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{{Culture of Romania}}
[[File:Romanian teens in traditional clothes are dancing.jpg|thumb|Romanian teens in traditional clothes are dancing]]
[[File:Bucharest-Village Museum-House.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A traditional house in the [[Village Museum]]]]
The '''folklore of Romania''' is the collection of traditions of the [[Romanians]]. A feature of [[Culture of Romania|Romanian culture]] is the special relationship between [[folklore]] and the learned culture, determined by two factors. First, the rural character of the Romanian communities resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Folk creations (the best known is the ballad [[Miorița]]) were the main literary genre until the 18th century. They were both a source of inspiration for cultivated creators and a structural model. Second, for a long time learned culture was governed by official and social commands and developed around courts of princes and boyars, as well as in monasteries.

==Overview==

===Creation of the world===
Stories suggest God made the Earth with the help of animals, while [[Satan|the Devil]] was trying to thwart his plans.<ref name="Cosma">Cosma, Aurel. ''Cosmogonia poporului român'' (The [[Cosmogony]] of the Romanian People) (1942). Bucharest: Tipografia Ziarului "Universul".</ref>{{rp|11–12}}<ref name="leeming">Leeming, David Adams. ''Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 2010. ''eBook Collection (EBSCOhost)''. Web. 17 Sept. 2012.</ref> In the majority of versions, before the earth existed, a boundless ocean called [[Apa Sâmbetei]] was the abode of God and the Devil, seen as master and servant rather than equals. In these stories the Devil goes by the name "Nefârtatul" and is the somewhat foolish brother of God in folk versions of stories. These stories appear not only in Romanian folklore, but also in those of Aromanian, Slavic Macedonian and Bulgarian folklore. Upon deciding to create the Earth, God sent the Devil to bring a handful of clay from the ground of the [[Cosmic ocean|World Ocean]] in his holy name. The Devil set forth and tried to bring it to the surface in his name instead, but could not succeed until he brought it up in the name of God. As this piece of clay grew into the Earth, God laid himself down to sleep.<ref name="leeming" /> The Devil tried to push him over the side, but the ever-expanding Earth would hinder that. After trying to throw God off the Earth in every one of the four cardinal directions, he shied away from the [[cross]] he drew in the ground himself.

===Origin of evil===
Other accounts, closer to the biblical one, suggest that the Devil and his [[demon]]s were once [[angel]]s of God. The Devil, however, tried to rebel, and, in response, God opened up the [[heaven]]s so that he might fall to the Earth. Fearing that Heaven might be voided, the archangel [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] re-sealed it, thus freezing the demons that had not yet fallen to hell in place. This is related to the concept of ''[[Aerial toll house|soul customs]]'', where every soul is intercepted on its way to heaven by these demons, who force it into hell. It has also given rise to the Romanian saying ''până ajungi la Dumnezeu, te mănâncă sfinții'' ("before you reach God, the saints will eat you").<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|13–14}}

===Origin of God===
Another question commonly addressed is that of the origin of God, which is explained in a [[Matryoshka doll|Russian doll]]-type fashion; before every God there was another God that created him. Thus explaining the many names the [[Bible]] [[names of God in Judaism|used for God]], the Oltenians believed the first God was called [[Names of God in Judaism#Tzevaot|Sabaoth]], followed by [[Amun|Amon]], [[Apollo]], the Creator God of the Bible and, finally, [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]].<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|12}}

===The Earth===
Even after Christian imagery and symbolism became part of Romanian culture, Mother Earth is identified as the [[Queen consort|consort]] of God, the heavenly [[God the Father|Father]].<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|55}}

The origin of mountains is explained in a number of ways by the cultures of the different regions of Romania. One account is that mountains formed as a response to God demanding the Earth to nurture all life, to which the earth shuddered and brought forth mountains. Another version suggests the Earth was too large to fit under the [[firmament]], and so God attempted to shrink it, thus raising mountains. Often, these accounts are accompanied by the imagery of one or several World Pillars, which sustain the earth from below and are usually placed beneath mountains. Earthquakes are frequently attributed to the earth slipping due to the Devil's constant gnawing at these pillars, which are rebuilt by God and his angels in times of [[fasting]].<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|38–42}}

