View source for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

{{Short description|Ministerial department of the UK Government}}
{{Redirect|Foreign Office}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| type            = Department
| picture         = Foreign & Commonwealth Office main building.jpg
| picture_caption = FCDO Main Building, [[Westminster]]
| logo            = Logo of the FCDO.svg
| formed          = {{Start date and age|1782}} (as the ''Foreign Office'')
| preceding1      = [[Commonwealth Office]]
| preceding2      = [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Office]]
| preceding3      = [[Department for International Development]]
| agency_name     = Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
| jurisdiction    = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| employees       = 8,098 (2024/25)<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Annual Report & Accounts 2024–25 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/687e39109914d1f63267c5e5/FCDO-Annual-Report-and-Accounts-2024-2025.pdf |website=[[GOV.UK]] |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>{{rp|143}}
| headquarters    = King Charles Street<br/>[[London]] [[SW postcode area|SW1]]
| coordinates     = {{Coord|51|30|11|N|0|07|40|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| budget          = £8.172bn (resource) & £2.759bn (capital) in 2024–25<ref>{{Cite book |title=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office main estimates memorandum |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/foreign-commonwealth-development-office-main-estimates-memorandum-2024-to-2025 |publisher=[[HM Treasury]] |location=London |year=2024 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>
| minister_type   = Secretary of State
| minister1_name  = The Rt Hon. [[Yvette Cooper]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MP}}
| minister1_pfo   = [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]]
| deputyminister_type =
| deputyminister1_name = 
| deputyminister1_pfo = 
| chief1_name     = Sir [[Olly Robbins]]
| chief1_position = [[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Affairs and Head of HM Diplomatic Service]]
| chief2_name = Nick Dyer
| chief2_position = Second Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Affairs
| child1_agency   = [[FCDO Services]]
| child2_agency   = [[Wilton Park]]
| website         = {{URL|https://gov.uk/fcdo}}
}}
{{Politics of the United Kingdom}}

The '''Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office''' ('''FCDO'''), or '''Foreign Office''' is the [[ministry of foreign affairs]] and a [[Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom|ministerial department]] of the [[government of the United Kingdom]].

The office was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the [[Department for International Development]] (DFID).<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCDO Board Non-executive Director |url=https://www.civilservicejobs.service.gov.uk/csr/index.cgi?SID=cGFnZWFjdGlvbj12aWV3dmFjYnlqb2JsaXN0JnVzZXJzZWFyY2hjb250ZXh0PTEwMzg3OTI0MSZzZWFyY2hfc2xpY2VfY3VycmVudD0xJmNzb3VyY2U9Y3Nxc2VhcmNoJm93bmVyPTUwNzAwMDAmcGFnZWNsYXNzPUpvYnMmam9ibGlzdF92aWV3X3ZhYz0xNjc5OTk0Jm93bmVydHlwZT1mYWlyJnJlcXNpZz0xNTk0OTg2Mjg2LWQ5Mzc3Mjc0NmE1NGYyZTJmZjRiOTcyNzcxZDAxNzQ2MDU2Zjk4ZmI= |url-status=dead |website=[[UK Government]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720054953/https://www.civilservicejobs.service.gov.uk/csr/index.cgi?SID=cGFnZWFjdGlvbj12aWV3dmFjYnlqb2JsaXN0JnVzZXJzZWFyY2hjb250ZXh0PTEwMzg3OTI0MSZzZWFyY2hfc2xpY2VfY3VycmVudD0xJmNzb3VyY2U9Y3Nxc2VhcmNoJm93bmVyPTUwNzAwMDAmcGFnZWNsYXNzPUpvYnMmam9ibGlzdF92aWV3X3ZhYz0xNjc5OTk0Jm93bmVydHlwZT1mYWlyJnJlcXNpZz0xNTk0OTg2Mjg2LWQ5Mzc3Mjc0NmE1NGYyZTJmZjRiOTcyNzcxZDAxNzQ2MDU2Zjk4ZmI= |archive-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> The FCO was itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office (FO) and the [[Commonwealth Office]]. The department is responsible for representing and promoting British interests worldwide.

The head of the FCDO is the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs]], commonly abbreviated to "foreign secretary". This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] – the [[Great Offices of State]] – alongside those of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and [[Home Secretary]]. [[Yvette Cooper]] was appointed Foreign Secretary on 5 September 2025 following the [[2025 British cabinet reshuffle]].

The FCDO is managed day-to-day by a [[civil servant]], the [[permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs]], who also acts as the Head of [[His Majesty's Diplomatic Service]]. [[Sir Oliver Robbins]] took office as permanent under-secretary on 8 January 2025.

