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{{short description|Thai resistance movement against Imperial Japan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox War Faction
|name=Free Thai Movement
|native_name=เสรีไทย
|war=[[World War II]]
|image= [[File:Free Thai insignia.svg|200px]]
|caption=Free Thai shoulder patch
|active=1941–1945
|clans= * Free Thai in Thailand
* Free Thai in the United States
* Free Thai in the United Kingdom
* Free Thai in China
|headquarters=
|area=
|size=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|allies={{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)}}
|opponents= [[File:Thai PM Office logo (old).svg|20px]] [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram |Phibun regime]]<br>{{flag|Empire of Japan}}
|battles= [[World War II]]
* [[Pacific War]]
|leaders=|status=}}
The '''Free Thai Movement''' ({{langx|th|เสรีไทย}}, {{RTGS|''Seri Thai''}}, {{IPA|th|sěː.rīː tʰāj|pron}}) was a Thai underground [[resistance movement]] against the [[Empire of Japan]] during the [[Japanese invasion of Thailand|Second World War]]. The Free Thai Movement were an important source of [[military intelligence]] for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in the region.

==Background==

In the aftermath of the [[Japanese invasion of Thailand]] on 7–8 December 1941, the regime of [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]] (Phibun) [[Declaration of war|declared war]] on the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] on 25 January 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/thailand-declares-war-on-the-united-states-and-britain-jan-25-1942-217968|title=Thailand declares war on United States and Britain, Jan. 25, 1942|last=Andrew Glass|website=POLITICO|date=25 January 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> [[Seni Pramoj]], the Thai ambassador in Washington, refused to deliver the declaration to the United States government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/88600485/|title=Thailand: a country study|date=1987|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]]|editor-last=LePoer|editor-first=Barbara Leitch|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=30–31|language=en|oclc=44366465}}</ref>

Accordingly, the United States refrained from declaring war on Thailand.<ref name=":0" /> Seni, a conservative aristocrat whose anti-Japanese credentials were well established, organized the Free Thai Movement with American assistance, recruiting Thai students in the United States to work with the [[United States Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS).<ref name=":0" /> The OSS trained Thai personnel for underground activities, and units were readied to infiltrate Thailand.<ref name=":0" /> By the end of the war, more than 50,000 Thais had been trained and armed to resist the Japanese by Free Thai members who had been parachuted into the country.<ref name=":0" />

==World War II and Japanese occupation==

[[Plaek Pibulsonggram#Alliance with Japan|Phibun's alliance with Japan]] during the early years of war was initially popular.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The Royal Thai Army joined Japan's [[Burma campaign#Thai army enters Burma|Burma campaign]] with the goal of recovering their historical claims to part of the [[Shan states]], previously surrendered to the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese Empire]] in the [[Burmese–Siamese wars]] and subsequently annexed by the British following the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} They gained the return of the four northernmost Malay states lost in the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909]], and with [[Franco-Thai War#Ceasefire|Japanese mediation in the Franco–Thai war]] they also recovered territory lost in the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} 

[[File:FreeThaiinChina.jpg|thumb|[[M.L. Karb Kunjara]] (second from left) with American and Chinese military officers during his Free Thai [[Second Sino-Japanese War|operations in China]].]]

However, Japan had stationed 150,000 troops on Thai soil, and as the war dragged on, the Japanese increasingly treated Thailand as a conquered country rather than an ally.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Although the United States had not officially declared war, on 26 December 1942, US [[Tenth Air Force]] bombers based in India launched the first major bombing raid,<ref>{{cite news |title=Allies attack Thailand, 1942–1945 |author= Stearn, Duncan |url=http://www.pattayamail.com/513/columns.shtml#hd6 |newspaper= Pattaya Mail | location = [[Pattaya]] |date=30 May 2003 |access-date=26 October 2011|quote= On 26 December 1942 bombers of the United States' Tenth Air Force, based in India, launched the first major strike}}</ref> which damaged targets in Bangkok and elsewhere and caused several thousand casualties.<ref name=":0" /> Public opinion, and even more importantly the sympathies of the civilian political elite, moved perceptibly against [[Plaek Pibulsonggram#Alliance with Japan|Phibun's alliance with Japan]].<ref name=":0" />

The Free Thai Movement was supported by British [[Force 136]] and the American [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] – both provided valuable intelligence from within Thailand.

