View source for French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation

{{Short description|French research institution for computer science}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique
| formation                = {{Start date and age|1967|01|03|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}
| headquarters             = [[Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt]], France
| type                     = Public
| purpose                  = Research
| image                    = File:Inr logo rouge.svg
| fields                   = [[Computer science]]<br />[[Applied mathematics]]
| languages                = [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]]
| budget                   = €235 million (2013)
| leader_title             = President
| leader_name              = Bruno Sportisse
| staff                    = 1,772 researchers
| website                  = {{Official URL}}
| abbreviation             = Inria
| formerly                 = Institut de recherche en informatique et en automatique
}}

The '''National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology ''' ('''Inria''') ({{Langx|fr|Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique}}) is a French national research institution focusing on [[computer science]] and [[applied mathematics]].
It was created under the name '''French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation''' ('''IRIA''') ({{Langx|fr|Institut de recherche en informatique et en automatique}}) in 1967 at [[Rocquencourt, Yvelines|Rocquencourt]] near [[Paris]], part of [[Plan Calcul]]. Its first site was the historical premises of [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]] (central command of [[NATO]] military forces), which is still used as Inria's main headquarters. In 1980, IRIA became INRIA.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000519325&fastPos=1&fastReqId=515371820&categorieLien=id Décret {{numéro}}79-1158 du 27 décembre 1979 Création d'un institut national de recherches en informatique et en automatique (INRIA), établissement public à caractère administratif, placé sous la tutelle du ministre de l'industrie].</ref> Since 2011, it has been styled ''Inria''.

Inria is a [[Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment]] (EPST) under the double supervision of the French [[Minister of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education, Advanced Instruction and Research]] and the [[Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry]].

==Administrative status==
[[Image:INRIA Alpes'13 - 377 Grenoble.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Inria Grenoble building, 2013]]
Inria has nine research centers distributed across France (in [[Bordeaux]], [[Grenoble]]-[[Inovallée]], [[Lille]], [[Lyon]], [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], [[Paris]]-[[Rocquencourt, Yvelines|Rocquencourt]], [[Rennes]], [[Plateau de Saclay|Saclay]], and [[Sophia Antipolis]]) and one center abroad in [[Santiago de Chile]], Chile. It also contributes to academic research teams outside of those centers.

Inria Rennes is part of the joint [[Institut de recherche en informatique et systèmes aléatoires]] (IRISA) with several other entities.

Before December 2007, the three centers of Bordeaux, Lille and Saclay formed a single research center called INRIA Futurs.

In October 2010, Inria, with [[Pierre and Marie Curie University]] (now [[Sorbonne University]]) and [[Paris Diderot University]] started [[IRILL]], a center for innovation and research initiative for free software.

Inria employs 3800 people. Among them are 1300 researchers, 1000 Ph.D. students and 500 postdoctorates.

==Research==
[[Image:INRIA.JPG|thumb|right|Inria Paris-Saclay, 2014]]
[[File:INRIA 2007-02-05.jpg|thumb|alt=Two chairs on a concrete porch of a rectilinear building overlooking hills and green forest|Part of INRIA Sophia Antipolis, 2007]]
[[Image:Classroom and monitors area at INRIA Lille.jpg|thumb|right|Activity within INRIA Lille, 2010]]
[[Image:IRISA.jpg|thumb|right|INRIA Rennes in 2006, part of joint IRISA]] 
Inria does both [[Theoretical computer science|theoretical]] and applied research in computer science. In the process, it has produced many widely used programs, such as:

