View source for Franz Josef Glacier

{{Short description|Glacier in the Southern Alps, New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox glacier 
| name = Franz Josef Glacier /<br />Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
| photo = Franz josef Glacier LC0250.jpg
| photo_alt = 
| photo_caption = Franz Josef Glacier in 2011
| type = 
| location = Westland Tai Poutini National Park
| coordinates = {{coord|43|28|01|S|170|11|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = 
| map = New Zealand West Coast
| label=Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
| caption= 
| map_width = 270px
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| area = 
| length = {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width =
| thickness = Up to {{convert|300|m}} thick 
| terminus = 
| status = Retreating
}}
The '''Franz Josef Glacier''' ({{Langx|mi|Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere}}; officially '''Franz Josef Glacier / {{Lang|mi|Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere|italic=no}}''') is a {{convert|12|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}<ref name="TEARA1">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/Landscapes/GlaciersAndGlaciation/1/en |title=Glaciers in New Zealand |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=16 January 2008}}</ref> temperate maritime [[glacier]] in [[Westland Tai Poutini National Park]] on the West Coast of New Zealand's [[South Island]]. Together with the [[Fox Glacier]] {{convert|20|km|mi}} to the south, and a third glacier, it descends from the [[Southern Alps]] to less than {{convert|300|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="DOCMAIN">{{cite web |title= Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/west-coast/glaciers/franz-josef-glacier/ |publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|DOC]] |access-date= 14 May 2008}}</ref>

The area surrounding the two glaciers is part of [[Te Wāhipounamu]], a [[World Heritage Site]] park. The [[Waiho River]] emerges from the glacier terminal of Franz Josef.<ref name="MINEN"/>

==Naming==
The [[Māori people|Māori]] name for the glacier is {{Lang|mi|Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere}}, literally: 'The tears of Hine Hukatere'. According to oral tradition, Hine Hukatere loved climbing in the mountains and persuaded her lover Tuawe to climb with her. Tuawe was a less experienced climber than Hine Hukatere but loved to accompany her, until an [[avalanche]] swept him from the peaks to his death. Hine Hukatere was broken-hearted and her many, many tears flowed down the mountain. [[Rangi and Papa|Rangi]] the Sky Father took pity on her and froze them to form the glacier.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu |title=Whenua |url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/whenua-tk81/ |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Killick|first=David|date=30 August 2018|title=The frozen tears of New Zealand's melting glaciers|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-frozen-tears-of-new-zealands-melting-glaciers/a-44910628|access-date=2020-10-11|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-29|title=Glacier Name History|url=https://www.glaciercountry.co.nz/glacier-name-history/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Glacier Country New Zealand|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930090048/https://www.glaciercountry.co.nz/glacier-name-history/}}</ref>

The first European description of one of the West Coast glaciers (believed to be Franz Josef) was made in the log of the ship ''Mary Louisa'' in 1859.<ref name="TEARA5">{{cite encyclopedia 
|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/Landscapes/GlaciersAndGlaciation/5/en |title=Glaciers and glaciation |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=1 March 2009 |access-date=12 February 2012 |first=Eileen |last=McSaveney}}</ref> The glacier was later named after Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] by the German geologist [[Julius von Haast]] in 1865.

Following the passage of the [[Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998]], the name of the glacier was officially altered to Franz Josef Glacier / {{Lang|mi|Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere|italic=no}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/10.0/DLM431335.html | title=Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 | access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Looking down the Franz Josef Glacier from above the Melchior Glacier.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view down the glacier.]]The [[névé]] or snowfield at the head of Franz Josef Glacier is over {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=}} above sea level and {{convert|20|km2|sqmi}} in area.<ref name="TEARA2">{{cite web|title=Tasman, Franz Josef and Fox glaciers|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/Landscapes/GlaciersAndGlaciation/2/en|access-date=16 January 2008|website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] }}</ref>  This wide névé, which is over {{convert|300|m}} deep, feeds large amounts of compacted snow into a steep and narrow valley which drops quickly to very low altitudes: the glacier descends to {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=}} above sea level in just {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This combination of factors leads to Franz Josef persisting where most temperate-zone glaciers would have already melted, and allows it to share a valley with temperate rain forest.<ref name="WilsonWalking">{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Kerry-Jayne|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98762244|title=West Coast Walking: A naturalist's guide|publisher=Canterbury University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-927145-42-5|location=Christchurch|pages=269–283|language=en}}</ref>

