View source for Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

{{Short description|Chapter of the EU acquis communautaire}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
The '''freedom of movement for workers''' is a policy chapter of the [[Acquis|acquis communautaire]] of the [[European Union]]. The free movement of workers means that nationals of any member state of the European Union can take up an employment in another member state on the same conditions as the nationals of that particular member state. In particular, no discrimination based on nationality is allowed. It is part of the [[free movement of persons]] and one of the [[European Single Market|four economic freedoms]]: [[free movement of goods]], [[free movement of services|services]], [[free movement of labour|labour]] and [[free movement of capital|capital]]. Article 45 [[TFEU]] (ex 39 and 48) states that:

{{blockquote|
# Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community.
# Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment.
# It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health:
#:(a) to accept offers of employment actually made;
#:(b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose;
#:(c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action;
#:(d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission.
#The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service.<ref name="Rome">[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html Treaty of Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html |date=16 November 2013 }} (consolidated version). EUR-Lex</ref>|sign=|source=}}

The right to free movement has both 'horizontal' and 'vertical' [[Direct effect of European Union law|direct effect]],<ref name="Bosman">[[Bosman ruling]], {{CELEX|61993CJ0415|format=PDF|text=15 December 1995, C-415/93}}, {{ECLI|ECLI:EU:C:1995:463}}</ref><ref name="Angonese">[[Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA]]{{CELEX|61998CJ0281|format=PDF|text=6 June 2000, C-281/98}}{{ECLI|ECLI:EU:C:2000:296}}</ref> such that a citizen of any EU state can invoke the right, without more, in an ordinary court, against other persons, both governmental and non-governmental.

==History==
The [[Treaty of Paris (1951)]]<ref>[http://www.cvce.eu/obj/treaty_establishing_the_european_coal_and_steel_community_paris_18_april_1951-en-11a21305-941e-49d7-a171-ed5be548cd58.html Article 69] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023101011/https://www.cvce.eu/obj/treaty_establishing_the_european_coal_and_steel_community_paris_18_april_1951-en-11a21305-941e-49d7-a171-ed5be548cd58.html |date=23 October 2021 }} part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Rome, 25 March 1957) on CVCE website.</ref> establishing the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] established a right to free movement for workers in these industries, and the [[Treaty of Rome|Treaty of Rome (1957)]]<ref>[http://www.cvce.eu/obj/treaty_establishing_the_european_economic_community_rome_25_march_1957-en-cca6ba28-0bf3-4ce6-8a76-6b0b3252696e.html Title 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104054015/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/treaty_establishing_the_european_economic_community_rome_25_march_1957-en-cca6ba28-0bf3-4ce6-8a76-6b0b3252696e.html |date=4 November 2013 }} part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Rome, 25 March 1957) on CVCE website.</ref> provided a right for the free movement of workers within the [[European Economic Community]], to be implemented within 12 years from the date of entry into force of the treaty. The first step towards realizing the free movement of workers was the Council Regulation no. 15 of 1961,<ref>{{CELEX|31961R0015|text=Règlement n° 15 relatif aux première s mesures pour la réalisation de la libre circulation des travailleurs à l'intérieur de la Communauté}}</ref> which entered into force on 1 September 1961. It gave the nationals of the member states the right to take up employment in another member state provided that there were no nationals of that member state available for the job.<ref>[Article 1 of regulation 15]</ref> The regulation was superseded by another regulation on 1 May 1964, which further extended the right of workers to take up employment in another member state.<ref>{{CELEX|31964R0038|text=Règlement n° 38/64/CEE du Conseil du 25 mars 1964 relatif à la libre circulation des travailleurs à l'intérieur de la Communauté}}</ref> However, it was not until 8 November 1968, when regulation (EEC) no 1612/68 entered into force, that free movement of workers was fully implemented within the Communities.<ref>{{CELEX|31968R1612|text=Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community}}</ref> Through this regulation, the original article 49 of the EEC treaty was implemented, and all nationals of the member states obtained the right to take up employment in another member state on the same conditions as the nationals of that particular member state.<ref>Article 1 of {{CELEX|31968R1612|text=Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community}}</ref> The free movement of workers was thus implemented before the twelve-year period stipulated in the EEC treaty had expired. On 16 June 2011, this regulation was replaced by the [[Free Movement of Workers Regulation 2011]]. At the time free movement of workers was implemented within the European Communities, the corresponding right already existed within the [[Benelux Union|Benelux]] (since 1960) and between the Nordic countries (since 1954) through separate international treaties and conventions.

