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{{Short description|Foreign affairs agency for agriculture}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=December 2024|talk=Primary sources and original research}}
{{About|a division of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|agriculture extensions in general|Agricultural extension}}
The '''Foreign Agricultural Service''' ('''FAS''') is the [[United States Foreign Service#Foreign affairs agencies|foreign affairs agency]] with primary responsibility for the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s (USDA) overseas programs – market development, [[trade pact|international trade agreements]] and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information. It also administers the USDA's [[Export credit agency|export credit guarantee]] and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth. The FAS mission statement reads, "Linking U.S. agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and global [[food security]]," and its motto is "Linking U.S. Agriculture to the World."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.fas.usda.gov/|title= FAS Mission Statement|access-date= April 10, 2010|archive-date= April 8, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100408061208/http://www.fas.usda.gov/|url-status= live}}</ref>

==Early history==
USDA posted its first employee abroad in 1882, with assignment of [[Edmund Moffat]] to London.<ref>National Archives, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, Consular Correspondence, 1785–1906, Instructions to Consular Officers, Consular Instructions, 1800–1906, vol. 104, p. 99, call number A-1, Entry 59</ref> In 1894, USDA created a Section of Foreign Markets in its Division of Statistics, which by 1901 numbered seven employees.<ref>''Official Register of the United States Government'', 1901, vol. 1, p. 1094</ref> [[File:1901-USDA-DivStat-SecFrgnMkts.jpg|thumb|left|Roster of the Section of Foreign Markets in 1901.]] It was succeeded over the next few decades by increasingly larger units. Creation of this series of units in Washington to analyze foreign competition and demand for agricultural commodities was paralleled by assignment abroad of agricultural statistical agents, commodity specialists, and "[[Commissioner#United States 2|agricultural commissioners]]".

Moffat went out as a "statistical agent" of USDA's Division of Statistics but with the status of Deputy [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] General on the roster of the Department of State at London.<ref>Moffat's status is attested in the British diplomatic lists in London, the ''Official Register of the United States Government'', and the State Department ''Register''.</ref> Subsequent USDA officials assigned overseas, however, did not enjoy diplomatic or consular status. This impeded their work, which at that point consisted mainly of collecting, analyzing, and transmitting to Washington time-sensitive market information on agricultural commodities.<ref>Clem, ''The U.S. Agricultural Attaché, His History and His Work''</ref>

[[File:London-cable.JPG|thumb|right|1922 telegram from agricultural commissioner at London to USDA headquarters.]] The analytical unit in Washington, by the early 1920s supervised by Leon Estabrook, deputy chief of USDA's Bureau of [[Agricultural Economics]], compiled publications based on reports from the USDA's overseas staff, U.S. [[Consul (representative)|consuls]] abroad, and data collected by the Rome-based [[International Institute of Agriculture]].<ref>Letter from Secretary [[Henry C. Wallace]] to the Hon. [[Milton William Shreve]], May 3, 1924, in the National Archives, Record Group 16, Records of the Secretary of Agriculture, General Correspondence 1906–1970 (1924), Box 1032.</ref>

In 1924, USDA officials Nils Olsen and Louis Guy Michael and Congressman [[John C. Ketcham|John Ketcham]] began drafting legislation to create an [[agricultural attaché]] service with diplomatic status. The legislation passed the House multiple times, but it did not pass the Senate until 1930, in part due to opposition from then-Commerce Secretary [[Herbert Hoover]]. Hoover, however, eventually supported the legislation to garner support of the farm bloc during his presidential campaign.<ref>''Papers of Nils Olsen'' and ''Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler''</ref> Accordingly, the Foreign Agricultural Service was created by the Foreign Agricultural Service Act of 1930 (46 Stat. 497), which President [[Herbert Hoover]] signed into law on June 5, 1930.

The law stipulated that the FAS consist of overseas USDA officials. The USDA also created a Foreign Agricultural Service Division within the Bureau of [[Agricultural Economics]] to serve as the FAS's headquarters staff in Washington, D.C., naming [[Asher Hobson]], a noted economist and political scientist, as its first head. The 1930 Act explicitly granted the USDA's overseas officials [[Diplomatic rank|diplomatic status]] and the right to the diplomatic title ''[[attaché]]''. In short order, FAS posted additional staff overseas, to [[Marseille]], [[Pretoria]], Belgrade, [[Sydney]], and [[Kobe]], in addition to existing staff in London, [[Buenos Aires]], Berlin, and Shanghai. In Washington, Hobson hired Lazar Volin, a Russian émigré, as the agency's first D.C.-based regional analyst, to specialize in the study of [[Agriculture in Russia|Russia]] as a competitor to U.S. agriculture.

==International trade policy==
[[File:Foreign Crops and Markets Logo.png|thumb|left|Cover art for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics weekly circular in the 1930s.]]
In 1934, Congress passed the [[Reciprocal Tariff Act|Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act]], which stipulated that the President must consult with the Secretary of Agriculture when negotiating [[tariff]] reductions for agricultural commodities. Secretary of Agriculture [[Henry A. Wallace]] delegated this responsibility to the Foreign Agricultural Service Division, and thus began the FAS's role in formulation and implementation of international trade policy.<ref>''Organization and Functions of the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations''</ref> The FAS led agricultural tariff negotiations, first concluding a new tariff agreement with Cuba, followed by Belgium, Haiti, Sweden, Brazil and Colombia. By 1939, new agricultural tariffs were in place with 20 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States' largest agricultural trading partner.<ref>Progress in tariff negotiations is documented in the annual ''Report of the Secretary of Agriculture'' for the years 1935 -1939.</ref>

This new responsibility spurred a change in field reporting from overseas offices. To negotiate tariff agreements, the FAS needed comprehensive information on the domestic agricultural policies of trading partners, and the primary source of this information was the agency's field offices abroad. Thus, in addition to traditional commodity reporting, the attachés and commissioners were called on to add policy analysis to their portfolios.<ref>''Report of the Secretary of Agriculture'', 1935, p. 6.</ref>

On December 1, 1938, the Foreign Agricultural Service Division was upgraded, made directly subordinate to the Secretary, and renamed simply the Foreign Agricultural Service. On July 1, 1939, however, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered all diplomatic personnel, including the agricultural attachés and commissioners, transferred to the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]].<ref>[http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title5a/5a_4_2_5_.html Reorganization Plan No. II] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428101059/http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title5a/5a_4_2_5_.html |date=April 28, 2008 }}</ref> The Foreign Agricultural Service was abolished, and its headquarters staff was renamed the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations (OFAR).<ref>Secretary's Memorandum 825, June 30, 1939</ref> At that time the Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, [[Leslie A. Wheeler]], was appointed by executive order to the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners, an acknowledgement of OFAR's status as a foreign affairs agency.<ref>National Archives, Record Group 16, General Correspondence of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, 170/6/34/1, Box 3024, and also ''Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler''.</ref>

==Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations==
[[File:Logo of the USDA Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, 1939-1953.gif|thumb|right|OFAR logo used 1939–1953, taken from a 1952 publication cover.]]

