View source for First Protectorate Parliament

{{short description|Cromwellian English parliament, 1654–1655}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{no footnotes|date=November 2017}}
{{Parliaments of England 1601–1689|protectorate=yes}}
The '''First Protectorate Parliament''' was summoned by the [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]] under the terms of the [[Instrument of Government]]. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with [[William Lenthall]] as the [[Speaker of the  House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House]].

During the first nine months of [[the Protectorate]], Cromwell with the aid of the [[English Council of State|Council of State]], drew up a list of 84 bills to present to Parliament for ratification. But the members of Parliament had their own and their constituents' interests to promote and in the end not enough of them would agree to work with Cromwell, or to sign a declaration of their acceptance of the ''Instrument of Government'', to make the constitutional arrangements in the ''Instrument of Government'' work. Cromwell dissolved the Parliament as soon as it was allowed under the terms of the ''Instrument of Government'', having failed to get any of the 84 bills passed.

== Parliamentary constituencies ==
The ''[[Instrument of Government]]'' specified the numbers of members of parliament that boroughs and counties in England and Wales would send to the Parliament, totalling 400. By omission from the list, [[rotten borough]]s were abolished. A few boroughs not previously enfranchised, notably [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]], received a seat. All the traditional counties were represented ([[Durham, England|Durham]] for the first time). In addition some well established sub-divisions of counties were given separate representation. There were substantial changes in the number of seats many constituencies received, particularly amongst the counties. This was the first systematic redistribution of Parliamentary seats in English history and would not be matched for a Royal Parliament until the [[Reform Act 1832]].

In the list below, the name of the constituency (as specified in Section X of the ''Instrument of Government'', with minor spelling changes) is followed by the number of seats allocated. The Boroughs in each county follow the county constituency (indicated by boldface and an * after the constituency name). Those areas marked ** were divisions of a traditional county.

The ''Instrument of Government'' also made provision for members from [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]], without defining the numbers or arrangements for the election of such members. It is not clear that any were actually elected, as they are not mentioned in the Journal of the House of Commons for this Parliament. It is also notable that when on 6 and 7 October 1654 the House of Commons debated "the distribution of the number of members to serve in future Parliaments", [[Guibon Goddard]] MP recorded in his journal that "we agreed with the Instrument, in the whole number of four hundred, Jersey and Guernsey being left out, because not governed by our laws, but by municipal laws of their own; and we differed but little in the particular distribution."

The Lord Protector and his Council were given power to provide for the representation of Scotland and Ireland, which was done by later legislation giving 30 seats to each country. This was the first time Scotland and Ireland were represented in a Westminster Parliament.

==Constituencies and Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Table 1: Constituencies by type
|- style="text-align:center"
! Type
! English<br />Constit.
! Welsh<br />Constit.
! Scottish<br />Constit.
! Irish<br />Constit.
! Total<br />Constit.
! English<br />MPs
! Welsh<br />MPs
! Scots<br />MPs
! Irish<br />MPs
! Total<br />MPs
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Borough/Burgh
| 104
| 2
| 9
| 6
| '''121'''
| 131
| 2
| 10
| 6
| '''149'''
|-
| style="text-align:left" | County/Shire
| 44
| 12
| 20
| 13
| '''89'''
| 242
| 23
| 20
| 24
| '''309'''
|-
| style="text-align:left" | University
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| '''2'''
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| '''2'''
|-
| style="text-align:center" | Number of constituencies
| 150
| 14
| 29
| 19
| '''212'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
| style="text-align:right" | Members returned
| ''375''
| ''25''
| ''30''
| ''30''
| ''460''
| 375
| 25
| 30
| 30
| '''460'''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Table 2: Constituencies, by number of seats
! style="text-align:center" | Type
! style="width:5%"| x1
! style="width:5%"| x2
! style="width:5%"| x3
! style="width:5%"| x4
! style="width:5%"| x5
! style="width:5%"| x6
! style="width:5%"| x8
! style="width:5%"| x9
! style="width:5%"| x10
! style="width:5%"| x11
! style="width:5%"| x13
! style="text-align:center" | Total<br /> Const.
! style="text-align:center" | Total<br /> MPs
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Borough/Burgh
|97
|23
| —
| —
| —
|1
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 121
| 149
|-
| style="text-align:left" | County/Shire
|23
|28
|4
|12
|7
|4
|2
|1
|4
|3
|1
| 89
| 309
|-
| style="text-align:left" | University
|2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 2
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center" | Number of constituencies
|122
|51
|4
|12
|7
|5
|2
|1
|4
|3
|1
| '''212'''
| &nbsp;
|-
| Members returned
| 122
| 102
| 12
| 48
| 35
| 30
| 16
| 9
| 40
| 33
| 13
| &nbsp; 
| '''460'''
|-
|}