The [[Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely]] assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document, replacing ''[[List of Latin phrases (I)|inter alia]]'' the directive 1968/360/EEC. It also clarifies procedural issues, and it strengthens the rights of family members of [[European citizen]]s using the freedom of movement. According to the official site of the European Parliament, the explanation of the freedom of movement goes as follows:
<blockquote>Freedom of movement and residence for persons in the EU is the cornerstone of Union citizenship, which was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992. Its practical implementation in EU law, however, has not been straightforward. It first involved the gradual phasing out, of internal borders under the Schengen agreements, initially in just a handful of Member States. Today, the provisions governing the free movement of persons are laid down in Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. However, the implementation of this directive continues to face many obstacles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_2.1.3.html |title=Free movement of persons |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |access-date=2016-02-17 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222140552/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_2.1.3.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

==Definition of "worker"==
The meaning of 'worker' is a matter of European Union law.<ref>{{CELEX|61963CJ0075|text=Judgment of the Court of 19 March 1964. Mrs M.K.H. Hoekstra (née Unger) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel en Ambachten (Administration of the Industrial Board for Retail Trades and Businesses)}}</ref> "The essential feature of an [[employment]] relationship, however, is that for a certain period of time a person performs [[service (economics)|service]]s for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives [[remuneration]]."<ref name="Lawrie-Blum">{{CELEX|61985CJ0066|text=Judgment of the Court of 3 July 1986. Deborah Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg.}}</ref>

*Purpose: under the [[European Court of Justice]] caselaw, the rights of free movement of workers applies regardless of the worker's purpose in taking up employment abroad,<ref name="Levin">{{CELEX|61981CJ0053|text=Judgment of the Court of 23 March 1982. D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie}}</ref> so long as the work is not solely provided as a means of rehabilitation or reintegration of the workers concerned into society.<ref name="Bettray">{{CELEX|61987CJ0344|text=Judgment of the Court of 31 May 1989. I. Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie}}</ref>
*Time commitment: the right of free movement applies to both [[Part-time job|part-time]] and [[Full-time job|full-time]] work, so long as the work is effective and genuine<ref name="Levin" /> and not of such small scale, irregular nature or limited duration to be purely marginal and ancillary.<ref name="Levin" /><ref name="Raulin">{{CELEX|61989CJ0357|text=Judgment of the Court of 26 February 1992. V. J. M. Raulin v Minister van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen}}</ref>
*Remuneration: a [[wage]] is a necessary precondition for activity to constitute work, but the amount is not important. The right to free movement applies whether or not the worker required additional financial assistance from the Member State into which he moves.<ref name="Kempf">{{CELEX|61985CJ0139|text=Judgment of the Court of 3 June 1986. R. H. Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie}}</ref> Remuneration may be indirect ''[[quid pro quo]]'' (e.g. board and lodging) rather than strict [[consideration]] for work.<ref name="Steymann">{{CELEX|61987CJ0196|text=Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 5 October 1988. Udo Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie}}</ref>
*Direction of another: where a person is [[self-employed]], he can avail himself of the [[freedom to provide services]] and [[freedom of establishment]].

==Extent of the right==
The right to free movement applies where the legal relationship of employment is entered into in or shall take effect within the territory of the European Community.<ref name="Walrave">{{CELEX|61974CJ0036|text=Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1974. B.N.O. Walrave and L.J.N. Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie and Federación Española Ciclismo}}</ref><ref name="Boukhalfa">See also {{CELEX|61994CJ0214|text=Judgment of the Court of 30 April 1996. Ingrid Boukhalfa v Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}</ref> The precise legal scope of the right to free movement for workers has been shaped by the [[European Court of Justice]] and by [[Directive (European Union)|directives]] and [[Regulation (European Union)|regulations]]. Underlying these developments is a tension "between the image of the Community worker as a mobile [[unit of production]], contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe" and the "image of the worker as a human being, exercising a [[civil right|personal right]] to live in another country and to take up employment there without discrimination, to improve the standard of living of his or her family".<ref name="Craig">P. Craig and G. de Búrca, ''EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials'', 3rd edition, OUP, 2003 p. 701</ref>

==Discrimination and market access==
*[[Groener v Minister for Education]], {{CELEX|61987CJ0379|text=28 November 1989, 379/87}}
*[[Keck and Mithouard]], {{CELEX|61991CJ0267|text=24 November 1993, C-267/91 and C-268/91}}, {{ECLI|ECLI:EU:C:1993:905}}
*{{CELEX|61995CJ0018|text=Judgment of the Court of 26 January 1999. F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland}} 