The expenditure, administration and policy of the FCDO are scrutinised by the [[Foreign Affairs Select Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign Affairs Committee|work=UK Parliament|url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/78/foreign-affairs-committee|access-date=4 September 2021|quote=The Foreign Affairs Committee examines the expenditure, administration and policy of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other bodies associated with the Foreign Office}}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
According to the FCDO website, the department's key responsibilities (as of 2020) are as follows:<ref name="About">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-office/about |website=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200830093621/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-office/about |archive-date=30 August 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2020 }}</ref>

* Safeguarding the UK's national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict.
* Building the UK's prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, and promoting sustainable global growth.
* Supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services.
In addition to those responsibilities, the FCDO is responsible for the [[British Overseas Territories]], which had previously been administered from 1782 to 1801 by the [[Home Office]], from 1801 to 1854 by the [[War and Colonial Office]], from 1854 to 1966 by the [[Colonial Office]], from 1966 to 1968 by the [[Commonwealth Office]], and from 1968 by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] (this did not include ''protectorates'', which fell under the purview of the [[Foreign Office]], or to [[British India]], which had been administered by the [[East India Company]] until 1858, and thereafter by the [[India Office]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foreign & Commonwealth Office|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/12249/ot-wp-0612.pdf|title=The Overseas Territories: Security, Success and Sustainability|date=June 2012|publisher=The Stationery Office |isbn=9780101837422}}</ref>

This arrangement has been subject to criticism in the UK and in the overseas territories. For example, the [[Premier of Anguilla|chief minister of Anguilla]], [[Victor Banks]], said: "We are not foreign; neither are we members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], so we should have a different interface with the UK that is based on mutual respect".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2018|title=Oral evidence: Future of the UK Overseas Territories|url=http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/foreign-affairs-committee/the-future-of-the-uk-overseas-territories/oral/93391.html|website=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]}}</ref> There have been numerous suggestions on ways to improve the relationship between the overseas territories and the UK. Suggestions have included setting up a dedicated department to handle relations with the overseas territories, similarly to the French [[Ministry of the Overseas (France)|Ministry of the Overseas]], or alternatively the absorption of the Overseas Territories Directorate (OTD) in the [[Cabinet Office]], thus affording the overseas territories with better connections to the centre of government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/1464/146405.htm#footnote-105 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>

==Ministers==
The FCDO ministers are as follows, with cabinet ministers in bold:<ref>{{OGL-attribution|{{Cite web |title=Our ministers |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-development-office|website=GOV.UK |publisher=Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office |access-date=27 July 2024}}}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
! width=95x|Minister
! Portrait
! Office
! Portfolio
|-
| '''[[Yvette Cooper]]''' {{small|MP}}
| [[File:Yvette Cooper Official Cabinet Portrait, July 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
| [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs]]
| Overarching responsibility for the departmental portfolio and oversight of the ministerial team; Cabinet; National Security Council (NSC); strategy; intelligence policy; honours.
|-
|[[Jenny Chapman|Jenny Chapman, Baroness Chapman of Darlington]]
|[[File:Official portrait of Baroness Chapman of Darlington crop 2, 2021.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
|[[Minister of State for Development|Minister of State for Development and Africa]]
|Africa; migration; development and humanitarian; International finance; climate and energy security; violence against women and girls
|-
|[[Stephen Doughty]] {{small|MP}}
|[[File:Official portrait of Stephen Doughty MP crop 2.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
| [[Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories]]
| US and Canada; Europe; Eastern Europe and Central Asia; Overseas Territories; defence and international security; sanctions
|-
|[[Hamish Falconer]] {{small|MP}}
|[[File:Official portrait of Hamish Falconer MP crop 2.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
| [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan]]
| Middle East and North Africa; Afghanistan and Pakistan; consular and crisis
|-
|[[Seema Malhotra]] {{small|MP}}
|[[File:Seema Malhotra official portrait, 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
| [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Indo-Pacific]] 
| Indo-Pacific; growth; global tech and Artificial Intelligence; departmental operations
|-
|[[Chris Elmore]] {{small|MP}}
|[[File:Official portrait of Chris Elmore MP crop 2.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Multilateral, Human Rights, Latin America and the Caribbean
|Latin America; Caribbean; small island developing states; UN, multilateral, human rights and Commonwealth; strategy and delivery
|-
|}

==History==
{{UK History of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}

===Eighteenth century===
The Foreign Office was formed in March 1782 by combining the [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Southern]] and [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department|Northern]] Departments of the Secretary of State, each of which covered both foreign and domestic affairs in their parts of the Kingdom. The two departments' foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office. The Home Office is technically the senior.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516232053/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/history-and-buildings/a-brief-history-fco/ A brief history of the FCO] Foreign and Commonwealth Office</ref>

