |pages=2125–35 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19501900 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3 |s2cid=25939495}}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |vauthors=Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Dargie H, Komajda M, Gubb J, Biswas N, Jones NP |display-authors=3 |title=Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes (RECORD): study design and protocol |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1726–35 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16025252 |doi=10.1007/s00125-005-1869-1 |doi-access=free}}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |title=RECORD: Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiac Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes - Full Text View |website=ClinicalTrials.gov |date=21 March 2017 |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00379769 |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115741/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00379769 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two GSK [[Meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] in 2005, and 2006, showed an increased risk of cardiovascular problems with rosiglitazone; the information was passed to the FDA and posted on the company website, but not otherwise published. By December 2006, rosiglitazone had become the top-selling diabetes drug, with annual sales of US$3.3{{nbsp}}billion.<ref name="pmid20154334">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nissen SE |date=April 2010 |title=The rise and fall of rosiglitazone |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=773–776 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016 |pmid=20154334 |doi-access=free}} see table 1 for timeline.</ref>

In June 2007, ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'' published a meta-analysis that associated the drug with an increased risk of [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nissen SE, Wolski K |year=2007 |title=Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=24 |pages=2457–71 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa072761 |pmid=17517853 |doi-access=free |quote=Rosiglitazone was associated with a significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and with an increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes that had borderline significance.}}</ref> GSK had reportedly tried to persuade one of the authors, [[Steven Nissen]], not to publish it, after receiving an advance copy from one of the journal's peer reviewers, a GSK consultant.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saul |first=Stephanie |date=30 January 2008 |title=Doctor Accused of Leak to Drug Maker |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/business/30cnd-censure.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405075959/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/business/30cnd-censure.html |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=22 February 2010 |title=A Face-Off on the Safety of a Drug for Diabetes |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/health/23niss.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605132307/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/health/23niss.html |archive-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> In July 2007, FDA scientists suggested that rosiglitazone had caused 83,000 excess heart attacks between 1999 and 2007.<ref name=Senatereport/>{{rp|4}}<ref name=Graham>[[David Graham (epidemiologist)|David Graham]], [https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/slides/2007-4308s1-08-fda-graham_files/frame.htm "Assessment of the cardiovascular risks and health benefits of rosiglitazone"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517113056/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/slides/2007-4308s1-08-fda-graham_files/frame.htm |date=17 May 2017 }}, Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Food and Drug Administration, 30 July 2007.</ref> The FDA placed restrictions on the drug, including adding a [[boxed warning]], but did not withdraw it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2007 |title=FDA Adds Boxed Warning for Heart-related Risks to Anti-Diabetes Drug Avandia |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109026.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618090859/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109026.htm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> (In 2013, the FDA rejected that the drug had caused excess heart attacks.)<ref name=FDAheart/> A [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]] inquiry concluded in 2010, that GSK had sought to intimidate scientists who had concerns about rosiglitazone.<ref name="Senatereport">[http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=9e4b091f-de21-4df1-b65e-b227d74bec12 "Staff report on GlaxoSmithKline and the diabetes drug Avandia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206153734/http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/download/?id=9e4b091f-de21-4df1-b65e-b227d74bec12 |date=6 December 2014 }}, Committee on Finance, United States Senate, January 2010.{{pb}}
[http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/release/?id=bc56b552-efc5-4706-968d-f7032d5cd2e4 "Grassley, Baucus Release Committee Report on Avandia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206040504/http://www.finance.senate.gov/newsroom/chairman/release/?id=bc56b552-efc5-4706-968d-f7032d5cd2e4 |date=6 December 2014 }}, The United States Senate Committee on Finance, 20 February 2010.{{pb}}
Andrew Clark, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/22/glaxosmithkline-avandia-concerns-senate "Glaxo's handling of Avandia concerns damned by US Senate committee"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 February 2010.</ref> In February that year the company tried to halt publication of an editorial about the controversy by Nissen in the ''European Heart Journal''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Thomas F. Lüscher |author2=Ulf Landmesser |author3=Frank Ruschitzka |title=Standing firm—the European Heart Journal, scientific controversies and the industry |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=1157–1158 |date=23 April 2010 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq127 |doi-access=free}}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |pmid=20154334 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016 |volume=31 |title=The rise and fall of rosiglitazone |date=April 2010 |journal=Eur. Heart J. |pages=773–6 |last1=Nissen |first1=SE |issue=7 |doi-access=free}}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |pmid=20499440 |volume=31 |title=The rise and fall of rosiglitazone: reply |year=2010 |journal=Eur. Heart J. |pages=1282–4 |last1=Slaoui |first1=M |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehq118 |doi-access=free}}{{pb}}
{{cite journal |pmid=20118174 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehp604 |volume=31 |title=Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial |pmc=2848325 |year=2010 |journal=Eur. Heart J. |pages=824–31 |last1=Komajda |first1=M |last2=McMurray |first2=JJ |last3=Beck-Nielsen |first3=H |last4=Gomis |first4=R |last5=Hanefeld |first5=M |last6=Pocock |first6=SJ |last7=Curtis |first7=PS |last8=Jones |first8=NP |last9=Home |first9=PD |issue=7}}</ref>

