View source for Free and fair election

{{short description|Election which is free of coercion and fraud}}
{{Distinguish|Unfair election}}
{{Elections}}
A '''free and fair election''' is defined  as an [[election]] in which "[[coercion]] is comparatively uncommon". This definition was popularized by political scientist [[Robert Dahl]]. A free and fair election involves [[political freedoms]] and fair processes leading up to the [[vote]], a fair count of eligible voters who cast a ballot, a lack of [[electoral fraud]] or [[voter suppression]], and acceptance of election results by all parties. An election may partially meet international standards for free and fair elections, or may meet some standards but not others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elklit |first1=Jorgen |last2=Svensson |first2=Palle |title=What Makes Elections Free and Fair? |journal=Journal of Democracy |date=1997 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.1353/jod.1997.0041|s2cid=154766533 |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/104117297/Elklit_Svensson_8_3_1997_32_46.pdf }}</ref>

==Factors==
A 2016 study evaluated ten dimensions of the conduct of elections between 1975–2011:<ref name="BishopHoeffler">{{cite journal |last1=Bishop |first1=Sylvia |last2=Hoeffler |first2=Anke |date=2016 |title=Free and fair elections: A new database |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=608–616 |doi=10.1177/0022343316642508 |s2cid=110571606}}</ref>

# ''legal framework ''(whether there was a constitutional [[Right to vote|right of citizens to vote]] and seek office, whether elections were held at regular intervals, and whether [[Election law|election-related laws]] were not changed immediately before an election);
# ''electoral management'' (whether [[gerrymandering]] occurred and whether election management bodies, if they existed, were independent, [[Impartiality|impartial]], and [[Accountability|accountable]]);
# ''electoral rights'' (whether citizens were generally able to vote on the basis of [[equal suffrage]] and access);
# ''voter registers'' (whether they were accurate, current, and open to voters for easy and effective [[voter registration]]);
# ''[[nomination rules]]/[[ballot access]]'' (whether candidates had in practice a right to compete in the election, with rejections of candidate applications being based on "internationally recognizable and acceptable norms" and with no candidate receiving more than 75% of the votes, a signal of malpractice or [[election boycott]]s);
# ''campaign process'' (whether elections were carried out without violence, [[Electoral fraud#Intimidation|intimidation]], bribery ([[vote buying]]), use of government resources to advantage the incumbent, or a "massive financial advantages" for the incumbent);
# ''media access'' (whether [[freedom of speech]] was protected and whether the ruling party was disproportionately benefited by [[State media|government-owned media]]);
# ''voting process'' (whether elections were conducted by [[secret ballot]] on a [[one person, one vote]] basis, with adequate security to protect voters and protection against [[ballot box stuffing]], multiple voting, destruction of valid ballots, and other forms of manipulation);
# ''role of officials'' (whether the election was administered with adequately trained personnel, free from campaigning or intimidation at polling places, and with the ability of [[Election monitoring|international election observers]] and [[Scrutineer|party representatives to observe polling places]]); and
# ''counting of votes'' (whether votes were [[Vote counting|tabulated]] transparently and free of fraud or tampering)

== Estimates ==
{{See also|Democracy indices}}
The study of 169 countries from 1975 to 2011 estimated that only about half of elections were free and fair.<ref name="BishopHoeffler" /> The study wondered whether the increase in [[non-democratic]] regimes holding elections over time alongside a rise in global efforts around election observation led to a rise in the proportion of elections that were deemed to not be free and fair. The presence of election monitors and constraints on [[executive power]] were associated with a 31% higher probability of a free and fair elections in the study.<ref name="BishopHoeffler" />

The [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] estimate the [[cleanliness]] of elections, share of adult citizens with active [[suffrage]], if top officials are elected, [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of information]], [[freedom of association]] and combine these estimates as the electoral democracy index.<ref name="l511">{{cite web | title=The V-Dem Dataset – V-Dem | website=V-Dem | url=https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ | access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="z154">{{cite web | title=V-Dem Codebook v15 | year=2025| url=https://v-dem.net/documents/55/codebook.pdf | access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
{{Row hover highlight}}{{Sticky header}}{{Static row numbers}}{{Sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable hover-highlight static-row-header static-row-numbers sticky-header-multi"
