View source for Fouga CM.170 Magister

{{Short description|French jet trainer aircraft}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = CM.170 Magister
| image = File:Belgium Fouga Magister.jpg
| caption = A Magister of the [[Belgian Air Force]]
| type = [[Jet trainer]]
| national_origin = France
| manufacturer = [[Fouga]], merged with <br>
[[Potez]], merged with <br>
[[Sud-Aviation]], merged with <br>
[[Aérospatiale]]
| designer = 
| first_flight = 23 July 1952
| introduction = 1956
| retired = 
| primary_user = [[French Air Force]]
| more_users = [[Israeli Air Force]] <br />[[German Air Force]] <br />[[Finnish Air Force]]
| number_built = 868 total <br /> Air Fouga: 576<br /> Heinkel-Messerschmitt: 194<br />IAI: 36 <br />Valmet: 62
| status = Retired; continues as civilian-owned [[warbird]]s
| variants = [[Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr]]
}}

The '''Fouga CM.170 Magister''' is a 1950s French two-seat [[jet trainer]] aircraft that was developed and manufactured by French aircraft manufacturer [[Fouga|''Établissements Fouga & Cie'']]. Easily recognizable by its [[V-tail]], almost 1,000 have been built in France and under license in West Germany, Israel, and Finland.

In 1948, development commenced at Fouga on a new primary trainer aircraft design that harnessed newly developed [[jet propulsion]] technology. The initial design was evaluated by the [[French Air Force]] (''Armée de l'Air'', AdA) and, in response to its determination that the aircraft lacked sufficient power for its requirements, was enlarged and adopted a pair of [[Turbomeca Marboré]] [[turbojet]] engines. First flying on 23 July 1952, the first production order for the type was received on 13 January 1954. In addition, the related [[Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr|CM.175 Zéphyr]] was a carrier-capable version developed and produced for the [[French Navy]].

While primarily operated as a trainer aircraft, the Magister was also frequently used in combat as a [[close air support]] platform by various operators. In the latter capacity, it saw action during the [[Six-Day War]], the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], the [[Western Sahara War]], and the [[Congo Crisis]]. The Magister was also chosen by many [[aerobatics]] display teams, including the [[Patrouille de France]] (from 1964 to 1980). In French service, the Magister was eventually replaced by the [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet]]. After its retirement by the French Air Force, Magisters were purchased by several private-owner pilots in the US and have since been operated in the experimental category.

==Development==
[[File:Fouga CM.170M Magister No.01Aeronavale LeB 29.05.57 edited-2.jpg|thumb|The first CM.170M development aircraft for the ''Aéronavale'' at the [[Paris Air Show]] in May 1957]]
[[File:Fouga CM170 N385F BFI 16.09.98R edited-3.jpg|thumb|Ex-French Air Force CM170R privately operated from [[Boeing Field]], Seattle in 1998]]
During 1948, aircraft designers Pierre Mauboussin, Robert Castello, and Jacques Henrat at French aircraft manufacturer [[Fouga]] embarked upon the design of a new [[jet propulsion|jet-propelled]] primary [[trainer aircraft]], initially designated as the CM.130, intended for the [[French Air Force]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Castello |first=Christian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599460 |title=Planeurs et avions : itinéraire aéronautique d'un Toulousain, Robert Castello, de 1922 à 1967, de Dewoitine à Sud aviation, en passant par les Ets Fouga |publisher=Editions Le Lézard |year=1993 |isbn=2-907384-91-0 |location=[Lexos, France] |pages=121 |language=fr |oclc=35599460}}</ref> (''Armée de l'Air'', AdA) as a replacement for piston-engined [[Morane-Saulnier MS.475]] aircraft. The AdA reviewed the project and found that the aircraft lacked power from the two [[Turbomeca Palas]] [[turbojet]] engines selected for the aircraft; in response, Fouga proceeded to enlarge the basic design, which was equipped with the more powerful [[Turbomeca Marboré]] engine and retaining the distinctive [[V-tail|butterfly tail]] of the [[Fouga CM.8]] glider, which had been used by Fouga for jet engine research.