===Nineteenth century===
[[File:Foreign and India Offices, London, 1866 ILN.jpg|thumb|right|The western end of the FCDO Main Building in 1866, facing [[St James's Park]]. It was then occupied by the Foreign and India Offices, while the Home and Colonial Offices occupied the [[Whitehall]] end.]]
During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.<ref name="historyandpolicy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-104.html |title=The Victorian information age: nineteenth century answers to today's information policy questions? |last=Weller |first=Toni |date=June 2010 |work=History & Policy |access-date=9 December 2010 |location=[[United Kingdom]] |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303021830/http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-104.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examples of journalists who specialized in foreign affairs and were well connected to politicians included: [[Henry Southern (journalist)|Henry Southern]], [[Valentine Chirol]], Harold Nicolson, and [[Robert Bruce Lockhart]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grberridge.diplomacy.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/GrenvilleMurray.01.pdf|title=A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era|last=Berridge|first=G. R.|website=grberridge.diplomacy.edu|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

===Twentieth century===
During the [[First World War]], the [[Arab Bureau]] was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the ''Cairo Intelligence Department''. During the early [[Cold War]] an important department was the [[Information Research Department]] (IRD) which was used to create propaganda against socialist and anti-colonial movements. In 1922 after the end of the [[First World War]] the recently created [[Government Code and Cypher School]] moved from the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] to the Foreign Office.

The Foreign Office hired its first woman diplomat, [[Monica Milne]], in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women and the Foreign Office |url=https://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/women_in_diplomacy_history_note__5b/6?ff |website=Issu.com |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

===The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1968–2020)===
The FCO was formed on 17 October 1968, from the merger of the short-lived [[Commonwealth Office]] and the [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Office]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CNs9AAAAIBAJ&pg=2968%2C3208117 |title=The Foreign and Commonwealth Ministries merge |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=17 October 1968 |page=1 |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> The Commonwealth Office had been created only in 1966, by the merger of the [[Commonwealth Relations Office]] and the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Office]], the Commonwealth Relations Office having been formed by the merger of the [[Dominions Office]] and the India Office in 1947—with the Dominions Office having been split from the Colonial Office in 1925.

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for [[international development]] issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997.

[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] website contains a government timeline to show the departments responsible for foreign and commonwealth affairs from 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |title=Foreign Affairs Timeline |url=http://labs.nationalarchives.gov.uk/foreign-affairs-timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816222338/http://labs.nationalarchives.gov.uk/foreign-affairs-timeline/ |archive-date=16 August 2012 |access-date=10 July 2024 }}</ref>

==== Under New Labour (1997–2010) ====
From 1997, international development became the responsibility of the separate [[Department for International Development]].

When [[David Miliband]] took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, he set in hand a review of the FCO's strategic priorities. One of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, there was agreement that it needed a new framework to drive its work forward.

The new strategic framework consists of three core elements:

* A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government.
* Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and managed migration for Britain. These services are delivered through [[UK Trade & Investment]] (UKTI), consular teams in Britain and overseas, and [[UK Visas and Immigration]].
* Four policy goals:
** countering terrorism and weapons proliferation and their causes
** preventing and resolving conflict
** promoting a low-carbon, high-growth, global economy
** developing effective international institutions, in particular the [[United Nations]] and the [[European Union]].

In August 2005, a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by [[Andrew Mackinlay]]. The report severely criticised the FCO's management structure, noting:

* The Foreign Office could be "slow to act".
* Delegation is lacking within the management structure.
* Accountability was poor.
* The FCO could feasibly cut 1,200 jobs.
* At least £48 million could be saved annually.

The Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had already implemented the report's recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Office management damned |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4745467.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=4 August 2005 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2009, Gordon Brown created the position of Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) to the FCO. The first science adviser was [[David Clary]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clary |first=David |author-link=David Clary |title=A Scientist in the Foreign Office |journal=Science & Diplomacy |date=2013-09-16 |volume=2 |issue=3 |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2013/scientist-in-foreign-office}}</ref>

On 25 April 2010, the department apologised after ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' obtained a "foolish" document calling for the upcoming September visit of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] to be marked by the launch of "Benedict-branded" [[condom]]s, the opening of an [[abortion]] clinic and the blessing of a [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apology over Pope 'condom' memo |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8642404.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=25 April 2010}}</ref>