|+{{nowrap|Indices by [[V-Dem Institute]] for year 2024<ref name="l511"/>}}
! Country
! Clean elections index
! Share of population<br>with suffrage
! Elected officials index
! Freedom of Expression and<br>Alternative Sources<br>of Information index
! Freedom of association<br>[[Thick concept|thick]] index
|-
| {{flaglist| Denmark }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.98
| 0.93
|-
| {{flaglist| Ireland }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.91
|-
| {{flaglist| Estonia }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.91
|-
| {{flaglist| Switzerland }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.92
|-
| {{flaglist| Belgium }}
| 0.97
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Norway }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.94
| 0.91
|-
| {{flaglist| Sweden }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.95
| 0.92
|-
| {{flaglist| Czech Republic }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.96
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Luxembourg }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.96
| 0.9
|-
| {{flaglist| France }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.96
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| New Zealand }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.95
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Costa Rica }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.92
|-
| {{flaglist| Australia }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.94
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Uruguay }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Finland }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.95
| 0.85
|-
| {{flaglist| Chile }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Iceland }}
| 0.92
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.92
|-
| {{flaglist| Canada }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.94
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| United States of America }}
| 0.91
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.89
| 0.95
|-
| {{flaglist| Germany }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.94
| 0.85
|-
| {{flaglist| Austria }}
| 0.93
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Latvia }}
| 0.92
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.93
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| United Kingdom }}
| 0.93
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Portugal }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.89
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Spain }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.86
| 0.91
|-
| {{flaglist| Netherlands }}
| 0.96
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.89
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Japan }}
| 0.93
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.85
| 0.93
|-
| {{flaglist| Jamaica }}
| 0.87
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Italy }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 0.98
| 0.84
| 0.9
|-
| {{flaglist| Brazil }}
| 0.84
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.93
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Taiwan }}
| 0.94
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.85
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Lithuania }}
| 0.89
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.94
| 0.84
|-
| {{flaglist| Vanuatu }}
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.88
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Barbados }}
| 0.87
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.9
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Malta }}
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.9
|-
| {{flaglist| Cyprus }}
| 0.91
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.82
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Suriname }}
| 0.86
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.88
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Cabo Verde }}
| 0.84
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.85
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Trinidad and Tobago }}
| 0.82
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.9
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovakia }}
| 0.93
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.81
| 0.84
|-
| {{flaglist| Greece }}
| 0.95
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.82
| 0.81
|-
| {{flaglist| Seychelles }}
| 0.89
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.83
|-
| {{flaglist| South Africa }}
| 0.81
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.9
|-
| {{flaglist| East Timor }}
| 0.84
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.85
|-
| {{flaglist| South Korea }}
| 0.93
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.79
| 0.82
|-
| {{flaglist| Poland }}
| 0.76
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Panama }}
| 0.85
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.8