==Public service exception==
*{{CELEX|61979CJ0149|text=Case 149/79}} ''[[Commission v Belgium]]'' [1980] ECR 3881
*{{CELEX|61973CJ0152|text=Case 152/73}} ''[[Sotigiu v Deutsche Bundespost]]'' [1974] ECR 153

==Directives and regulations==
*{{CELEX|31968L0360|text=Council Directive 68/360/EEC of 15 October 1968 on the abolition of restrictions on movement and residence within the Community for workers of Member States and their families}}
*{{CELEX|61975CJ0048|text=Case 48/75}} ''[[Jean Noël Royer|Royer]]'' [1976] ECR 497
*{{CELEX|61975CJ0118|text=Case 118/75}} ''[[Watson and Belmann]]'' [1976] ECR 1185
*{{CELEX|61989CJ0292|text=Case C-292/89}} ''[[Antonissen]]'' [1991] ECR I-745
*{{CELEX|31968R1612|text=Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community}} repealed and replaced by {{CELEX|32011R0492|text=Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union Text with EEA relevance}}
*{{CELEX|61978CJ0207|text=Case C-207/78}} ''[[Ministere Public v Even and ONPTS]]'' [1979] ECR 2019
*{{CELEX|61983CJ0267|text=Case C-267/83}} ''[[Diatta v Land Berlin]]'' [1985] ECR 567
*{{CELEX|61990CJ0370|text=Case C-370/90}} ''[[R (Secretary of State for the Home Department) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh]]'' [1991] ECR I-4265

==Social rights==

*{{CELEX|61983CJ0293|text=Case 293/83}} ''[[Gravier v City of Liege]]'' [1985] ECR 593
*{{CELEX|61996CJ0085|text=Case C-85/96}} ''[[Maria Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern]]'' [1998] ECR I-2691
*{{CELEX|61999CJ0184|text=Case C-184/99}} ''[[Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve (CPAS)]]'' [2001] ECR I-6193

==Transitional provisions in new member states==
In the [[Treaty of Accession 2003]], the [[Treaty of Accession 2005]], and the [[Treaty of Accession 2011]], there is a clause about a transition period before workers from the new member states can be [[employed]] on an equal, non-discriminatory terms in the old member states. The old member states have the right to impose such transitional period for 2 years, then to decide to extend it for additional 3 years, and then, ''if there is serious proof'' that [[Workforce|labour]] from new member states would be disruptive to the market in the old member states then the period can be extended for the last time for 2 more years.<ref>{{cite web| last = European Commission| title = FAQ on the Commission's free movement of workers report| url = http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/06/64&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en| access-date = 2010-07-28| archive-date = 6 July 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706184222/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO%2F06%2F64&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en| url-status = live}}</ref>

According to the principle of reciprocity, new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens. Croatia has decided to apply this rule.<ref>{{cite web|title = Croatia – Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion – European Commission|url = http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1067&langId=en|publisher = European Commission|access-date = 2015-06-08|archive-date = 14 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214190152/http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1067&langId=en|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Withdrawal from the European Union ==
The United Kingdom formally [[Brexit|left the EU]] on 31 January 2020, following on a public vote held in June 2016.<ref name="bbc-define">{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Alex|last2=Wheeler|first2=Brian|date=3 November 2016|title=Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887|archive-date=22 May 2015|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522073542/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887|url-status=live}}</ref> However a [[Brexit withdrawal agreement|transition period]] to give time to [[Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU|negotiate a trade deal between the UK and the EU]] was in place in the interim. The [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]] (TCA) was concluded on 24 December 2020.

On 1 January 2021 [[Freedom of movement|free movement of persons]] between the parties ended as it is not incorporated in the TCA or the [[Brexit withdrawal agreement]].

==Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area==
The citizens of the member states of the [[European Economic Area]] (which includes the EU) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as EU citizens do within the Union.<ref>{{CELEX|22007D0158|text=Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement}}</ref> Additionally, the [[European Union]], its member states, and [[Switzerland]] have concluded a multilateral agreement with the same meaning.<ref>{{CELEX|22002A0430(01)|text=Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other, on the free movement of persons - Final Act - Joint Declarations - Information relating to the entry into force of the seven Agreements with the Swiss Confederation in the sectors free movement of persons, air and land transport, public procurement, scientific and technological cooperation, mutual recognition in relation to conformity assessment, and trade in agricultural products}}</ref> The EEA member states outside the EU ([[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]]) and [[Switzerland]] are treated as "old member states" in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members, so they can impose such 2+3+2 transitional periods.