''Notes:''
# Monmouthshire (3 county seats) included in England, not Wales.
#Dublin City and County treated as a county constituency (2 seats).

==List of constituencies==
{{Main|List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1654}}

=== England ===
{{div col}}
*'''Bedfordshire'''*: 5
*#Bedford Town: 1
*'''Berkshire'''*: 5
*#Abingdon: 1
*#Reading: 1
*'''Buckinghamshire'''*: 5
*#Aylesbury: 1
*#Buckingham Town: 1
*#Wycombe: 1
*'''Cambridgeshire'''*: 4
*#Cambridge Town: 1
*#Cambridge University: 1
*#Isle of Ely**: 2
*'''Cheshire'''*: 4
*#Chester: 1
*'''Cornwall'''*: 8
*#East Looe & West Looe:1
*#Launceston: 1
*#Penryn: 1
*#Truro: 1
*'''Cumberland'''*: 2
*#Carlisle: 1
*'''Derbyshire'''*: 4
*#Derby Town: 1
*'''Devonshire'''*: 11
*#Barnstable: 1
*#Clifton, Dartmouth, Hardness: 1
*#Exeter: 2
*#Honiton: 1
*#Plymouth: 2
*#Tiverton: 1
*#Totnes: 1
*'''Dorsetshire'''*: 6
*#Dorchester: 1
*#Lyme-Regis: 1
*#Poole: 1
*#Weymouth and Melcombe-Regis: 1
*'''Durham'''*: 2
*#City of Durham: 1
*'''Essex'''*: 13
*#Colchester: 2
*#Maldon: 1
*'''Gloucestershire'''*: 5
*#Cirencester: 1
*#Gloucester: 2
*#Tewkesbury: 1
*'''Herefordshire'''*: 4
*#Hereford: 1
*#Leominster: 1
*'''Hertfordshire'''*: 5
*#Hertford: 1
*#St. Alban's: 1
*'''Huntingdonshire'''*: 3
*#Huntingdon: 1
*'''Kent'''*: 11
*#Canterbury: 2
*#Dover: 1
*#Maidstone: 1
*#Queenborough: 1
*#Rochester: 1
*#Sandwich: 1
*'''Lancashire'''*: 4
*#Lancaster: 1
*#Liverpool: 1
*#Manchester: 1
*#Preston: 1
*'''Leicestershire'''*: 4
*#Leicester: 2
*'''Lincolnshire'''*: 10
*#Boston: 1
*#Grantham: 1
*#Great Grimsby: 1
*#Lincoln: 2
*#Stamford: 1
*'''Middlesex'''*: 4
*London: 6
*Westminster: 2
*'''Monmouthshire'''*: 3
*'''Norfolk'''*: 10
*#Great Yarmouth: 2
*#Lynn-Regis: 2
*#Norwich: 2
* '''Northamptonshire'''*: 6
*#Northampton: 1
*#Peterborough: 1
*'''Nottinghamshire'''*: 4
*#Nottingham: 2
*'''Northumberland'''*: 3
*#Berwick: 1
*#Newcastle upon Tyne: 1
*'''Oxfordshire'''*: 5
*#Oxford City: 1
*#Oxford University: 1
*#Woodstock: 1
*'''Rutlandshire'''*: 2
*'''Shropshire'''*: 4
*#Bridgnorth: 1
*#Ludlow: 1
*#Shrewsbury: 2
*'''Staffordshire'''*: 3
*#Lichfield: 1
*#Newcastle-under-Lyne: 1
*#Stafford: 1
*'''Somersetshire'''*: 11
*#Bath: 1
*#Bridgwater: 1
*#Bristol: 2
*#Taunton: 2
*#Wells: 1
* '''Southamptonshire'''*: 8
*#Andover: 1
*#Isle of Wight**: 2
*#Portsmouth: 1
*#Southampton: 1
*#Winchester: 1
*'''Suffolk'''*: 10
*#Bury St. Edmunds: 2
*#Dunwich: 1
*#Ipswich: 2
*#Sudbury: 1
*'''Surrey'''*: 6
*#Guildford: 1
*#Reigate: 1
*#Southwark: 2
*'''Sussex'''*: 9
*#Arundel: 1
*#Chichester: 1
*#East Grinstead: 1
*#Lewes: 1
*#Rye: 1
*'''Warwickshire'''*: 4
*#Coventry: 2
*#Warwick: 1
*'''Westmoreland'''*: 2
*'''Wiltshire'''*: 10
*#Devizes: 1
*#Marlborough: 1
*#New Sarum: 2
*'''Worcestershire'''*: 5
*#Worcester: 2
*'''Yorkshire'''* East Riding**: 4
*#Beverley: 1
*#Kingston-upon-Hull: 1
*'''Yorkshire'''* North Riding**: 4
*#City of York: 2
*#Richmond: 1
*#Scarborough: 1
*'''Yorkshire'''* West Riding**: 6
*#Halifax: 1
*#Leeds: 1
{{div col end}}