Franz Josef Glacier currently terminates {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Tasman Sea]]. Near the end of the last [[ice age]] about 18,000 years ago it extended to the present-day coastline or even beyond. As it retreated the glacier left behind [[moraine]]s of accumulated rock and chunks of ice which created coastal hills and lakes. Lake Wombat is a [[Kettle (landform)|kettle lake]] created by ice left in a moraine 9000 years ago, while Peters Pool close to the glacier's face arose in the same fashion just 210 years ago.<ref name="WilsonWalking" />

The Waiho Loop 4&nbsp;km north of the settlement of Franz Josef is the [[terminal moraine]] of Franz Josef Glacier, deposited by the retreating glacier about 12,000–3,000 years ago.<ref name="WilsonWalking" /> An arc of rubble 80 m high, it was too rugged to be cleared for farming, and remains covered in native forest.<ref>{{cite web|last=McSaveney|first=Eileen|date=24 September 2007|title=Waiho moraine loop, Franz Josef|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/10744/waiho-moraine-loop-franz-josef|access-date=28 September 2020|publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref>

==Advance and retreat==
[[File:Franz Josef glacier.JPG|thumb|277x277px|The glacier from the valley floor in 2001]]
Franz Josef Glacier exhibits a cyclic pattern of advance and retreat, driven by differences between the volume of meltwater at the foot of the glacier and volume of snowfall feeding the névé. Over the past 14,000 years glaciers worldwide have generally retreated. Most of New Zealand's large glaciers shrank significantly towards the end of the 20th century, a consequence of [[Climate change|global warming]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnston|first=Martin|date=19 November 2007|title=Shrinking glaciers near crisis|work=[[New Zealand Herald]] |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/shrinking-glaciers-near-crisis/K2HAPEOUCOKBMU6T7JU2MAFPSU/}}</ref> However, in the Southern Alps warmer temperatures cause increased precipitation on the western face of the Main Divide, and Franz Josef glacier being short and steep is more sensitive to increased snow in the névé than other glaciers. If the increased precipitation falls as snow, the glacier will advance; if as rain, it will retreat.<ref name="WilsonWalking" /> Increased snowfall takes around 5–6 years to result in changes in the terminus location.<ref name="TEARA2" />
[[File:Upper part of the track (cropped) – the glacier in 2016.jpg|thumb|277x277px|The same viewpoint in 2016]]
Franz Josef Glacier advanced rapidly during the [[Little Ice Age]], reaching a maximum in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fagan|first=Brian M.|title=The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850|publisher=Basic Books|year=2001|location=New York|author-link=Brian Fagan}}</ref> When Haast became the first European to see the glacier it was still much longer than today, and the ice surface was 300 m higher.<ref name="WilsonWalking" /> Between its first official mapping in 1893 and a century later in 1983, Franz Josef Glacier retreated 3&nbsp;km up the valley.<ref name=":1" />

[[Image:Franz Jozef Glacier NZ fig13.gif|thumb|left|Historic variations of the terminus position of the Franz Josef Glacier and associated events.<ref name=usgs>{{Citation
  | first = Trevor.J.  | last = Chinn
  | editor-last = Williams  | editor-first = R.S.
  | editor2-last = Ferrigno  | editor2-first = J.G.
  | contribution = Glaciers of New Zealand
  | contribution-url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand2.html
  | series = U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-H
  | year = 1989  | page = 48  
  | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey
  | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/
  | title = Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA, and NEW ZEALAND
  | isbn= 0-607-71457-3 }}</ref>]]

There were several periods of advance in the 20th century – 1946 to 1951 (340 m), 1965 to 1967 (400 m), 1983 to 1999 (1420 m) and 2004 to 2008 (280 m)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Purdie|first1=Heather|last2=Anderson|first2=Brian|last3=Chinn|first3=Trevor|last4=Owens|first4=Ian|last5=MacKintosh|first5=Andrew|last6=Lawson|first6=Wendy|year=2014|title=Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, New Zealand: Historic length records|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=121|pages=41–52|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.008|bibcode=2014GPC...121...41P}}</ref> – but all were followed by periods of greater retreat.