===Pridi and the civilian regime, 1944–1947===

In June 1944, Phibun was forced out of office and replaced by the first predominantly civilian government since the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|1932 coup]].<ref name=":0" /> Allied bombing raids continued, and a B-29 raid on Bangkok destroyed the two key power plants on 14 April 1945, leaving the city without power and water.<ref>Stearn, ''Allies attack''</ref> Throughout the bombing campaign, the Seri Thai network was effective in broadcasting weather reports to the Allied air forces and in rescuing downed Allied airmen.<ref>{{cite news |title=  Shot Down and Rescued | author= Stearn, Duncan
|url=http://www.pattayamail.com/557/columns.shtml#hd6 |newspaper= Pattaya Mail | location = [[Pattaya]] |date= 2 April 2004 |access-date=2 October 2011 | quote = Many Thais resented the presence of Japanese forces in their country, especially since these soldiers acted more like occupiers than friends. Whenever the opportunity arose to hinder the progress of Japanese war aims, some Thais would do so. }}</ref> The new government was headed by [[Khuang Aphaiwong]], a civilian linked politically with conservatives such as Seni.<ref name=":0" /> The most influential figure in the regime, however, was [[Pridi Banomyong]] (who was serving as [[Regent of Thailand]]), whose anti-Japanese views were increasingly attractive to the Thais.<ref name=":0" /> In the last year of the war, Allied agents were tacitly given free access by Bangkok.<ref name=":0" /> As the war came to an end, Thailand repudiated its wartime agreements with Japan.<ref name=":0" />

Unfortunately, the civilian leaders were unable to achieve unity.<ref name=":0" /> After falling-out with Pridi, Khuang was replaced as prime minister by the Regent's nominee, Seni, who had returned to Thailand from his post as leader of the Free Thai movement in Washington.<ref name=":0" /> The scramble for power among factions in late 1945 created political divisions among the civilian leaders that destroyed their potential for making a common stand against the resurgent political force of the [[Royal Thai Armed Forces]] in the immediate postwar years.<ref name=":0" />

Postwar accommodations with the Allies also weakened the civilian government.<ref name=":0" /> As a result of the contributions made to the Allied war efforts by the Free Thai Movement, the United States, which unlike other Allied countries had never officially been at war with Thailand, refrained from dealing with Thailand as an enemy country in postwar peace negotiations.<ref name=":0" /> Before signing a peace treaty, however, the United Kingdom demanded war reparations in the form of rice shipments to Malaya, and France refused to permit admission of Thailand to the United Nations (UN) until the Indochinese areas regained by the Thais during the war were returned to France.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Soviet Union]] insisted on the repeal of Thailand's anti-[[Communist Party of Thailand|communist]] legislation.<ref name=":0" />

==Heritage==

[[Sakon Nakhon Province#Historical attractions|Sakon Nakhon historical attractions]] include a cave well camouflaged by lush vegetation called Tham Seree Thai (ถ้ำเสรีไทย "Seri Thai Cave"), that was used for storage of arms and food during World War II.

