View source for Frontier Closed Area

{{Short description|Restricted border area of Hong Kong}}
{{About|the border zone in Hong Kong|the formal border line|Boundaries of Hong Kong}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Chinese|t=邊境禁區|s=边境禁区|y=Bīn gíng gam kēui|j=Bin1 ging2 gam3 keoi1|w=Pien-ching Chin-Chʻü|p=biānjìng jìnqū}}
[[File:Lo Wu Restricted Area Sign.JPG|thumb|right|Frontier Closed Area signboard at [[Lo Wu]].]]
The '''Frontier Closed Area''' ({{lang-zh|t=邊境禁區}}) is a regulated [[border zone]] in [[Hong Kong]] that extends inwards from the [[Boundaries of Hong Kong|border with mainland China]]. It was established by the Frontier Closed Area Order, 1951, and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/1951/h510627.pdf |title=Hong Kong Legislative Council|page= 185   |date=27 June 1951}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap245A |title=Frontier Closed Area Order (Cap. 245, section 36) |date=7 September 1984 |website= Hong Kong e-Legislation}}</ref> 

Established to prevent illegal migrants and other illegal activities from mainland China and elsewhere by land and sea, the closed area is [[Border barrier|fenced]] along its perimeter to serve as a buffer between the [[Boundaries of Hong Kong|closed border]] and the rest of the territory patrolled and controlled by [[Hong Kong Police Force]] and its [[Marine Region]] and the [[Immigration Department (Hong Kong)|Immigration Department]] at land and sea. Developments are tightly controlled within the area, leading to less construction and causing most of the area to become a natural habitat for animals and plants.

For anyone to enter the area, a [[Closed Area Permit]] is required from the [[Hong Kong Police Force]], unless crossing the [[Boundaries of Hong Kong|land boundary]] through the Frontier Closed Area with a valid travel document by land and/or sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Closed Area Permit {{!}} Hong Kong Police Force |url=https://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/11_useful_info/licences/cap.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website= Hong Kong Police Force  |language=en-hk}}</ref>

[[File:Boundary Road.jpg|thumb|Border Road is enclosed by fences]]
[[File:Liantang, Shenzhen as viewed from Ta Kwu Ling, a formerly restricted area.jpg|thumb|[[Liantang Subdistrict|Liantang]], [[Shenzhen]] as viewed from [[Ta Kwu Ling]] with Border Road and fences in the foreground]]

==History==

The area was established under the Frontier Closed Area Order in June 1951 by Hong Kong Governor [[Alexander Grantham]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Frontier Closed Area, Background brief prepared by the Legislative Council Secretariat for the meeting on 19 February 2008 [CB(2)1060/07-08(03)]|work=Panel on Security, [[Hong Kong Legislative Council]]|page=1|date=2008-02-19|url=https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/english/panels/se/papers/se0219cb2-1060-3-e.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201154314/https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/english/panels/se/papers/se0219cb2-1060-3-e.pdf|archivedate=2008-12-01}}</ref>

In order to fight gun [[smuggling]] during the [[Korean War]], a curfew was put in place in the closed area in 1952. Villagers had to stay inside from midnight to 4:00 am unless they acquired a special permit from the police.<ref name="curfewgo">{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Kathy|title=Curfew set to go despite rise in IIs|work=South China Morning Post|date=8 July 1994|page=7}}</ref> Following the war, the curfew was retained to help control illegal immigration.<ref name="free"/>

A simple chain link wire fence was built at the border between 1950 and 1953.<ref name="peaceful"/> It was later described as "flimsy" in the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', in that groups of refugees could press it flat simply by leaning against it.<ref name="barricade">{{cite news|title=BORDER BARRICADE STRENGTHENED: Deterrent Against Unabated Flow Of Refugees|work=South China Morning Post|date=18 May 1962|page=1}}</ref>

The boundaries of the Frontier Closed Area were adjusted under the Frontier Closed Area Order, 1959, gazetted on 20 February 1959.<ref name="1959order">{{cite news|title=Frontier Closed Area Order|work=South China Morning Post|date=21 February 1959|page=9}}</ref>