This cyclic behaviour is well illustrated by a postage stamp issued in 1946, depicting the view from [[St James Church, Franz Josef|St James Anglican Church]]. The church was built in 1931, with a panoramic altar window to take advantage of its location. By 1954, the glacier had disappeared from view from the church, but it reappeared briefly in 1997.

Between 1983 and 2008 while most of the world's glaciers were retreating many New Zealand glaciers advanced; Franz Josef regained nearly half the ice it had lost over the previous century. This anomalous growth has been attributed not to increased rainfall but to a series of cool years caused by increased southerly air flow in the Tasman sea.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Charlie|date=2017-02-14|title=When the world's glaciers shrunk, New Zealand's grew bigger|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/89403443/when-the-worlds-glaciers-shrunk-new-zealands-grew-bigger|access-date=2020-10-12|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mackintosh|first1=Andrew N.|last2=Anderson|first2=Brian M.|last3=Lorrey|first3=Andrew M.|last4=Renwick|first4=James A.|last5=Frei|first5=Prisco|last6=Dean|first6=Sam M.|date=2017-02-14|title=Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a period of global warming|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|page=14202|doi=10.1038/ncomms14202|pmid=28195582|pmc=5316876|bibcode=2017NatCo...814202M|issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}</ref> After 2008 the glacier entered a very rapid phase of retreat, shrinking by 1.5&nbsp;km between 2008 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10818264 |title=Franz Josef Glacier's 'rapid' retreat |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |last=Mills |first=Laura |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ballance|first=Alison|date=23 February 2017|title=The unusual case of the 'growing' glaciers|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/201834024/the-unusual-case-of-the-'growing'-glaciers|access-date=11 October 2020|website=[[RNZ]] }}</ref> It is now once again 3&nbsp;km shorter than it was 100 years ago.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Yarwood|first=Vaughan|date=May–June 2014|title=The cold, hard truth|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-cold-hard-truth/|journal=New Zealand Geographic|volume=127}}</ref> Based on these patterns, Franz Josef Glacier is predicted to retreat {{convert|5|km}} and lose 38% of its mass by 2100 in a mid-range scenario of warming,<ref>{{Cite journal
  | last1 = Anderson  | first1 = Brian
  | last2 =Lawson  | first2 =Wendy
  | last3 =Owens   | first3 =Ian 
  | title = Response of Franz Josef Glacier Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere to climate change
  | journal = Global and Planetary Change
  | volume = 63  | issue = 1  | pages = 23–30
  | publisher = Elsevier  | year = 2008
  | doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.04.003
  | bibcode = 2008GPC....63...23A
 }}</ref> although it may retreat as much as {{convert|8|km||abbr=}}.<ref name=":0" />

== Floods ==
There have been some incidents of [[jökulhlaup]]s (outbreak floods from water-filled ice tunnels) at the glacier. The névés of Fox and Franz Josef glaciers has one of the world's highest precipitation levels: up to 15 m a year. In December 1965, after 280&nbsp;mm of rain in two days, the [[Waiho River]] broke out of the glacier and carried chunks of ice downriver. These were still up to 50&nbsp;cm across when they reached the Tasman Sea 20&nbsp;km downstream.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Grzelewski|first=Derek|date=Jul–Sep 1993|title=Glaciers – ice on the move|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/glaciers-ice-on-the-move/|journal=New Zealand Geographic|volume=019}}</ref> Another flood destroyed the access road bridge in 1989, followed by a further flood in April 1991.<ref name="TEARA2"/><ref name=":2" /> Torrential rain destroyed the bridge across the Waiho River in March 2019, and it took 18 days to replace it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-13|title=Waiho Bridge reopens after being rebuilt in 18 days|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/387006/waiho-bridge-reopens-after-being-rebuilt-in-18-days|access-date=2020-10-11|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref>