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Croatia }}
| 0.91
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.79
| 0.82
|-
| {{flaglist| Slovenia }}
| 0.92
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.74
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Israel }}
| 0.88
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.78
|-
| {{flaglist| Argentina }}
| 0.87
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.76
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Dominican Republic }}
| 0.71
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.9
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Colombia }}
| 0.76
| 1.0
| 0.95
| 0.84
| 0.9
|-
| {{flaglist| São Tomé and Príncipe }}
| 0.82
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.8
| 0.79
|-
| {{flaglist| Nepal }}
| 0.72
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.81
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Ghana }}
| 0.67
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.86
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Solomon Islands }}
| 0.7
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.82
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Sri Lanka }}
| 0.79
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.86
| 0.74
|-
| {{flaglist| Lesotho }}
| 0.79
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.88
|-
| {{flaglist| Kosovo }}
| 0.75
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.77
| 0.84
|-
| {{flaglist| Ecuador }}
| 0.83
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.75
| 0.77
|-
| {{flaglist| Bulgaria }}
| 0.71
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.8
| 0.83
|-
| {{flaglist| Peru }}
| 0.85
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.73
| 0.74
|-
| {{flaglist| The Gambia }}
| 0.77
| 1.0
| 0.96
| 0.81
| 0.77
|-
| {{flaglist| Moldova }}
| 0.78
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.84
|-
| {{flaglist| Romania }}
| 0.77
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.73
| 0.8
|-
| {{flaglist| Armenia }}
| 0.68
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.73
| 0.89
|-
| {{flaglist| Namibia }}
| 0.63
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.81
| 0.85
|-
| {{flaglist| Senegal }}
| 0.72
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.85
| 0.71
|-
| {{flaglist| Montenegro }}
| 0.61
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.81
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Liberia }}
| 0.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.84
| 0.84
|-
| {{flaglist| Guatemala }}
| 0.62
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.81
| 0.79
|-
| {{flaglist| Botswana }}
| 0.61
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.81
| 0.86
|-
| {{flaglist| Malawi }}
| 0.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.79
| 0.8
|-
| {{flaglist| Paraguay }}
| 0.62
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.75
| 0.8
|-
| {{flaglist| Bolivia }}
| 0.69
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.72
| 0.76
|-
| {{flaglist| Maldives }}
| 0.63
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.73
| 0.78
|-
| {{flaglist| North Macedonia }}
| 0.67
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.66
| 0.81
|-
| {{flaglist| Bhutan }}
| 0.86
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.71
| 0.62
|-
| {{flaglist| Kenya }}
| 0.49
| 1.0
| 0.98
| 0.9
| 0.75
|-
| {{flaglist| Honduras }}
| 0.4
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.88
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Malaysia }}
| 0.59
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.62
| 0.8
|-
| {{flaglist| Fiji }}
| 0.54
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.75
| 0.72
|-
| {{flaglist| Zambia }}
| 0.44
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.81
| 0.79
|-
| {{flaglist| Bosnia and Herzegovina }}
| 0.52
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.65
| 0.81
|-
| {{flaglist| Albania }}
| 0.49
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.82
|-
| {{flaglist| Mexico }}
| 0.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.67
| 0.7
|-
| {{flaglist| Nigeria }}
| 0.36
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.89
| 0.79
|-
| {{flaglist| Benin }}
| 0.65
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.61
|-
| {{flaglist| Mongolia }}
| 0.61
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.69
| 0.65
|-
| {{flaglist| Mauritius }}
| 0.61
| 1.0
| 0.89
| 0.62
| 0.79
|-
| {{flaglist| Guyana }}
| 0.42
| 1.0
| 0.9
| 0.78
| 0.83
|-
| {{flaglist| Indonesia }}
| 0.52
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.72
| 0.69
|-
| {{flaglist| Georgia }}
| 0.47
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.73
|-
| {{flaglist| Papua New Guinea }}
| 0.29
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.79
| 0.87
|-
| {{flaglist| Sierra Leone }}
| 0.25
| 1.0
| 0.98
| 0.82
| 0.82
|-
| {{flaglist| Hungary }}
| 0.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.49
| 0.65
|-
| {{flaglist| Philippines }}
| 0.39
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.67
| 0.72
|-
| {{flaglist| Tunisia }}
| 0.52
