View source for File manager

{{Short description|Computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems}}
{{redirect-distinguish|File Manager|Windows File Manager}}
{{redirect-distinguish|file browser|file viewer}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}

A '''file manager''' or '''file browser''' is a [[computer program]] that provides a [[user interface]] to manage [[computer files|files]] and [[folder (computing)|folders]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Computer Language Encyclopedia |title=Definition: File manager |url=https://www.computerlanguage.com/results.php?definition=File%20Manager | access-date=June 9, 2023}}</ref>  The most common [[Computer file#Operations|operations]] performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. [[file viewer|viewing]], playing, editing or [[computer printer|printing]]), renaming, [[file copying|copying]], [[Computer file#Moving methods|moving]], [[file deletion|deleting]] and searching for files, as well as modifying [[file attribute]]s, properties and [[file permissions]]. [[Folder (computing)|Folders]] and files may be displayed in a [[tree structure|hierarchical tree]] based on their [[directory structure]].

== Features ==
=== File transfer ===
[[Graphical user interface|Graphical]] file managers may support copying and moving of files through "[[copy and paste]]" and "cut and paste" respectively, as well as through [[drag and drop]], and a separate menu for selecting the target path.<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Ways to Copy Files Faster in Windows 10 |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-ways-to-copy-files-faster-in-windows/ |website=MakeUseOf |access-date=13 March 2022 |date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

While transferring files, a file manager may show the source and destination directories, transfer progress in percentage and/or size, progress bar, name of the file currently being transferred, remaining and/or total number of files, numerical transfer rate, and graphical transfer rate. The ability to pause the file transfer allows temporarily granting other software full sequential read access while allowing to resume later without having to restart the file transfer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.addictivetips.com/windows-tips/all-about-windows-8-filename-collisions-and-copy-move-dialog-box/ |title=All About Windows 8 FileName Collisions And Copy/Move Dialog Box |language=en |date=2012-03-06 |access-date=2022-03-13  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105040618/http://www.addictivetips.com/windows-tips/all-about-windows-8-filename-collisions-and-copy-move-dialog-box/ |archive-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some file managers move multiple files by copying and deleting each selected file from the source individually, while others first copy all selected files, then delete them from the source afterwards, as described in {{section link|computer file#Moving_methods}}.

Conflicting file names in a target directory may be handled through renaming, overwriting, or skipping. Renaming is typically numerical. Overwriting may be conditional, such as when the source file is newer or differs in size.<ref>The [[FTP]] file manager "[[FileZilla]]" includes the options "Overwrite if the source is newer", "Overwrite if different size", and "Overwrite if differenz size or source newer".</ref> Files could technically be compared with [[checksums]], but that would require reading through the entire source and target files, which would slow down the process significantly on larger files.

=== User interface ===
Some file managers contain features analogous to [[web browser]]s, including forward and back [[navigation bar|navigational buttons]], an address bar, [[tabbed browsing|tabs]], and a bookmark side bar.

=== Networking ===
Some file managers provide [[computer network|network]] connectivity via [[Communications protocol|protocols]], such as [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]], [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]], [[Network File System (protocol)|NFS]], [[Server Message Block|SMB]] or [[WebDAV]]. This is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a [[file server]] (connecting and accessing the server's file system like a local file system) or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols.

==Directory editors==
A term that {{citation needed span|predates|reason=There is a claim for history here that is not supported.  It may be true, but none of the sources address historical relationships.  Merely being old does not prove something else is older or younger.  It is a hard claim to prove.|date=October 2021}} the usage of ''file manager'' is ''directory editor''.  An early directory editor, [[Dired|DIRED]], was developed circa 1974 at the [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] by [[Stan Kugell]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kugell |first=Stanley G. |title=SAILDART/1974-08 |publisher=[[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab]] DART (Dump and Restore Technique) Archive |year=1974 |url=https://www.saildart.org/DIRED.SGK%5BUP,DOC%5D1 |access-date=2014-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224616/http://www.saildart.org/DIRED.SGK%5BUP%2CDOC%5D1 |archive-date=2015-09-03 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.saildart.org/PHONE.LST%5BP,DOC%5D23 SAILDART Username key for above] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903224616/http://www.saildart.org/PHONE.LST%5BP%2CDOC%5D23 |date=2015-09-03 }}</ref>