===The myth of the Blajini===
The etymology of the word ''blajin'' (adj.) is the Slavonian ''blažĕnŭ'' meaning 'kind, well-minding person'.<ref>DEX, Romanian Academy Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998,</ref> According to Christian calendar, Romanians from Banat, Transylvania, Bucovina and Maramureș counties celebrate Easter of Blajini on first Monday after St. Thomas Sunday. Easter of Blajini is called also Easter of Deaths or Mighty Easter.
Romanians generally perceived the Earth as a disc, and they imagined what existed on the other side. This ''other'' Earth is imagined as a mirror image of the planet, and as a home to creatures called ''Blajini'' {{IPA|ro|blaˈʒinʲ|}} ("gentle/kind-hearted ones"), sometimes given the name ''Rohmani'' {{IPA|ro|ˈroh.manʲ|}} in [[Bukovina|Bucovina]]. They are described as anthropomorphic and short, sometimes having the head of a rat. They are either described as malicious or as having great respect for God and leading a sinless life. They are considered to fast the year through, and thus doing humans a great service.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|33}}

The Romanian holiday ''Paștele Blajinilor'' (Easter of Blajini) is a way to repay them for the benefits they bring. Since they live in isolation, they have no way of knowing when [[Easter]] comes. It is for this reason that Romanians eat dyed eggs and let the shells flow downstream, from there they believe they will get to the ''Apa Sâmbetei'', and from there to the Blajini.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|37}} Blajini are invisible connectors between Inner and Hollow Earth.

Blajin also means a dead child who did not receive the benediction of Holy Spirit. The ethnograph Marian Simion Florea wrote : ''Blajini are fictitious beings, incarnations of dead children not baptized who live at the end of Earth, nearby The Holy water (of Saturday)''.<ref>Marian Simion Florea, Cultural Romanian Foundation Publishing House, Bucharest 1994</ref>
Some explain them as the descendants of [[Adam]]'s son [[Seth]]. Others think that they used to live alongside humans on the earth, but [[Moses]], seeing his people oppressed by them, split the waters and, after he and his people had retreated to safety, poured the waters back onto them, sending them to their current abode.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|34}}

For celebrating the souls of dead relatives or friends, Romanians from above mentioned counties prepare festive meals and offer them, in the cemetery, nearby the tombs, after the religious mass and benediction, to all who wished to commemorate and pay their respects to the dead. They cheer up in memory of the deceased.

===Eschatology===
The most prominent symbol associated with the [[Eschatology|End Times]] is that of the [[earthquake]]. Waters overflowing and mountains collapsing are both linked to these earthquakes, which are mainly caused by lack of faith, which accelerates the crumbling of the World Pillars. Others attribute the earthquakes to the Earth (which is alive, and can therefore feel) realising the wicked ways of humans, and trembling in fright. Other rare natural phenomena such as [[Eclipse]]s or [[Comet]]s were seen as a sign of impending doom.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|61}}

If these warnings should fail, God will initiate the End of the World. Such imagery as a darkened [[Sun]], a bleeding [[Moon]] and falling [[star]]s are associated with the beginning of the End Times. Three saints (usually in the persons of [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], [[John the Apostle|John]] and [[Elijah]]) are said to come to Earth to unveil the Devil's attempts to destroy the world, whereupon they shall be killed by [[decapitation]]. The sky and the Earth will be set alight and the Earth will be purged, so that its [[Creator deity|Creator]] may descend upon it. The 12 winds are said to sweep up the ashes of people and gather them in the valley of [[Safed]], where the [[Last Judgement]] shall be done.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|67–68}}

Sources form [[Moldova]] and [[Bukovina|Bucovina]] also speak of a great army led by the emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]], which will conquer all the world's states, and kill everyone save for a few pure ones, which will then repopulate the Earth. In another instance, should this army not come, God shall burn the earth as described and bring the ''Blajini'' to live there. In another version, true to the succession of Gods mentioned earlier (s. [[#Origin of God|here]]), Jesus Christ is said to come and create a new world like his father before him. A not-so-widespread belief is that of a definitive destruction of the earth, whereupon God and the Devil shall divide the souls of the dead among themselves and retire to the Moon, who is considered to have been made in the image of the Earth to serve a place of retreat after the destruction of the Earth.<ref name="Cosma"/>{{rp|69–71}}

