View source for Frank Porter Graham

{{Short description|American educator and activist (1886–1972)}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Frank Porter Graham
| image               = Dr. Frank Porter Graham 1945.jpg
| caption             = Graham {{circa}} 1945
| jr/sr               = United States Senator
| state               = [[North Carolina]]
| appointer           = [[W. Kerr Scott]]
| term_start          = March 29, 1949
| term_end            = November 26, 1950
| preceded            = [[J. Melville Broughton|Melville Broughton]]
| succeeded           = [[Willis Smith]]
| office1             = President of the [[University of North Carolina|University of North Carolina System]]
| term_start1         = 1930
| term_end1           = 1949
| predecessor1        = [[Harry Woodburn Chase]]
| successor1          = [[Gordon Gray (politician)|Gordon Gray]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1886|10|14}}
| birth_place         = [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1972|2|16|1886|10|14}}
| death_place         = [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], U.S.
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = Marian Drane
| relatives           = [[Moonlight Graham]]<br>[[Edward Kidder Graham]]
| education           = [[University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])<br>[[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| alt                 = A black and white photograph of a white man in a suit, shot from the chest up
}}
'''Frank Porter Graham''' (October 14, 1886 – February 16, 1972) was an American educator and political activist. A professor of history, he was elected President of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in 1930, and he later became the first President of the consolidated [[University of North Carolina]] system.

Graham was an active champion of many [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]] causes including academic freedom, economic justice, civil rights, disarmament and world peace. He served on numerous advisory boards for Presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]], and in 1949 he was appointed by the North Carolina governor to fill a vacant seat in the [[United States Senate]]. His effort to win election in the following year turned into a bitter and ultimately unsuccessful struggle with conservative Democrat [[Willis Smith]].

In 1951 he was appointed as a [[United Nations]] [[mediation|mediator]] for the [[Kashmir dispute]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. He pursued that elusive goal for 16 years, and he continued his advocacy work on many other issues, until failing health forced him to retire from public life in 1967.

==Early life==
Frank Porter Graham was born in [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]] in 1886, the sixth of nine children born to Alexander and Katherine Bryan Sloan Graham.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 06:50</ref><ref name="Sitterson">Sitterson: "Graham, Frank Porter".</ref> His father was superintendent of the Charlotte school system for 25 years,<ref name="Sitterson"/> and many of his siblings and other family relations were teachers.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 07:30</ref> His older brother, [[Moonlight Graham|Archibald Wright "Moonlight" Graham]] (December 28, 1879 – August 25, 1965), was a professional baseball player with the [[New York Giants]] and later a physician (and the inspiration for a character in the 1989 film ''[[Field of Dreams]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/a054b3d6 |title=Moonlight Graham |author=Keenan, Jimmy |publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]] |website=Sabr.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907021013/https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/a054b3d6 |archive-date=September 7, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Alexander Graham Middle School in Charlotte is named for his father. It opened in 1920 on Morehead Street near the Grahams' home and is now in a newer building on Runnymede Lane.

Graham attended the original University of North Carolina (UNC, now called [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]), from which he was graduated with [[Phi Beta Kappa]] honors in 1909.<ref name="Sitterson"/> He was an active and popular student, serving as the editor of the college newspaper and the yearbook, president of the debating society, president of the campus [[YMCA]], Senior class president, and the university's head cheerleader.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 08:40</ref> He thereafter studied law and received his license in 1913. He received a graduate degree in 1916 from [[Columbia University]]. While he was studying law, Graham worked as a [[high school]] [[teacher]] in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]. He went on to serve as a [[history]] instructor at UNC beginning in 1915. He interrupted his teaching career to enlist in 1917 in the [[United States Marine Corps]] for service in [[World War I]]. Enlisted as a private, he was discharged as a [[US First Lieutenant|first lieutenant]] in 1919.<ref name="Sitterson"/><ref name="CongBio">{{Biographical Directory of Congress|G000353|Frank Porter Graham|accessdate= April 16, 2018|inline= yes}}</ref>

Graham returned to the History department at UNC and was promoted to a professorship in 1927, despite not having earned a Ph.D. He also served briefly as dean of students.<ref name="Sitterson"/>