OFAR began handling food aid in 1941 when President Roosevelt and the Congress authorized $1.35&nbsp;billion of food assistance to Great Britain. During this period OFAR also led negotiations that resulted in creation of the [[International Wheat Council]], and began assisting [[Latin American]] countries to develop their agriculture. This latter effort was related to the need for strategic commodities as [[World War II]] loomed, as well as the need to tie South America closer to the Allies and thereby to keep [[Nazi Germany]] from gaining a foothold in the New World.<ref>National Archives, Record Group 16, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, General Correspondence, 1906–75, Foreign Relations (1940), Box 87. Memorandum for the Secretary, June 25, 1940, "Re: Need for clearer publicity on Inter-American cartel," from [[Mordecai Ezekial]]</ref> During [[World War&nbsp;II]], OFAR analyzed food availability in both allied and enemy countries, and promoted the stockpiling of 100 million [[bushel]]s (2.7 million metric tons) of wheat for feeding refugees after the anticipated end of the war.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler''</ref>  
[[File:Map of rice surplus and deficit areas in Asia circa 1948.jpg|thumb|left|OFAR-created map of Asia, showing rice surplus and deficit areas.]]
After the war OFAR was instrumental in carrying out land reform in Japan and offering agricultural [[technical assistance]] under the [[Marshall Plan]] and the [[Point Four Program]]. By 1953, OFAR had roughly 400 agricultural specialists working on development programs in 27 foreign countries. OFAR also continued food aid programs, particularly using the Agricultural Act of 1949's authorities to donate surplus commodities. The intent of these efforts was first, to combat communism; second, to promote export sales of U.S. agricultural products; and third, to improve diets in foreign countries through extension of technical assistance and [[technology transfer]].<ref>"The United States Farmer and the World Around Him", speech by John J. Haggerty, Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, contained in the ''Journal of Farm Economics'', December 1952</ref>

At this point OFAR directed the work of overseas technical assistance programs while the Department of State directed the work of the agricultural attachés. Frictions began to develop as the Department of State began to deny USDA requests for information from the attachés, leading to pressure from both agricultural producer groups and influential congressmen for the attachés to be returned to USDA control.<ref>Memorandum by Fred J. Rossiter, Assistant Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service, January 26, 1954</ref>

OFAR participated actively with the Department of State in negotiating the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), signed in 1947 and expanded through subsequent negotiation rounds, although agriculture was not a major focus until the [[Uruguay Round]] of negotiations. At the same time, OFAR was heavily involved in founding the UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], with Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations [[Leslie A. Wheeler]] playing a particularly instrumental role.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==FAS is reconstituted==
On March 10, 1953, Secretary of Agriculture [[Ezra Taft Benson]] abolished OFAR and reconstituted the Foreign Agricultural Service.<ref>Secretary's Memorandum 1320, Supplement 1, March 10, 1953</ref> In April 1954, FAS handed off national security–related technical assistance to the International Cooperation Administration ([[USAID]]'s forerunner) and began to concentrate on foreign market development for U.S. agricultural commodities, signaling a radical shift in the agency's focus.<ref>Memorandum of Understanding between USDA and Department of State on "Conduct of Technical Assistance Overseas," April 14, 1954, and also Memorandum "To All Employees of the Foreign Agricultural Service" from acting Administrator Clayton E. Whipple, November 19, 1953</ref> On September 1, 1954, following passage of H.R. 8033 (P.L. 83-690), the agricultural attachés were transferred back from State Department to FAS.

In the same year, Congress passed Public Law 480 (P.L. 83-480), the [[Food for Peace]] Act, which became the backbone of FAS's food aid and market development efforts. Agricultural attachés began negotiating agreements for concessional sale of U.S. farm commodities to foreign countries on terms of up to 30 years and in their own local currencies.  The Act was uncommon in that it allowed for the agreements made by the FAS to bypass the normal advice and consent of the [[U.S. Senate]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mustard|first=Allen|date=May 2003|volume=80|number=5|magazine=The Foreign Service Journal|title=An Unauthorized History of the FAS|pages=38–39|url=http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/0503/38/|access-date=December 2, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814011739/https://afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/0503/38/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:FAS logo 1953.gif|thumb|FAS logo, 1953–2003|alt=]]In 1955, FAS began signing cooperative agreements with groups representing American producers of specific commodities to expand foreign demand. The first such agreement was signed with the [[National Cotton Council]]. This activity came to be called the [[Foreign Market Development Cooperator Program|Market Development Cooperator Program]], and the groups themselves to be called "cooperators".<ref>Howard, et al, ''Partners in Developing Farm Markets Overseas''</ref>

In 1961, the General Sales Manager of USDA's Commodity Stabilization Service (CSS) and his staff were merged into FAS, bringing with them operational responsibility for export credit and food aid programs. In particular, the General Sales Manager was responsible for setting prices for export sale of USDA-owned surplus commodities that had been acquired through domestic farm support programs.<ref>Commodity Stabilization Service Notice General No. 305, June 28, 1955; Secretary's Memorandum 1446, February 24, 1961</ref> At the same time, the CSS Barter and Stockpiling Manager was also moved to FAS. In the postwar era USDA's [[Commodity Credit Corporation]] was heavily involved in efforts to barter CCC-owned commodities acquired via domestic farm support programs for strategic commodities available from foreign countries short of hard currency. By the mid-1960s, however, as European and Asian economies recovered, the emphasis on barter waned.<ref>National Archives, Record Group 166, Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service, Policy Correspondence 1951–1964, Boxes 2, 4, 6, 7.</ref>

In 1969, the General Sales Manager and his staff were split off to form a separate USDA agency, the Export Marketing Service (EMS).<ref>Secretary's Memorandum No. 1648, Supplement 1, March 28, 1969</ref> In 1974, however, EMS was re-merged with FAS.<ref>Secretary's Memorandum 1833, Supplement 1, February 1, 1974</ref> In 1977, under pressure from the Congress, the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] Administration created an "Office of the General Sales Manager" nominally headed by the General Sales Manager, but in reality still a subunit of FAS and subordinate to the FAS Administrator.<ref>Secretary's Memorandum 2001, November 27, 1979, and interview with George Pope, former Assistant Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service</ref> In 1981 the [[Ronald Reagan]] Administration abolished the Office of the General Sales Manager and formally restored its status as a program area of FAS.<ref>Interview with George Pope</ref> During that time, the GSM's responsibilities expanded from mere disposition of surplus commodities to management of commodity export credit guarantee programs, foreign food assistance programs, and direct credit programs.

