View source for Ferrari Testarossa

{{Short description|12-cylinder mid-engine sports car manufactured by Ferrari}}
{{redirect|Testarossa}}
{{distinguish|Ferrari Monza#500 TR{{!}}Ferrari 500 TR|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = 1991 Ferrari Testarossa 4.9.jpg
| name = Ferrari Testarossa, 512 TR and F512 M
| manufacturer = [[Ferrari]]
| aka = 
| production = 1984–1996 (9,939 produced)
| assembly = [[Maranello]], Italy
| predecessor = [[Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer|Ferrari 512 BBi]]
| successor = 
| class = [[Sports car]] <br /> [[Grand tourer]] ([[S-segment|S]])<!-- per [[WP:CARCLASS]], this should not be changed to "supercar or hypercar" -->
| body_style = 2-door [[berlinetta]]
| layout = [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| platform = 
| engine = 4.9 L ''[[Ferrari flat-12 engine|Tipo F113]]'' [[Flat-12 engine|flat-12]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = 
| length = 
| width = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| related = 
| designer = Diego Ottina, [[Leonardo Fioravanti (engineer)|Leonardo Fioravanti]], Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, [[Emanuele Nicosia]] at [[Pininfarina]] (Testarossa)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.red-headed.com/testarossa_development.html|title=Testarossa Development|website=red-headed.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><br />Pietro Camardella at Pininfarina (512 TR)
}}

The '''Ferrari Testarossa''' (Type F110) is a [[Flat-twelve engine|12-cylinder]] [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]] [[sports car]] manufactured by [[Ferrari]], which went into production in 1984 as the successor to the [[Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer]]. The [[Pininfarina]]-designed car was originally produced from 1984 until 1991, with two model revisions following the end of Testarossa production called the '''512 TR''' and '''F512 M''', which were produced from 1992 until 1996. Including revised variations, almost 10,000 cars in total were produced, making it at the time one of the most mass-produced Ferrari models.<ref name=howstuffworks/>

The Testarossa is a two-door [[coupé]] that premiered at the 1984 [[Paris Auto Show]].<ref name=testarossa/><ref name="ferraritestarossa" /> All versions of the Testarossa were available with a rear-mounted, five-speed [[manual transmission]]. The [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|rear mid-engine design]] (engine between the axles but behind the cabin) keeps the [[centre of gravity]] in the middle of the car, which increases stability and improves the car's cornering ability, and thus results in a standing [[weight distribution]] of 40% front: 60% rear.<ref name=carfolio>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=38148|title=Carfolio: Ferrari Testarossa|access-date=2009-01-02|publisher=Carfolio}}</ref>

The original Testarossa was re-engineered for the 1992 model year and was introduced as the 512 TR (TR meaning '''T'''esta'''R'''ossa), at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]], effectively as a completely new car,<ref name="howstuffworks">{{cite web |author=((Auto Editors of Consumer Guide)) |title=Ferrari Testarossa |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-testarossa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021029/http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-testarossa.htm |archive-date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2009-01-03 |work=How Stuff Works}}</ref> and an improved weight distribution of 41% front, 59% rear.<ref name=carfolio512TR>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=31834|title=Carfolio: Ferrari 512 TR|access-date=2009-01-03|publisher=Carfolio}}</ref> Another new variant called the F512 M was introduced at the 1994 [[Paris Auto Show]].<ref name=howstuffworks/> The car dropped the ''TR'' initials and added the ''M'' which in [[Italian language|Italian]] stood for ''modificata'', or translated to modified, and was the final version of the Testarossa,<ref name=howstuffworks/><ref name=testarossa/> which continued its predecessor's weight distribution improvement of 42% front, 58% rear. The F512 M was Ferrari's last vehicle that featured the [[flat-12]] engine.

The Testarossa is a recognized [[cultural icon]] of the 1980s, and was popularized by media including the 1984 television series ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (from the 1986 season onward) and [[Sega]]'s 1986 video game ''[[Out Run]]''.

==Development==
[[File:1987 Ferrari Testarossa dash (5986772550).jpg|thumb|left|Interior]]

The Testarossa traces its roots back to the faults of the 1981 [[Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer|512 BBi]].<ref name=drivingtoday/> The problems that the Testarossa was conceived to fix included a cabin that got increasingly hot from the indoor plumbing that ran between the front-mounted radiator and the midships-mounted engine and a lack of luggage space.<ref name=drivingtoday/> To fix these problems the Testarossa was designed to be larger than its predecessor. For instance, at {{convert|1976|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide, the Testarossa was half a foot wider than the Boxer. This resulted in an increased wheelbase that stretched about {{convert|64|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|2550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, which was used to accommodate luggage in a carpeted storage space under the front forward-opening hood.<ref name=drivingtoday/> The increase in length created extra storage space behind the seats in the cabin. Headroom was also increased with a roofline half an inch taller than the Boxer.