During December 1950, the AdA placed an order for three prototypes; on 23 July 1952, the first aircraft conducted its [[maiden flight]]. During June 1953, a pre-production batch of 10 aircraft were ordered, which was followed by an initial production order for 95 aircraft on 13 January 1954.<ref name="Janes 65 p52-3"/> By October 1955, all 13 pre-production Magisters had been completed, while the first flight of the first production aircraft was imminent. Also scheduled to fly early in 1956 was the CM.171, which functioned as a test aircraft for the envisioned CM.195 swept-wing, butterfly-tailed trainer.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201472.html "Aircraft Intelligence."] ''Flight International'', 7 October 1955. p. 582.</ref>

The production of the Magister parts were split between [[Morane-Saulnier]] ([[Ossun]]), Fouga ([[Aire-sur-l'Adour]]) and [[Latécoère]] ([[Toulouse]]) with a final assembly by Fouga in a newly built plant at [[Toulouse-Blagnac]] (in 1954 and 1956) within a newly built complex.<ref>[http://pletav.free.fr/avionsplan/fouga_cm_170.htm "Fouga CM 170."] Pletav.free.fr. Retrieved: 18 November 2012.</ref> According to aviation publication [[Flight International]], any export orders that were received were typically given priority over the existing orders which had been issued by the French government; this policy allowed for overseas countries to procure aircraft directly "off the line" with minimal delay between receipt of orders and the corresponding deliveries.<ref name="fli 403" />

The [[Aéronavale]] (French naval air arm) decided to adopt a carrier-capable derivative of the Magister, the [[Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr|CM.175 Zéphyr]], which served as a basic trainer for deck-landing training and carrier operations. These were preceded by two "proof of concept" prototypes, designated the ''CM.170M Magister'', which performed their first flights in 1956 and 1957 respectively.

By 1960, in excess of 350 Magisters had entered in service with various operators; according to Flight International, production within France had attained a completion rate of five aircraft per month, while the projected total of French-built Magisters was reportedly expected to eventually top 600 units. The type was also being produced overseas under [[licensed production]] arrangements in [[West Germany]], [[Finland]] and [[Israel]].<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%201009.html "Military Aircraft of the World."] ''Flight International'', 8 July 1960. p. 69.</ref> The first export customer for the Magister was West Germany, who placed an initial order for 62 aircraft directly from Fouga; a further 188 aircraft were produced by ''[[Flugzeug Union Süd]]'' (a consortium of [[Heinkel]] and [[Messerschmitt]])<ref name="Jane's 61 p81">{{Harvnb|Taylor|1961|p=81}}</ref> under license.<ref name="Janes 65 p52-3"/> In addition, the Magister was also constructed under license by Finnish company [[Valmet]] and by Israeli firm [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] (IAI). As a result of these arrangements, a combined total of 286 aircraft were completed under license.

From 1960, an improved version of the Magister, designated the ''CM.170-2 Magister'', was produced, which was powered by a more powerful [[Turbomeca Marboré|Turbomeca Marboré IV]] engine. During 1962, production of the Magister was terminated in France but continued to be constructed [[licensed production|under licence]] in [[Finland]] up to 1967. The development of the aircraft had been brought to an end in response to the AdA selecting the rival [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]] as its new jet trainer instead.

==Design==
The Fouga CM.170 Magister was developed to perform both basic and intermediate training activities.<ref name="fli 401">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|p=401}}</ref> It is a compact, [[tandem]] seat aircraft with performance akin to larger, more powerful aircraft. Comparatively, it was a higher performance aircraft than the rival British-built [[BAC Jet Provost]], and was considered by the Aviation magazine ''Flight International'' to be comparable to [[Fokker S.14 Machtrainer]].<ref name="fli 401 402">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=401–402}}</ref> It featured a distinctive butterfly tail configuration; a conventional tail was tried but found to be aerodynamically inferior at higher speeds. A keel fitted under the rear fuselage functions to reduce the negative [[Dihedral (aeronautics)|dihedral]] effect of the butterfly tail during [[rudder]] applications.<ref name = "fli 401 402 404">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=401–402, 404}}</ref>