The Foreign Agricultural Service, a [[United States Foreign Service#Foreign affairs agencies|foreign affairs agency]] since 1930, was included in the [[United States Foreign Service#Foreign Service Act of 1980|Foreign Service Act of 1980]]. Agricultural attachés were offered the choice of remaining [[United States civil service|civil servants]] or being grandfathered into the [[United States Foreign Service|Foreign Service]]. Since that time the vast majority of agricultural officers overseas, just like State Department officials overseas, have been Foreign Service Officers. Since 1953, 12 former agricultural attachés have been [[Advice and consent|confirmed]] as American Ambassadors.

==Major events==
Trade tensions with the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) boiled over in 1962 with the first "[[Chicken Tax|Chicken War]]", a trade dispute arising from the EEC's application of protective tariffs on poultry meat imported from the United States in retaliation for [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy's]] imposition of a ceiling on textile imports and raising of tariffs on carpets, glass and bicycles. FAS negotiators and analysts, including future Administrator Rolland "Bud" Anderson, supported talks that resulted in the EEC paying $26&nbsp;million in damages, though in Anderson's words, "We won the battle but lost the war as U.S. exports of these products to Europe soon became insignificant". The so-called "Chicken War" was a precursor to numerous other trade disputes, including the 2002 "Poultry War", when Russia retaliated against the United States' steel tariffs by barring imports of U.S. poultry meat, and the dispute over the [[European Union]]'s ban on imports of U.S. beef produced from cattle treated with growth promotants.

In 1972 a short grain crop in the USSR resulted in the [[Soviet Union]] quietly concluding grain purchasing contracts from a relatively small number of the secretive private multinational grain traders who dominated world trade in cereals. Because crop surveys in mid-spring had given the impression of a normal crop, FAS's agricultural attaché in Moscow chose not to follow up with additional crop observation travel, and thus missed a severe drought that set in after the last trip. As a result of this lapse, international grain traders and exporting nations were unaware of the Soviets' dire need for massive grain imports. By the time the scope of Soviet purchases became known, the USSR had locked in supplies at low, subsidized prices, leaving other importers and consumers scrambling for what was left at significantly higher prices.<ref>Morgan, ''Merchants of Grain''; Luttrell, ''[http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/73/10/Russian_Oct1973.pdf  "The Russian Wheat Deal – Hindsight vs. Foresight, Reprint No. 81"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728061221/http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/73/10/Russian_Oct1973.pdf |date=July 28, 2011 }}''</ref><ref>Oral history of R.&nbsp;Keith Severin.</ref> This event, known as the "[[Great grain robbery]]", led to creation in the Foreign Agricultural Service of a satellite imagery unit for [[remote sensing]] of foreign crop conditions, negotiation of a long-term grain agreement (LTA) with the Soviet Union, and imposition of an export sales reporting requirement for U.S. grain exporters. It also impressed on FAS the need for "boots-on-the-ground" observation of crop conditions in critical countries.

In the 1980s, the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) emerged as a competitor for export sales, particularly of grain. EEC export restitutions (subsidies) undercut U.S. sales, with the result that farm-state Members of Congress, led by Senator [[Bob Dole]] of [[Kansas]], pushed through new legislation authorizing broader subsidization of commercial export sales. This Export Enhancement Program (or EEP, though it was originally called "BICEP" by Senator Dole) was used primarily to counter EEC subsidies in important markets. Use of EEP opened the United States to criticism from less developed countries on the grounds that export subsidies undercut their own farmers by depressing global commodity prices. By the mid-1990s EEP was largely abandoned in favor of negotiating for a multilateral ban on agricultural export subsidies; it was last used, for a single sale, during the Clinton administration. With founding of the [[World Trade Organization]] in January 1995, trade-distorting domestic agricultural supports were capped in all member states and absolute import quotas were banned, but negotiations on eliminating export subsidies continue still.

==Food aid==
FAS has managed food assistance programs since 1941, and today uses a mix of statutory authorities. The traditional programs are Section 416(b) of the Agricultural Act of 1949, which makes surplus commodities available for donation overseas, and Title&nbsp;I of Public Law 480 ([[Food for Peace]]), which authorizes concessional sales. These programs were designed to support government-to-government transactions. The 1985 Farm Bill created the [[Food for Progress program]], which facilitated delivery of food aid through non-governmental organizations as well as foreign governments. Food for Progress can draw on multiple sources, including in-kind surplus commodities and appropriated funds.

The most recent addition to the array of FAS-implemented food aid programs is the [[McGovern/Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program]]. Named in honor of Senator Dole and Senator [[George McGovern]], it supports school feeding programs in less developed countries, and reserves authority for supporting maternal and child health programs. It was authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill and reauthorized in 2008. Funding sources have varied since the pilot Global Food for Education program was deployed in fiscal year 2001, often combining both appropriated funds and funding from the [[Commodity Credit Corporation]]’s borrowing authority.<ref>Partially derived from information on the FAS website at {{cite web |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/food-aid.asp |title=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service - Food Aid — Fish and Seafood |access-date=2009-05-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515005934/http://www.fas.usda.gov/food-aid.asp |archive-date=2009-05-15 }}.</ref><ref>Interview with Mary T. Chambliss, former Deputy Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service</ref>

