View source for Floating tone

{{Short description|Linguistic term}}
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A '''floating tone''' is a [[morpheme]]<ref>Clark, Mary M. 1993. "Representation of downstep in Dschang Bamileke". The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, ed. by Harry van der Hulst and Keith Snider. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 29-73</ref> or element of a morpheme that contains neither [[consonant]]s nor [[vowel]]s, but only [[tone (linguistics)|tone]]. It cannot be pronounced by itself but affects the tones of neighboring morphemes.<ref>Mary Paster, UC Berkeley, "FLOATING TONES IN GÃ *" http://elanguage.net/journals/index.php/sal/article/view/1366/925</ref><ref>Wentum, Comfort. 1997. A Lexical Tonology of Ga. Legon: University of Ghana, M. Phil thesis.</ref>

An example occurs in [[Bambara language|Bambara]], a [[Mande languages|Mande language]] of Mali that has two [[phoneme|phonemic]] tones,<ref>Clements, G. N. and Kevin C. Ford. 1979. "Kikuyu tone shift and its synchronic consequences." Linguistic Inquiry 10: 179-210.</ref> ''high'' and ''low.'' The [[definite article]] is a floating low tone, and with a noun in isolation, it is associated with the preceding vowel and turns a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. When it occurs between two high tones, it [[downstep (phonetics)|downstep]]s the following tone:

*{{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river''
*{{IPA|[bá tɛ̄]}} (or {{IPA|[bá ꜜ tɛ́]}}) ''it's not the river''

Also common are floating tones associated with a [[segment (linguistics)|segment]]al morpheme such as an affix.<ref>Kropp-Dakubu, Mary E. 1986. "Downglide, floating tones and non-WH questions in Ga and Dangme." The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentais, ed. by Koen Bogers, Harry van der Hulst, and Maarten Mous. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Pp. 153-173.</ref> For example, in [[Okphela language|Okphela]], an [[Edoid languages|Edoid language]] of Nigeria,<ref>Zimmerman, 1. 1858. A grammatical sketch and vocabulary of the Akra- or Galanguage with an appendix on the Adanme dialect. Stuttgart, 2 vols. Republished with an Introduction by 1. Berry, Gregg International, 1972.</ref> the main negative morpheme is distinguished from the present tense morpheme by tone; the present tense morpheme (á-) carries high tone, whereas the negative past morpheme (´a-) imposes a high tone on the syllable which precedes it:

*oh á-nga ''he is climbing''
*óh a-nga ''he didn't climb''

Floating tones derive historically from morphemes which [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilate]]<ref>Goldsmith, John. 1976. Autosegmental Phonology. Cambridge: MIT, PhD. dissertation. Distributed by IULe.</ref> or [[lenition|lenite]]<ref>Okunor, Vincent. 1969. Tone in the Ga verb. Legon: Institute of African Studies. Paster, Mary. 2000. "Issues in the tonology of Ga." Columbus: Ohio State University, Undergraduate thesis.</ref> to the point that only their tone remains.<ref>Trutenau, H.M.J. 1972. "A sketch of tone rules required for a generative transformational grammar of Ga (a terraced level tone language)." Linguistics 79: 83-96.</ref>

== References ==
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{{Suprasegmentals}}

[[Category:Tonal languages| ]]
[[Category:Tone (linguistics)]]


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