A directory editor was written for [[EXEC 8]] at the University of Maryland, and was available to other users at that time. The term was used by other developers, including [[Jay Lepreau]], who wrote the '''dired''' program in 1980,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/utils/file/managers/dired305.lsm |title=Abstract for dired 3.05}}</ref> which ran on [[BSD]]. This was in turn inspired by an older program with the same name running on [[TOPS-20]]. '''Dired''' inspired other programs, including [[dired]], the editor script (for [[emacs]] and similar editors), and '''ded'''.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://invisible-island.net/ded/ |title=DED - Directory Editor}}</ref>

==File-list file manager==
[[File:Alto Neptune Filemanager.gif|thumb|The Alto Neptune file manager program]]

''File-list'' file managers are lesser known and older than orthodox file managers.

One such file manager was [[Xerox Alto#Software|neptune]]. It ran on the [[Xerox Alto]] in the 1973-1974 time frame.
It had some of the same features that would end up in orthodox file managers.

Another such file manager is flist, which was introduced sometime before 1980 on the [[Conversational Monitor System]].<ref>{{citation |contribution-url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/share/SHARE_61_Proceedings_Volume_1_Summer_1983/B638%20CMS%20Architecture%20and%20Interactive%20Computing;%20Daney.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422152204/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/share/SHARE_61_Proceedings_Volume_1_Summer_1983/B638%20CMS%20Architecture%20and%20Interactive%20Computing%3B%20Daney.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-22 |url-status=live |contribution=CMS Architecture and Interactive Computing |first=Charles |last=Daney |publisher=SHARE Inc. |title=Proceedings of SHARE 61 |volume=1 |year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://frs.uconn.edu/cms/index.php?com=flist |title=Discussion of VM/CMS FLIST showing screenshot |access-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831145538/http://frs.uconn.edu/cms/index.php?com=flist |archive-date=2007-08-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mitvma.mit.edu/cmshelp.cgi?CMS%20FLIST%20(ALL |title=Textual description of VM/CMS FLIST |access-date=2007-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130195119/http://mitvma.mit.edu/cmshelp.cgi?CMS%20FLIST%20%28ALL |archive-date=2008-01-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
This is a variant of FULIST, which originated before late 1978, according to comments by its author, Theo Alkema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garlic.com/~lynn/2001f.html#9 |title=email by Theo Alkema to Lynn Wheeler |date=1978-10-10 |access-date=2008-01-31}}</ref>

The flist program provided a list of files in the user's minidisk,<ref name="minidisk">{{cite news|url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSB27U_6.2.0/com.ibm.zvm.v620.dmsb4/flist.htm |title=FLIST - IBM}}</ref> and allowed sorting by any file attribute. The file attributes could be passed to scripts or function-key definitions, making it simple to use flist as part of [[CMS EXEC]], [[EXEC 2]] or [[XEDIT]] scripts.

This program ran only on IBM VM/SP CMS, but was the inspiration for other programs, including filelist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plex86.org/Computer_Folklore/TSO-and-more-was--PDP1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927145226/http://www.plex86.org/Computer_Folklore/TSO-and-more-was--PDP1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=Comment on original author of FULIST}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vm.ibm.com/download/packages/descript.cgi?FILELIST |title=Description of FILELIST|date=8 February 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bit.listserv.vmesa-l.narkive.com/eJ62tE45/fulist |title=User comparing FLIST to FILELIST }}</ref> (a script run via the [[XEDIT|Xedit]] editor), and programs running on other operating systems, including a program also called flist, which ran on [[OpenVMS]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://invisible-island.net |title=FLIST - file manager for VAX/VMS}}</ref> and FULIST (from the name of the corresponding internal IBM program),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mail-archive.com/vmesa-l@listserv.uark.edu/msg00893.html |title=User comparing FULIST and FLIST }}</ref> which runs on [[Unix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.comlab.ox.ac.uk/ian.collier/Programs/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429231944/http://users.comlab.ox.ac.uk/ian.collier/Programs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-04-29 |title=FULIST for Unix }}</ref>