==International development and national security==
[[File:US-ForeignAgriculturalService-Logo.svg|right|thumb|The FAS Millennium logo, 2003–2013, based in part on the USDA "rolling fields" logo]]
After a nine-year hiatus from international agricultural development work at USDA, on July 12, 1963, Secretary [[Orville Freeman]] ordered creation of an International Agricultural Development Service (IADS), which was subordinate to the same [[Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services|Assistant Secretary of Agriculture]] as but separate from FAS. IADS served as USDA's liaison with USAID and other assistance organizations, linking them to USDA expertise in pursuit of developmental goals. Matthew Drosdoff was hired effective February 19, 1964, to be the first permanent Administrator of IADS. In March 1969, after the [[Richard Nixon]] Administration came to power, IADS was briefly merged into FAS, then in November 1969 was split out into a separate Foreign Economic Development Service (FEDS). On February 6, 1972, FEDS was abolished and its functions transferred to the [[Economic Research Service]], where it became the Foreign Development Division.<ref>Personal recollections of Verle Lanier, Richard Rortvedt, and Mollie Iler, augmented by information gleaned from past issues of the ''FAS Letter'' and miscellaneous records from the National Archives and Records Administration.</ref>

In 1977, Quentin West proposed consolidating three USDA units involved in technical assistance and development work into a single agency to be called the Office of International Cooperation and Development: the Foreign Development Division, the Science and Education Administration, an interagency consortium funded by foreign currency earnings, and FAS' International Organization Affairs Staff. West's proposal was accepted and thus OICD was created, with responsibility for technical assistance, training, foreign currency-funded research, and international organization liaison.<ref>Interview with Hal G. Wynne, former budget director, Foreign Agricultural Service, cited in Mustard.</ref> In 1994, USDA's Office of International Cooperation and Development was merged with FAS, bringing technical assistance back to FAS after a 40-year absence.<ref>Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994</ref>

In 2003, FAS posted agricultural officers to Baghdad, not for the by-then traditional purposes of market intelligence and market development, but to reconstruct the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. FAS also began organizing USDA contributions to Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref>Rebuilding Agriculture and Food Security in Iraq, News About Iraqi Agricultural Reconstruction (2003–Present) {{cite web |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/country/Iraq/development/newsarchive.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020175810/http://www.fas.usda.gov/country/Iraq/development/newsarchive.asp |archive-date=2012-10-20 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.fas.usda.gov/country/Afghanistan/FAS%20Afghanistan%20Fact%20Sheet_11.10.10.pdf USDA at Work for Agriculture in Afghanistan, November 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606000628/http://www.fas.usda.gov/country/Afghanistan/FAS%20Afghanistan%20Fact%20Sheet_11.10.10.pdf |date=June 6, 2012 }}</ref> This marked FAS' return to national security work.<ref>''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2009, FAS At a Crossroads: Reshaping Ag Diplomacy (pp. 27–31) {{cite web |url=http://www.foreignservicejournal-digital.com/foreignservicejournal/200905/ |title=Foreign Service Journal - May, 2009 |access-date=2009-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505122033/http://www.foreignservicejournal-digital.com/foreignservicejournal/200905 |archive-date=2009-05-05 }}</ref><ref>Statement by Michael V. Michener Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department Of Agriculture, before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Washington, DC, Tuesday, May 19, 2009 {{cite web |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/speeches/ct051909afghan_pakstn.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107162249/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/speeches/ct051909afghan_pakstn.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-07 }}</ref> Then-Secretary of Agriculture [[Tom Vilsack]] pledged to continue and to expand that work.<ref>''Washington Post'', "Tom Vilsack: Leading 'an Everyday, Every-Way' USDA", May 21, 2009 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/20/AR2009052003692.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115353/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/20/AR2009052003692.html |date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> FAS' role in national security work, however, remains controversial.<ref>Jerry Hagstrom, [http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm "Interagency debate over FAS role heats up"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135340/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm |date=June 6, 2011 }}, ''Government Executive'', October 9, 2009.</ref><ref>Jerry Hagstrom, [http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm "Conflict Over FAS/USAID Roles: Clinton Strong Defender of FAS Traditional Purpose"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135340/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm |date=June 6, 2011 }}, ''Progressive Farmer'', October 9, 2009</ref><ref>Jerry Hagstrom, [http://www.agweek.com/articles/?id=6524&article_id=15167&property_id=41 "Lugar questioning FAS role"] {{dead link|date=December 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''AgWeek'', October 5, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Head of Foreign Agricultural Service reassigned|first=Jerry|last=Hagstrom|publisher=[[Government Executive]]|date=December 23, 2009|url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1209/122309jh1.htm?rss=getoday&oref=rss|access-date=December 24, 2009|archive-date=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135833/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1209/122309jh1.htm?rss=getoday&oref=rss|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Heads of Service and Ambassadors==

===Heads of Service===
From 1930 to about 1934, division heads in USDA, including the heads of the Foreign Agricultural Service Division, had no formal title, but were referred to as "In-charge", though the ''Official Register of the United States Government'' listed them as "Chief".<ref>Wheeler, ''Reminiscences'', and ''Official Register''</ref> Beginning around 1934 and until 1938, the head of FASD was called the "Chief". When FAS was renamed in 1938, the head was titled "Director", and that title carried over into OFAR and then the renewed FAS until 1954. The first head of FAS to bear the title "Administrator" was William Lodwick in that year.<ref>''Official Register''</ref> Heads of the Foreign Agricultural Service and Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations since 1930 have been (periods as acting head are in ''italics''):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Name
!  Term
!  Agency
|-
|Asher Hobson 
|| 1930–1931  || Foreign Agricultural Service Division <br> Bureau of Agricultural Economics
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Leslie A. Wheeler]]
||''1931–1934'', 1934–1938 || Foreign Agricultural Service Division <br> Bureau of Agricultural Economics
|-
|| 1938–1939 || Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|| 1939–1948 || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|[[Dennis A. FitzGerald]] 
|| 1948–1949 ||  Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|Fred J. Rossiter 
|| ''1949'' || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 
|-
|[[Stanley Andrews (journalist)|Stanley Andrews]] 
|| 1949–1952 || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|Francis A. Flood 
|| 1952 || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|John J. Haggerty 
|| 1952–1953  || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|Francis R. Wilcox 
|| 1953 || Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations
|-
|Romeo Ennis Short 
|| 1953  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Clayton E. Whipple 
|| ''1953–1954'' || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|William G. Lodwick 
|| 1954–1955 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|[[Gwynn Garnett]] 
|| 1955–1958   || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Maxwell S. Myers 
|| 1958–1961 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Robert C. Tetro 
|| 1961–1962 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Raymond A. Ioanes 
|| 1962–1973   || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|David L. Hume 
|| 1973–1977   || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Thomas R. Hughes 
|| 1977–1981  || Foreign Agricultural Service  
|-
|Richard A. Smith 
|| 1981–1985  || Foreign Agricultural Service  
|-
|Thomas O. Kay 
|| 1985–1989 || Foreign Agricultural Service   
|-
|Rolland E. Anderson 
|| 1989–1991 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Duane C. Acker 
|| 1991–1992  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Stephen L. Censky 
|| ''1992–1993''  || Foreign Agricultural Service  
|-
|Richard B. Schroeter 
|| ''1993–1994''  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|[[August Schumacher, Jr.]] 
|| 1994–1997  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Lon S. Hatamiya 
|| 1997–1999  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Timothy J. Galvin 
|| 1999–2001  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|[[Mattie R. Sharpless]] 
|| ''2001''  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Mary T. Chambliss 
|| ''2001–2002'' || Foreign Agricultural Service  
|-
|[[A. Ellen Terpstra]] 
|| 2002–2006  || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Michael W. Yost 
|| 2006–2009 || Foreign Agricultural Service   
|-
|[[Suzanne K. Hale]] 
|| ''2009'' || Foreign Agricultural Service   
|-
|Michael V. Michener 
|| 2009 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|John D. Brewer 
|| 2010–2011 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|Suzanne E. Heinen 
|| ''2011–2012'', 2012–2013 || Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|Philip C. Karsting 
|| 2013–2017 || Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|Holly Higgins 
|| ''2017–2018'' || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|James Higgiston
||''2018'' ||Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|Ken Isley
||2018–2021 || Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|Daniel Whitley
||''2021'', 2021–present<ref name=whitley>{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/newsroom/whitley-named-administrator-usdas-foreign-agricultural-service |title=Whitley Named Administrator of USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service |date=July 21, 2021 |publisher=[[USDA]] |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724212333/https://www.fas.usda.gov/newsroom/whitley-named-administrator-usdas-foreign-agricultural-service |url-status=live }}</ref>|| Foreign Agricultural Service
|}