==== Coalition and Conservatives (2010–2020) ====
[[File:New UK Diplomatic Posts - April 2013 (8680641560).jpg|left|thumb|New UK Diplomatic Posts – April 2013]]
In 2012, the Foreign Office was criticised by [[Gerald Steinberg]] of the Jerusalem-based research institute [[NGO Monitor]], saying that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development provided more than £500,000 in funding to [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian]] NGOs which he said "promote political attacks on Israel". In response, a spokesman for the Foreign Office said "we are very careful about who and what we fund. The objective of our funding is to support efforts to achieve a [[two-state solution]]. Funding a particular project for a limited period of time does not mean that we endorse every single action or public comment made by an NGO or by its employees."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/82746/investigate-uk-funding-palestinian-ngos%E2%80%99 |title=Investigate UK funding of Palestinian NGOs |first=Simon |last=Rocker |work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929063420/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/82746/investigate-uk-funding-palestinian-ngos%E2%80%99 |date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2024 }}</ref>

In September 2012, the FCO and the [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies, the joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticised for further diminishing the UK's influence in Europe.<ref name="Gaspers FPC">{{Cite web |last=Gaspers |first=Jan |title=At the Helm of a New Commonwealth Diplomatic Network: In the United Kingdom's Interest? |url=http://fpc.org.uk/articles/569 |date=November 2012 |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the then Foreign Secretary, [[William Hague]], announced the government's intention to open a number of new diplomatic posts in order to enhance the UK's overseas network.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laws |first=David |author-link=David Laws |date=2016 |title=Coalition: The Inside Story of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5PGCwAAQBAJ&q=william+hague+fco+new+embassies&pg=PT52 |publisher=Biteback Publishing |isbn=9781849549660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking after our own: strengthening Britain's consular diplomacy |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/looking-after-our-own-strengthening-britains-consular-diplomacy--2 |first=William |last=Hague |author-link=William Hague |publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office |via=[[GOV.UK]] |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> As such, eight new embassies and six new consulates were opened around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Britain will have a global diplomatic network and the best diplomatic service in the world |url=https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2012/04/william-hague.html |first=William |last=Hague |author-link=William Hague |website=[[ConservativeHome]] |date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2020–2022) ===
On 16 June 2020, Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] announced the merger of the FCO with the Department for International Development.<ref>{{Cite news |title=International development and Foreign Office to merge |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-53062858 |publisher=BBC News |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> This was following the decision in the [[2020 British cabinet reshuffle|February 2020 cabinet reshuffle]] to give cross-departmental briefs to all junior ministers in the Department for International Development and the Foreign Office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Joint ministerial team at Foreign Office and DfID reignites merger rumours |url=https://www.civilserviceworld.com/articles/news/joint-ministerial-team-foreign-office-and-dfid-reignites-merger-rumours |work=Civil Service World |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> The merger, which created the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, took place in September 2020<ref>{{Cite news |title=Foreign Office and International Development merger will curb 'giant cashpoint' of UK aid, PM pledges |url=https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-to-merge-foreign-office-and-international-development-offices-into-new-department-12007870 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> with a stated aim of ensuring that [[aid]] is spent "in line with the UK's priorities overseas".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister announces merger of Department for International Development and Foreign Office |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-announces-merger-of-department-for-international-development-and-foreign-office |website=GOV.UK |date=17 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> The merger was criticised by three former prime ministers – [[Gordon Brown]], [[Tony Blair]] and [[David Cameron]] – with Cameron saying that it would mean "less respect for the UK overseas".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |last2=Wintour |first2=Patrick |author-link2=Patrick Wintour |title=Three ex-PMs attack plan to merge DfID with Foreign Office |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/16/foreign-office-and-department-for-international-development-to-merge |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The chief executive of [[Save the Children]], Kevin Watkins, called it "reckless, irresponsible and a dereliction of UK leadership" that "threatens to reverse hard-won gains in child survival, nutrition and poverty".<ref name=":0"/>[[File:British Overseas.png|left|thumb|A map of the UK, British Overseas Territories & Crown Dependencies]]

In November 2021, it was reported that an [[employment tribunal]] had ruled that the FCDO had racially discriminated against Sonia Warner, a black senior civil servant, by treating her unfairly in a disciplinary process.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Syal |first1=Rajeev |title=FCDO racially discriminated against black civil servant, tribunal rules 30 November 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/nov/30/fcdo-racially-discriminated-against-black-senior-civil-servant-tribunal-rules |website=Guardian |date=30 November 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

On 21 February 2022, UK Minister for Africa [[Vicky Ford]] announced a new £74 million financial package to support women entrepreneurs across Nigeria, who own businesses and small and medium enterprises (SMEs).<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK boosts access to finance for women-owned businesses and clean energy projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-boosts-access-to-finance-for-women-owned-businesses-and-clean-energy-projects-in-nigeria|access-date=2022-02-21|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Maria Bamieh settled an employment claim against the Foreign Office for more than £400,000 shortly before her claim was due to be heard by an employment tribunal. She said that the Foreign Office failed to support her when she attempted to expose corruption at the [[European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo|EU's rule of law mission (EULEX)]]. The Foreign Office said: "We have agreed to settle this long-running case without any admission of liability and continue to strongly refute these allegations."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Syal |first1=Rajeev |title=Foreign Office to pay £423,000 to whistleblowing lawyer who lost job|date=3 July 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/03/foreign-office-to-pay-423000-lawyer-who-lost-job-maria-bamieh |website=theguardian.com |publisher=Guardian |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==International Academy==
{{Main|International Academy (United Kingdom)}}