== Flora ==
Westland Tai Poutini National Park is one of the few places in New Zealand with a full sequence of pristine landscape from mountain peaks to the sea. The retreat of Franz Josef Glacier has allowed native forest to colonise the bare rock left behind, and how long ago the glacier retreated can be read in the stage of plant [[Ecological succession|succession]] present. Some bare rock was only exposed a decade ago, while other surfaces were exposed in 1951, 1830, 1750, and 1600.<ref name="WilsonWalking" />

==Tourism==
{{See also|Franz Josef, New Zealand}}Fox and Franz Josef glaciers are the most publicly-accessible glaciers in New Zealand, and among the most accessible in the world – until recently, there was easy walking access directly to the glacier termini. Consequently for over a century they have been a significant tourist attraction.<ref name="WilsonWalking" />
[[File:New Zealand Railway poster - Franz Josef Glacier c.1932 (10468987545).jpg|thumb|1932 New Zealand Railways tourism poster]]
The glacier is associated with the Graham family, in particular mountaineers and guides [[Alec and Peter Graham]] and [[Rose Graham (hotelier)|Rose Graham]] and historian [[Dorothy Fletcher]] (née Graham). Services in their hotel brought about the construction of St James Church.

Extract from the February 1936 issue of [[National Geographic Magazine]]:
<blockquote>But the Franz Josef Glacier and its background of mountains is worth waiting long to see on a clear day. It is one of the most remarkable glaciers in the world. Slipping down from a large snowfield at more than 8,000 feet, it terminates in subtropical bush, only 700 feet above sea level. Movement in its upper reaches is remarkably rapid, 15 or more feet a day.

Airplane flights have proved a popular method of seeing this eight-mile long river of bluish-green ice , pressing down among hills that are aflame in January with red flowering rata trees.

With [[Bert Mercer|Captain Mercer]], I flew over the glacier and looked out toward the snow fields and bold Alps, and I also went with him on the initial air-mail route in New Zealand.<ref>Source Citation
Moore, W. Robert. "New Zealand ' Down Under '." National Geographic Magazine, vol. LXIX, no. Two, Feb. 1936, pp. [165]+. National Geographic Archive 1888–1994, tinyurl.gale.com/tinyurl/EBhWJ4. Accessed 26 Mar. 2022.
Gale Document Number: GALE|BAKTLL872081589</ref></blockquote>

Today the Franz Josef glacier area is the third-most-visited tourist spot in New Zealand, and one of the main tourist attractions on the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last1=McMahon|first1=Brendan|last2=Sherman|first2=Janna|date=27 September 2017|title=Three options for future of Franz Josef|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/west-coast/three-options-future-franz-josef|access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> It had around 250,000 visitors a year in 2008,<ref name="TEARA2" /> increasing to 700,000 a year (500,000 overnight) in 2017.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Petley|first=Dave|date=2017-11-03|title=Managing the hazards in the town of Franz Josef, New Zealand|url=https://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2017/11/03/franz-josef/|access-date=2020-10-11|website=The Landslide Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> It used to be possible to walk up to the glacier, but in March 2012 the terminal face of the glacier collapsed and it is now too dangerous to approach; signs warn against crossing the safety barriers at the lookout.<ref name=":0" /> {{As of|2023|}}, the valley walk ends at a lookout about 3000&nbsp;m from the main terminal face of the glacier.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/westland-tai-poutini-national-park/things-to-do/tracks/franz-josef-glacier-ka-roimata-o-hine-hukarere-walk/ | title=Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere Walk }}</ref> Visiting the glacier now requires a helicopter flight past the unstable terminal face. Glacier walks also require some specialised equipment, namely [[ice axe]]s and [[crampons]] that latch onto a sturdy boot. These are usually provided by tour companies.[[File:Lower part of Franz Josef Glacier.jpg|thumb|Terminal face of Franz Josef Glacier viewed from lookout at end of valley walk as of 2014]]