The results of GSK's RECORD trial were published in June 2009. It confirmed an association between rosiglitazone and an increased risk of heart failure and fractures, but not of heart attack, and concluded that it "does not increase the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs."<ref name=RECORDLancet/> Steven Nissan and Kathy Wolkski argued that the study's low event rates reduced its statistical power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nissen |first1=Steven E. |last2=Wolski |first2=Kathy |title=Rosiglitazone RevisitedAn Updated Meta-analysis of Risk for Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Mortality |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=170 |issue=14 |pages=1191–1202 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2010.207 |pmid=20656674 |date=July 2010 |quote=That study was limited by low event rates, which resulted in insufficient statistical power to confirm or refute evidence of an increased risk for ischemic myocardial events. |doi-access=free}}</ref> In September 2009, rosiglitazone was suspended in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/european-medicines-agency-recommends-suspension-avandia-avandamet-avaglim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629145612/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/european-medicines-agency-recommends-suspension-avandia-avandamet-avaglim |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=European Medicines Agency |language=en}}</ref> The results of the RECORD study were confirmed in 2013, by the Duke Clinical Research Institute, in an independent review required by the FDA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McHaffey |first1=Kenneth W. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=240–249 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.004 |pmid=23895806 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In November that year the FDA lifted the restrictions it had placed on the drug.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm376516.htm "FDA requires removal of certain restrictions on the diabetes drug Avandia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504051733/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm376516.htm |date=4 May 2015 }}, Food and Drug Administration, 25 November 2013.{{pb}}
[https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM354859.pdf "Readjudication of the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes Trial (RECORD)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509191833/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM354859.pdf |date=9 May 2017 }}, Joint Meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee, Food and Drug Administration, 5–6 June 2013.{{pb}}
Steven Nissen, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/05/23/steven-nissen-the-hidden-agenda-behind-the-fdas-avandia-hearings/ "Steven Nissen: The Hidden Agenda Behind The FDA's New Avandia Hearings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133620/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/05/23/steven-nissen-the-hidden-agenda-behind-the-fdas-avandia-hearings/ |date=8 May 2017 }}, ''[[Forbes]]'', 23 May 2013.{{pb}}
[https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/05/23/the-fda-responds-to-steve-nissens-criticism-of-upcoming-avandia-meeting/ "The FDA Responds To Steve Nissen's Criticism Of Upcoming Avandia Meeting"], ''[[Forbes]]'', 23 May 2013.</ref> The boxed warning about heart attack was removed; the warning about heart failure remained in place.<ref name=FDAheart>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm376389.htm |title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires removal of some prescribing and dispensing restrictions for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424011624/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm376389.htm |url-status=dead }}<br />
[https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM143413.pdf Avandia. Prescribing information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327025224/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/UCM143413.pdf |date=27 March 2019 }}, Food and Drug Administration.</ref>