==Orthodox file managers==
[[File:Midnight Commander 4.7.0.9 on Ubuntu 11.04.png|thumb|[[Midnight Commander]], an orthodox file manager with a [[text-based user interface]]]]
Orthodox file managers (sometimes [[abbreviated]] to "OFM") or command-based file managers are text-menu based file managers that commonly have three windows (two panels and one command line window). Orthodox file managers are one of the longest running families of file managers. The concept dates to the mid-1980s: [[PathMinder]] was released in 1984, and [[Norton Commander]] in 1986. File managers based on Norton Commander are actively developed, and dozens of implementations exist for MS-DOS, Unix, and Windows. [[Nikolai Bezroukov]] publishes his own set of criteria for an OFM standard (version 1.2 dated June 1997).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.softpanorama.org/OFM/Standards/index.shtml |title=OFM standards}}</ref>

===Features===
An orthodox file manager typically has three windows. Two of the windows are called panels and are positioned symmetrically at the top of the screen. The third is the command line, which is essentially a minimized command (shell) window that can be expanded to full screen. Only one of the panels is active at a given time. The active panel contains the "file cursor". Panels are resizable and can be hidden. Files in the active panel serve as the source of file operations performed by the manager. For example, files can be copied or moved from the active panel to the location represented in the passive panel. This scheme is most effective for systems in which the keyboard is the primary or sole input device. The active panel shows information about the [[current working directory]] and the files that it contains. The passive (inactive) panel shows the content of the same or another directory (the default target for file operations). Users may customize the display of columns that show relevant file information. The active panel and passive panel can be switched (often by pressing the [[tab key]]).

The following features describe the class of orthodox file managers.
* They present the user with a two-panel directory view with a command line below. Either panel may be selected to be active; the other becomes passive. The active panel becomes the working area for delete and rename operations, while the passive panel serves as a target for copy and move operations. Panels may be shrunk, exposing the terminal window hidden behind them. Normally, only the last line of the terminal window (the command line) is visible.
* They provide close integration with an underlying [[Operating System|OS]] shell via [[Command-line interface|command line]], using the associated terminal window that permits viewing the results of executing shell commands entered on the command line (e.g., via Ctrl-O shortcut in Norton Commander).
* They provide the user with extensive keyboard shortcuts.
* The file manager frees the user from having to use the mouse.
* Users can create their own file associations and scripts that are invoked for certain file types and organize these scripts into a hierarchical tree (e.g., as a user script library or user menu).{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
* Users can extend the functionality of the manager via a so-called ''User menu'' or ''Start menu'' and extensions menu.

Other common features include:
* Information on the "active" and "passive" panels may be used for constructing commands on the command line.  Examples include current file, path to left panel, path to right panel, etc.
* They provide a built-in viewer for (at least) the most basic file types.
* They have a built-in editor.  In many cases, the editor can extract certain elements of the panels into the text being edited.
* Many support virtual file systems ([[Virtual file system|VFS]]) such as viewing compressed archives, or working with files via an FTP connection.
* They often have the word ''commander'' in the name, after [[Norton Commander]].
* Path: shows the source/destination location of the directory in use
* Information about directory size, disk usage and disk name (usually at the bottom of the panels)
* Panel with information about file name, extension, date and time of creation, last modification, and permissions (attributes).
* Info panel with the number of files in directory, and the sum of the sizes of selected files.
* Tabbed interface (usually in GUI file managers)
* Function keys: F1–F10 have all the same functions under all orthodox file managers. Examples: F5 always copies file(s) from the active to the inactive panel, while F6 moves the file.