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.77
| 0.48
|-
| {{flaglist| Ivory Coast }}
| 0.39
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.67
| 0.71
|-
| {{flaglist| Somaliland }}
| 0.53
| 1.0
| 0.75
| 0.64
| 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| Madagascar }}
| 0.23
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.7
| 0.85
|-
| {{flaglist| Tanzania }}
| 0.37
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.7
| 0.69
|-
| {{flaglist| Singapore }}
| 0.8
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.34
| 0.58
|-
| {{flaglist| India }}
| 0.52
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.49
| 0.59
|-
| {{flaglist| Ukraine }}
| 0.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.42
| 0.57
|-
| {{flaglist| Thailand }}
| 0.44
| 0.99
| 1.0
| 0.52
| 0.63
|-
| {{flaglist| Togo }}
| 0.29
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.58
| 0.59
|-
| {{flaglist| Iraq }}
| 0.35
| 1.0
| 0.97
| 0.56
| 0.53
|-
| {{flaglist| Lebanon }}
| 0.3
| 1.0
| 0.5
| 0.72
| 0.72
|-
| {{flaglist| Angola }}
| 0.29
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.49
| 0.61
|-
| {{flaglist| El Salvador }}
| 0.32
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.39
| 0.67
|-
| {{flaglist| Kyrgyzstan }}
| 0.42
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.49
| 0.41
|-
| {{flaglist| Mauritania }}
| 0.28
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.65
| 0.42
|-
| {{flaglist| Democratic Republic of the Congo }}
| 0.2
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.64
| 0.53
|-
| {{flaglist| Serbia }}
| 0.21
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.42
| 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| Pakistan }}
| 0.16
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.57
| 0.57
|-
| {{flaglist| Mozambique }}
| 0.15
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.52
| 0.58
|-
| {{flaglist| Central African Republic }}
| 0.16
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.62
| 0.46
|-
| {{flaglist| Zanzibar }}
| 0.12
| 1.0
| 0.82
| 0.56
| 0.66
|-
| {{flaglist| Kuwait }}
| 0.66
| 1.0
| 0.77
| 0.59
| 0.1
|-
| {{flaglist| Turkey }}
| 0.41
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.18
| 0.56
|-
| {{flaglist| Cameroon }}
| 0.14
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.6
| 0.41
|-
| {{flaglist| Comoros }}
| 0.13
| 1.0
| 0.93
| 0.52
| 0.51
|-
| {{flaglist| Guinea-Bissau }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.62
| 0.62
|-
| {{flaglist| Jordan }}
| 0.51
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.58
| 0.58
|-
| {{flaglist| Uganda }}
| 0.12
| 1.0
| 0.99
| 0.52
| 0.42
|-
| {{flaglist| Kazakhstan }}
| 0.34
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.37
| 0.3
|-
| {{flaglist| Zimbabwe }}
| 0.16
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.38
| 0.5
|-
| {{flaglist| Morocco }}
| 0.45
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.6
| 0.55
|-
| {{flaglist| Ethiopia }}
| 0.34
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.27
| 0.36
|-
| {{flaglist| Algeria }}
| 0.3
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.34
| 0.3
|-
| {{flaglist| Republic of the Congo }}
| 0.1
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.4
| 0.46
|-
| {{flaglist| Djibouti }}
| 0.17
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.34
| 0.39
|-
| {{flaglist| Niger }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.75
| 0.68
|-
| {{flaglist| Gabon }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.76
| 0.58
|-
| {{flaglist| Haiti }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.72
| 0.53
|-
| {{flaglist| Uzbekistan }}
| 0.3
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.23
| 0.14
|-
| {{flaglist| Palestine}} (West Bank)
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.32
| 0.39
|-
| {{flaglist| Chad }}
| 0.06
| 1.0
| 0.5
| 0.48
| 0.41
|-
| {{flaglist| Rwanda }}
| 0.29
| 1.0
| 0.92
| 0.15
| 0.17
|-
| {{flaglist| Bangladesh }}
| 0.06
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.31
| 0.42
|-
| {{flaglist| Mali }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.63
| 0.47
|-
| {{flaglist| Venezuela }}
| 0.07
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.22
| 0.26
|-
| {{flaglist| Libya }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.56
| 0.51
|-
| {{flaglist| Cambodia }}
| 0.1
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.16
| 0.2
|-
| {{flaglist| Egypt }}
| 0.15
| 1.0
| 0.98
| 0.18
| 0.14
|-
| {{flaglist| Equatorial Guinea }}
| 0.08
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.14
| 0.17
|-
| {{flaglist| Cuba }}
| 0.29
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.09
| 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Burundi }}
| 0.07
| 1.0
| 0.91
| 0.17
| 0.18
|-
| {{flaglist| Azerbaijan }}
| 0.09
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.13
| 0.15
|-
| {{flaglist| Vietnam }}
| 0.51
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.14
| 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Oman }}
| 0.69
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.15
| 0.05
|-
| {{flaglist| Tajikistan }}