As the walking part of any tour up to the glacier takes a long time, and ends at the first [[icefall]] (a  frozen waterfall, draping a natural step in the land underneath), many tourists book [[helicopter]] tours from one of the several local airlines, which usually drop their guests between the first and second icefalls, for a guided 1–2 hour walk through the broken ground atop the glacier. Although the glacial landscape changes almost daily, given the glacier's unusually fast flow, and some walks including passages through ice tunnels, they are still considered quite safe and only somewhat strenuous. In June 2010, an Australian tourist died of a heart attack during a guided hike of the glacier.<ref name="AUSDEATH">{{cite web|author=ABC News|date=2010-06-13|title=Man falls to death on glacier|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/13/2925754.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616050110/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/13/2925754.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2010|access-date=2010-06-14|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref name="OBESE TRAMPER">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=2010-09-17|title=Obese tramper trapped in ice crevasse dies|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10674186|access-date=2010-09-17|publisher=APN News & Media}}</ref>

An alternative option to view the glacier is via the 8-hour day hike up the {{convert|1303|m}} high Alex Knob, overlooking the Franz Josef Glacier and valley below.  The path up Alex Knob is of good tramping track standard, but strenuous due to steeply climbing about {{convert|1100|m}} in height and considered "advanced" due to the duration of the hike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alex Knob Track|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/westland-tai-poutini-national-park/things-to-do/tracks/alex-knob-track|access-date=2015-03-19|publisher=Department of Conservation NZ}}</ref>
At the entrance of the valley lies the village of [[Franz Josef, New Zealand|Franz Josef]], which has a permanent population of approximately 330 residents.  It is situated 5&nbsp;km from the glacier on {{NZlSH|6}} and has a petrol station, small but busy heliport, numerous tourist accommodation options (with up to 2,000 people staying overnight during the main season) and a number of restaurants and shops.<ref name="DOCMAIN" /><ref name="MINEN">[http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/natural-hazard-mgmt/waiho-river.html Waiho River at Franz Josef, South Westland] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091009194922/http%3A//www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/natural%2Dhazard%2Dmgmt/waiho%2Driver.html |date=2009-10-09 }} (from the [[New Zealand Ministry for the Environment]] website. Accessed 2008-05-23.)</ref> Just south of the village, a sealed road leads from the highway into the Franz Josef Glacier valley and to a car park. Several small walks start from the Valley Road and the car park, and it is also possible to comfortably cycle from Franz Josef township to the car park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/westland-tai-poutini-national-park/franz-josef-glacier/?activity=walking-tramping#findplaces|title=Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation NZ]]|access-date=2015-03-19}}</ref>[[Image:Franz josef glacier panorama.jpg|center|thumb|600px|Panoramic view from the Franz Josef Glacier]]

==See also==
*[[Agassiz Glacier (New Zealand)]]
*[[Tasman Glacier]]
*[[Fox Glacier]]
*[[Glaciers of New Zealand]]
*[[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|Glacial retreat since 1850]]
*[[Climate change in New Zealand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Franz Josef}}
* [http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/west-coast/glaciers/franz-josef-glacier/ Franz Josef area] at the [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]]
* [http://www.newzealand.com/travel/destinations/regions/west-coast/west-coast-scenic-highlights.cfm West Coast & Glaciers] at New Zealand Tourism
* [https://www.glaciercountry.co.nz/ Franz Josef Glacier Daily Access Updates & Live Webcam] at Glacier Country Tourism
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand2.html Glaciers of New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603031420/http://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand2.html |date=3 June 2008 }} at the [[United States Geological Survey]]

{{Westland Tai Poutini National Park}}
{{Westland landforms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Glaciers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Westland District]]
[[Category:Westland Tai Poutini National Park]]
[[Category:Landforms of the West Coast Region]]
[[Category:Franz Joseph I of Austria]]