====Tabbed panels====
The introduction of tabbed panels in some file managers (for example [[Total Commander]]) made it possible to manipulate more than one active and passive directory at a time.

====Portability====
Orthodox file managers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softpanorama.org/OFM/index.shtml |title=Home of the OFM standard}}</ref> are among the most portable file managers.  Examples are available on almost any platform, with both command-line and graphical interfaces. This is unusual among command line managers in that something purporting to be a standard for the interface is published. They are also actively supported by developers. This makes it possible to do the same work on different platforms without much relearning of the interface.

====Dual-pane managers====
Sometimes they are called {{Anchor|dual-pane file manager}}dual-pane managers, a term that is typically used for programs such as the [[Windows File Explorer]] (see below). But they have three panes including a command line pane below (or hidden behind) two symmetric panes. Furthermore, most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden. Some also add an item to the Context Menu in Windows to "Open two Explorers, side by side".

Notable ones include:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Altap Salamander]]
* [[Commander One]]
* [[Demos Commander]]
* [[Directory Opus]]
* [[DOS Navigator]] (DN) and derivatives
* [[Double Commander]]
* [[emelFM2]]
* [[Far Manager]]
* [[ForkLift (File Manager)|ForkLift]]
* [[GNOME Commander]]
* [[IBM HandShaker]]
* [[Krusader]]
* [[Midnight Commander]] (MC)
* [[muCommander]]
* [[Norton Commander]] (NC)
* [[PathMinder]]
* [[ranger (file manager)|Ranger]]
* [[Total Commander]]
* [[Volkov Commander]] (VC)
* [[WinSCP]]
* [[XTree]]
* [[ZTreeWin]]
{{div col end}}

==Navigational file manager==
[[File:Winfile 20210710 10 10 22.png|thumb|[[File Manager (Windows)|File Manager]] in [[Windows 10]], displaying the contents of partition X:]]
[[File:Nemo 4.0.6 screenshot.png|thumb|[[Nemo (file manager)|Nemo]]]]
A '''navigational file manager''' is a newer type of file manager. Since the advent of [[Graphical user interface|GUIs]], it has become the dominant type of file manager for desktop computers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=File Managers to Fit Your Every Need|url=https://www.techopedia.com/2/31129/software/operating-systems/file-managers-to-fit-your-every-need|website=Techopedia.com|date=17 June 2015 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2020}}

Typically, it has two panes, with the filesystem tree in the left pane and the contents of the current directory in the right pane. For macOS, the [[Miller columns]] view in [[Macintosh Finder|Finder]] (originating in [[NeXTStep]]) is a variation on the navigational file manager theme.{{dubious|filesystem in Finder|date=August 2015}}
[[File:GNUstep-liveCD.png|thumb|The [[Miller Columns|Miller Column]] browser from [[GNUstep]] is a type of Navigational file manager.]]

===Concepts===
* The [[window (computing)|window]] displays the location currently being viewed.
* The location being viewed (the current directory) can be changed by the user by opening directories, pressing a ''back button'', typing a location, or using the additional pane with the navigation tree representing all or part of the filesystem.
* [[Icon (computing)|Icons]] represent files, programs, and directories.

The interface in a navigational file manager often resembles a [[web browser]], complete with ''back'' and ''forward'' buttons, and often ''reload'' buttons. Most also contain an address bar into which the file or directory path (or [[URI]]) can be typed.

Most navigational file managers have two panes, the left pane being a [[tree view]] of the filesystem. This means that unlike orthodox file managers, the two panes are asymmetrical in their content and use.

Selecting a directory in the Navigation pane on the left designates it as the current directory, displaying its contents in the Contents pane on the right. However, expanding (+) or collapsing (-) a portion of the tree without selecting a directory will not alter the contents of the right pane. The exception to this behavior applies when collapsing a parent of the current directory, in which case the selection is refocused on the collapsed parent directory, thus altering the list in the Contents pane.