By 1962, thousands of undocumented migrants were attempting to enter Hong Kong each day. In response, a second, more robust fence, made of [[Concertina wire|Dannert wire]], was built slightly south of the original fence in May 1962.<ref name="peaceful">{{cite news|title=H.K.-China Frontier 'Most Peaceful In World'|work=South China Morning Post|date=8 November 1965|page=6}}</ref><ref name="barricade"/>

Under the Frontier Closed Area (Amendment) Order 1982, gazetted on 24 June 1982, the area was expanded by {{Convert | 4 | km2 | spell = in}} in western Mai Po, near Pak Hok Chau.<ref name="extended">{{cite news|title=Frontier area extended|work=South China Morning Post|date=25 June 1982|page=6}}</ref>

The frontier area was further adjusted with the Frontier Closed Area Order 1984, gazetted on 7 September 1984. The amendments reflected the relocation of the [[Man Kam To Control Point]], and also completely excluded [[Lei Uk Village]] from the closed area.<ref name="1984adjust">{{cite news|title=Frontier line adjusted|work=South China Morning Post|date=8 September 1984|page=14}}</ref>

Border patrol duties were transferred from the [[British Army]] to the Field Patrol Detachment in October 1992.<ref name="bushes">{{cite news|last1=Bishop|first1=Karin|title=Beware the bushes – they may arrest you|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 November 1994|page=1}}</ref>

The nighttime curfew in the Frontier Closed Area was discontinued from 1 August 1994. [[Security Bureau (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Security]] [[Alistair Asprey]] stated this was to "balance individual rights and the need to combat illegal immigration".<ref name="free">{{cite news|title=Villagers free of 40-year curfew|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 June 1994|page=7}}</ref><ref name="curfewgo"/>

===2006 reduction proposal===
Reduction of the FCA from {{convert|28|to|8|km2|mi2}} was proposed in September 2006 by the government.  According to the adopted proposal, most of the FCA will be de-designated and the FCA only maintained around border crossings.

This will be made possible by the building of a secondary fence along the border roads, such that most villages in the FCA will fall outside of it without having to compromise the integrity of the border. A planning study was to have been undertaken by the Planning Department.

Depending upon the progress of the new fence, the reduction will be implemented in four stages with scheduled completion in early 2015. Members of the public will no longer need to obtain a permit to enter the excluded areas.

====First phase of implementation====
On 15 February 2012, areas around [[Sha Tau Kok]] (but not the town itself), as well as [[Mai Po]], were taken out of the Frontier Closed Area, opening up {{convert|740|ha|acre}} of land for public access.<ref>[http://www.news.gov.hk/tc/categories/infrastructure/html/2012/02/20120214_151825.shtml 邊境禁區範圍縮減首階段生效]</ref> A checkpoint on the original perimeter, at [[Shek Chung Au]], was decommissioned and its functions taken over by a new checkpoint outside of Sha Tau Kok.

====Environmental issues====
{{see also|Involuntary park}}
Environmentalists and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20130918/51737993|title=WWF憂蠔殼圍禁區開放後生態受影響|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> have pointed out that the proposal will have negative impacts on the ecology of the excluded areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200609/07/P200609070222.htm|title=Government proposes to reduce Frontier Closed Area|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>[http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr06-07/english/panels/se/papers/secb2-1156-1-e.pdf LEGCO Review of the Frontier Closed Area - Result of Public Consultation]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inmediahk.net/node/1003900|title=關注香港邊境禁區以及河套大學城的發展 {{!}} 張離|website=香港獨立媒體網|date=13 July 2009|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>

==Closed Area Permit==

A [[Closed Area Permit]] is a document issued by the [[Hong Kong Police Force]] to allow for people with ties or residence in the area to travel in and out of the Frontier Closed Area. Visitors to the [[Mai Po Marshes]] are also required to apply for a Mai Po Marshes Entry Permit from the [[Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department]].