==Characteristics==
Strong folk traditions have survived to this day due to the rural character of the Romanian communities, which has resulted in an exceptionally vital and creative traditional culture. Romania's rich folk traditions have been nourished by many sources, some of which predate the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] occupation. Traditional folk arts include wood carving, ceramics, weaving and embroidery of costumes, household decorations, dance, and richly varied folk music. Ethnographers have tried to collect in the last two centuries as many elements as possible: the [[Museum of the Romanian Peasant]] and the [[Romanian Academy]] are currently the main institutions which systematically organise the data and continue the research.

Wood used to be the main construction material, and heavily ornamented wooden objects were common in old houses. In [[Maramureș]], wood was used to create impressive structures such as churches or gates; in [[Dobruja]], windmills were made of wood, and in mountainous regions hardwood was used even for covering the roof. To preserve traditional houses, many village museums have been created in the last century throughout Romania,<ref>Michael Hitchcock (1998): Tourism, Tam An Mini, and national identity, Indonesia and the Malay World, 26:75, 124-135: 129</ref> such as the [[Village Museum]] in Bucharest, the [[ASTRA National Museum Complex|Traditional Popular Civilisation ASTRA Museum]] in [[Sibiu]] or the [[Oltenian Village Museum]] in [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]].

[[File:Bukovina eggs.JPG|200px]]

[[File:Martenitsa.jpg|200px]]

[[File:Martisor simple.svg|200px]]

[[Linen]] was the most common material for clothing, combined with [[wool]] during the winter or colder periods. These are embroidered with traditional motifs that vary from region to region. Black is the most common colour used, but red and blue are predominant in certain areas. Traditionally, men wore a white shirt and pants (if made of wool they are called ''ițari'') with a wide leather belt, usually over the shirt, and a vest sometimes made of leather and embroidered. They wore either boots or a simple shoe made of leather and tied around the foot called ''opincă'' and they wore a hat which differs in design from region to region. Women also wore a white skirt and a shirt with a vest. They wore an apron called ''șorț'' or ''cătrință'' which is also embroidered and a headscarf called ''basma''; on special occasions they wore more elaborate outfits.

[[Music]] and [[dance]] represent a lively part of the Romanian folklore and there are a great variety of musical genres and dances. Party music is very lively and shows both [[Balkan]] and [[Hungary|Hungarian]] influences. Sentimental music, however, is the most valued, and Romanians consider their ''[[doina]]'' (a sad song either about one's home or about love, composed like an epic ballad) unique in the world. [[Maria Tănase]] is considered to be one of the greatest Romanian folk singers and today [[Grigore Leșe]] and [[Taraful Haiducilor]] are two of the most famous musicians. The dances are lively and are practiced throughout Romania by a large number of professional and amateur groups, thus keeping the tradition alive; [[Hora (dance)|Hora]] is one of the most famous group dances but men's folk dances such as [[căluşari|călușari]] are extremely complex and have been declared by [[UNESCO]] to be "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity".

Romanians have had, from time immemorial, a myriad of customs, tales and poems about love, faith, kings, princesses, and witches. Ethnologists, poets, writers and historians have tried in recent centuries to collect and to preserve tales, poems, ballads and have tried to describe as well as possible the customs and habits related to different events and times of year. Customs related to certain times of year are the ''[[colinde]]'' - Romanian [[Christmas carols]], ''[[sorcova]]'' on New Year's Eve or the ''[[Mărţişor|Mărțișor]]'' custom on 1 March marking the spring. Other customs are presumably of pre-Christian [[paganism|pagan]] origin, like the ''[[Paparuda]]'' rain enchanting custom in the summer, or the masked folk theatre or ''Ursul'' (the bear) and ''Capra'' (the goat) in winter.