| 0.1
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.12
| 0.15
|-
| {{flaglist| Russia }}
| 0.14
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.08
| 0.13
|-
| {{flaglist| Hong Kong }}
| 0.3
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.34
| 0.2
|-
| {{flaglist| Somalia }}
| 0.0
| 0.0
| 0.5
| 0.66
| 0.44
|-
| {{flaglist| Iran }}
| 0.24
| 1.0
| 0.5
| 0.23
| 0.09
|-
| {{flaglist| Guinea }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.55
| 0.24
|-
| {{flaglist| South Sudan }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.5
| 0.19
| 0.35
|-
| {{flaglist| Belarus }}
| 0.18
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.03
| 0.07
|-
| {{flaglist| Burkina Faso }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.35
| 0.39
|-
| {{flaglist| Nicaragua }}
| 0.15
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.03
| 0.04
|-
| {{flaglist| Turkmenistan }}
| 0.07
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.04
| 0.06
|-
| {{flaglist| Syria }}
| 0.0
| 
| 0.5
| 0.07
| 0.1
|-
| {{flaglist| Sudan }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.25
| 0.32
|-
| {{flaglist| Laos }}
| 0.22
| 1.0
| 0.5
| 0.04
| 0.05
|-
| {{flaglist| Eswatini }}
| 0.38
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.12
| 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Yemen }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.24
| 0.26
|-
| {{flaglist| Bahrain }}
| 0.22
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.13
| 0.13
|-
| {{flaglist| United Arab Emirates }}
| 0.54
| 0.36
| 0.0
| 0.06
| 0.04
|-
| {{flaglist| Palestine }} (Gaza)
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.07
| 0.18
|-
| {{flaglist| Qatar }}
| 0.41
| 0.35
| 0.0
| 0.06
| 0.04
|-
| {{flaglist| Myanmar }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.05
| 0.11
|-
| {{flaglist| North Korea }}
| 0.12
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.01
| 0.03
|-
| {{flaglist| Afghanistan }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.09
| 0.05
|-
| {{flaglist| China }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.04
| 0.04
|-
| {{flaglist| Eritrea }}
| 0.0
| 1.0
| 0.0
| 0.02
| 0.02
|-
| {{flaglist| Saudi Arabia }}
| 0.0
| 0.0
| 0.0
| 0.09
| 0.03
|}

==See also==
* [[Election subversion]]
* [[Electoral integrity]]
* [[Polyarchy]]
* [[Unfair election]]
* [[Voter suppression]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Richard S. |title=Democratic principles and judging 'free and fair' |journal=Representation |date=2005 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=161–179 |doi=10.1080/00344890508523309|s2cid=154352155 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Geisler |first1=Gisela |title=Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=1993 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=613–637 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00012271|s2cid=154664000 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mercurio |first1=Bryan |last2=Williams |first2=George |title=Australian Electoral Law: 'Free and Fair'? |journal=Federal Law Review |date=2004 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=365–395 |doi=10.22145/flr.32.3.3|s2cid=220285411 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fick |first1=Glenda |title=The Gender-Sensitive Check-List for Free and Fair Elections |journal=Agenda |date=1999 |volume=15 |issue=40 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1080/10130950.1999.9675739 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10130950.1999.9675739|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Seema |title=Free and fair? Citizens' assessments of the 2013 general election in Kenya |journal=Review of African Political Economy |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=143 |pages=44–61 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2014.995162|s2cid=154891103 |hdl=10.1080/03056244.2014.995162 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite book |last1=Goodwin-Gill |first1=Guy S. |title=Free and Fair Elections |date=2006 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |isbn=978-92-9142-277-7 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Falade |first1=Adesola |last2=Adebiyi |first2=Ayodele A. |last3=Ayo |first3=Charles K. |last4=Adebiyi |first4=Marion |last5=Okesola |first5=Olatunji |title=E-voting system: the pathway to free and fair election in Nigeria |journal=Electronic Government|date=1 January 2019 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=439–452 |doi=10.1504/EG.2019.102578 |s2cid=204539213 |url=https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/EG.2019.102578 |issn=1740-7494|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last1=Bjornlund |first1=Eric |title=Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy |date=2004 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8048-3 |language=en}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facinghistory.org/educator-resources/current-events/explainer/free-fair-elections Explainer: Free and Fair Elections]

{{Suffrage}}
{{Politics country lists}}
[[Category:Elections by type]]