Following a prior announcement by the then Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]], the [[Diplomatic Academy (United Kingdom)|Diplomatic Academy]] was established in February 2015.<ref name="DiplomaticAgency">{{Cite web |title=Opening of new Diplomatic Academy |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/opening-of-new-diplomatic-academy |website=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> The centre was established in order to create a cross-government centre of excellence for all civil servants working on international issues.<ref name="DiplomaticAgency" /> The academy serves to broaden the department's network and engage in collaborative work with academic and diplomatic partners.<ref name="DiplomaticAgency" /> The institution was renamed the International Academy as part of the 2020 creation of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCDO Legal Directorate Annual Review 2019 to 2020 (accessible version) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fcdo-legal-directorate-annual-review-2019-to-2020/fcdo-legal-directorate-annual-review-2019-to-2020-accessible-version |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

==Programme Funds==
The FCDO, through its core departmental budget, funds projects which are in line with its policy priorities outlined in its Single Departmental Plan.<ref name="About"/> This funding includes both [[Official Development Assistance]] (ODA), and non-ODA funds. The funds are used for a wide range of projects and serve to support traditional diplomatic activities.<ref name="About"/>

The FCDO plays a key role in delivering two, major UK government funds which work to support the government's [[National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)|National Security Strategy]] and Aid Strategy.<ref name="About"/>

* The '''[[Conflict, Stability and Security Fund]] (CSSF)''' – Used to support cross-governmental efforts at reducing conflict-related risks in countries which the UK has important interests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/conflict-stability-and-security-fund/about |website=[[UK Government]] |publisher=[[Conflict, Stability and Security Fund]]}}</ref>
* The '''Prosperity Fund''' – Supports economic development and reform in the UK's partner countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cross-Government Prosperity Fund |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cross-government-prosperity-fund-programme |website=[[UK Government]] |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
* The '''[[Global Innovation Fund]]''' – Invests in evidence-based innovations with the potential to positively impact the lives of people living on less than $5 per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Fund
 |url=https://www.gov.uk/international-development-funding/global-innovation-fund |website=[[UK Government]] |date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

The FCDO also supports a number of academic funds:
* [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening scholarships]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chevening |url=https://www.chevening.org/ |quote=Chevening Awards are supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref>
* [[Marshall scholarships]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.marshallscholarship.org/the-commission/who-we-are |website=[[Marshall Scholarship|Marshal Scholarships]] |quote=Marshall Scholarships are mainly funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref>
* Domestic Programme Fund<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forced marriage |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/forced-marriage#domestic-programme-fund |website=[[UK Government]] |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office; [[Home Office]] |date=20 March 2013 |quote=The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) is a joint Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Home Office unit}}</ref>
* Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund (Darwin Plus)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwin Plus: environment funding for the UK Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/darwin-plus-applying-for-projects-in-uk-overseas-territories |website=[[UK Government]] |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office; [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] |date=22 May 2014 |quote=UK Government policy advisers from... Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref>
* Science and Innovation Network<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Science and Innovation Network |url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/uk-science-and-innovation-network |website=[[UK Government]] |quote=Part of: Foreign & Commonwealth Office}}</ref>

=== 2021 aid budget cuts ===
In 2021, the UK government cut its overseas aid budget from 0.7% to 0.5% of Gross National Income<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-13|title=Government wins vote to lock in cuts to overseas aid|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-57826111|access-date=2021-10-09}}</ref> despite UK legislation against such a move.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Does UK Law Say on Aid?: How New Development Secretary Mordaunt Can Meet her Aid Effectiveness Pledge |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/what-does-uk-law-say-aid-how-new-development-secretary-mordaunt-can-meet-her-aid-effectiveness |website=Center For Global Development |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Foreign aid: Government decision to cut budget 'unlawful', says peer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56473067 |publisher=BBC News |date=21 March 2021 |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> These cuts, amounting to £4 billion,<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite web |title=Britain's aid cuts: what's been announced so far |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/30/britains-aid-cuts-whats-been-announced-so-far |website=The Guardian |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> reduced funding for humanitarian intervention by 44%<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatch |first=Jonathan |title=UK aid cuts: reactions from the UK and beyond |url=https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2021/05/uk-aid-cuts-reactions-from-the-uk-and-beyond |website=Bond |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> in places like [[Yemen]] and [[Syria]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/> It also cut funding for the fight against [[polio]], [[malaria]] and [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracking the UK's controversial aid cuts|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/tracking-the-uk-s-controversial-aid-cuts-99883|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Devex}}</ref> Funding for girls education worldwide was also reduced by 25%.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-30|title=Charity warns UK aid priorities to see 63% cut in funding|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56576850|access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=An Overview of the Impact of Proposed Cuts to UK Aid|url=https://www.cgdev.org/publication/overview-impact-proposed-cuts-uk-aid|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Center For Global Development|date=25 January 2021 |last1=Mitchell |first1=Ian |last2=Hughes |first2=Sam |last3=Ritchie |first3=Euan }}</ref>