The design came from [[Pininfarina]]. The design team at Pininfarina consisted of Ian Cameron, Guido Campoli, Diego Ottina and [[Emanuele Nicosia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22205/lot/114/|title=1990 Ferrari Testarossa|website=bonhams.com|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> They were led by design chief [[Leonardo Fioravanti (engineer)|Leonardo Fioravanti]], who also designed many other contemporary Ferrari models. The design was originated by Nicosia, but the guidance of Fioravanti was equally important. Being trained in aerodynamics, Fioravanti applied his know-how to set the layout of the car. The designers were originally trying to minimize the necessary side intakes, which also could not be left open due to American safety legislation, but then decided on making them a statement of style instead - one that ended up becoming emblematic of the late eighties.<ref name=Natl>{{cite journal|url=https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/motoring/the-ferrari-testarossa-a-1980s-supercar-that-still-turns-heads-1.445396|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918030524/https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/motoring/the-ferrari-testarossa-a-1980s-supercar-that-still-turns-heads-1.445396|archive-date=2019-09-18|title=The Ferrari Testarossa: a 1980s supercar that still turns heads|first=Noel|last=Ebdon|journal=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=2014-07-03 }}</ref> The Testarossa did not need a rear spoiler. The aerodynamic drag coefficient of {{cd|0.36}} was significantly lower than the [[Lamborghini Countach]]'s 0.42.

[[File:Ferrari 512 TR - 003.jpg|thumb|One of the side intakes on a 512 TR, which leads to the side-mounted radiators]]

The styling was a departure from the curvaceous boxer—one which caused some controversy.<ref name=drivingtoday/> The side [[Glossary of automotive design#S|strakes]] sometimes referred to as "cheese graters"<ref name=drivingtoday/> or "egg slicers,"<ref>{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Michael |date=2001-06-04 |title=Elton John's 'Red Devil' Ferrari Testarossa |url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/06/04/0604vow.html |access-date=2009-04-30 |work=Forbes}}</ref> that spanned from the doors to the rear fenders were needed for rules in several countries outlawing large openings on cars. Unlike the Berlinetta Boxer, the Testarossa had twin side radiators near the engine at the rear instead of a single radiator up-front - eliminating much piping and allowing for a much cooler cabin.<ref name=drivingtoday/><ref name=Natl/> After passing through the engine bay, the cooling air exited through the vents at the engine lid and the tail. The strakes also made the Testarossa wider at the rear than at the front, thus increasing stability and handling.<ref name=howstuffworks/>

One last unique addition to the new design was a single high mounted side view mirror on the driver's side. On US-based cars, the mirror was lowered to a more normal placement for the 1987 model year and was quickly joined by a passenger side view mirror for the driver to be able to make safe lane changes.

[[File:Ferrari Testarossa engine.jpg|thumb|A Testarossa engine with red cam covers]]
The "Testarossa"  name pays homage to the famed 1957 [[World Sportscar Championship]]-winning [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]] sports racing car.<ref name="drivingtoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.drivingtoday.com/autobytel/greatest_cars/ferrari_testarossa/index.html|title=Ferrari Testarossa|first=Jack|last=Nerad|work=Driving Today|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511234737/http://www.drivingtoday.com/autobytel/greatest_cars/ferrari_testarossa/index.html|archive-date=2009-05-11}}</ref> ''Testa Rossa'', which literally means "red head" in [[Italian language|Italian]], refers to the red-painted cam covers sported by both cars' 12-cylinder engines.<ref name="drivingtoday" />

Like its predecessor, the Testarossa used [[Double wishbone suspension|double wishbone]] front and rear [[suspension system]]s. Ferrari improved traction by adding 10-inch-wide alloy rear wheels. The Testarossa's drivetrain was also an evolution of the 512 BBi. Its engine used near identical displacement and compression ratio, but unlike the 512 BBi had four-valve cylinder heads that were finished in red.<ref name=drivingtoday/>
{{clear}}