==President of the University of North Carolina==
[[File:Frank P. Graham Alt.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Graham {{circa}} 1935]]
In June 1930, Graham was elected President of UNC, succeeding [[Harry Woodburn Chase]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 10, 1930 |title=Frank P. Graham Is Head N.C. University |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18208964/frank_porter_graham/ |newspaper=The Greenville News |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |page=1 |location=Greenville, South Carolina |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130010648/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18208964/frank_porter_graham/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> As ''The New York Times'' put it: "He was literally 'drafted' for the presidency, for he desired to teach, and yielded only to the unanimous vote of the trustees."<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff |date=November 13, 1931 |title=President Graham |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/11/13/98072141.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |page=22 }}</ref> His formal induction ceremony on November 11, 1931 drew such a large crowd that it had to be held in [[Kenan Stadium]].<ref name="NYT11121931">{{Cite news |author=Staff |date=November 12, 1931 |title=Graham Inducted at North Carolina |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/11/12/98070665.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |page=12 }}</ref> Graham used the date of [[Armistice Day]] to underscore his message that schools and universities have the responsibility of guiding young people away from war.<ref name="NYT11121931"/> His first cousin [[Edward Kidder Graham]] had been President of UNC from 1913 to 1918.

In July of the following year, he married Marian Drane of [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. Their wedding ceremony was performed by the bride's father, who was the rector of Baltimore's historic [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland)|St. Paul's Episcopal Church]] for more than 50 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 22, 1932 |title=Head of North Carolina University Takes Bride |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18210142/frank_porter_graham/ |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |location=Baltimore, Maryland |page=15 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130011831/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18210142/frank_porter_graham/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref>

Just months after his marriage, in November 1932, Graham was chosen to lead the consolidation of the [[University of North Carolina|University of North Carolina system]], which brought together the three public colleges for whites in the state: Graham's UNC at Chapel Hill, the North Carolina College for Women (now the [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]]), and State College (now [[North Carolina State University]]).<ref name="Sitterson"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 15, 1932 |title=Dr. Graham To Head Greater N.C. University |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18210448/frank_porter_graham/ |newspaper=The Atlanta Constitution |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |page=18 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |via=Newspapers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130012228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18210448/frank_porter_graham/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> He served as President of the university system for the next 17 years.<ref name="Sitterson"/> He was an approachable, friendly, and popular president, known to all as "Dr. Frank".<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/><ref name="Wicker">{{Cite news |last=Wicker |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Wicker |date=February 20, 1972 |title=In the Nation: Death of a Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/20/archives/death-of-a-man.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=E13 }}</ref>

Graham was a member of the executive committee of the [[National Association of State Universities]], and served as vice president of the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 1949 |title=University Hails Graham |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/03/27/84202201.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |page=62 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] }}</ref> He was also the first president of the Southern Council on International Relations, an organization founded in 1938 to promote [[international studies]] throughout public schools in the South.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 30, 1938 |title=Southern Council to Aid Foreign Relations Study |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/01/30/96789138.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |page=40 }}</ref>

Graham was an early advocate of reform in college athletics. In 1929, the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]] — a private organization that researches and recommends  education policy — published "American College Athletics", a report that accused many schools of using cash payments to recruit athletes, with no regard for academic performance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Savage|first=Howard J.|date=1929|title=American college athletics|url=http://www.thecoia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Carnegie-Commission-1929-excerpts-1.pdf|journal=Carnegie Foundation Reports}}</ref> Partially in response to that report, in 1935 Graham worked with his colleagues at the National Association of State Universities to develop a plan—eventually known as the "Graham Plan"—that called for the elimination of preferential treatment for college athletes, and a general de-emphasis of [[American football|football]] specifically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lib.unc.edu/uarms/index.php/2017/10/the-graham-plan-for-intercollegiate-athletics-1935/|title=The Graham Plan for Intercollegiate Athletics, 1935|website=blogs.lib.unc.edu|date=23 October 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref>  While not implemented nationally, the Graham Plan was passed by the [[Southern Conference]] (of which the University of North Carolina and North Carolina State were members) in February 1936.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30984018/graham_plan_summary/|title=Southern Conference splits over "purity" plan|last=Gregory|first=Kenneth|date=August 25, 1936|work=Arizona Republic|access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> The plan was in direct contradiction to rules implemented by the [[Southeastern Conference]] at the same time that embraced athletic scholarships, making them transparent. The financial aid provisions of the Graham Plan were repealed by the Southern Conference in December 1937, after colleges complained that they were put at a disadvantage to other schools and were forcing students to lie about financial aid they received.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30990100/graham_plan_actually_eliminated_at/|title=Graham Plan modified by Dixie League: Conference clears all regulations except few fundamental laws|last=Pattie|first=Barton|date=December 11, 1937|work=Danville Bee (Virginia)|access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> The [[University of Virginia]] left the Southern Conference due to the Graham Plan, indicating that its students could not comply with the regulations without violating its honor code.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/230810382|title=University of Virginia quits Southern Conference: Board of Visitors statement voices suspicion, distrust; declares Graham Plan enforcement remote; Cavaliers will design own eligiblity|last=Pattie|first=Barton|date=December 12, 1936|work=Newport News Daily Press|access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref>