=== Switzerland ===
Switzerland initially granted freedom of movement to EEA citizens from 2005 to 2011. It briefly reimposed restrictions in 2012–2013, but lifted them again in 2014. A [[Swiss immigration referendum, February 2014|2014 Referendum]] directed the Swiss government to impose permanent quotas on residence/work permits for citizens of all EEA countries except Liechtenstein, starting from 2017 at the latest.<ref name="SwissDEA">{{cite web|title = Free movement of persons|url = https://www.eda.admin.ch/dea/en/home/bilaterale-abkommen/ueberblick/personenfreizuegigkeit.html|work = Directorate for European Affairs|publisher = [[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date = 6 June 2014|location = [[Bern]]|date = May 2014|archive-date = 15 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141215030413/https://www.eda.admin.ch/dea/en/home/bilaterale-abkommen/ueberblick/personenfreizuegigkeit.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="SwissFOM">{{cite web|title = Free Movement of Persons Switzerland – EU/EFTA|url = https://www.bfm.admin.ch/bfm/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html|work = Federal Office for Migration|publisher = [[Federal Department of Justice and Police]]|access-date = 6 June 2014|location = [[Bern]]|date = May 2014|archive-date = 14 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314173455/https://www.bfm.admin.ch//bfm/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="swisscroatia">{{cite web|title = Working in Switzerland as a citizen of an EU/EFTA member state – www.ch.ch|url = https://www.ch.ch/en/working-switzerland-eu-efta/|website = ch.ch|access-date = 2015-06-08|archive-date = 12 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140912005742/https://www.ch.ch/en/working-switzerland-eu-efta/|url-status = live}}</ref> However, on 22 December 2016, Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement that a new Swiss law (in response to the referendum) may require Swiss employers to give priority to Swiss-based job seekers (Swiss nationals and foreigners registered in Swiss job agencies) but does not limit the free movement of EU workers to Switzerland.<ref>[https://euobserver.com/justice/136398 EU and Switzerland agree on free movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919122758/https://euobserver.com/justice/136398 |date=19 September 2018 }}{{snd}}[[euobserver]], 22 December 2016</ref>

=== Liechtenstein ===
Liechtenstein was originally allowed by Protocol 15 of the EEA Agreement to limit free movement of persons from other EEA states until 1 January 1998<ref>{{CELEX|21994A0103(16)|text=Agreement on the European Economic Area - Protocol 15 on transitional periods on the free movement of persons (Switzerland and Liechtenstein)}}</ref> and then the measure was subjected to a review which concluded in a declaration by the EEA Council<ref>{{CELEX|21995D0420(01)|text=Decision of the EEA Council No 1/95 of 10 March 1995 on the entry into force of the Agreement on the European Economic Area for the Principality of Liechtenstein}}</ref> that allowed Liechtenstein to indefinitely limit free movement of persons from other EEA states pursuant to Article 112 of the EEA Agreement. Liechtenstein imposes quotas for all EEA citizens (issuing 56 residence permits per year)<ref name="liechgov">[https://www.liechtenstein-business.li/en/for-employees/work-and-residence/ Liechtenstein Wirtschaft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228162457/https://www.liechtenstein-business.li/en/for-employees/work-and-residence/ |date=28 February 2017 }} Work permits and residence</ref><ref name="LiechQuota">{{cite web|title=Work permits and labour market restrictions in some EU countries|url=http://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/work/abroad/work-permits/index_en.htm|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]]|access-date=2 June 2014|date=27 May 2014}}</ref> and a separate quota for Swiss citizens (a further 12 residence permits per year).<ref name="liechgov" />