The Magister was powered by a pair of Turbomeca Marboré [[turbojet]] engines, which provided 880&nbsp;lb of thrust each; it was promoted as offering "twin-engine safety with single-engined flying characteristics". The two engines, which were placed close to the centre line, produced very little [[Critical engine|asymmetric thrust]] as a consequence; this was viewed as a valuable safety feature for a trainer aircraft.<ref name="fli 402 404">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=402, 404}}</ref> While viewed as an uncommon instance, in the event of a single-engine flameout the relighting procedure was relatively quick and easy to perform. The rate of acceleration and rate of climb were less than contemporary frontline jet fighters, such as the [[de Havilland Vampire]] and [[Gloster Meteor]], but was in excess of many of the previous generation of piston-engined trainer aircraft.<ref name="fli 404" /> The engines shared a common fuel system, but had independent oil systems; for extended range, tip tanks were provided as standard equipment.<ref name="fli 405 406">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=405–406}}</ref>

The design of the Magister paid close attention to simplicity of operation; as such, a minimum number of procedures were necessary prior to take-off.<ref name="fli 403 404">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=403–404}}</ref> Accessibility to both the engines and onboard equipment for servicing was above average; it was possible for both of the type's Marboré engines to be swapped out within 45 minutes. Provision was made for the installation of a pair of 7.5&nbsp;mm guns upon the aircraft's nose, which included a 200-round ammunition box for each gun and the ability to collect both links and cases. Underwing [[hard point]]s could be used to hold up to four [[rocket]]s or a pair of 110&nbsp;lb [[bomb]]s.<ref name="fli 403">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|p=403}}</ref> A landing light was installed in the tip of the nose while a retractable taxiing light was installed upon the [[Messier-Dowty|Messier]]-built nosewheel.<ref name="fli 403" /> The [[landing gear]] was satisfactory for operations from austere grass airstrips.<ref name="fli 406">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|p=406}}</ref>

The Magister was typically outfitted with avionics such as [[very high frequency]] (VHF) [[radio]] systems, [[Radio direction finder|Lear radio compass]], and intercom; all cockpit electronics conformed to [[NATO]] accessibility standards.<ref name="fli 401 403">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=401–403}}</ref> It was not provided with [[ejector seat]]s in standard, but the fitting of various units was considered to be available upon request. The assorted levers, switches and dials that comprised the cockpit displays were typically easily observable, while ample room was provided for pilot comfort and space to accommodate a [[parachute]].<ref name="fli 402 403" /> The standard blind panel is ahead of each pilot, and engine instruments are set to the left, while underneath these are the flap indicator, flap switch and emergency selectors, along with the two throttles and fuel cocks; the right forward bench carries the radio panel, and to the extreme right of that are the armament controls. The cockpit was [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]] as well as being provisioned with a fresh air system.<ref name="fli 403 404" />

The pedals were adjustable and had fairly permissible limits, while the cockpit itself was relatively easy to access, the canopy opening upwards and rearwards while using only a single step due to its low height.<ref name="fli 402 403">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|pp=402–403}}</ref> In order to account for the poor forward visibility available to the rear seat, usually occupied by the instructor, the front screen was bulged and a binocular [[periscope]] was fitted, providing a relatively clear perspective over a relatively wide angle over the top of the front cockpit. The forward cockpit, normally used by the student, provided for excellent external visibility.<ref name="fli 403 404" /> According to ''Flight International'', the Magister was able to perform various aerobatic manoeuvers "effortlessly", the flight controls were light and relatively well harmonized, and the stick has a firm sense of feel.<ref name="fli 404">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|p=404}}</ref> It had a high level of lateral stability in flight, as well as being fairly directionally stable as well, allowing the aircraft to, when properly [[trim tab|trimmed]], be flown hands-off for indefinite periods.<ref name = "fli 405">{{Harvnb|Smith|1954|p=405}}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Fouga CM-170 Magister.jpg|thumb|Fouga CM-170 Magister at [[Paris Air Show]] 2007]]

===Israel===
The first Fouga arrived in Israel in 1957 and shortly later local license-manufacturing was started by IAI, with the aircraft named the IAI Tzukit. The first Tzukit was completed in 1959 and entered service in 1960.