====Paroxetine (Paxil/Seroxat)====
{{main|Study 329}}
[[File:Paroxetine pill.jpg|thumb|[[Paroxetine]], known as Paxil and Seroxat]]
GSK was fined for promoting Paxil/Seroxat ([[paroxetine]]) for treating depression in the under-18s, although the drug had not been approved for pediatric use.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>
Paxil had US$4.97{{nbsp}}billion worldwide sales in 2003.<ref name=CMAJ2004/> The company conducted nine clinical trials between 1994, and 2002, none of which showed that Paxil helped children with depression.<ref>Goldacre 2013, p. 58.</ref> From 1998, to 2003, it promoted the drug for the under-18s, paying physicians to go on all-expenses paid trips, five-star hotels and spas.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> From 2004, Paxil's label, along with those of similar drugs, included an FDA-mandated boxed warning that it might increase the risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients under 18.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

An internal SmithKline Beecham document said in 1998, about withheld data from two GSK studies: "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that [pediatric] efficacy had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine."<ref name=CMAJ2004>{{cite journal |author1=W. Kondro |author2=B. Sibbald |title=Drug company experts advised staff to withhold data about SSRI use in children |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=170 |issue=5 |page=783 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14993169 |pmc=343848 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.1040213}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Samson |first=Kurt |title=Senate probe seeks industry payment data on individual academic researchers |journal=Annals of Neurology |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=A7–9 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19107985 |doi=10.1002/ana.21271 |s2cid=12019559 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The company [[Medical ghostwriter|ghostwrote]] an article, published in 2001, in the ''Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', that misreported the results of one of its clinical trials, [[Study 329]].<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/><ref>[http://dida.library.ucsf.edu/pdf/otu38h10 Letter showing authorship of Study 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021115/http://dida.library.ucsf.edu/pdf/otu38h10 |date=5 May 2015 }}, Drug Industry Document Archive, University of California, San Francisco.{{pb}}
Isabel Heck, [http://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/04/02/controversial-paxil-paper-still-fire-13-years-later/ "Controversial Paxil paper still under fire 13 years later"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040638/http://www.browndailyherald.com/2014/04/02/controversial-paxil-paper-still-fire-13-years-later/ |date=5 May 2015 }}, ''The Brown Daily Herald'', 2 April 2014.{{pb}}
{{cite journal |doi=10.3233/JRS-2008-0426 |volume=20 |title=Clinical trials and drug promotion: Selective reporting of study 329 |year=2008 |journal=International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine |pages=73–81 |last1=Jureidini |first1=Jon N. |last2=McHenry |first2=Leemon B. |last3=Mansfield |first3=Peter R. |issue=1–2}}{{pb}}
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6308871.stm "Company hid suicide link"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504225137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6308871.stm |date=4 May 2015 }}, BBC News, 29 January 2007; "Secrets of the Drug Trials," BBC Panorama, 29 January 2007; Goldacre 2013, pp. 296–297.</ref> The article concluded that Paxil was "generally well tolerated and effective for major depression in adolescents."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keller |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Keller (psychiatrist) |display-authors=etal |title=Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial |url=http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2012/07/02/complaint-ex2.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=762–772 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200107000-00010 |pmid=11437014 |date=July 2001 |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183811/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2012/07/02/complaint-ex2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The suppression of the research findings is the subject of the 2008 book ''[[Side Effects (Bass book)|Side Effects]]'' by [[Alison Bass]].<ref>Alison Bass (2008). ''Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial''. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Angell |first=Marcia |author-link=Marcia Angell |date=15 January 2009 |title=Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption |volume=56 |work=The New York Review of Books |issue=1 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/jan/15/drug-companies-doctorsa-story-of-corruption/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828153024/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/01/15/drug-companies-doctorsa-story-of-corruption/ |archive-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