==Testarossa==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Testarossa
| image = Ferrari Testarossa - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (5) (cropped).jpg
| caption = 
| production = 1984–1991 (7,177 produced)<ref name=testarossa>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1889/Ferrari-Testarossa.html|title=1984-1991 Ferrari Testarossa|date=2004-12-01|access-date=2009-01-02|first=Wouter|last=Melissen|work=Ultimate car page}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/testarossa/|title=Ferrari Testarossa|website=auto.ferrari.com|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>
| platform = 
| engine = 4.9&nbsp;L ''[[Ferrari flat-12 engine#Tipo F113A/B/D/G|Tipo F113 and F113 B]]'' [[Flat-12 engine|flat-12]]<ref name=testarossa/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.red-headed.com/testarossa_versions.html|title=Ferrari Testarossa engine code|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>
| powerout = {{convert|287|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=testarossa/>
| length = {{convert|4485|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=testarossa/>
| width = {{convert|1976|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=testarossa/>
| height = {{convert|1130|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=testarossa/>
| weight = {{convert|3766|lb|kg|1|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://media.caranddriver.com/files/1986-ferrari-testarossa-review-car-and-driver1985-ferrari-testerossa-specs.pdf|title=Car and Driver Ferrari Testerossa}}</ref>
| sp = us
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
}}

===Engine===
The Testarossa has a naturally aspirated {{convert|4943|cc|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} longitudinally-mounted, [[Ferrari flat-12 engine#Tipo F113A/B/D/G|''Tipo F113'' flat-12 engine]].<ref name=testarossa/><ref name=ferraritestarossa/> The engine has DOHC 4 valves per cylinder (48 valves in total) and is lubricated via a dry sump system. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.30:1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/testarossa/|title=Ferrari Testarossa|website=auto.ferrari.com|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> These combine to provide a maximum power of {{convert|287|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,300 rpm and maximum torque of {{convert|490|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 4,500 rpm.<ref name=testarossa/><ref name=redhead/> Early U.S. versions of the car had the same engine, but had slightly less power, which stood at {{convert|283|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=howstuffworks/><ref name=drivingtoday/><ref name=redhead/>

The Testarossa can accelerate from 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 5.8&nbsp;seconds and on to {{convert|100|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in 11.4&nbsp;seconds (though [[Motor Trend|Motor Trend Magazine]] managed 5.29&nbsp;seconds to 60&nbsp;mph and 11.3&nbsp;seconds, respectively).<ref name=howstuffworks/> It can complete a standing (from stationary) [[Dragstrip|quarter mile]] ~{{convert|1/4|mi|m|0|abbr=on}} in 13.5&nbsp;seconds and a standing kilometre in 23.8&nbsp;seconds. The top speed of the Testarossa is estimated at {{convert|290|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ferraritestarossa>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|title=Ferrari World: Testarossa|work=Ferrari|access-date=2009-01-04|format=Flash|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208183450/http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Gear!!Reverse!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!Final Drive
|-
|'''Ratio'''<ref name=carfolio/><ref name=redhead/>||2.523:1||3.139:1||2.104:1||1.526:1||1.167:1||0.875:1||3.210:1
|}

=== Engine specifications ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Petrol engines<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Testarossa - Technical specifications, size dimensions, fuel economy |url=http://www.ultimatespecs.com/car-specs/Ferrari/M454/Testarossa |publisher=ultimatespecs.com}}</ref>
!Model
!Year(s)
!Displacement
!Fuel type
!Power
!Torque
!{{convert|0|–|100|km/h|abbr=on|mph|0}}
|-
!Catalyst Europe-market
|1986–1989
|{{convert|4943|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}
|Petrol
|{{convert|370|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|451|Nm|ftlb-f|0|abbr=on}}
|5.8 s
|-
!Catalyst
|1989–1991
|{{convert|4943|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}
|Petrol
|{{convert|381|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|470|Nm|ftlb-f|0|abbr=on}}
|5.7 s
|-
!US-market
|1984–1989
|{{convert|4943|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}
|Petrol
|{{convert|385|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|480|Nm|ftlb-f|0|abbr=on}}
|6.1 s
|-
!Europe-market
|1984–1989
|{{convert|4943|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}
|Petrol
|{{convert|390|PS|kW bhp|0|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|480|Nm|ftlb-f|0|abbr=on}}
|5.8 s
|}

=== Wheels and suspension ===
When introduced for the 1985 model year, the Testarossa had magnesium single bolt "[[Centerlock wheel|knockoff]]" wheels with a 16.33 inches (415&nbsp;mm) diameter. These wheels used the [[Michelin TRX|Michelin TRX tyres]] having sizes of 240/45 VR 415 at the front and 280/45 VR 415 at the rear.