The Fougas served with the IAF's flight school, where they were used for both basic and advanced jet training. The aircraft also formed the [[IAF Aerobatic Team]]. In 1974, the Magisters were replaced by [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4 Skyhawks]] in the advanced jet training role, keeping their basic training role alone. By the beginning of the 1980s, a plan was devised to upgrade and refurbish the aircraft, extending their service life. The refurbished aircraft featured over 250 modifications, including new engines and a newly designed cockpit. By 1986, the majority of the Fougas had been upgraded to Tzukit standard. They all have now been replaced by the [[Beechcraft T-6 Texan II]].

In 1964, the flight school organized a fighting squadron, staffed by school instructors and IAF reservists, to use the Magister as light attack aircraft in case of hostilities. In the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], 44 Fougas were used by [[147 Squadron (Israel)|147 Squadron]] as a close support aircraft, attacking targets on the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] front during the first day of the war, when Israel's more capable combat aircraft were deployed on [[Operation Focus]] against Arab air bases.<ref name="AE p44">{{Harvnb|Aloni|2001|p=44}}</ref> They were then deployed against [[Jordan]]ian forces, including armour, on the [[West Bank]]. Fougas reportedly destroyed over 50 tanks and over 70 other armoured vehicles, helping in holding back Jordanian armour which had been advancing towards Jerusalem. The Magister proved effective in the close support mission, albeit sustaining heavy casualties in the process, with seven aircraft and six pilots recorded as having been lost.<ref name="AE p49-1, 54-5">{{Harvnb|Aloni|2001|pp=49–51, 54–55}}</ref>

===El Salvador===
Nine former Israeli and three French Magisters were acquired by the [[Salvadoran Air Force]] and used as both trainers and ground attack aircraft in the [[Salvadoran Civil War]] using bombs and nose-mounted 7.62mm machine guns. They cooperated with [[Dassault Ouragan|Ouragans]] and [[Cessna A-37 Dragonfly|A-37Bs]]. None is recorded as being lost to enemy fire, but only five were in operational condition by the end of the war.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=El Salvador: 1980–1992|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89&Itemid=47|publisher=ACIG.org|access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>

===Finland===
[[File:Fouga_CM-170_Magister_at_Kuorevesi,_March_1987_(34072944766).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Finnish Air Force]] Fouga CM-170 Magister in March, 1987.]]
In 1958–1959, Finland purchased 18 Magisters from France. At the same time it also obtained a manufacturing license. The Finnish aircraft manufacturer [[Valmet]] later built 62 Magisters between 1958 and 1967. Finland assigned a secondary attack role in the event of war, as the number of attack planes was limited by peace agreement with the [[Soviet Union]].

The French built aircraft carried the designations FM-1...-18 and the Finnish built FM-21...-82. The aircraft served as a jet trainer in the [[Finnish Air Force]] between 1958 and 1988 until superseded by [[BAe Hawk]]s. A total of 21 Magisters were destroyed in accidents, six with fatal outcome. The usual Finnish Air Force nickname for the aircraft was ''Kukkopilli'' ([[Ocarina]]) because of the unique sound of the Turbomeca Marboré turbojet.

===Belgium===
The [[Belgian Air Force]] operated 50 Magisters as primary trainers. The [[aerobatic]] team The Red Devils also used them as display aircraft. A small number of Magisters remained in use until September 2007, as flight maintenance aircraft for senior officers. The Belgian Air Force was the last country that used Magisters for full duty.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

===Brazil===
[[File:Fouga CM170R T-24 1721 FAB SDU 08.05.72 edited-3.jpg|thumb|Four Magisters of the FAB's [[Smoke Squadron|Esquadrilha da Fumaça]] at [[Santos Dumont Airport]], Rio de Janeiro in 1972.]]
The [[Brazilian Air Force|Força Aérea Brasileira]] (FAB) used the Magister in their aerobatic display team, the [[Smoke Squadron|Esquadrilha da Fumaça]], from 1968 until 1975. Its aircraft were numbered '''T-24''' in the trainer series of FAB type designations.