===General Sales Managers===
General Sales Managers since 1955 have been (periods as acting GSM are in ''italics''):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Name
!  Term
!  Agency
|-
|Francis C. Daniels || 1955–1959 || Commodity Stabilization Service 
|- 
|Sylvester J. Meyers || 1959–1961 || ditto
|-
|Frank LeRoux || 1961–1966 || Foreign Agricultural Service 
|-
|James A. Hutchins, Jr. || ''1966–1967, 1968–1969'' || ditto 
|-
|George Parks || ''1967–1968'' || ditto
|-
|Clifford Pulvermacher || 1969–1972 || Export Marketing Service
|-
|Laurel Meade || 1972–1974 || ditto
|-
|George S. Shanklin || ''1974'' || Foreign Agricultural Service
|-
|James Hutchinson || 1974–1977 || ditto
|-
|Kelly Harrison || 1977–1981 || ditto
|-
|Alan Tracy || 1981–1982 ||  ditto 
|-
|Melvin Sims || 1982–1989 || ditto
|-
|F. Paul Dickerson || 1989–1991 || ditto 
|-
|[[Christopher E. Goldthwait]] || ''1991–1993'', 1993–1999 || ditto
|-
|Richard Fritz || 1999–2001 || ditto
|-
|Mary T. Chambliss || ''2001'' ||ditto
|-
|Franklin D. Lee || ''2001–2002'' ||ditto 
|-
|W. Kirk Miller || 2002–2009 || ditto
|-
|Patricia R. Sheikh || ''2009'' || ditto
|-
|John D. Brewer || 2009 || ditto
|-
|Christian Foster || ''2010'' || ditto
|-
|Janet A. Nuzum || 2010–2011 || ditto
|-
|Suzanne E. Heinen || 2011–2013 || ditto
|-
|Philip C. Karsting || 2013–2014 || ditto
|-
|Asif J. Chaudhry || 2014–2015 || ditto
|-
|Suzanne Palmieri || 2015–2016 || ditto
|-
|Allison Thomas || ''2016–2017'' || ditto
|-
|Bryce Quick ||''2017'' ||ditto
|-
|Bobby Richey ||''2018'' ||ditto
|-
|Clay Hamilton || 2018–2023 || ditto
|-
|Brooke Jamison || 2023- || ditto
|}

===Heads of International Development===
Administrators of the Office of International Cooperation and Development and its predecessors from creation until it was merged with FAS in 1994 were (periods as acting Administrator are in ''italics''):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Name
!  Term
!  Agency
|-
|Matthew Drosdoff || 1964–1966 || International Agricultural Development Service
|-
|[[Lester R. Brown]] || 1966–1969 || ditto
|-
|Quentin West || 1969–1972 || Foreign Economic Development Service
|-
|Quentin West || 1972–1977 || Foreign Development Division, [[Economic Research Service]]
|-
|Quentin West || 1977–1980 || Office of International Cooperation and Development
|-
|Ruth Zagorin || ''1980–1981'' || ditto
|-
|Joan S. Wallace || 1981–1989 || ditto
|-
|Robert Scherle || ''1989–1990'' || ditto
|-
|Steve Abrams || ''1990'' || ditto
|-
|Duane Acker || 1990–1992 || ditto
|-
|John Miranda || ''1992–1993'' || ditto
|-
|Lynnett M. Wagner || 1993–1994 || ditto
|-
|}