== Early government work ==
In 1934, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] appointed Graham as chairman of his Advisory Council on Economic Security, which made proposals that led to the [[Social Security Act]] the following year.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 26:15</ref> At the same time, Graham served as vice chairman of the consumers board of the [[National Recovery Administration]].<ref name="NYT23Mar1949">{{Cite news |date=March 23, 1949 |title=Dr. Frank P. Graham Is Appointed A Senator From North Carolina |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/23/archives/dr-frank-p-graham-is-appointed-a-senator-from-north-carolina-named.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |agency=The United Press }}</ref>

He headed the Advisory Committee on Economic Conditions in the South which in 1938 drafted a report detailing the dire position of the region.<ref name="Wilson and Clark, 26:45">Wilson and Clark, 26:45</ref> Roosevelt issued the 15-chapter report, drawing public attention to what it deemed "the nation's number one economic problem".<ref name=Glisson115>Glisson, p. 115.</ref> Immediately afterward, Graham helped establish the [[Southern Conference for Human Welfare]] (SCHW), an advocacy group that organized poverty relief efforts and promoted [[New Deal]] policies.<ref name="Wilson and Clark, 26:45"/> Its first meeting was held in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] in November 1938, drawing together [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]] from all across the South in "the most significant attempt by Southerners, up to that time, to introduce a far-reaching agenda of change".<ref name=Glisson115/>

During [[World War II]], Graham served as a member of the [[National War Labor Board (1942–1945)|National War Labor Board from 1942 to 1945]].<ref name="NYT23Mar1949"/> More than any other member, he pressed the Board to address the concerns of [[African Americans]] seeking fair wages and equal treatment in the workplace.<ref>Arnesen, p. 987.</ref>

After Roosevelt's death, new President [[Harry S. Truman]] continued to utilize Graham, and appointed him to the [[President's Committee on Civil Rights]] in 1946. But in the following year, Graham was mentioned in hearings held by the [[House Committee Investigating Un-American Activities]] for his involvement with the SCHW, which was alleged to be a [[Communist]] front organization.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 34:10</ref> Graham denied any Communist affiliation, but was tarnished by accusations of "pinkish" sympathies for years.<ref>Wilson and Clark, 37:10</ref>

During this time, Graham became involved with [[United Nations]] diplomatic work. In October 1947, President Truman appointed him to the UN commission arbitrating peace in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], a thorny affair that seemed to hold little chance for mediation.<ref name="NYT2Oct1947">{{Cite news |date=October 2, 1947 |title=Committee on Indonesia |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/10/02/87819702.html |newspaper=The New York Times |page=26 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] }}</ref> Still, the appointment of Graham, together with foreign counterparts of equal gravitas, displayed a clear determination for the peace talks to succeed, a situation recognized in ''The New York Times'' which praised "the high character of the Committee".<ref name="NYT2Oct1947"/> Graham helped open direct negotiations between Indonesian and Dutch representatives at [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] aboard [[USS Renville (APA-227)|USS ''Renville'']] in December 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 8, 1947 |title=Java Negotiations Open Amicably |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/12/09/104389111.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=AP |page=21 }}</ref> After his return, he was named adviser to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] on Indonesian affairs.<ref name="NYT23Mar1949"/>

