View source for First Battle of Deep Bottom

{{short description|Battle of the American Civil War}}

{{About|the first 1864 American Civil War battle on New Market Road|the 1862 American Civil War battle|Battle of Glendale|the second 1864 American Civil War battle on New Market Road|Second Battle of Deep Bottom}}

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=First Battle of Deep Bottom
|image=Harper's Weekly - Capture of four guns, July 27 1864.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=Capture of four guns by Barlow's Division, July 27, 1864
|partof=the [[American Civil War]]
|date=July 27–29, 1864
|place=[[Henrico County]], [[Virginia]]
|result= Strategic Union Victory
|combatant1= {{flagicon|USA|1863}} United States ([[Union (American Civil War)|Union]])
|combatant2= {{flagicon|CSA|1863}} [[Confederate States of America|CSA (Confederacy)]]
|commander1=[[Winfield S. Hancock]]<br/>[[Philip H. Sheridan]]
|commander2=[[Richard S. Ewell]]<br/>[[Richard H. Anderson (general)|Richard H. Anderson]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=488 (62 killed, 340 wounded, 86 missing/captured).<ref name=casualties>Bonekemper, p. 314. The author presents casualty figures from a wide variety of sources and provides his best estimate. Salmon, p. 418, estimates 488 Union, 650 Confederate. Horn, p. 108, estimates 488 Union, 700 Confederate. Kennedy, p. 355, estimates 1,000 total.</ref>
|casualties2=679 (80 killed, 391 wounded, 208 missing/captured)<ref name=casualties/>
}}
{{Campaignbox Richmond-Petersburg Campaign}}

The '''First Battle of Deep Bottom''', also known as '''Darbytown''', '''Strawberry Plains''', '''New Market Road''', or '''Gravel Hill''',  was fought July 27–29, 1864, at Deep Bottom in [[Henrico County]], [[Virginia]], as part of the [[Siege of Petersburg]] of the [[American Civil War]]. A [[Union Army|Union]] force under [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gens.]] [[Winfield S. Hancock]] and [[Philip H. Sheridan]] was sent on an expedition threatening [[Richmond, Virginia]], and its railroads, intending to attract [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops away from the [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]] defensive line, in anticipation of the upcoming [[Battle of the Crater]]. The Union infantry and cavalry force was unable to break through the Confederate fortifications at Bailey's Creek and Fussell's Mill and was withdrawn, but it achieved its desired effect of momentarily reducing Confederate strength at Petersburg.

==Background==
Deep Bottom is the colloquial name for an area of the [[James River]] in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County]] {{convert|11|mi|km}} southeast of [[Richmond, Virginia]], at a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river known as Jones Neck. It was a convenient crossing point from the [[Bermuda Hundred, Virginia|Bermuda Hundred]] area on the south side of the river.

[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] began a siege of the city of [[Petersburg, Virginia]], after [[Second Battle of Petersburg|initial assaults]] on the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] lines, June 15–18, 1864, failed to break through. While Union cavalry conducted the [[Wilson-Kautz Raid]] (June 22 – July 1) in an attempt to cut the railroad lines leading into Petersburg, Grant and his generals planned a renewed assault on the Petersburg fortifications, an attack scheduled for July 30 that would become known as the [[Battle of the Crater]]. Hoping to increase the chances for success at Petersburg, Grant planned a movement against Richmond that [[General officers in the Confederate States Army#General (Full general)|Gen.]] [[Robert E. Lee]] would likely counter with troops taken out of the Petersburg line.<ref>Salmon, p. 416; Davis, p. 69.</ref>

[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14762615992).jpg|thumb|left|Pontoon bridge at Deep Bottom]]
{{Quote box
|align=right
|width=35%
|quote=On the 26th, we commenced a movement with Hancock's corps and Sheridan's cavalry to the north side by the way of Deep Bottom, where [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Butler]] had a pontoon bridge laid. The plan, in the main, was to let the cavalry cut loose and, joining with [[August Kautz|Kautz's]] cavalry of the Army of the James, get by Lee's lines and destroy as much as they could of the Virginia Central Railroad, while, in the mean time, the infantry was to move out so as to protect their rear and cover their retreat back when they should have got through with their work. We were
successful in drawing the enemy's troops to the north side of the James as I expected.
|source=''Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant''<ref>Grant, chap. LVII, p. 17.</ref>
}}
Grant ordered the [[II Corps (Union Army)|II Corps]] of the [[Army of the Potomac]], commanded by [[Major general (United States)|Maj. Gen.]] [[Winfield S. Hancock]], and two divisions of Maj. Gen. [[Philip H. Sheridan]]'s Cavalry Corps to cross the river to Deep Bottom by pontoon bridge and advance against the Confederate capital. A division of the [[X Corps (Union Army)|X Corps]] ([[Army of the James]]), commanded by [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brig. Gen.]] [[Robert Sanford Foster|Robert S. Foster]], had previously crossed on a second pontoon bridge just upstream to secure a bridgehead on the north bank of the river. Grant's plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffin's Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridan's cavalry, which would attack Richmond if practicable. If not—a circumstance Grant considered more likely—Sheridan was ordered to ride around the city to the north and west and cut the [[Virginia Central Railroad]], which was supplying Richmond from the [[Shenandoah Valley]].<ref>Davis, 69–70; Salmon, p. 416; Horn, p. 102.</ref>

The Confederate fieldworks protecting Richmond were commanded by Lt. Gen. [[Richard S. Ewell]]. When Lee found out about Hancock's pending movement, he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men. The four brigades of Maj. Gen. [[Joseph B. Kershaw]]'s division joined Col. John S. Fulton's brigade of the Department of Richmond and the brigades of Brig. Gens. [[James Henry Lane (Confederate general)|James H. Lane]] and [[Samuel McGowan (general)|Samuel McGowan]] from Maj. Gen. [[Cadmus M. Wilcox]]'s division. The reinforcements moved east on New Market Road (present-day [[Virginia State Route 5]]) and took up positions on the eastern face of New Market Heights.<ref>Salmon, p. 416; Horn, p. 103.</ref>