==List of famous Free Thai members==

{{Refsection|date=June 2019}}

[[File:FreeThaiLeaders.jpg|thumb|From the front row left to right: Police General [[Adun Adundetcharat]], Ambassador [[Seni Pramoj]] and future Prime Minister [[Pridi Banomyong]]]]

[[File:FreeThaiMedalofFreedom.jpg|thumb|Free Thais who received the [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] in 1945. From left to right: Air Chief Marshal [[Dawee Chullasapya]], Major General [[Boonmark Tesabutr]], Commander [[Vimol Viriyavidh]], [[Piset Pattaphongs]], [[M.C. Yuthisatien Sawadivatana]], [[M.L. Ekachai Kumpoo]], [[Anond Srivardhana]], Dr. [[Sala Tsanond]], Air Marshal [[Sith Savetsila]], [[Umnuay Poonpipatana]], [[Udomsak Pasavanij]], [[Kusa Punyarchun]], [[Somjit Yos-sunthorn]].]]

* Queen [[Rambai Barni]], widow of King [[Prajadhipok]] and nominal head of the Seri Thai in the United Kingdom

* [[Mom Chao|Prince]] [[Suphasawatwongsanit Sawatdiwat]], Queen [[Rambai Barni]]'s brother, a former Royal Thai Army officer

* [[Luang (title)|Luang]] [[Bannakornkowit]], Cabinet Member

* [[Thawi Bunyaket]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] 1945
* [[Direk Jayanama]], one time Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs

* Air Marshal [[Dawee Chullasapya]]

* [[Mom Rajawongse]] [[Seni Pramoj]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] 1945–46, 1975, 1976
* [[Pridi Banomyong]], [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] 1946

* [[Siddhi Savetsila]], later [[Air Chief Marshal]] of the Royal Thai Air Force, Foreign Minister of Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, and Privy Councillor to King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] 
* [[Tiang Sirikhanth]], Assemblyman

* [[Sanguan Tularak]], Cabinet Member

* [[Puey Ungphakorn]], London-educated economist who headed the [[Bank of Thailand]] and later served as rector of [[Thammasat University]]

* [[Mom Chao|Prince]] [[Varananda Dhavaj]]

* {{ill|Vilas Osthananda|th|วิลาศ โอสถานนท์}}

* [[Phra Bisal Sukhumvit]], first Thai [[MIT]] graduate, fifth chief of the [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Department of Highways]]

== See also ==

* [[Lao Issara]] and [[Khmer Serei]], similar movements in Laos and Cambodia, respectively
* [[Jim Thompson (designer)#World War II activities|Jim Thompson and his activities in World War II]]

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521836018&ss=fro ''Thailand's Secret War: OSS, SOE and the Free Thai Underground During World War II'']. E. Bruce Reynolds. Cambridge Military Histories series. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-83601-8}}. Colonel [[David Smiley]] is pictured page 377 with his Force 136 team.
* ''The Thai Resistance Movement During the Second World War'', John B. Haseman, Northern Illinois Center for Southeast Asian Studies, np, 1978.
* ''Free Thai'', compiled by Wimon Wiriyawit, White Lotus Co., Ltd, Bangkok, 1997.
* ''Into Siam, Underground Kingdom'', Nicol Smith and Blake Clark, Bobbs Merrill Company, New York, 1945.
* Colonel [[David Smiley]], ''Irregular Regular'', Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994, ({{ISBN|978-0859552028}}). Translated in French by Thierry Le Breton, ''Au coeur de l'action clandestine des commandos au MI6'', L'Esprit du Livre Editions, France, 2008, ({{ISBN|978-2915960273}}).  With numerous photographs.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060809121942/https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/2000/dci_speech_05082000.html Remarks of the Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet Honoring The Free Thai Movement], U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 8 May 2000
* [http://www.insigne.org/OSS-Thai.htm The Free Thai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050502054005/http://203.155.220.217/office/ppdd/publicpark/english/mainpark/E_sarithai.html Seri Thai Park in Bangkok]

{{World War II}}
{{History of Thailand 1932 - 1973}}

[[Category:Rebel groups in Thailand]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Resistance against Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:World War II resistance movements]]
[[Category:Military history of Thailand during World War II]]
[[Category:Japan–Thailand relations]]