For 10 years GSK marketed Paxil as non-habit forming. In 2001, 35 patients filed a class-action suit alleging they had had withdrawal symptoms, and in 2002, a Los Angeles court issued an injunction preventing GSK from advertising that the drug was not habit forming.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2002 |title=Judge: Paxil ads can't say it isn't habit-forming |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2002-08-20-paxil-ads_x.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030714070927/https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2002-08-20-paxil-ads_x.htm |archive-date=14 July 2003}}</ref> The court withdrew the injunction after the FDA objected that the court had no jurisdiction over drug marketing that the FDA had approved.<ref>Drug and Device Law. 14 December 2006 [http://druganddevicelaw.blogspot.com/2006/12/fdas-amicus-briefs-on-preemption.html The FDA's Amicus Briefs on Preemption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929132909/http://druganddevicelaw.blogspot.com/2006/12/fdas-amicus-briefs-on-preemption.html |date=29 September 2015 }}{{pb}}
Ronald D. White for the Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2002 [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-aug-21-fi-paxil21-story.html U.S. Opposes Order to Pull Paxil TV Ads]</ref> In 2003, a World Health Organization committee reported that Paxil was among the top 30 drugs, and top three antidepressants, for which dependence had been reported.<ref name=WHOdependence>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150418195400/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/collect/medicinedocs/pdf/s4896e/s4896e.pdf "WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence"], Thirty-third Report, World Health Organization, 2003, pp. 20, 25.</ref>{{refn|group=n|[[World Health Organization]] Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, 2003: "The Committee noted the striking number of reports on paroxetine and 'withdrawal syndrome' ... The representative of Consumers International reported that a number of patients had experienced difficulty in withdrawing from SSRIs in general. It was agreed that withdrawal was indeed a problem in some patients, but there was a difference of opinion on the degree of dependence that was involved, given the possibility that the need for treatment of resistant or relapsing disease could make these drugs indispensable for patient care. The Committee expressed concern about the possibility of inappropriate prescribing resulting in the risk of problems of withdrawal outweighing the benefits of treatment with SSRIs."<ref name=WHOdependence/>}}

====Bupropion (Wellbutrin)====
The company was also fined for promoting Wellbutrin ([[bupropion]])&nbsp;– approved at the time for [[major depressive disorder]] and also sold as a smoking-cessation aid, Zyban&nbsp;– for weight loss and the treatment of [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], sexual dysfunction and substance addiction. GSK paid doctors to promote these off-label uses, and set up supposedly independent advisory boards and [[Continuing Medical Education]] programmes.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

===Bribery in China===
{{main|GSK China Scandal}}
In 2013, Chinese authorities announced that, since 2007, GSK had funnelled HK$3.8{{nbsp}}billion in kickbacks to GSK managers, doctors, hospitals and others who prescribed their drugs, using over 700 travel agencies and consulting firms.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alice Yan |author2=Toh Han Shih |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1283207/glaxosmithkline-suspects-drug-bribery-probe-identified |title=Shanghai travel agent's revenue surge led to arrests in GSK bribery case |work=South China Morning Post |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119050535/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1283207/glaxosmithkline-suspects-drug-bribery-probe-identified |url-status=live }}<br />
{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23265958 |title=GlaxoSmithKline executives face China bribery probe |work=BBC News |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035141/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23265958 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese authorities arrested four GSK executives as part of a four-month investigation into claims that doctors were bribed with cash and sexual favours.<ref>Rupert Neate and Angela Monaghan, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/22/glaxosmithkline-admits-bribery-china "GlaxoSmithKline admits some staff in China involved in bribery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916165857/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/22/glaxosmithkline-admits-bribery-china |date=16 September 2016 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 July 2013.{{pb}}
Rupert Neate, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/gsk-china-crisis-ceo-andrew-witty-live "GSK's China crisis: chief executive Andrew Witty speaks - as it happened"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811212236/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/24/gsk-china-crisis-ceo-andrew-witty-live |date=11 August 2016 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 July 2013.{{pb}}
{{cite news |last=Philips |first=Tom |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/10204304/Chinese-police-allege-Glaxo-sales-reps-trained-to-offer-sexual-bribes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/10204304/Chinese-police-allege-Glaxo-sales-reps-trained-to-offer-sexual-bribes.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Chinese police allege Glaxo sales reps trained to offer sexual bribes |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 July 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2014, a Chinese court found the company guilty of bribery and imposed a fine of US$490{{nbsp}}million. Mark Reilly, the British head of GSK's Chinese operations, received a three-year suspended prison sentence after a one-day trial held in secret.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |last2=Buckley |first2=Chris |date=19 September 2014 |title=China Fines GlaxoSmithKline Nearly $500 Million in Bribery Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/business/international/gsk-china-fines.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408024838/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/20/business/international/gsk-china-fines.html |archive-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> Reilly was reportedly deported from China and dismissed by the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Moore |first1=Malcolm |last2=Roland |first2=Denise |date=19 September 2014 |title=China fines Glaxo £297m for bribery, Mark Reilly sentenced |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11108376/China-fines-Glaxo-297m-for-bribery-Mark-Reilly-sentenced.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113212/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11108376/China-fines-Glaxo-297m-for-bribery-Mark-Reilly-sentenced.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