Perhaps the most successful collector of folk tales was the novelist and storyteller [[Ion Creangă (writer)|Ion Creangă]], who, in very picturesque language, shaped into their now-classic form stories like ''Harap Alb'' (roughly, "The White Moor") or ''Fata babei și fata moșului'' ("The old woman's daughter and the old man's daughter"). Also, the poet [[Vasile Alecsandri]] published the most successful version of the ballad ''[[Mioriţa|Miorița]]'' (''The Little Ewe''), a sad, philosophical poem, centered on a simple action: the plot by two shepherds to kill a third shepherd because they envied his wealth. Another prolific editor of folk tales was [[Petre Ispirescu]], who, in the 19th century published an impressive number of volumes containing a large number of short novels and tales from popular mythology. They are centered on popular characters like the prince ''[[Făt-Frumos]]'' (the Romanian "[[Prince Charming]]"), the princess [[Ileana Cosânzeana]], the villain or monster ''[[Zmeu]]'' or ''[[Căpcăun]]'', the dragon ''[[Balaur]]'' or fantastic superbeings like the good ''[[Zână]]'' and the evil ''[[Muma Pădurii]]''.

[[File:Romanian Folk Group Transilvania Cluj Napoca.jpg|thumb|Romanian Folk Group [[Transilvania]], [[Cluj Napoca]], in original Romanian folk-costumes from Bistrita-Nasaud area. 2008]]

=== Places ===

* [[Apa Sâmbetei]]
* [[Apa Vie]]/Apa Moartă
* [[Sorbul Pământului]]
* [[Tărâmul Celălalt]] ([[Hollow Earth]], direct translation: The other Realm)

=== Folk tales ===

* [[Mioriţa|Miorița]]
* [[Meşterul Manole|Meșterul Manole]]
* [[Baba Dochia#The legend of Dragobete and the Babele myth|Babele]]
* [[Verea Viteazul]]

=== Musical poems ===

* [[When the shepherd lost his sheep]]
* The Story of Tânjală ({{Lang|ro|Povestea lui Tânjală}})

=== Romanian myths part of international culture ===

* [[Vampire]] - See [[strigoi]] and [[moroi]], which are more phantom- or wizard-like creatures.
* [[Werewolf]] ([[vârcolac]])
* [[Şobolan|Șobolan]] - A giant rat similar to the South American [[capybara]]. Rural Romanian folklore tends to attribute the șobolan human characteristics.
* [[Solomonar]] - See [[Hultan]] and [[Solomonari]], who were a group of nobles and wizards, made famous more by their families' high social status, than for their deeds.  However, this is mainly due to the massive crusades of [[Christianity]] and the attempt to destroy all the historic tradition of these Wizards.  Some of these are Dracula [[Vlad]], Solomon, Despina the Impure, Ty'ere, Ventruszch, Brohmyr, Izhain and Vohc.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022|reason=sounds like pseudohistory, esp Dracula Vlad (the two stories have no connection)}}

Most of these names can be found in the Romanian Lore in reference to Vampires and Dragons.

=== Rituals ===

* [[Dragobete]] (Romanian folklore similar to [[Valentine's Day]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rolandia.eu/dragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style/|title=Dragobete 's Day - Celebrating love in the Romanian style|website=Romania Tours|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>
* [[Caloian]]
* [[Paparuda]]<ref>Jakobson, Roman (1955). "While Reading Vasmer's Dictionary" In: ''WORD'', 11:4: p. 616. [DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1955.11659581]</ref>
* [[Star boys' singing procession]]

=== Fairy tales ===

* "[[The Boys with the Golden Stars]]"<ref name="lang">Andrew Lang, ''The Violet Fairy Book'', "[http://www.classicreader.com/book/995/28/ The Boys with the Golden Stars]"</ref> 
* "[[The 12 Sisters and the Demon Bride]]"
* "[[Seventh son of a seventh son]]"
* "[[Let Thee Be Marked in Magic]]"
* "[[Povestea lui Harap Alb|Harap Alb's story]]"
* "[[Greuceanu]]"<ref>[[Petre Ispirescu]], ''[[Legende sau basmele românilor]]'', Editura Minerva, 1989</ref>
* "[[Youth Without Aging and Life Without Death]]"
* "[[Trandafiru]]"