==Summary==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:smaller"
|+ align="top" style="caption-side:top"|'''Establishment of rights of nationals of each EEA member state to work in each other member state'''
|-
!rowspan="2"| The citizens of →<br/>can be [[employed]] in ↓<br/>starting ↘{{clarify|Free movement of workers is not the same thing as being able to employ a person. It was possible to employ foreigners long before the free movement of workers was established, but there were discriminatory rules and restrictions against foreign workers.|date=August 2019}}
! colspan="27" | [[European Union]] members
! colspan="3" |Other [[European Economic Area|EEA]]<br/>members
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom" | [[Image:ESCSwitzerland.svg|15px|Switzerland]]
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom" |[[Image:ESCUnitedKingdom.svg|15px|United Kingdom]]
!rowspan="2"| The citizens of ←<br/>can be [[employed]] in ↓<br/>starting ↙
|-
! [[Image:ESCAustria.svg|15px|Austria]]
! [[Image:ESCBelgium.svg|15px|Belgium]]
! [[Image:ESCBulgaria.svg|15px|Bulgaria]]
! [[Image:ESCCroatia.svg|15px|Croatia]]
! [[Image:ESCCyprus.svg|15px|Cyprus]]
! [[Image:ESCCzechRepublic.svg|15px|Czech Republic]]
! [[Image:ESCDenmark.svg|15px|Denmark]]
! [[Image:ESCEstonia.svg|15px|Estonia]]
! [[Image:ESCFinland.svg|15px|Finland]]
! [[Image:ESCFrance.svg|15px|France]]
! [[Image:ESCGermany.svg|15px|Germany]]
! [[Image:ESCGreece.svg|15px|Greece]]
! [[Image:ESCHungary.svg|15px|Hungary]]
! [[Image:ESCIreland.svg|15px|Ireland]]
! [[Image:ESCItaly.svg|15px|Italy]]
! [[Image:ESCLatvia.svg|15px|Latvia]]
! [[Image:ESCLithuania.svg|15px|Lithuania]]
! [[Image:ESCLuxembourg.svg|15px|Luxembourg]]
! [[Image:ESCMalta.svg|15px|Malta]]
! [[Image:ESCNetherlands.svg|15px|Netherlands]]
! [[Image:ESCPoland.svg|15px|Poland]]
! [[Image:ESCPortugal.svg|15px|Portugal]]
! [[Image:ESCRomania.svg|15px|Romania]]
! [[Image:ESCSlovakia.svg|15px|Slovakia]]
! [[Image:ESCSlovenia.svg|15px|Slovenia]]
! [[Image:ESCSpain.svg|15px|Spain]]
! [[Image:ESCSweden.svg|15px|Sweden]]
! [[Image:ESCIceland.svg|15px|Iceland]]
! [[Image:ESCLiechtenstein.svg|15px|Liechtenstein]]
! [[Image:ESCNorway.svg|15px|Norway]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Austria]]
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2020
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Austria]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Belgium]]{{efn|name=Benelux|See also the ''parallel, concurrent'' [[Benelux|Benelux Union]] between [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]].|group=}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Belgium]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Bulgaria]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2007 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Bulgaria]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Croatia]]<ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url = http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/press/news/2014/croatia-eea.html?id=752716|title = Croatia to become part of the EEA|year = 2014|publisher = Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date = 7 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="icelandcroatia">{{cite web|title = Citizens of Croatia will not need residence permits from the 1st of July 2015|url = http://www.utl.is/index.php/en/about-directorate-of-immigration/news/698-citizens-of-croatia-will-not-need-residency-permits-from-the-1st-of-july-2015|publisher = The Directorate of Immigration|access-date = 28 May 2015|archive-date = 28 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150528011548/http://www.utl.is/index.php/en/about-directorate-of-immigration/news/698-citizens-of-croatia-will-not-need-residency-permits-from-the-1st-of-july-2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Croatia – Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion – European Commission|url = http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1067&langId=en|publisher = European Commission|access-date = 2015-07-03|archive-date = 14 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214190152/http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1067&langId=en|url-status = live}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2020
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2022
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2018 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Croatia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Cyprus]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Cyprus]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Czech&nbsp;Republic]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Czech&nbsp;Republic]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Denmark]]{{efn|name=Nordic-Passport-Union|See also the ''parallel, concurrent'' [[Nordic Passport Union]] between the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] (for Denmark and the [[Faroe Islands]]), [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Finland]].}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Denmark]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Estonia]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Estonia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Finland]]{{efn|name=Nordic-Passport-Union}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Finland]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[France]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[France]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Germany]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Germany]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Greece]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1981 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Greece]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Hungary]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2008
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Hungary]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]{{efn|name="UK-Ireland"|See also the ''parallel, concurrent'' [[Common Travel Area]] between the United Kingdom and [[British Islands|Islands]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] ([[Great Britain]] and Islands and all of the [[island of Ireland]]).|group=}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1923 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Italy]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Italy]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Latvia]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Latvia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lithuania]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lithuania]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Luxembourg]]{{efn|name=Benelux||group=}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Luxembourg]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Malta]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Malta]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Netherlands]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ind.nl/en/other/eu-eea/Pages/Croatian.aspx|title=Croatian|website=Immigration and Naturalisation Service|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-06-27}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{efn|name=Benelux||group=}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1981
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1973
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1968