===Katanga===
During the [[Congo Crisis]], the pro-secessionist [[State of Katanga|Katangese]] Air Force purchased nine newly built Magisters, set aside from a Belgian order. Only three were delivered to Katanga, in February 1961. One of these was used against [[ONUC|United Nations peacekeepers]] in the September 1961 [[Siege of Jadotville]], flown by a Belgian pilot and armed with two machine guns and two locally made light bombs. It destroyed two [[Douglas DC-4|DC-4s]] and a [[Douglas DC-3|DC-3]] on the ground and made numerous attacks on ground targets. It is alleged that a Magister may have been involved in the [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash#Alternative theories|crash]] of a [[Douglas DC-6B|DC-6]] that was carrying [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], the UN Secretary General and 15 others to [[Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport (old)|Ndola Airport]] in [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld: evidence suggests UN chief's plane was shot down |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash|date=17 August 2011 |access-date=2014-08-02 |first=Julian |last=Borger}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld's plane may have been shot down, ambassador warned |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/04/dag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=2014-08-02 |first=Julian |last=Borger}}</ref>

The aircraft was not used again after 1961.

===Morocco===
The [[Moroccan Air Force]] purchased 25 Magisters from France between 1956 and 1970 for training, some of which were employed in the [[Western Sahara War]] against [[Polisario]] forces. The loss of several in action led to the Magister's retirement from combat duties in the 1980s replaced by Alpha Jets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cooper |first=Tom |title=Morocco, Mauritania & West Sahara since 1972 |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228&Itemid=1 |publisher=ACIG.org |access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

===Ireland===
The [[Irish Air Corps]] operated six Magisters from 1975 to 1999. They were bought to replace the six aging De Havilland Vampire T.55s of No.1 Fighter Squadron. Four of the Magisters were secondhand from the [[Austrian Air Force]] and the two remaining aircraft were originally intended for the [[Katangese]] Air Force, but were seized while being shipped during the [[Congo Crisis]] and never made it to Katanga. All aircraft were refurbished to "as-new" condition before entering Air Corps service. The six aircraft were primarily used for Light Strike and made up the Light Strike Squadron, but would also be used in the advanced training role. Four of the Magisters equipped the Air Corps display team, the [[Silver Swallows]].