===Ambassadors===
Agricultural officers who have served or are serving as Ambassadors are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  Name
!  Agricultural Posts
!  Ambassadorships, Presidential Appointments, Significant Appointments
|-
|[[Lester D. Mallory]] || assistant agricultural commissioner, Marseille and Paris; agricultural attaché, Paris and Mexico City || Jordan, 1953–1958, Guatemala, 1958–1959, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, 1960
|-
| Charles R. Burrows || assistant agricultural attaché (rank of vice consul), Buenos Aires || Honduras, 1960–1965
|-
| Howard R. Cottam  || agricultural economist, Paris; agricultural attaché, Rome ||Kuwait, 1963–1969
|- 
|[[Clarence A. Boonstra]] || assistant agricultural attaché, Havana; agricultural attaché, Manila, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Lima || Costa Rica, 1967–1969
|-
| [[Philip Habib]] || agricultural attaché (vice consul), Ottawa and Wellington || South Korea 1971–1974; Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1974–1976; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs 1976–1978; Acting Secretary of State 1977; Special Negotiator for the Middle East 1981; winner of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] 1982; featured on a postage stamp 2006
|-
| H. Reiter Webb || assistant agricultural attaché, London; agricultural attaché, Cairo || Chief Negotiator for Textile Matters with rank of Ambassador 1979–1981 (not confirmed by the Senate)
|-
| [[George S. Vest]] || agricultural attaché (vice consul), Quito || European Community 1981–1985, Director General of the Foreign Service 1985–1989
|- 
| Christopher E. Goldthwait || assistant agricultural attaché, Bonn; agricultural attaché and counselor at Lagos || Chad 1999–2004
|-
| Mattie R. Sharpless || administrative assistant, Paris (OECD); assistant agricultural attaché, Brussels USEC; agricultural attaché, Bern; agricultural counselor, Rome; agricultural minister-counselor, Paris || Central African Republic 2001–2002
|-
| [[Suzanne Hale|Suzanne K. Hale]] || agricultural attaché and agricultural trade officer, Tokyo; agricultural minister-counselor, Beijing and Tokyo || Federated States of Micronesia 2004–2007
|-
| [[Patricia M. Haslach]] || agricultural attaché, New Delhi || Laos 2004–2007, [[APEC]] 2008–2009, Coordinator for Assistance Transition in Iraq (with ambassadorial rank) 2009–2010, Deputy Coordinator for Diplomacy, Office of the Coordinator for the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative, 2010–2013, Ethiopia 2013–2016, acting [[Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs]], 2016–2018
|-
| [[Asif J. Chaudhry]] || agricultural attaché, Warsaw; senior agricultural attaché, counselor, and acting minister-counselor, Moscow; agricultural minister-counselor, Cairo || Moldova 2008–2011, Foreign Policy Advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations, 2011–2014
|-
| [[Allan Mustard]] || agricultural attaché, Moscow; agricultural trade officer, Istanbul; agricultural counselor, Vienna; agricultural minister-counselor, Moscow, Mexico City, and New Delhi || Turkmenistan, 2015–2019
|}

==See also==
*[[Agricultural attaché]]
*[[Agricultural Trade Act of 1978]]
*[[Canadian Caper]]
*[[Chief Agricultural Negotiator]]
*[[Commissioner#United States 2|Commissioner]]
*[[Commodity Credit Corporation]]
*[[Dennis A. FitzGerald]]
*[[Foreign Agricultural Trade System of the United States]]
*[[Foreign Market Development Program]]
*[[Iowa Hog Lift]]
*[[Leslie A. Wheeler]]
*[[Market Access Program]]
*[[Stanley Andrews (journalist)|Stanley Andrews]]
*[[Targeted Export Assistance Program]]
*[[Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services]]
*[[Unified Export Strategy]]
*[[United States Department of Agriculture]]
*[[United States Foreign Service]]
*[[Wolf Ladejinsky]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==

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*{{cite news  | last =Crawford  | first =Douglas M.  | title =Our Agricultural Attachés  | work =Farmer's World  | publisher =U.S. Govt. Print. Off.  | year =1964  | location =Washington  | url =https://www.nal.usda.gov/agricola?v1=9&ti=1,9&SC=Title&SA=Yearbook%20of%20agriculture%20%28Washington%2C%20D%2EC%2E%20%3A%201926%29&PID=cgdVlSSeYTOW0bleBeJMgm9f_HsUo&SEQ=20100823000311&SID=6  | access-date =2010-08-23  | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160110213129/http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=9&ti=1,9&SC=Title&SA=Yearbook%20of%20agriculture%20%28Washington%2C%20D%2EC%2E%20%3A%201926%29&PID=cgdVlSSeYTOW0bleBeJMgm9f_HsUo&SEQ=20100823000311&SID=6  | archive-date =2016-01-10  | url-status =live  }}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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 |access-date  = 2010-06-08
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}}
*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal
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 | publisher =USGPO
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*{{cite book
 |last         = Olsen
 |first        = Nils
 |title        = Papers of Nils Olsen
 |publisher    = unpublished
 |location     = special collections of the Iowa State University Library
 |url          = http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/manuscripts/MS006.html
 |access-date  = 2009-03-28
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410215953/http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/manuscripts/MS006.html
 |archive-date = 2009-04-10
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*{{cite book
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 | title =The Story of Agricultural Economics in the United States, 1840–1932
 | publisher =Iowa State College Press
 | year =1952
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite journal
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*{{cite book
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*{{cite book
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 }}

==Further reading==

===U.S. government websites===
====Statutes====
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 35A (Price Support of Agricultural Commodities)|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap35A.pdf| access-date=2020-05-28}} Chapter 35A contains Section 416of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431), the surplus disposal authority making Commodity Credit Corporation-owned commodities available for donation to foreign beneficiaries.
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 41 (Food for Peace)|url=  https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap41.pdf| access-date=2020-05-28}} Chapter 41 includes the Food for Peace Act (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.), Food for Progress Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1736o), McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (7 U.S.C. 1736o–1), Local and Regional Procurement Program (7 U.S.C. 1726c), Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act (7 U.S.C. 1736f–1).
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 42 (Agricultural Commodity Set-Aside), Section 1748 (Annual reports by agricultural attachés) | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap42-sec1748.pdf | access-date=2020-05-28}} 
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 42 (Agricultural Commodity Set-Aside), Section 1749 (Attaché educational program) | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap42-sec1749.pdf | access-date=2020-05-28}}
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 43 (Foreign Market Development) | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap43.pdf | access-date=2020-05-28}} 
* {{cite web| title=U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 87 (Export Promotion) | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title7/pdf/USCODE-2018-title7-chap87.pdf | access-date=2012-10-24}} Basic authority for the Foreign Agricultural Service resides in Subchapter V: Foreign Agricultural Service (7USC5692-5695).
* {{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-title7/pdf/USCODE-2011-title7-chap64-subchapVIII-sec3293.pdf|title=U.S. Code, Title 7, Sec. 3293. Agricultural fellowship program for middle income countries, emerging democracies, and emerging markets}} Cochran Fellowship Program authority
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 19 (Customs Duties), Sec. 2152. Advice from executive departments and other sources |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title19/pdf/USCODE-2018-title19-chap12.pdf|access-date=2020-05-28}} (President must seek advice of Secretary of Agriculture before signing any trade agreement)
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Code, Title 19 (Customs Duties), Chapter 22 (Uruguay Round Trade Agreements), Subchapter IV (Agriculture Related Provisions), Sec. 3601–3624|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title19/pdf/USCODE-2018-title19-chap22-subchapIV.pdf| access-date=2020-05-28}}
* {{cite web| title=U.S. Code, Title 22 (Foreign Relations), Chapter 52 (Foreign Service), Sec. 3922 (Utilization of Foreign Service personnel system by other agencies) | url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title22/pdf/USCODE-2018-title22-chap52.pdf | access-date=2020-05-28}}
* {{cite web | title=U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Compilations of Agricultural Law, Index by Subject | url=https://www.agriculture.senate.gov/library/compilations | access-date=2020-05-28 }}