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1960
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Netherlands]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Poland]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Poland]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Portugal]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1986  
| style="text-align:left" |[[Portugal]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Romania]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2007 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Romania]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Slovakia]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Slovakia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Slovenia]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2018
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Slovenia]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Spain]]
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2009
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1986
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1986  
| style="text-align:left" |[[Spain]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sweden]]{{efn|name="Nordic-Passport-Union"}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2013
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sweden]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Iceland]]{{efn|name=Nordic-Passport-Union}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2015
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Iceland]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Liechtenstein]]
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2014
| style="background:plum" | 2018
| style="background:plum" | 2004
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2004
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2014
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 2011
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:plum" | 1995
| style="background:plum" | 2005
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1995 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Liechtenstein]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Norway]]{{efn|name="Nordic-Passport-Union"}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2014
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2012
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2006
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1994
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1954
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1995
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Norway]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Switzerland]]{{efn|name=Swissnote|For the countries that joined the European Union before 2004, plus Cyprus and Malta, restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 June 2007, but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 June 2013 to 31 May 2014 under the safeguard clause of the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP) with the EU. Similarly, for the countries that joined the EU in 2004, except Cyprus and Malta, restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 May 2011, but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2014 under the safeguard clause. Also, according to the Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community and Switzerland regarding the participation of Bulgaria and Romania,<ref>{{CELEX|22009A0520(01)|text=Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other, on the free movement of persons, regarding the participation, as contracting parties of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania pursuant to their accession to the European Union}}</ref> Switzerland applied the 2+3+2 transitional period formula to these two countries starting from 1 June 2009. Restrictions were consequently lifted on 1 June 2016, but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 June 2017 to 31 May 2019 under the safeguard clause. Switzerland decided in November 2022 to invoke the safeguard clause for 2023 with respect to Croatia. The clause can not be used after the end of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/switzerland-to-curb-immigration-from-croatia-in-2023/48062404 |title=Switzerland to curb immigration from Croatia in 2023 |date=2022-11-16 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Swissinfo.ch |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119003543/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/switzerland-to-curb-immigration-from-croatia-in-2023/48062404 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2016
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2022
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2016
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2011
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2005
| style="background:lightgreen" | 2007
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2007 
| style="text-align:left" |[[Switzerland]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[United&nbsp;Kingdom]]{{efn|name="UK-Ireland"}}
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2014
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2018
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1981
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:lightgreen" | 1923 
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1973
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1986
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2014
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1986
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1995
| style="background:#FF7538" | 1994
| style="background:#FF7538" | 2004
| style="background:darkgrey" |
| style="text-align:left" |[[United&nbsp;Kingdom]]
|-
|colspan="38" style="text-align: left;" |
{{legend|lightgreen|no restriction on freedom of movement of workers; year of initial lifting of restrictions}}
{{legend|plum|Liechtenstein imposes a permanent annual quota on ''residence'' permits issued, for all EEA citizens and (separately) Swiss citizens<ref name=liechgov/>}}
{{legend|#FF7538|restricted movement of workers reintroduced from 2021; year of initial lifting of restrictions{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}}}

;Notes
{{notelist|close}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]]
* [[Compact of Free Association]]
* [[European Union law]]
* [[Citizenship of the European Union]]
* [[Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations (disambiguation)|Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations]]
* [[Internal Market]]
* [[Free Movement of Citizens Directive]]
* [[Freedom of movement]]
* [[Free movement protocol]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/justice/citizen/index_en.htm European Commission: EU citizenship and free movement]
* [http://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/work/abroad/work-permits/index_en.htm Your Europe: Work Permits]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/eures/ EURES – The European Job Mobility Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620150749/http://www.obets.ua.es/pioneur/bajaarchivo_public.php?iden=40 The Free Movement of Persons in the European Union: A Legal-historical Overview]

{{European Union topics|state=expanded}}
{{Portal bar|European Union}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freedom of Movement For Workers}}
[[Category:European Union law]]
[[Category:Global workforce]]
[[Category:Freedom of movement|European Union]]