== Characters in folk literature ==
{{mythology}}
* [[Baba Cloanța]] (similar to [[Muma Pădurii]])
* [[Baba Dochia]]
* [[Calul năzdrăvan]] (similar to [[Pegasus]], direct translation: The Marvellous Horse)
* [[Căţelul Pământului|Cățelul Pământului]]
* [[Cotoroanță]] (similar to [[Muma Pădurii]])
* [[Fata Pădurii]]
* [[Faurul Pământului]] (Blacksmith of Earth)
* [[Ileana Cosânzeana]]
* [[Lucifer|Luceafăr]] - similar to [[Planet Venus]]
* [[Marțolea]] (Demon of Tuesday)
* [[Mosul (mythology)|Moșul]] (the old man)
* [[Muma Pădurii]]
* [[Murgilă]]
* [[Rohmani]] (or Blajini)
* [[Samca]]
* [[Solomonari]]
* [[Uniilă]] (a [[devil]] )
* [[Ursitoare]] - similar to the [[Moirai|Fates]]
* [[Vâlva]]
* [[Zburător]]
* [[Zorilă]]

=== Heroes ===

* [[Ber-Căciulă]]
* [[Doamna Neaga]]
* [[Făt-Frumos]]
* [[Ileana Cosânzeana]]
* [[Greuceanu]]
* [[Iovan Iorgovan]]
* [[Ler Împărat]]
* [[Baba Novac]]
* [[Păcală]]
* [[Prâslea the Brave and the Golden Apples|Prâslea cel voinic]] (Prâslea the Sturdy)

=== Creatures ===

* [[Balaur]] (giant [[dragon]] with seven heads)
*[[Bogeyman|Baubau]], variant form ''Babau'' (similar to the [[Bogeyman]])
* [[Căpcăun]] (an [[ogre]])
* [[Corcoaia]] (similar to [[Lernaean Hydra]])
* [[Dragon]]
* [[Iele]]
* [[Moroi]] (a type of [[vampire]])
* [[Nemorți]] (similar to [[Zombie|zombi]])
* [[Pricolici]] (a [[werewolf]] or [[demon]])
* [[Sântoaderi]]
* [[Sânziana]] (or Drăgaică)
* [[Scorpie]] ([[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]])
* [[Spiriduş|Spiriduș]] (a [[Sprite (creature)|sprite]])
* [[Stafie]] - similar to [[Ghost]]
* [[Strigoi]] (a [[vampire]] or [[zombie]])
* [[Uriaş|Uriaș]] - similar to [[Giant (mythology)|Giant]]
* [[Vasilisc]] - similar to [[Basilisk]]
* [[Vântoase]] (spirits of the wind)
* [[Vârcolac]] ([[werewolf]])
* [[Zână]] ([[fairy]])
* [[Zburător]] (similar to an [[incubus]])
* [[Zgripțor]] (similar to [[Griffin]])
* [[Zmeu]]

== List of folk dances ==

* [[Bătute]]
* [[Brâul]], Sesh dance
* [[Buciumeana]], hornpipe dance
* [[Căluşari|Călușari]] (Călus, Călușul)
* [[Ciuleandra]]
* [[Chorea (dance)|Hora]], a [[circle dance]]
* [[Geamparale]]
* [[Joc (dance)|Joc]]
* [[Joc cu bâta]] (Jocul cu bâta), Game with stick
* [[Mărunţel|Mărunțel]]
* [[Periniţa|Perinița]], translated as "Little pillow", a dance of wedding traditions, a.k.a. Handkerchief Joc
* [[Pe loc]], "On Spot", a stomping dance
* [[Poarga românescă]] (Romanian polka)
* [[Sârba]]
* [[Tropotiţe|Tropotițe]]

=== Banat plain ===

* Sorocul de la Beregsaul Mare
* Sorocul de la Jebel
* Pe loc ca la Murava
* Pe loc a lui lefta Lupu
* Intoarsa

=== Banat mountain ===

* Briu Batrin
* Ardeleana de la Rugi
* Ardeleana Baba Peleaga
* Ardeleana ca pe Valea Almajului
* Doiul roata de la Glimboca
* De doi ca la Caransebes