The process of moving from one location to another need not open a new window. Several instances of the file manager can be opened simultaneously and communicate with each other via [[drag-and-drop]] and [[Clipboard (software)|clipboard]] operations, so it is possible to view several directories simultaneously and perform cut-and paste operations between instances.

File operations are based on drag-and-drop and editor metaphors: users can select and copy files or directories onto the clipboard and then paste them in a different place in the filesystem or even in a different instance of the file manager.

Notable examples of navigational file managers include:
* [[Directory Opus]]
* [[Dolphin (file manager)|Dolphin]] in [[KDE Software Compilation|KDE]]
* [[DOS Shell]] in [[MS-DOS]]/[[PC DOS]]
* [[File Manager (Windows)|File Manager]] in Windows
* [[Finder (software)|macOS Finder]]
* [[Nautilus (file manager)|Nautilus]] in [[GNOME]] (default since v2.30)
* [[File Explorer]] (Windows Explorer)
* [[PC Shell]] in [[PC Tools (software)|PC Tools]]
* [[ViewMAX]] in [[DR DOS]]
* [[XTree]] / [[ZTreeWin]]

==Spatial file manager==
[[File:Nautilus-spatial.png|thumb|The [[Nautilus file manager]] had a spatial mode, which was removed with the arrival of GNOME (and with it Nautilus) version 3.x.  Each of these windows displays an open directory.]]
'''Spatial file managers''' use a spatial [[interface metaphor|metaphor]] to represent [[computer file|files]] and [[directory (file systems)|directories]] as if they were actual physical objects. A spatial file manager imitates the way people interact with physical objects.

Some ideas behind the concept of a spatial file manager are:

# A single [[window (computing)|window]] represents each opened directory
# Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular directory.
# Stability: files, directories, and windows go where the user moves them, stay where the user puts them ("preserve their spatial state"), and retain all their other "physical" characteristics (such as size, shape, color and location).
# The same item can only be viewed in one window at a time.

As in navigational file managers, when a directory is opened, the [[icon (computing)|icon]] representing the directory changes—perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one, perhaps the directory's icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern—and a new window is opened to represent that directory.

Examples of file managers that use a spatial metaphor to some extent include:
* [[Amiga]]'s [[AmigaOS|Workbench]]
* [[Apple Computer|Apple]]'s [[Macintosh Finder|Finder]] 5 to 9
* [[BeOS]]'s [[OpenTracker|Tracker]]
* [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics Environment Manager|Desktop]] (implemented in Atari TOS and as a somewhat reduced version for PCs)
* [[Enlightenment (window manager)|E17]] file manager
* [[GNOME]]'s [[Nautilus file manager|Nautilus]] from version 2.6 (default until 2.29, completely removed in 3.0)
* [[Haiku (operating system)|Haiku]]'s [[Haiku Tracker|Tracker]]
* [[Konqueror]] has the option to turn into spatial mode
* [[MATE (desktop environment)|MATE]]'s [[Caja file manager|Caja]] (though the default mode is navigational)
* [[OS/2]]'s [[Workplace Shell]]
* [[RISC OS]] Filer
* ROX-Filer file manager ([[ROX Desktop]])

Dysfunctional spatial file managers:
* [[Windows Explorer]] in [[Windows 95]] was set as a spatial file manager model by default; because it also worked as a navigational file manager, directories could be opened in multiple windows, which made it fail all the above criteria. Later versions gradually abandoned the spatial model.
* [[Apple Computer|Apple]]'s [[Macintosh Finder|Finder]] in [[macOS]] was designed with a similar integration of spatial and navigational modes, meaning that the spatial mode did not actually work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/reviews/os/mac-os-x-10-5.ars/12#divided |title=Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review: The Finder: An application divided against itself |date=2007-10-28 |first=John |last=Siracusa |access-date=2008-04-20}}</ref>

==3D file managers==
{{excessive examples|section|date=September 2013}}
[[File:FSV-OSX-screenshot.png|thumb|[[File System Visualizer]], one example of a 3D file manager]]
[[File:Cubix 3D Filer Screenshot.png|thumb|In Cubix, files sharing the same attributes are represented by cubes in a 3D environment.]]