====Federal Regulations====
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5b4eb5dc7dd7f1b2a0ae5baf471cba7e&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title07/7CXIVsubchapC.tpl|title=Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Agriculture, Chapter XIV—Commodity Credit Corporation, Department of Agriculture, Subchapter C—Export Programs| access-date=2020-05-28 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=5b4eb5dc7dd7f1b2a0ae5baf471cba7e&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title07/7chapterXV.tpl|title=Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Agriculture, Chapter XV—Foreign Agricultural Service| access-date=2020-05-28 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-01-09/pdf/2019-27964.pdf|title=Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Part 1484 RIN 0551–AA96 Foreign Market Development Program|access-date=2020-11-10}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-01-13/pdf/2019-27965.pdf|title=Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Part 1485 RIN 0551–AA97 Market Access Program|access-date=2020-11-10}}

====Departmental Regulations====
=====''USDA Regulations''=====
* {{cite web|title=Departmental Regulation 1051-001, ''Coordination of USDA Activities with Foreign Countries'' |url=https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/DR1051-001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304154636/http://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/DR1051-001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2013 }}
* {{cite web | title=Departmental Regulation 1051-002, ''International Activities and Agreements of USDA Agencies'' | url=https://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/DR1051-002.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305104224/http://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2012/DR1051-002.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 5, 2013 }}

=====''Foreign Affairs Manual''=====
* {{cite web|url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/15FAM/15FAM0260.html|title=15 FAM 260 ''GUIDELINES FOR ALLOCATING RESIDENTIAL SPACE''}}

====Other====
* {{cite web| title=National Archives, Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service | url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/166.html | access-date=2009-03-23}}
* {{cite web | title=U.S. Government Accountability Office reports on the Foreign Agricultural Service | url=http://www.gao.gov/docsearch/locate?searched=1&o=0&order_by=date&old_keyword=%22Foreign+Agricultural+Service%22&ft=&search_type=publications&add_topic=&remove_topic=&add_type=&remove_type=&add_fed_type=&remove_fed_type=&add_fed_desc=&remove_fed_desc=&add_year=&remove_type=&keyword=%22Foreign+Agricultural+Service%22 | access-date=2009-03-25 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

===Other publications and documents ===

* {{cite web|title=U.S. Department of Agriculture, ''Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack Announces Millions to Promote U.S. Food and Agricultural Exports'', January 26, 2010|url=http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2010/01/0033.xml|access-date=2010-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203001903/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2010%2F01%2F0033.xml|archive-date=2010-02-03|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web | title=Congressional Research Service, ''Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs'', April 15, 2008 | url=http://opencrs.com/document/RL33553/2008-04-15 | access-date=2009-03-24 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120842/http://opencrs.com/document/RL33553/2008-04-15/ | archive-date=August 7, 2011 }}
* {{cite web | title=Congressional Research Service, ''Agricultural Exports and the 2007 Farm Bill'', October 31, 2007 | url=http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34227_20071031.pdf | access-date=2009-03-24 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173823/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34227_20071031.pdf | archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}
* {{cite web | title=''AgExporter'', October 2004, Fighting World Hunger: U.S. Food Aid Policy and the Food for Peace Program | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2004/October/pgs.%204-8.pdf | access-date=2009-03-26 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043022/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2004/October/pgs.%204-8.pdf | archive-date=2009-04-07 }}
* {{cite web | title=''AgExporter'', December 2003, In Pursuit of Opportunity: FAS and Foreign Market Development | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2003/December/pgs%204%20-%209.pdf | access-date=2009-03-26 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407042341/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2003/December/pgs%204%20-%209.pdf | archive-date=2009-04-07 }}
* {{cite web| title=''AgExporter'', March 2003, Helping U.S. Producers Feed, Clothe and House the World | website=[[Library of Congress]] | url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/FAS_03-2003.pdf | access-date=2009-03-23}}
* {{cite web | title=''AgExporter'', March 2003, FAS Attachés: U.S. Agriculture's Eyes and Ears Abroad | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2003/March/pgs16-22.pdf | access-date=2009-03-26 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043223/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2003/March/pgs16-22.pdf | archive-date=2009-04-07 }}
* {{cite web | title=Statement of A. Ellen Terpstra, Administrator, before the House Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies | date=March 5, 2003 | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/speeches/ct030503.html | access-date=2009-03-25 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322124816/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/speeches/ct030503.html | archive-date=March 22, 2009 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/agriculture/ag-41.cfm#_1_11|work=CRS Issue Brief for Congress|title=IB98006: Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs|first=Charles E.|last=Hanrahan|date=May 30, 2001|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=June 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109052107/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/agriculture/ag-41.cfm#_1_11|archive-date=2009-01-09|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web  | title=Senate Report 105-051 – Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1998  | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp105&sid=cp105k3Hfz&refer=&r_n=sr051.105&item=&sel=TOC_368037&  | access-date=2009-03-25  | archive-date=2016-01-10  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110213129/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp105&sid=cp105k3Hfz&refer=&r_n=sr051.105&item=&sel=TOC_368037&  | url-status=dead  }}
* {{cite web| title=''AgExporter'', November 1, 1995, USDA has long history in overseas agricultural development | url=http://www.allbusiness.com/government/534794-1.html | access-date=2009-03-24}}
* {{cite book| title=Mission of Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture : joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Foreign Agriculture and Hunger of the Committee on Agriculture and the Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, November 10 and 16, 1993 | year=1994 | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | isbn=9780160444661 | url=https://archive.org/details/missionofforeign00unit | access-date=2009-03-26}}
* {{cite web|author=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Affairs, Video and Teleconference Division|title=''FAS recruiting video from 1990''|website=[[YouTube]] |date=January 8, 2011 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmj6bZtJkFY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/kmj6bZtJkFY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2011-01-20}}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite web | title=''FAS Letter'', 1957–1977 | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/newsletters.htm | access-date=2009-10-03 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927174344/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/newsletters.htm | archive-date=2009-09-27 }}
* {{cite web | title=''Congressional Record'', May 26, 1954, Statement by the Honorable Congressman Samuel Yorty of California on the need to return agricultural attachés to USDA | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/documents/26May1954Yorty.pdf | access-date=2009-03-24 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013052425/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/documents/26May1954Yorty.pdf | archive-date=October 13, 2008 }}
* {{cite web | title=''Secretary Benson Creates New Foreign Agricultural Service'', USDA Press Release #583-53, March 11, 1953 | url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/documents/11March1953pressrelease.pdf | access-date=2009-03-24 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013052453/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/50th/documents/11March1953pressrelease.pdf | archive-date=October 13, 2008 }}
* {{cite web| title=''Organization and Functions of the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations'', 1940 | url=https://archive.org/details/OfasOrganizationAndFunctions1940 | access-date=2009-03-27}}  
* {{cite web| title=''Memorandum 804, Describing Functions of the Foreign Agricultural Service'', January 28, 1939 | url=https://archive.org/details/UsdaMemo804Of1939FunctionsOfTheForeignAgriculturalService | access-date=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite web| title=''The Foreign Agricultural Service Act of 1930'', June 5, 1930 | url=https://archive.org/details/ForeignAgriculturalServiceActOf1930 | access-date=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite web| title=''The Foreign Crops'', USDA statistical circular, by Charles M. Daugherty, May 1911 – April 1913 | url=https://archive.org/details/foreigncropsmay00daug | access-date=2009-03-27}}
* {{cite web | title=''Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture'', 1883 | year=1883 | url=https://archive.org/details/CAT30951786020 | access-date=2020-05-28 }} (see page 10 for report of posting to London of Edmund Moffat)