===Investments===
The [[Global Innovation Fund|Global Innovation Fund (GIF)]] announced the first two investments made under its 'Innovating for Climate Resilience fund', which was launched at [[COP26]] with support from the UK's Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and in partnership with the Adaptation Research Alliance and the Global Resilience Partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Fund announces first round of investments under its 'Innovating for Climate Resilience' fund |url=https://maxinews.co.uk/general/global-innovation-fund-announces-first-round-of-investments-under-its-innovating-for-climate-resilience-fund/ |website=MaxiNews |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>

=== UNRWA funding ===
According to the FCDO and Foreign Secretary, the UK committed over £100 million in aid to the OPTs (Occupied Palestinian territories) for the 2023/2024 period, of which £35 million was specifically provided to [[UNRWA]] before it was suspended in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9900/CBP-9900.pdf| title=UK aid to the West Bank and Gaza Strips : FAQS", House of Commons Library, Research Briefing| date=2024-07-31 | accessdate=2024-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-humanitarian-push-as-150-tonnes-of-uk-aid-enters-gaza?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=govuk-notifications-topic&utm_source=2c8ab733-1d5d-4613-9f8b-be66260783da&utm_content=immediately |title=Major humanitarian push as 150 tonnes of UK aid enter Gaza", UK GOV |date=2024-03-13 |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref> The funding was suspended after allegations surfaced that members of staff at [[UNRWA]] had been involved in the 7 October [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|attacks by Hamas in Israel in 2023]]; however, in July 2024, UK Foreign Secretary [[David Lammy]] announced that the UK would resume funding to [[UNRWA]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-government-to-resume-funding-for-unrwa-in-gaza-13180894| title=UK government to resume funding for UNRWA in Gaza| newspaper=Sky News| accessdate=2024-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-restart-funding-to-unrwa |title=UK to restart funding to UNRWA |access-date=2024-10-10}}</ref>

== FCDO Services ==
In April 2006, a new [[executive agency]] was established, FCO Services (now FCDO Services), to provide corporate service functions.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060320/wmstext/60320m02.htm |title=Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs |journal=Hansard |date=March 2006}}</ref> It moved to [[Trading Fund]] status in April 2008, so that it had the ability to provide services similar to those it already offers to the FCDO<ref name="Fund Order">{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/590/contents/made |title=The FCO Services Trading Fund Order 2008 |publisher=National Archives |work=UK Legislation |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> to other government departments and even to outside businesses.

As of 2017, [[Simon Gass|Sir Simon Gass]] is [[Non-Executive Director]] and [[Chairperson|Chair of the FCDO Services Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCDO Services board |url=https://www.fcdoservices.gov.uk/about/our-senior-management/fcdo-services-board/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=FCDO Services |language=en-GB}}</ref>

FCDO Services operates globally in 250 destinations across 168 countries; with office regions covering Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Middle East & Africa and The Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.fcdoservices.gov.uk/about/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=FCDO Services |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The services FCDO Services offer are "[[Cloud computing|Digital and Cloud]]", "[[Physical security|Securing your Buildings and Spaces]]", "[[Logistics]]", "[[Translation]] and [[Interpreting]]" and "[[Computer security|Technical Security]] from [[UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping|UK NACE]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=What we offer |url=https://www.fcdoservices.gov.uk/what-we-offer/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=FCDO Services |language=en-GB}}</ref>

It is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, and provides secure support services to the FCDO, other government departments and foreign governments and bodies with which the UK has close links.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fcoservices.gov.uk/eng/ourorganisation/who_we_are.asp |title=Who we are |date=2011-05-24 |publisher=FCO Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222040146/https://www.fcoservices.gov.uk/eng/ourorganisation/who_we_are.asp |archive-date=22 February 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-06-18}}</ref>

Since 2011, FCDO Services has been developing the Government Secure Application Environment (GSAE) on a secure [[cloud computing]] platform to support UK government organisations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Say |first=Mark |title=FCO Services pushes secure cloud platform |url=https://www.theguardian.com/government-computing-network/2011/jul/21/fco-services-huddle-gsae-cloud |work=Guardian Government Computing |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> It also manages the UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping (UK NACE) which helps protect UK assets from physical, electronic and [[cyber attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK NACE – The UK National Authority for Counter-Eavesdropping|url=https://www.fcdoservices.gov.uk/uk-nace/|access-date=2021-08-03|website=FCDO Services|language=en-GB}}</ref>

FCDO Services is a public sector organisation, it is not funded by the public and has to rely on the income it produces to meet its costs, by providing services on a commercial basis to customers both in the UK and throughout the world. Its accounting officer and chief executive is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs and to Parliament, for the organisation's performance and conduct.