===Market manipulation in the UK===
In February 2016, the company was fined over £37{{nbsp}}million in the UK by the [[Competition and Markets Authority]] for paying Generics UK, [[Alpharma]] and [[Norton Healthcare]] more than £50m between 2001, and 2004, to keep generic varieties of [[paroxetine]] out of the UK market. The generics companies were fined a further £8{{nbsp}}million. At the end of 2003, when generics became available in the UK, the price of paroxetine dropped by 70 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watchdog fines GSK £37m for paying to keep generic drugs out of UK market |last=Bradshaw |first=Julia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/12153450/Watchdog-fines-GSK-37m-for-paying-to-keep-generic-drugs-out-of-UK-market.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/12153450/Watchdog-fines-GSK-37m-for-paying-to-keep-generic-drugs-out-of-UK-market.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=12 February 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
Italian police sought bribery charges in May 2004, against 4,400 doctors and 273 GSK employees. GSK and its predecessor were accused of having spent £152m on physicians, pharmacists and others, giving them cameras, computers, holidays and cash. Doctors were alleged to have received cash based on the number of patients they treated with a cancer drug, [[topotecan]] (Hycamtin).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hooper |first1=John |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather |date=27 May 2004 |title=Over 4,000 doctors face charges in Italian drugs scandal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/27/italy.heatherstewart |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831183705/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/27/italy.heatherstewart |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month prosecutors in Munich accused 70–100 doctors of having accepted bribes from SmithKline Beecham between 1997 and 1999. The inquiry was opened over allegations that the company had given over 4,000 hospital doctors money and free trips.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=420312 |year=2004 |last1=Burgermeister |first1=J. |title=German prosecutors probe again into bribes by drug companies |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7452 |page=1333 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1333-a |pmid=15178593}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2002 |title=Glaxo probed over doctor freebies |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1869162.stm |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017042412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC420312/pdf/bmj3281333a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> All charges were dismissed by the Verona court in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gsk.com/media/2684/annual-report-2008.pdf |title=GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2008 |page=177 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126032619/http://www.gsk.com/media/2684/annual-report-2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, in the United States GSK settled the largest tax dispute in IRS history, agreeing to pay US$3.1&nbsp;billion. At issue were Zantac and other products sold in 1989 to 2005. The case revolved around intracompany [[transfer pricing]]—determining the share of profit attributable to the US subsidiaries of GSK and subject to tax by the IRS.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/business/worldbusiness/12glaxo.html "GlaxoSmithKline to Settle Tax Dispute With U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329043037/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/business/worldbusiness/12glaxo.html |date=29 March 2017 }}, Reuters, 12 September 2006</ref><ref>[https://www.irs.gov/uac/IRS-Accepts-Settlement-Offer-in-Largest-Transfer-Pricing-Dispute "IRS Accepts Settlement Offer in Largest Transfer Pricing Dispute"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113224040/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/business/worldbusiness/12glaxo.html |date=13 November 2020 }}, IRS, 11 September 2006.</ref>