==United States Senator==
North Carolina's state agriculture commissioner [[W. Kerr Scott]] was elected [[Governor of North Carolina|Governor]] in November 1948. Like Graham, Scott was a pro-Truman Democrat who had supported the [[New Deal]]. Two months after Scott's inauguration in January 1949, incumbent [[U.S. Senator]] [[J. Melville Broughton]] died in office. Broughton's death left Scott with the responsibility of choosing a replacement. After three weeks of intense speculation throughout March as to whom the governor might choose, attention focused on individuals ranging from the senator's widow, who expressed no interest; Scott's former campaign manager, [[Capus Miller Waynick]]; another Scott supporter, Major Lennox Polk McLendon, a lawyer from [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]; former Senator Umstead; and the governor himself. Scott appointed Graham, which surprised many political observers.<ref name="Wilson and Clark">Wilson and Clark</ref>

At the time of his appointment, Graham had never sought nor served in any political office, an unusual phenomenon at the time for North Carolina senators.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/> Also atypical was that the particular Senate seat Graham occupied was in a period of considerable turnover. Beginning with the death of Senator [[Josiah W. Bailey]] in 1946, and concluding with the election of [[B. Everett Jordan]] in 1958, no fewer than eight men served in the seat in a dozen years.

==1950 Democratic primary==
[[File:Campaign flyer for Willis Smith for Senate in the 1950 US Senate race in North Carolina.jpg|thumb|A flyer by the "Know the Truth Committee" supporting [[Willis Smith]] against Graham]]
Graham faced two opponents in the [[1950 United States Senate special election in North Carolina#Campaign|1950 Democratic primary]], including former Senator [[Robert R. Reynolds]] and former [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[North Carolina House of Representatives]] [[Willis Smith]]. Reynolds was eliminated with only 10% of the vote, while Smith and Graham received 41% and 49% respectively. Graham was one percentage point below the threshold of receiving the nomination outright, and Smith could have chosen to engage Graham in a runoff. Smith initially declined, but when activists rallied outside his house in a show of support, Smith changed his mind.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/>

In the runoff, Smith ran as an anti-Truman Democrat. According to his staffers, Smith never said anything outright [[racism|racist]], but some of his supporters released unofficial pamphlets stirring up fears of an integrated society.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/> Fueled by their intense dislike for the progressive Graham, conservatives turned the Smith campaign into an openly racist crusade.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1950 Senate campaign|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-postwar/6103|website=Learn NC|publisher=UNC-Chapel Hill School of Education|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205074741/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-postwar/6103|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the time of the election, few [[African Americans|African-Americans]] were voting in North Carolina because of [[Jim Crow]] laws designed to disenfranchise them. Those blacks who were registered were mostly [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] who cast ballots only in routine [[general election]]s. Graham was hence unable to appeal to many black voters, and he did not call for immediate integration, either.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/> Graham was not a natural campaigner and hesitated even to ask voters for their vote.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/> His political views were different from most North Carolinians'.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/>

In the virtually all-white Democratic primaries, the tactics of Smith's campaign supporters (among whom was future Republican Senator [[Jesse Helms]]) worked along with these other factors,<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/> and Smith prevailed by a narrow 52%-48%.

==Post-Senate==

After his short Senate stint, Graham re-entered the field of [[global diplomacy]]. He returned to the [[United Nations]] as a mediator for [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in the [[Kashmir dispute]], serving in this capacity from 1951 through 1967.<ref name="NYTobit">{{Cite news |author=Staff |date=February 17, 1972 |title=Dr. Frank Graham Dies at 85; Civil Rights Leader in the South |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/17/archives/dr-frank-graham-dies-at-85-civil-rights-leader-in-the-south-headed.html |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref> He retired from U.N. service in 1967 at the age of 81 and returned to Chapel Hill, after his wife died.<ref name="Wilson and Clark"/>

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:FPG grave 1.jpg|thumb|Grave of Frank Porter Graham and Marian Drane Graham at the [[Old Chapel Hill Cemetery]]]]
Graham died in Chapel Hill at the age of 85. He is interred at the [[Old Chapel Hill Cemetery]].<ref name="CongBio"/>

[[File:2008-07-21 Frank Porter Graham Student Union.jpg|thumb|left|Frank Porter Graham Student Union at [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]]]]