=== Moldova ===

* [[Moldova]]
* [[Bătrânesca din Bucovina]]
* [[Arcanul]]
* [[Arcanul Bătrânesc]]
* [[Bătuta]]
* [[Hora Câmpulungului]]
* [[Hora de la Munte]]
* [[Raţa|Rața]]
* Hora miresei (translated as "Bride's Hora")
* Batuta de la Tudora
* Batuta de la Vorona

=== Oltenia ===

* [[Alunelul de la Goicea]]
* [[Sârba Căluşerească|Sârba Călușerească]]
* [[Sârba Oltenească]]
* [[Trei Păzeşte de la Bistreţ|Trei Păzește de la Bistreț]]
* [[Trei Păzeşte de la Dolj|Trei Păzește de la Dolj]]
* [[Bobocica]]
* [[Boiereasca]]
* [[Alunelul]]
* Briuletul
* [[Hora mare]]
* [[Galaonul]]

=== Bihor ===

* [[Polca]]
* [[Pe picior]]

=== Nasaud ===

* De-a lungul
* Barbuncul
* [[Invirtita|Învârtita]] (a Romanian-style square dance, done mainly throughout the Romanian [[Transylvania]] region, which also includes [[Nasaud]].)

=== Transylvania ===

* [[Crihalma]]
* [[Fecioreasca]]
* [[De-a Lungul]]
* [[Joc în Patru]]
* [[Oaş Dance|Oaș Dance]]
* [[Sârba Sita Buzălilui]]

== References ==
<references />

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Ciubotaru, Silvia. "Mituri pluviale româneşti în context universal". [Romanian Pluvial Myths In a World Wide Context]. In: ''[https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/?volum=5097-anuarul-muzeului-etnografic-al-moldovei--xv-2015 Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Moldovei]'' [The Yearly Review of the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia]. 15/2015. pp.&nbsp;135–168. {{ISSN|1583-6819}}.
* Ciubotaru, Silvia. "Trăgătorii cu coarne aurite între cotidian şi mitologie" [Golden Horn Plough Pulling Animals Between Everyday Life and Mythology]. In: ''[https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/?volum=5098-anuarul-muzeului-etnografic-al-moldovei--xvi-2016 Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Moldovei]'' [The Yearly Review of the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia] 16/2016. pp.&nbsp;143–176. {{ISSN|1583-6819}}.
* Ittu, Constantin. "[https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=738523 De la tipologia folcloristului finlandez Antti Amatus Aarne la universul basmului românesc văzut de etnologul Adolf Schullerus]" [From the typology of the Finnish folklorist Antti Amatus Aarne to the universal Romanian tale as seen by the ethnologist Adolf Schullerus]. In: ''STUDII ŞI COMUNICĂRI DE ETNOLOGIE'' XXXI/2017, Issue No. 31, pp.&nbsp;167–183.
* Lefter, Lucian-Valeriu. "Din „senin de apă”: Facerea Lumii" [“Out of Infinite Clear Waters”: The Genesis]. In: ''Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Moldovei'' [The Yearly Review of the Ethnographic Museum of Moldavia] 20/2020. pp.&nbsp;481–488.
* [[Andrei Oișteanu|Oișteanu, Andrei]]. ''Motive și semnificaţii mito-simbolice în cultura tradițională românească'' [Mytho-Symbolical Motifs and Meanings in Romanian Traditional Culture]. Bucharest: Minerva Publishing House, 1989.
* [[Lazar Saineanu|Saineanu, Lazar]]. ''[https://archive.org/details/basmeleromnenco00goog Basmele române:] [https://books.google.com/books?id=c_UVAAAAYAAJ în comparatiune cu legendele antice clasice și în legătură cu basmele popoarelor învecinate și ale tuturor popoarelor romanice: studiu comparativǔ]''. București: Göbl, 1895.
* {{cite journal |last=Sainéan |first=Lazare |date=1901 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k124573v/f226.item.zoom |title=Terminologie folklorique en roumain |journal=La Tradition |volume=11 |pages=225–229 |language=French}}
{{refend}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Folklore of Romania}}
* [[Christmas in Romania]]
* [[Culture of Romania]]
* [[Religion in Romania]]

{{Romanian topics}}
{{Europe topic|Mythology of}}
{{Europe topic|Folklore of}}

[[Category:Romanian folklore| ]]