== Global Response Office ==
{{Update|part=section|date=April 2025|updated=2013}}
The FCDO Global Response Office operates 24/7, every day of the year. It takes calls from British Nationals overseas, usually in emergency situations such as lost passports, hospitalisations, deaths and arrests.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Travel |first1=FCDO |date=2013-03-06 |title=Switching night and day – life in the Global Response Centre {{!}} Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Blogs |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/fcotravel/2013/03/06/switching-night-and-day-life-in-the-global-response-centre/ |access-date=2022-09-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Library of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Records Department ==

The historical records of the FCO was transferred to a permanent loan to [[King’s College London]] in 2007, likely from the review to reduce due to cost reduction of non-core activities at the FCO.<ref>Library of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Records Department</ref> The collection consists of 90,000 artifacts from the early 16th century (mainly of Tudor England) to present.

==Buildings==
[[File:foreign.office.london.arp.jpg|thumb|The FCDO Main Building viewed from [[Horse Guards Road]], with the [[Statue of Robert Clive, London|Statue of Robert Clive]] and the entrance to the [[Churchill War Rooms]] visible]]
As well as embassies abroad, the FCDO has premises within the UK:
* [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building]], [[Whitehall]], King Charles St, London (abbreviated to KCS by FCDO staff)
* Abercrombie House, [[East Kilbride]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-development-office/about|access-date=2021-10-09|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> (abbreviated to AH by FCDO staff)
* [[Hanslope Park]], [[Hanslope]], [[Milton Keynes]] (abbreviated to HSP by FCDO staff). Location of [[FCDO Services]], [[HMGCC]] and Technical Security Department of the UK [[Secret Intelligence Service]])
* [[Lancaster House]], [[St James's]], London. A mansion in the St James's district in the West End of London which the Foreign Office holds on lease from the Crown. It is used primarily for hospitality, entertaining foreign dignitaries and housing the [[Government Wine Cellar]].

The FCO formerly also used the following building:
* [[Old Admiralty Building]] (abbreviated to OAB), [[Whitehall]], London

{{Anchor|Main Building}}

===Main Building===
<!-- [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building]], [[Foreign Office Main Building]], [[India Office Main Building]] redirect here -->
[[File:Grand Staircase 2019 World Photography Day.jpg|thumb|The Grand Staircase]]
[[File:Grand Locarno Room 2019 World Photography Day.jpg|thumb|The Grand Locarno Room]]
[[File:Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Durbar Court.jpg|thumb|The Durbar Court at the former [[India Office]], now part of the FCDO]]
[[File:Muse Staircase 2019 World Photography Day.jpg|thumb|The Muse Staircase]]
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office occupies a building which originally provided premises for four separate government departments: the Foreign Office, the India Office, the Colonial Office, and the Home Office. Construction on the building began in 1861 and finished in 1868, on the plot of land bounded by Whitehall, King Charles Street, Horse Guards Road and [[Downing Street]]. The building was designed by the architect [[George Gilbert Scott]].<ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Foreign & Commonwealth Office History |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/4103709/fco-history.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924111355/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/4103709/fco-history.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2012}}</ref> Its architecture is in the [[Italianate]] style; Scott had initially envisaged a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] design, but [[Lord Palmerston]], then prime minister, insisted on a classical style.<ref name=history/> The English sculptors [[Henry Hugh Armstead]] and [[John Birnie Philip]] produced a number of allegorical figures ("Art", "Law", "Commerce", etc.) for the exterior.

In 1925 the Foreign Office played host to the signing of the [[Locarno Treaties]], aimed at reducing tension in Europe. The ceremony took place in a suite of rooms that had been designed for banqueting, which subsequently became known as the Locarno Suite.<ref name="route">{{Cite web |title=Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Route |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/4103709/fco-route.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924111418/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/4103709/fco-route.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2012 |publisher=FCO}}</ref> During the Second World War, the Locarno Suite's fine furnishings were removed or covered up, and it became home to a Foreign Office code-breaking department.<ref name=route/>

Due to increasing numbers of staff, the offices became increasingly cramped and much of the fine [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] interior was covered over—especially after the [[Second World War]]. In the 1960s, demolition was proposed, as part of major redevelopment plan for the area drawn up by the architect [[Leslie Martin]].<ref name=history/> A subsequent public outcry prevented these proposals from ever being implemented. Instead, the Foreign Office became a Grade&nbsp;I [[listed building]] in 1970.<ref name=history/> In 1978, the Home Office moved to a new building, easing overcrowding.