* [[Bigloo]], a [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] implementation
* [[CADP]], a tool box for the verification of asynchronous [[concurrent systems]]
* [[Caml]], a language from the [[ML programming language|ML]] family
** [[Caml Light]] and [[OCaml]] implementations
* [[ChorusOS|Chorus]], microkernel-based distributed operating system
* [[CompCert]], verified C compiler for PowerPC, ARM and x86_32
* [[Contrail (software)|Contrail]]<ref name="ISGTW">{{cite web |url = http://www.isgtw.org/announcement/contrail-project-proud-present-its-first-complete-set-interoperable-cloud-federation-to |title = The Contrail project is proud to present its first complete set of interoperable Cloud federation tools |archive-date = 2013-10-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017190902/http://www.isgtw.org/announcement/contrail-project-proud-present-its-first-complete-set-interoperable-cloud-federation-to |last = Versweyveld |first = Leslie |date = 30 October 2012 |website = International Science Grid This Week (ISGTW) |access-date = 17 October 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Coq (software)|Coq]], a [[proof assistant]]
* [[CYCLADES]], pioneered the use of [[Datagram|datagrams]], [[Protocol layering|functional layering]], and the [[End-to-end principle|end-to-end strategy]].<ref name="Bennett2009">{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Richard |date=September 2009 |title=Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net Neutrality Debate |url=https://www.itif.org/files/2009-designed-for-change.pdf |access-date=11 September 2017 |publisher=Information Technology and Innovation Foundation |pages=7, 11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=Between Stanford and Cyclades, a transatlantic perspective on the creation of Internet |url=https://www.inria.fr/en/between-stanford-and-cyclades-transatlantic-perspective-creation-internet |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Inria}}</ref>
* [[Eigen (C++ library)]]
* [[Esterel]], a [[programming language]] for State Automata
* Geneauto — code-generation from model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forge.scilab.org/index.php/p/geneauto-p/|title=Geneauto / P toolset - The P toolset includes a code generation and verification framework for the languages supported by the TOPCASED environment|publisher=[[Scilab]]}}</ref>
* Graphite, a research platform for computer graphics, 3D modeling and numerical geometry
* Gudhi — A [[C++]] library with [[Python (programming language)|Python]] interface for [[computational topology]] and [[topological data analysis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gudhi.gforge.inria.fr/|title=Gudhi, INRIA}}</ref>
* [[Le Lisp]], a portable Lisp implementation
* medInria, a medical image processing software, popularly used for MRI images.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.inria.fr/|title=medInria}}</ref>
* [[GNU MPFR]], an arbitrary-precision floating-point library
* [[OpenVibe|OpenViBE]], a [[software platform]] dedicated to designing, testing and using [[brain–computer interface]]s.
* [[Pharo]], an open-source Smalltalk derived from [[Squeak]] [http://www.pharo.org].
* [[scikit-learn]], a machine learning software package
* [[Scilab]], a numerical computation software package
* [[SimGrid]]
* [[SmartEiffel]], a free Eiffel compiler
* [[Simulation Open Framework Architecture|SOFA]], an open source framework for multi-physics simulation with an emphasis on medical simulation.
* [[Tom (pattern matching language)|TOM]], a pattern matching language
* ViSP, an open source visual servoing platform library 
* [[XtreemFS]]<ref name="ISGTW" />
*  XtreemOS, a grid distributed operating system
* Zenon, an extensible automated theorem prover producing checkable proofs

Inria furthermore leads French AI Research, ranking 12th worldwide in 2019, based on accepted publications at the [[Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dcharrezt/neurips-2019-stats-c91346d31c8f|title=NeurIPS 2019 Stats|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== History ==
During the summer of 1988, the INRIA connected its Sophia-Antipolis unit to the [[NSFNet]] via [[Princeton University|Princeton]] using a satellite link leased to France Telecom and MCI. The link became operational on 8 August 1988, and allowed INRIA researchers to access the US network and allowed [[NASA]] researchers access to an astronomical database based in [[Strasbourg]]. This was the first international connection to NSFNET and the first time that French networks were connected directly to a network using [[TCP/IP]]. The [[Internet in France]] was limited to research and education for some years to come.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1317607656 |pages=84–89 |chapter=The path to digital literacy and network culture in France (1980s to 1990s) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84}}</ref><ref>''Et Dieu crea l'Internet'', Christian Huitema, {{ISBN|2-212-08855-8}}, 1995, page 10</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrianarisoa |first=Menjanirina |title=A brief history of the internet |date=2 March 2012 |url=http://thetechnologytrend.blogspot.com/2012/03/brief-history-of-internet.html}}</ref>

==References==
[[Image:Entrée Inria EuraTechnologies.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.541|INRIA at EuraTechnologies, 2010]]
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first1= Alain |last1= Beltran |first2= Pascal |last2= Griset |title= Histoire d'un pionnier de l'informatique: 40 ans de recherche à l'Inria |trans-title= Story of a computer pioneer: 40 years of research at INRIA |publisher= EDP Sciences  |date= 2007 |isbn= 978-2-86883-806-3 |language= fr }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|INRIA}}
*{{Official website}} 

{{Scientific research in France}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Computer science research organizations]]
[[Category:History of computing in France]]
[[Category:Scientific agencies of the government of France]]
[[Category:Theoretical computer science]]
[[Category:Computer science institutes in France]]
[[Category:Members of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics]]
[[Category:Information technology research institutes]]
[[Category:Carnot label]]