===Cambodia===
Cambodia's [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]] operated four Magisters from 1961. They were used initially only for training purposes, but were later also used as light strike aircraft. Allegedly, Cambodian Magisters were very active in the [[Khmer Air Force]] from 1970. The Magisters were combined with four Cessna AT-37Bs of the Air Academy forming a Light Attack Squadron. This unit was active at the time, frequently cooperating also with the three or four [[Douglas A-1 Skyraider|A-1D]]s that were still operational.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=233&Itemid=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-01-20 |archive-date=2017-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211102157/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=233&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:Fouga magister 01.jpg|thumb|Fouga Magister of the German Air Force]]
[[File:Fouga Zephir.jpg|thumb|Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr]]
;CM.160: A proposed lightweight version of the CM.170R for operation from grass or makeshift runways.<ref name=JAWA5556>{{Harvnb|Bridgman|1955|pp=142–143}}</ref>
;CM.170 Magister: three prototypes and 10 pre-production aircraft.
;CM.170M Magister: two prototypes for the French ''[[French Naval Aviation|Aéronavale]]''
;CM.170R:Initial production version of the Magister.<ref name=JAWA5556 />
;CM.170-1 Magister: first production version with Turbomeca Marboré II engines; 761 were built including 188 in West Germany, 62 in Finland and 50 in Israel.
;CM.170-2 Magister: uprated Marboré VI engines with 4.7 [[Newton (unit)|kN]] (1,055&nbsp;lbf) thrust each; 137 built.
;CM.171 Makalu: enlarged airframe, [[Turbomeca Gabizo]] engines with 10.8&nbsp;kN (2,422&nbsp;lbf) thrust each, the only prototype lost in an accident on 20 March 1957
;CM.173 Super Magister/ Potez 94: ''Marboré'' Super VI engines with 5.1&nbsp;kN (1,143&nbsp;lbf) thrust each and ejection seats; one prototype built.
;[[Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr|CM.175 Zéphyr]]: A shipboard trainer for the ''Aéronavale'', with strengthened undercarriage, catapult attachments and arrestor hook; 30 built.
;Potez CM.191: 4-seat version of the Magister; two prototypes built.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Paris Air Show: Potez-Heinkel CM-191 |magazine=[[Flying (magazine)|Flying]] |page=49 |volume=69 |issue=2}}</ref>
;IAI Tzukit: or '''AMIT Fouga''' – [[Israeli Air Force]] version, updated with new cockpit, composite materials
;Fouga 90/90A: Development based on the CM.170 with [[Turbomeca Astafan]] engines with 7.6&nbsp;kN (1,715&nbsp;lbf) thrust each, reshaped canopy for better visibility, and upgraded avionics. One prototype built. Proposed version 90A was equipped with a 790 kp Turbomeca Astafan engine; both versions failed to attract orders.
;T-24: [[Brazilian Air Force]] designation of the CM.170-2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Military Aircraft Designations |url=https://designation-systems.net/non-us/brazil.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=designation-systems.net}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{ALG}}
* [[Algerian Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Rawlings|1971|p=923}}</ref>
;{{flag|Austria}}
* [[Austrian Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Rawlings|1971|p=924}}</ref> 
;{{BAN}}
* [[Bangladeshi Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=41}}</ref>  
;{{BEL}}
* [[Belgian Air Component]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Wheeler|1975|p=292}}</ref> 
;{{BRA}}
* [[Brazilian Air Force]]<ref>Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London:Sampson Low & Marston Company, 1965.</ref>
;{{CAM}}
* [[Khmer Air Force|Royal Khmer Aviation]] (AVRK)
;{{CMR}}
* [[Cameroon Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=45}}</ref>  
;{{SLV}}
* [[Air Force of El Salvador]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=51}}</ref>  
;{{FIN}}
* [[Finnish Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 1971 pg. 927">{{Harvnb|Rawlings|1971|p=927}}</ref> 
;{{FRA}}
* [[French Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 1987 pg. 56">{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=56}}</ref> 
* [[French Navy]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 1987 pg. 56"/>
;{{GAB}}
* [[Armed Forces of Gabon#Organizational Structure#National Gendarmerie|Presidential Guard]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 1987 pg. 56"/> 
;{{GER}}
* [[German Air Force]] 
;{{GUA}}
*[[Guatemalan Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=59}}</ref><ref name='Corum'>[http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2004/3trimes04/corumeng.htm Guatemala's Protracted War—The Role of the Guatemalan Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210084750/http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2004/3trimes04/corumeng.htm |date=2017-02-10 }}. Dr. James S. Corum, ''Air & Space Power Journal''.</ref>
;{{IRL}}
* [[Irish Air Corps]]<ref name="World Air Forces 1987 pg. 65">{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=65}}</ref>
;{{ISR}}
* [[Israeli Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 1987 pg. 65"/>
;{{flag|Katanga}}
* [[Katangese Air Force]]<ref name="THE MAGISTER MYSTERY ">{{cite magazine|title=The Magister Mystery |magazine=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=20 April 1961 |page=521 |volume=79 |issue= 2719|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200513.html}}</ref>
;{{flag|Lebanon}}
* [[Lebanese Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68">{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=68}}</ref>
;{{LBA}}
* [[Libyan Air Force (1951–2011)|Libyan Arab Air Force]]<ref name=" World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68"/>
;{{MAR}}
* [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Rawlings|1971|p=933}}</ref> 
;{{flag|Rwanda}}
* [[Rwandan Air Force]]<ref>http://www.kiwiaircraftimages.com/fouga.html</ref>
;{{SEN}}
* [[Senegalese Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=81}}</ref>  
;{{UGA}}
* [[Ugandan Air Force]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Rawlings|1971|p=939}}</ref>

==Specifications (CM.170-1)==
[[File:Aérospatiale CM.170 Magister 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|Fouga Magister 3-view drawing]]
[[File:Turbomeca Marboré II F 3 K-SIM 01.jpg|thumb|Turbomeca Marboré II F 3]]
[[File:MAC 52 7.5 mm machine guns K-SIM 01.jpg|thumb]]

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66<ref name="Janes 65 p52-3">{{Harvnb|Taylor|1965|pp=52–53}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|capacity=
|length m=10.06
|span m=12.15
|span note=(over tip tanks)
|height m=2.80
|height ft=
|height in=
|wing area sqm=17.30
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=7.42:1
|airfoil=NACA 64 Series
|empty weight kg=2150
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=2850
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=(without tip tanks)
|max takeoff weight kg=3200
|fuel capacity={{convert|730|L|USgal impgal|abbr=on}} internal fuel; {{convert|980|L|USgal impgal|abbr=on}} with tip tanks
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Turbomeca Marboré]] IIA
|eng1 type=[[turbojet]]s
|eng1 kn=<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|eng1 lbf=880<!-- jet/rocket engines -->
|power original=
|thrust original=