===Oral Histories On Line===
* {{cite web| title=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Oral Histories | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/diplomacy/ | access-date=2009-03-23}} (use the search engine for a "Full Text" search on "Foreign Agricultural Service" in quotes)
* {{cite web| title= Oral History of Stanley Andrews at the Truman Presidential Library | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrewss.htm | access-date=2009-03-25}} 
* {{cite web| title= Oral History of Dennis A. Fitzgerald at the Truman Presidential Library | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/fitz.htm | access-date=2009-03-25}}

===Media Articles (chronological order)===
* {{cite web|title=''Government Executive'', January 27, 2010, Vilsack names more key deputies, by Jerry Hagstrom|url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0110/012710cdpm1.htm|access-date=2010-02-03|archive-date=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606114027/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0110/012710cdpm1.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web
 | title=''Government Executive'', October 9, 2009, Interagency debate over FAS role heats up, by Jerry Hagstrom
 | url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm
 | access-date=2009-10-10
 | archive-date=June 6, 2011
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135340/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm
 | url-status=dead
 }}
* {{cite web  | title=''Progressive Farmer'', October 9, 2009, Conflict Over FAS/USAID Roles: Clinton Strong Defender of FAS Traditional Purpose, by Jerry Hagstrom  | url=http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm  | access-date=2009-10-10  | archive-date=June 6, 2011  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135340/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1009/100909cdpm1.htm  | url-status=dead  }}
* {{cite web| title=''Lexington Clipper-Herald'', October 5, 2009, Smith calls for hearing on new ag export markets, by Robert Pore  | date=October 5, 2009 |  url=http://lexch.com/articles/2009/10/05/news/regional/doc4aca260e040a5814212935.txt | access-date=2009-10-10}}
* {{cite web|title=''AgWeek'', October 5, 2009, Lugar questioning FAS role, by Jerry Hagstrom |url=http://www.agweek.com/articles/?id=6524&article_id=15167&property_id=41 |access-date=2009-10-10 }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 
* {{cite web |title=''Foreign Service Journal'', September 2009, Mission Cleavage (p. 61) |url=http://www.foreignservicejournal-digital.com/foreignservicejournal/200909/?folio=61#pg63 |access-date=2010-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504051256/http://www.foreignservicejournal-digital.com/foreignservicejournal/200909/?folio=61#pg63 |archive-date=2010-05-04 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2009, Hoping for a Break: Foreign Trade Agencies Under Pressure (pp. 15–22) | url=http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/16/ | access-date=2009-05-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151228/http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/16/ | archive-date=2011-05-16 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2009, FAS At a Crossroads: Reshaping Ag Diplomacy (pp. 27–31) | url=http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/28/ | access-date=2011-10-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916225319/http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/28/ | archive-date=2011-09-16 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2009, Emerging Challenges: Farm Trade in the Age of Globalization (pp. 32–36) | url=http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/34/ | access-date=2011-10-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916225319/http://www.afsa.org/FSJ/0509/index.html#/34/ | archive-date=2011-09-16 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|title=''AgWeek'', March 8, 2009, A Mess at FAS, by Jerry Hagstrom |date=March 2, 2009 |url=https://www.agweek.com/news/3786929-mess-fas}} 
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2003, An Unauthorized History of FAS | url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/may03/mustard.pdf | access-date=2009-03-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026120655/http://afsa.org/fsj/may03/mustard.pdf | archive-date=2010-10-26 }}
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2003, High Stakes, High Hurdles: US Farm Trade Policy | url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/may03/trachtenberg.pdf | access-date=2009-03-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026112301/http://afsa.org/fsj/may03/trachtenberg.pdf | archive-date=2010-10-26 }}
* {{cite web | title=''Foreign Service Journal'', May 2003, The Foreign Agricultural Service Today | url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/may03/guldin.pdf | access-date=2009-03-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026130808/http://afsa.org/fsj/may03/guldin.pdf | archive-date=2010-10-26 }}
* {{cite web| title=''Journal of Farm Economics'', December 1952, The United States Farmer and the World Around Him | url=http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=chla;cc=chla;rgn=full%20text;idno=5033566_4114_005;didno=5033566_4114_005;view=image;seq=0006;node=5033566_4114_005%3A6.2 | access-date=2009-03-26}}
* {{cite web| title=''Journal of Farm Economics'', July 1930, News Items | url=http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=chla&cc=chla&idno=5033566_4092_003&node=5033566_4092_003%3A4.22&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=129/ | access-date=2009-03-23}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.fas.usda.gov/}}
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/foreign-agricultural-service Foreign Agricultural Service] in the [[Federal Register]]

{{ES Government}}
{{USDA agencies}}
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{{LOC-general}}

[[Category:Foreign Agricultural Service| ]]
[[Category:Agricultural economics]]
[[Category:Diplomatic services|United States]]
[[Category:Export credit agencies]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Agriculture agencies]]
[[Category:United States trade policy]]
[[Category:Foreign relations agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Agricultural marketing]]
[[Category:Agricultural marketing in the United States]]