Some projects have attempted to implement a [[3D computer graphics|three-dimensional]] method of displaying files and directory structures. Three-dimensional file browsing has not become popular; the exact implementation tends to differ between projects, and there are no common standards to follow.

Examples of three-dimensional file managers include:
* [[File System Visualizer]], or fsv, an open-source clone of fsn for modern [[Unix-like]] systems.
* tdfsb,<ref>[http://www.determinate.net/webdata/seg/tdfsb.html tdfsb]</ref> an open-source 3D file browser, where one enters directories by flying into them (using [[Arrow keys#WASD keys|WASD]]). Runs on Linux, FreeBSD and BeOS.
* [[BumpTop]], a file manager using a three-dimensional representation of a desktop with realistic physics, intended for use with a stylus and [[touchscreen]].
* Real Desktop,<ref name="real-desktop">{{cite web|url=http://www.real-desktop.de/|title=Real Desktop|access-date=August 25, 2010}} product homepage</ref> a desktop replacement with similarities to BumpTop.
* Cubix 3D Filer <ref name="Cubix 3D Filer">{{cite web|url=http://www.cubixproject.com/|title=Cubix 3D Filer|access-date=May 28, 2013}} The Cubix Project Homepage</ref> is a Windows file manager which organizes files according to different attributes.
* [[GopherVR]], a 3D visualisation of networked [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] resources.

==Web-based file managers==
Web-based file managers are typically scripts written in [[PHP]], [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]], [[Perl]], [[Active Server Pages|ASP]] or another [[Server-side scripting|server-side language]]. When installed on a local server or on a remote server, they allow files and directories located there to be managed and edited, using a web browser, without the need for [[FTP|FTP Access]].

More advanced, and usually commercially distributed, web-based file management scripts allow the administrator of the file manager to configure secure, individual user accounts, each with individual account permissions. Authorized users have access to documents stored on the server or in their individual user directories anytime, from anywhere, via a web browser.

A web-based file manager can serve as an organization's digital repository. For example, documents, digital media, publishing layouts, and presentations can be stored, managed, and shared between customers, suppliers, and remote workers, or just internally.

Web-based file managers are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in popularity of dynamic web [[content management system]]s (CMS) and the need for non-technical website moderators to manage media on their websites powered by these platforms.

An example is [[net2ftp]], a PHP- and JavaScript-based FTP client.

== File picker ==
{{main article|File dialog}}
Operating systems typically ship a ''file picker'', which allows specifying in which location to save a file (usually accessed through the "Save as" option in software), and where to open a file from. Sometimes, a folder is selected instead of a file or destination path.

Some file pickers also allow file management to some degree, such as searching, moving, copying, renaming, and copying the path to clipboard.

Some software might have a customized file picker.

==See also==
*[[Batch renaming]]
*[[Comparison of file managers]]
*[[Disk space analyzer]]
*[[Desktop metaphor]]
*[[Spatial navigation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/finder.ars About the Finder], by John Siracusa, [[Ars Technica]], 2003. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
*[http://www.bytebot.net/geekdocs/spatial-nautilus.html The Spatial Way], by Colin Charles, 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080403063510/http://freeware.sgi.com/fw-5.3/fw_dired/dired.html dired - directory editor]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403063510/http://freeware.sgi.com/fw-5.3/fw_dired/dired.html the original] on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030215132519/http://www.cs.uregina.ca/dept/manuals/Manuals/4System/4_3cms/4_3CMS.html |title=4.3.2.2.3. FLIST |date=February 15, 2003}} in ''Introduction to IBM/CMS, Users' Manual'', [[University of Regina Department of Computer Science|Department of Computer Science]], [[University of Regina]], Saskatchewan, Canada.

{{File managers}}
{{Computer files}}
{{File systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:File Manager}}
[[Category:File managers|*]]
[[Category:Utility software types]]