=== Wales ===
Brecknockshire is attributed 3 seats in the text of the Instrument of Government linked to by this article, but other on-line versions say 2 and that is consistent with the total of 400 seats for England and Wales.

{{div col}}
* '''Anglesey'''*: 2
* '''Brecknockshire'''*: 2
* '''Cardiganshire'''*: 2
* '''Carmarthenshire'''*: 2
* '''Carnarvonshire'''*: 2
* '''Denbighshire'''*: 2
* '''Flintshire'''*: 2
* '''Glamorganshire'''*: 2
* '''Merionethshire'''*: 1
* '''Montgomeryshire'''*: 2
* '''Pembrokeshire'''*: 2
*# Haverfordwest: 1
* '''Radnorshire'''*: 2
{{div col end}}

=== Scotland ===
Provision for representation of the shires (marked *) and burghs of Scotland was made by ''An Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Scotland'' of 27 June 1654. The Burgh, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals. The shire of Merse is a historic name for Berwickshire.

{{div col}}
* '''Aberdeen'''*: 1
*#Banff, Cullen, and ABERDEEN: 1
* '''Ayr and Renfrew'''*: 1
* '''Banff'''*: 1
* '''Dumbarton, Argyle, and Bute'''*: 1
* '''Dumfries'''*: 1
*#Dumfries, Sinclair, Lochmaben, Annandale, Wigton, Kirkcudbright, Whithorn, and Galloway: 1
* '''East-Lothian'''*: 1
* '''Elgin and Nairn'''*: 1
* '''Fife and Kinross'''*: 1
*#St. Andrews, Dysart, Kirkcaldy, Cupar, Anstruther East, Pittenween, Crail, Dunfermline, Kinghorn, Anstruther West, Inverkeithing, Kilrenny, and Burnt Island: 1
* '''Inverness'''*: 1
*#Dornoch, Tain, INVERNESS, Dingwall, Nairn, Elgin, and Fortrose: 1
* '''Kincardine and Forfar'''*: 1
*#Forfar, DUNDEE, Arbroath, Montrose, and Brechin: 1
* '''Lanark'''*: 1
*#Lanark, GLASGOW, Rutherglen, Rothesay, Renfrew, Ayr,<br />Irvine and Dumbarton: 1
* '''Linlithgow, Stirling, and Clackmannan'''*: 1
*#Linlithgow, Queensferry, Perth, Culross, and STIRLING: 1
* '''Merse'''*: 1
#Peebles, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Lauder, N. Berwick, Dunbar, and Haddington: 1
* '''Mid-Lothian'''*: 1
#Edinburgh: 2
* '''Orkney, Shetland and Caithness'''*: 1
* '''Perth'''*: 1
* '''Roxburgh'''*: 1
* '''Selkirk and Peebles'''*: 1
* '''Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty'''*: 1
* '''Wigton'''*: 1
{{div col end}}