With a new sense of the building's historical value, it underwent a 17-year, £100 million restoration process, completed in 1997.<ref name=history/> The Locarno Suite, used as offices and storage since the Second World War, was fully restored for use in international conferences. The building is now open to the public each year over [[Open House Weekend]].

In 2014 refurbishment to accommodate all Foreign and Commonwealth Office employees into one building was started by [[Mace (construction company)|Mace]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mace wins £20m Whitehall Foreign Office refit |url=http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2014/05/23/mace-wins-20m-whitehall-foreign-office-refit/ |website=constructionenquirer.com}}</ref>

==Devolution==
[[International relations]] are handled centrally from Whitehall on behalf of the whole of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. However, the devolved administrations also maintain an overseas presence in the European Union, the U.S. and China alongside British diplomatic missions. These offices aim to promote their own economies and ensure that devolved interests are taken into account in [[British foreign policy]]. Ministers from devolved administrations can attend international negotiations when agreed with the British Government, e.g. EU fisheries negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish gains at Euro fish talks |url=https://www2.gov.scot/News/Releases/2009/12/16083517 |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=16 December 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Politics}}
* [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office Migrated Archives]]
* [[Palmerston (cat)]], former resident Chief Mouser of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
* [[Office for Conflict, Stabilisation and Mediation]]
* [[List of development aid agencies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Allen |first1=David |url=https://aei.pitt.edu/1716/1/Allen.pdf |title=The Foreign and Commonwealth Office |last2=Oliver |first2=Tim |date=2006 |work=The Europeanization of British Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |pages=52–66}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Michael |title=British External Policy-Making in the 1990s |date=1992 |publisher=Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dickie |first=John |title=Inside the Foreign Office |date=1992 |publisher=Chapmans |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Ruth Dudley |title=True Brits: Inside the British Foreign Office |date=1994 |publisher=BBC Books |location=London |author-link=Ruth Dudley Edwards}}
* {{Cite book |last=Feske |first=Victor H. |title=The Road To Suez: The British Foreign Office and the Quai D'Orsay, 1951–1957 |date=2019 |work=The Diplomats, 1939–1979 |pages=167–200 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.11|s2cid=188825766 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Ian |date=2013 |title='Building the Global Network?' The Reform of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office under New Labour |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264602850 |journal=British Journal of Politics and International Relations |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=228–245|doi=10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00533.x |s2cid=154455569 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kettle |first=Louise |date=2020 |title=The Role of the Policy Planning Staff in British Foreign Policy: Historical Lessons and Contemporary Insight |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592296.2020.1782675 |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=487–508|doi=10.1080/09592296.2020.1782675 |s2cid=218821102 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Simon |title=With Respect, Ambassador: An inquiry into the Foreign Office |last2=Sloman |first2=Anne |date=1985 |publisher=BBC |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Laurence |title=British Foreign Policy; Challenges and Choices for the 21st Century |last2=Garnett |first2=John |date=1997 |publisher=Royal Institute for International Affairs/Pinter |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mawdsley |first=Emma |date=2017 |title=National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity: Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/266586/UK-aid-paradox.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Geographical Journal |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=223–232|doi=10.1111/geoj.12219 |bibcode=2017GeogJ.183..223M }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Steiner |first=Zara |date=2004 |title=The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: Resistance and adaptation to changing times |journal=Contemporary British History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=13–30|doi=10.1080/1361946042000259288 |s2cid=153756859 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tribe |first=Keith |date=2018 |title=The Colonial Office and British Development Economics, 1940–60 |journal=History of Political Economy |volume=50 |issue=S1 |pages=97–113|doi=10.1215/00182702-7033872 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Foreign Policy Process in Britain |date=1975 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |editor-last=Wallace |editor-first=William |location=London}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Foreign Office}}
* {{Official website|https://gov.uk/fcdo}}
* {{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZCZp44kERg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WZCZp44kERg| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=How to Be Foreign Secretary|date=1998|last=Cockerell|first=Michael|type=Television production|publisher=BBC}}{{Cbignore}}
* {{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8fOhg2XoKs| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202054753/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8fOhg2XoKs&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2019-02-02 | url-status=dead|title=The Great Offices of State: Palace of Dreams|date=2010|last=Cockerell|first=Michael|type=Television production|publisher=BBC}}

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