==Opposing forces==
===Union===
{{further|First Deep Bottom Union order of battle|l1=Union order of battle}}

===Confederate===
{{further|First Deep Bottom Confederate order of battle|l1=Confederate order of battle}}

==Battle==
===July 27===
[[File:Deep Bottom July.png|thumb|400px|First Battle of Deep Bottom
{{legend|#ff0000|Confederate}}
{{legend|#0000ff|Union}}
]]
Hancock and Sheridan crossed the pontoon bridge starting at 3 a.m., July 27. The II Corps advanced with the division of Maj. Gen. [[John Gibbon]] on the left, Brig. Gen. [[Francis C. Barlow]] in the center, and Brig. Gen. [[Gershom Mott]] on the right. They broke through the Confederate rifle pits on the New Market Road, captured four cannons, and continued to advance towards the Long Bridge Road. After being distracted by Confederate artillery fire, which Mott's infantry was able to suppress, the II Corps took up positions on the east bank of Bailey's Creek, from New Market Road to near Fussell's Mill. Sheridan's cavalry rode to the high ground on the right, overlooking the millpond. The cavalry division of Brig. Gen. [[Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert|Alfred T. A. Torbert]] captured the high ground near Fussell's Mill, but they were counterattacked and driven back by the 10th and 50th Georgia Infantry regiments. The Confederate works on the west bank of Bailey's Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them, spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance.<ref>Horn, p. 103; Salmon, pp. 417–18.</ref>

While Hancock was stymied at Bailey's Creek, Robert E. Lee began bringing up more reinforcements from Petersburg, reacting as Grant had hoped. He assigned Lt. Gen. [[Richard H. Anderson (general)|Richard H. Anderson]] to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Maj. Gen. [[Henry Heth]]'s infantry division and Maj. Gen. [[William Henry Fitzhugh Lee|W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee's]] cavalry division. Troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help the man the trenches.<ref>Horn, p. 107.</ref>

===July 28===
On the morning of July 28, Grant reinforced Hancock with a brigade of the [[XIX Corps (Union Army)|XIX Corps]], which freed up Gibbon's division from its position on the New Market Road to assist in an attack on the Confederate left. Sheridan's men attempted to turn the Confederate left with an advance against Gravel Hill, but their movement was disrupted by a Confederate attack. Three brigades—Lane's, McGowan's, and Kershaw's (his original brigade before he became division commander)—attacked Sheridan's right flank. The Union cavalrymen formed a battle line in which they were lying prone just beyond a shallow ridgeline. The Confederates charged over the crest and encountered heavy fire from the Union repeating carbines. Mounted Federals in Sheridan's reserve pursued and captured nearly 200 prisoners; the Confederates were able to capture a single Union cannon before withdrawing to their earthworks.<ref>Davis, p. 70; Salmon, p. 418; Horn, pp. 107–08.</ref>

==Aftermath==
By the afternoon of July 28, Hancock had repositioned his divisions to ensure that his force could return to the Deep Bottom crossing point without interference. No further combat occurred and the expedition against Richmond and its railroads was terminated. Satisfied that the operation had distracted sufficient Confederate forces from his front, General Grant determined to proceed with the assault against the Crater on July 30. He ordered Hancock to send Mott's division to the Petersburg trenches that night so that the [[XVIII Corps (Union Army)|XVIII Corps]] could take up a position to support the assault. The remainder of the II Corps and the cavalry recrossed the James on July 31.<ref>Horn, p. 108.</ref>

Union casualties at the First Battle of Deep Bottom were 488 (62 killed, 340 wounded, and 86 missing or captured); Confederate casualties were 679 (80 killed, 391 wounded, 208 missing or captured).<ref name=casualties/> The [[Second Battle of Deep Bottom]] would be conducted in essentially the same area, August 13–20, 1864.

==Battlefield preservation==

The [[Civil War Trust]] (a division of the [[American Battlefield Trust]]) and its partners have acquired and preserved {{convert|258|acres|km2}} of the battlefield.<ref>[https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land] [[American Battlefield Trust]] "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 25, 2018.</ref>

==Notes==
{{portal|American Civil War}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* Bonekemper, Edward H., III. ''A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius''. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004. {{ISBN|0-89526-062-X}}.
* [[William C. Davis (historian)|Davis, William C.]], and the Editors of Time-Life Books. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg''. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-8094-4776-2}}.
* [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant, Ulysses S.]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4367 ''Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant'']. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. {{ISBN|0-914427-67-9}}.
* Horn, John. ''The Petersburg Campaign: June 1864 – April 1865''. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-58097-024-2}}.
* Kennedy, Frances H., ed. ''The Civil War Battlefield Guide''. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. {{ISBN|0-395-74012-6}}.
* Salmon, John S. ''The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide''. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8117-2868-4}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151121182404/http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va069.htm National Park Service battle description]

==External links==
* [http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/first-deep-bottom.html Battle of First Deep Bottom]: Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news ([[CWPT]])

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{{authority control}}

[[Category:Petersburg Campaign|Deep Bottom I]]
[[Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War|Deep Bottom I]]
[[Category:Confederate victories of the American Civil War|Deep Bottom I]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia|Deep Bottom I]]
[[Category:Henrico County, Virginia, in the American Civil War|Deep Bottom]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1864|Deep Bottom]]
[[Category:1864 in Virginia]]
[[Category:July 1864]]