UNC-Chapel Hill's [[student activity center|student union]] is named in Graham's honor. The spacious, multilevel building houses various student services as well as an art gallery, eatery, film auditorium, radio station [[WXYC]], and recreational facilities including twelve bowling lanes in the basement.<ref>Schumann, p. 72.</ref> The UNC-Chapel Hill Graduate School established a Frank Porter Graham Honor Society in 1993 to honor students and faculty who provide "outstanding service" to the university.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gradschool.unc.edu/studentlife/fpghs/ |title=Frank Porter Graham Graduate and Professional Student Honor Society |date=2019 |website=Gradschool.UNC.edu |access-date=14 July 2019 }}</ref>

The Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, founded in 1966, is among the nation's oldest and largest centers of public policy research regarding children and families.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fpg.unc.edu/about-fpg |title=About FPG |date=2019 |publisher=University of North Carolina |website=FPG.unc.edu |access-date=March 5, 2019 }}</ref> The Frank Porter Graham Elementary School in Chapel Hill and the Frank Porter Graham Building on the campus of the [[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] also honor the former senator.

Since 1968, the North Carolina chapter of the [[ACLU]] has acknowledged people who work towards the promotion of civil liberties in the state with the Frank Porter Graham Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acluofnorthcarolina.org/en/news/2016-frank-porter-graham-award-recipient-bob-hall |title=2016 Frank Porter Graham Award recipient: Bob Hall |date=February 18, 2016 |website=ACLUofNorthCarolina.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220223759/https://www.acluofnorthcarolina.org/en/news/2016-frank-porter-graham-award-recipient-bob-hall |archive-date=February 20, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Graham's life story was the subject of a 1994 documentary, ''Dr. Frank: The Life and Times of Frank Porter Graham'', narrated by [[Charles Kuralt]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2, 1994 |title=UNC-TV documentary recalls life of Frank Porter Graham |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18669098/frank_porter_graham/ |newspaper=Asheville Citizen-Times |location=Asheville, North Carolina |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=September 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130012557/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18669098/frank_porter_graham/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |url-status=live  }} {{Open access}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Arnesen |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Arnesen |year=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWsZ81Bd3YC&pg=PA987 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415968263 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Glisson |first=Susan M. |year=2006 |title=The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780742544093 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Schumann |first=Margeurite E. |year=2012 |title=The First State University: A Walking Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq8TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |publisher=UNC Press |isbn=978-0807837016 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sitterson |first=J. Carlyle |title=Dictionary of North Carolina Biography |editor-last=Powell |editor-first=William S. |year=1996 |orig-year=1979 |url=http://www.ncpedia.org/biography/graham-frank-porter |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |at=Graham, Frank Porter }}
* {{Cite video |people=Wilson, John; Clark, Martin (producers)|year=1994 |title=Dr. Frank: The Life and Times of Frank Porter Graham |url=https://vimeo.com/11191367 <!--Official account of director John Wilson -->|publisher=[[UNC-TV]] |location=Chapel Hill }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ashby |first=Warren |year=1980 |title=Frank Porter Graham, a Southern Liberal |location=Winston-Salem, North Carolina |publisher=J. F. Blair }}
* {{cite book | last = Pleasants | first = Julian M. |author2=Augustus M. Burns III | title = Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | year = 1990 | location = Chapel Hill, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-8078-1933-3 }}
* Finley, Keith M. ''Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-1965'' (Baton Rouge, LSU Press, 2008).

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/40006/ Office of President of the University of North Carolina: Frank Porter Graham Records, 1930–1932], in the University Archives, [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC-Chapel Hill]]
* [http://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/40007/ Office of President of the University of North Carolina (System): Frank Porter Graham Records, 1932–1949], in the University Archives, UNC-Chapel Hill
* [http://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/01819/ Frank Porter Graham Papers, 1908–1972], in the [[Southern Historical Collection]], UNC-Chapel Hill

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box
|state     = North Carolina
|before    = [[J. Melville Broughton]]
|years     = 1949–1950
|class     = 2
|after     = [[Willis Smith]]
|alongside = [[Clyde Roark Hoey]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSenNC}}
{{University of North Carolina leaders}}
{{University of North Carolina system presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

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