=== Ireland ===
Provision for representation of the counties (marked *) and boroughs of Ireland was made by [https://archive.org/details/constitutionald05parlgoog/page/n494?q=%22An+Ordinance+by+the+Protector+for+Elections+in+Ireland%22 ''An Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Ireland''] of 27 June 1654. The Borough, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals.

{{div col}}
* '''Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny and Queen's'''*: 2
* '''Cavan, Fermanagh and Monaghan'''*: 1
* '''Cork''''*: 1
*#Cork and Youghall: 1
*#Bandon and Kinsale: 1
* '''Derry, Donegal and Tyrone'''*: 2
#DERRY and Coleraine: 1
* '''Down, Antrim and Armagh'''*: 2
*#Carrickfergus and Belfast: 1
* '''Dublin County'''* and City: 2
* '''Galway and Mayo'''*: 2
* '''Kerry, Limerick and Clare'''*: 2
#LIMERICK City and Killmallock: 1
* '''Kildare and Wicklow'''*: 2
* '''Meath and Louth'''*: 2
* '''Sligo, Roscommon and Leitrim'''*: 2
* '''Waterford and Tipperary'''*: 2
*#WATERFORD and Clonmel Cities: 1
* '''Westmeath, Longford and King's'''*: 2
{{div col end}}

The '''First Protectorate Parliament''' was preceded by the [[Barebones Parliament]] and succeeded by the [[Second Protectorate Parliament]].

==See also==
*[[List of parliaments of England]]
*[[List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1654]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021017164209/http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur097.htm Text of the Instrument of Government]
* [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/protectorate-parliament-1.htm The British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website: First Protectorate Parliament 1654-55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306053258/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/protectorate-parliament-1.htm |date=6 March 2005 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091225125656/http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/01_parl_1640.php www.archontology.org: England: Parliament 1640-1660]

==Bibliography==
From [http://www.olivercromwell.org/oliver_cromwell_bib.htm Cromwell:The Oliver Cromwell Website: a select bibliography of books and articles]:
*A number of articles explore aspects of Cromwell's Protectorate parliaments: H.R. Trevor-Roper's crucial 1956 article on 'Oliver Cromwell and his parliaments', which was included in several later collections and is perhaps most accessible in I. Roots (ed), Cromwell, A Profile (1973);
*P. Gaunt, 'Law making in the first Protectorate Parliament' in C. Jones, M. Newitt & S. Roberts (eds), Politics and People in Revolutionary England (1986);
*I. Roots, 'Law making in the second Protectorate Parliament' in H. Hearder & H.R. Loyn (eds), British Government and Administration (1974);
*P. Gaunt, 'Cromwell's purge? Exclusions and the first Protectorate Parliament' in Parliamentary History 6 (1987);
*C.S. Egloff, 'The search for a Cromwellian settlement: exclusions from the second Protectorate Parliament' in Parliamentary History 17 (1998);
*D. L. Smith, ‘Oliver Cromwell, the first Protectorate Parliament and religious reform’ in Parliamentary History 19 (2000);
*T.A. Wilson & F.J. Merli, 'Naylor's case and the dilemma of the Protectorate' in University of Birmingham Historical Journal 10 (1965-6); and C.H. Firth, 'Cromwell and the crown' in English Historical Review 17 & 18 (1902 & 1903).

[[Category:1654 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1655 disestablishments]]
[[Category:1655 in England]]
[[Category:17th-century English parliaments]]
[[Category:Republicanism in England]]
[[Category:Interregnum (England)]]
[[Category:1650s disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:The Protectorate]]