===Border Road===

'''Border Road''' ({{lang-zh|t=邊界道路}}) is a road along the south bank of [[Sham Chun River]], and the northernmost road in [[Hong Kong]]. Since January 2016, it is amongst the only remaining places within the Frontier Closed Area (along with an area around and within parts of [[Sha Tau Kok]]). Currently it is used for patrolling purposes only and public entry is forbidden. It starts from [[Mai Po Nature Reserve]] in [[Yuen Long]] and ends along [[Lin Ma Hang Road]].<ref>http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr07-08/chinese/panels/plw/papers/dev0527cb1-1602-3-c.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

== Settlement ==
{{maplink|frame=yes|type=shape|id=Q986375|text=Frontier Closed Area since 2016|frame-width=650|frame-height=300|zoom=12}}
* [[Lok Ma Chau]] District (includes [[Lok Ma Chau Control Point|Lok Ma Chau Checkpoint]], [[Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Control Point|Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Checkpoint]], parts of Lok Ma Chau compensation wetland, parts of [[Mai Po Marshes|Mai Po Natural Reserves]] and parts of Pak Hok Chau)
* Ta Kwu Leng District (includes Lo Wu Checkpoint, small parts of Lo Wu Village, estuaries of Ng Tung River, Yuen Leng Tsai, Man Kam To Checkpoint and estuaries of Nam Hang River){{efn|name=lmhvillage|Lin Ma Hang village had been released from the frontier closed area since 2016. However, the only road connecting the village and Ta Kwu Ling remained as a part of the closed area. Anyone aiming to enter Lin Ma Hang must apply for a closed area permit unless they travel via forest trails. A path has been cut out that runs approximately parallel to the road in the closed area that can be walked on foot. It has some rough and two steep but short sections.  A police post is set {{Convert|1300|m}} away from the entry of the village in order to prohibit illegal entry to the closed area.}}
* Sha Tau Kok District (includes Sha Tau Kok Town, Sha Tau Kok Checkpoint, parts of Shan Tsui, Yuen Tun Shan, [[Kong Ha]] Village, San Kwai Tin Village, Pak Kung Au and parts of Mo Lo Lau){{efn|name=lwvillage|Lo Wu Village was released from the frontier closed area since 2016. However, the only road connecting the village and Man Kam To main road remained as a part of the closed area. Large number of village house lie adjacent to the border fence. Anyone intending to enter the village must apply for a closed area permit so that they can enter the village by using the road or railway.}}
* Chung Ying Street District
* Whole [[Starling Inlet]]

==See also==
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Boundaries of Hong Kong]]

==References and notes==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|group=lower-alpha}}

===References===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr01-02/english/panels/se/papers/se0502cb2-1713-6e.pdf Policies of Frontier Closed Area]
*[https://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/04/world/asia/hongkong-border/ Hong Kong's border war over 'green buffer']. Peter Shadbolt. CNN. April 5, 2012.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frontier Closed Area}}
*[http://www.pland.gov.hk/misc/FCA/frontier_eng/frontier_e.htm Land Use Planning for the Closed Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612202425/https://www.pland.gov.hk/misc/FCA/frontier_eng/frontier_e.htm |date=12 June 2018 }} – HK government site, shows maps of the Closed Area.
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1958241#map=11/22.5125/114.1464 Frontier Closed Area] on Openstreetmap
*[https://fall.law.fsu.edu/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS013.pdf International Boundary Study No. 13 – April 13, 1962 China – Hong Kong Boundary]

{{Asia topic |Borders of}}
{{Borders of China}}
{{Hong Kong and Hong Kong-related Identity and Travel Documents}}
{{China–Hong Kong border crossings}}
{{Immigration Control Stations in Hong Kong}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|22.53|114.1|display=title|scale:50000}}

[[Category:1951 establishments in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:1962 in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:2006 in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Border barriers]]
[[Category:Borders of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Closed Area| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:North District, Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Parks in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Yuen Long District]]