The UK's [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]] (SFO) opened a criminal inquiry in 2014 into GSK's sales practices, using powers granted by the [[Bribery Act 2010]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/28/serious-fraud-office-investigates-glaxosmithkline |title=GlaxoSmithKline faces criminal investigation by Serious Fraud Office |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |work=The Guardian |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205172034/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/28/serious-fraud-office-investigates-glaxosmithkline |url-status=live }}</ref> The SFO said it was collaborating with Chinese authorities to investigate bringing charges in the UK related to GSK's activities in China, Europe and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ridley |first=Kirstin |date=23 July 2014 |title=UK fraud office liaising with China on GSK bribery case |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-fraud-sfo-gsk-idUSKBN0FS1U320140723 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221193748/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-fraud-sfo-gsk-idUSKBN0FS1U320140723 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also {{as of|2014|lc=yes}}, the US Department of Justice was investigating GSK with reference to the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2014 |title=GlaxoSmithKline faces bribery claims in Syria |work=The Telegraph |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11027538/Serious-Fraud-Office-opens-criminal-investigation-into-GlaxoSmithKline.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618013944/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/11027538/Serious-Fraud-Office-opens-criminal-investigation-into-GlaxoSmithKline.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2020, GSK told some staff that while at work they should disable the contact tracing function of the NHS test-and-trace app which monitors the spread of COVID-19. GSK explained the reason for this was due to social distancing measures in place at their sites rendering the technology unnecessary.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/06/gsk-tells-staff-turn-off-covid-test-trace-app-work |title=GSK tells UK staff: turn off Covid test-and-trace app while at work |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2020 |last=Davies |first=Rob |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203105828/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/06/gsk-tells-staff-turn-off-covid-test-trace-app-work |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2023, GSK filed a lawsuit against Moderna Inc. in U.S. federal court in Delaware, accusing the company of violating GSK's patents related to messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The lawsuit claims that Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine Spikevax and RSV vaccine mResvia infringe on several of GSK's patents, particularly those related to lipid nanoparticles used for delivering mRNA into the human body.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=GSK Sues Pfizer, Pharmacia & Upjohn & BioNTech for Infringing mRNA Vaccine Patents {{!}} Insights & Resources {{!}} Goodwin |url=https://www.goodwinlaw.com/en/insights/blogs/2024/04/gsk-sues-pfizer-pharmacia--upjohn--biontech-for-infringing-mrna-vaccine-patents |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.goodwinlaw.com |language=en}}</ref> This legal action follows a similar lawsuit GSK filed against Pfizer and BioNTech earlier in 2024, also over patent infringement concerning their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. The current litigation seeks unspecified monetary damages from Moderna.<ref name=":2" />

=== Operation in Russia ===
Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was criticized for continuing its operations in Russia, despite the ongoing conflict and international sanctions. Although GSK suspended clinical trials, advertising, and promotion in Russia, the company has maintained its supply of essential medicines, vaccines, and medical equipment, with proceeds reportedly directed towards humanitarian aid. Critics argue that GSK's decision to continue exporting products—resulting in increased sales and profit volumes in 2022 compared to 2021—undermines the intended impact of sanctions, raising ethical concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunn |first=Catherine |date=2022-03-11 |title=U.S. pharma companies are staying in Russia as other industries exit |url=https://www.inquirer.com/business/big-pharma-russia-ukraine-merck-johnson-and-johnson-pfizer-gsk-20220311.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2022-03-17 |title=GSK to supply essential medicines in Russia, halts clinical trials |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gsk-supply-essential-medicines-russia-halts-clinical-trials-2022-03-17/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |date=2022-03-17 |title=GlaxoSmithKline says it will not start any new clinical trials in Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/17/glaxosmithkline-says-it-will-not-start-any-new-clinical-trials-in-russia |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>   

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of toothpaste brands]]
* [[Galvani Bioelectronics]]
* [[Index of oral health and dental articles]]
* [[Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques]] (R.I.T.)

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==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.gsk.com}}
* {{Finance links
| symbol = GSK
| sec_cik = 1131399
| google = GSK:LON
| yahoo = GSK.L
| bloomberg = GSK:LN
| reuters = GSK.L
}}
* {{OpenCorp}}

{{GlaxoSmithKline}}
{{Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{British Royal Warrant holders}}
{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}
{{DJSI World}}
{{Philadelphia Corporations}}
{{Pittsburgh Corporations}}
{{authority control|state=expanded}}

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[[Category:Biotechnology companies established in 2000]]
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[[Category:Chemical companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in the London Borough of Hounslow]]
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[[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Global Titans 50]]
[[Category:COVID-19 vaccine producers]]
[[Category:Life sciences industry]]
[[Category:Medical controversies in the United Kingdom]]
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