<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=715
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=at {{convert|30000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|never exceed speed kmh=860
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=(Mach 0.82)
|range km=1200
|range miles=
|range note=(with external tanks)
|endurance=2 hr 40 min (with external tanks)
|ceiling m=11000
|ceiling ft=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=3345
|climb rate note=(without tip tanks)
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|more performance=*'''Takeoff distance to 15 m (50 ft):''' {{convert|930|m|ft|abbr=on}}
<!--
        Armament
-->
|armament=* 2× 7.5 mm or 7.62 mm machine guns, 200 rounds/gun
* Up to 140 kg (310 lb) of weapons on two underwing hardpoints, including 50 kg (110 lb) bombs, unguided rockets (T 10, T 900 or [[SNEB]] rockets pod), and [[Nord Aviation]] [[SS.11]] anti-tank missiles.
|guns= 
|bombs= 
|rockets= 
|missiles= 
|hardpoints=
|hardpoint capacity=
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent|
|related=
* [[Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Aero L-29 Delfín]]
* [[BAC Jet Provost]]
* [[Cessna T-37 Tweet]]
* [[Fiat G.80]]
* [[Fokker S.14 Machtrainer]]
* [[Fuji T-1]]
|lists=
|see also=
* [[List of military aircraft of France]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite magazine |last=Aloni |first=Shlomo |title=Trainers in Combat: Valour and Sacrifice in the Six Day War |magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |issue= 94 |date=July–August 2001 |issn=0143-5450 |pages=42–55 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Arys |first1=Marc |last2=van Heerthum |first2=Serge |title=Fouga Magister: Whistling Turtles in Belgian Skies |year=2007 |location= Eindhoven, the Netherlands |publisher=Flash Aviation |isbn=978-90-71553-24-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bridgman |first=Leonard |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1955–56 |year=1955 |publisher=Jane's all the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd. |location=London }}
*{{cite magazine|last=Downey|first=John|title=First Generation|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=1991|issue=44 |pages=36–49 |issn=0143-5450}} 
*{{cite magazine |last=Hatch |first=Paul |title=World's Air Forces 1987 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=28 November 1987|volume=130 |issue=4090 |pages=36–106 |issn=0015-3710 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202486.html }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Kopenhagen |editor-first= W. |title=Das große Flugzeug-Typenbuch |year=1987 |location=Stuttgart, Germany |publisher= Transpress |language=de |isbn=3-344-00162-0 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Langeard|first1=Jean-Luc|title=Jean-Luc Langeard et le Fouga Magister|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=July 1995 |issue=308 |pages=34–238 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=Jean-Luc and the Fouga Magister}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Rawlings |first=John |title=World's Air Forces |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=24 June 1971 |volume=99 |issue=3250 |pages=922–941 |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201037.html }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Maurice A. |title=Fouga C.M.170 In The Air |magazine=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=2 April 1954 |volume=65 |issue=2358 |pages=401–406 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200887.html }}
* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= John W. R. |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1961–62 |year=1961 |location=London |publisher= Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd. }}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first= John W. R. |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66 |year=1965 |location=London |publisher =Sampson Low & Marston Company, Ltd. }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Wheeler |first=Barry C. |title=World's Air Forces 1975 |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=29 August 1975 |volume=108 |issue=3468 |pages=290–314 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%201646.html }}

==Further reading==
{{Commons}}
*{{cite book|last=Cuny|first=Jean|title=Les avions de combat français, 2: Chasse lourde, bombardement, assaut, exploration|publisher=Ed. Larivière|year=1989|series=Docavia|volume=30|oclc=36836833|language=fr|trans-title=French Combat Aircraft 2: Heavy Fighters, Bombers, Attack, Reconnaissance}}

{{Fouga aircraft}}
{{Potez aircraft}}
{{IAI aircraft}}
{{Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft}}
{{FAB aircraft designations}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1950s French military trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:1950s French attack aircraft]]
[[Category:V-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Fouga aircraft|Magister]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]