In the 1986 model year, the wheels kept the same design but were changed to a standard 16 inches (406&nbsp;mm) diameter, with a width of 8 inches at the front and 10 inches at the rear.<ref name="redhead">{{cite web|url=http://www.red-headed.com/articles/testarossa_specs.html|title=Testarossa Specifications|work=Red-headed.com|access-date=2009-01-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507155705/http://www.red-headed.com/articles/testarossa_specs.html|archive-date=2009-05-07}}</ref> [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] Gatorback or Pirelli Cinturato P-Zero 225/50 VR 16 front tyres and 255/50 VR 16 rear tyres were fitted.<ref name="carfolio" /><ref name="redhead" /> However, for the US market the cars were delivered with the metric sized TRX wheels until the 1989 model year.

The rear suspension consisted of independent, unequal-length wishbones, coil springs, twin telescopic shock absorbers on each side, and an anti-roll bar. The entire drivetrain and suspension was designed to be removed as a unit from underneath the car so the engine and timing belts could be serviced.

In the mid of the 1988 model year, the suspension was redesigned and the wheels were changed again from the single bolt knockoff setup to the standard Ferrari five bolt pattern. The wheel design still resembled the ones installed at the Testarossa's debut.<ref name="redhead" />

The front brakes have a diameter of {{convert|309|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and the rear brakes have a diameter of {{convert|310|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.

===Reception===
{{see also|Cars in Miami Vice}}

The car received a positive reception from the automotive press - it was featured on the cover of ''[[Road & Track]]'' magazine 10&nbsp;times from December 1984 through July 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a39108589/1991-ferrari-testarossa-the-day-i-met-my-hero/ |title=The Day I Met My Hero: 1991 Ferrari Testarossa |website=Road & Track |first=Daniel |last=Pund |publisher=[[Hearst Communications]] |date=2022-02-21 |access-date=2024-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221180735/https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a39108589/1991-ferrari-testarossa-the-day-i-met-my-hero/ |archive-date=2022-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> It lost comparison tests to the [[Lamborghini Countach]], [[Alpina B10 Bi-Turbo]] and [[BMW M5#E34|BMW M5]].<ref>[[Car (magazine)|Car]] April 1986</ref><ref>[[Sport Auto]] 1/1990</ref><ref>[[Car (magazine)|Car]] April 1990</ref><ref>1989 Road and Driver, Exotic Edition.</ref>

Well-known Testarossa owners included [[Elton John]], [[Marti Pellow]], [[Alain Delon]], [[O. J. Simpson]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[Michael Jordan]], [[Mike Tyson]], [[John Carmack]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[M.C. Hammer]], Austrian [[Formula One]] racing driver [[Gerhard Berger]], and Gary Monsieur. [[Don Johnson]], who famously drove a white Testarossa on ''Miami Vice'', was gifted a brand-new silver 1989 Testarossa by [[Enzo Ferrari]] himself, who was a fan of ''Miami Vice''. [[Michael Mann]], executive producer of the series, also had a custom painted, blue metallic Testarossa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carbuzz.com/news/director-michael-mann-boxed-up-his-blue-ferrari-testarossa-for-18-years|work=carbuzz.com|title=Director Michael Mann Boxed Up His Blue Ferrari Testarossa For 18 Years|access-date=2018-08-07|date=2017-07-18}}</ref>

{{Citation needed span|Although successful on the road, the Testarossa did not participate in any racing event, unlike the [[Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer#512 BBi|512 BBi]], which had done so with minor success.|date=September 2018}}

As Ferrari's flagship model during the 1980s, the car made numerous appearances in pop culture, most notably in the arcade game ''[[Out Run]]'', and in the [[Miami Vice (Season 3)|third]], [[Miami Vice (Season 4)|fourth]], and [[Miami Vice (Season 5)|fifth seasons]] of ''[[Miami Vice]]''. The car has subsequently become synonymous with 1980s "[[yuppies]]" and is an icon of [[1980s retro]] culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cars.uk.msn.com/news/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=147864286|work=MSN Cars UK|title=Top 10 Iconic 80s cars|first=Henry|last=Biggs|access-date=2009-01-04|date=2006-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714130008/http://cars.uk.msn.com/news/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=147864286|archive-date=2011-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its signature side strakes have become a popular aftermarket body component for wide arch aesthetic body kits.<ref name=howstuffworks/> The side strakes also spawned body kits that were designed for cars such as the [[Pontiac Fiero]] and the [[Mazda B-Series]] pickup trucks (these were referred to as "Truxtarossa" kits), in addition to a wide variety of Japanese and American sports cars and motorcycles such as the [[Honda VFR]].<ref name=drivingtoday/>
{{clear}}

==512 TR==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = 512 TR
| image = Ferrari 512 TR - National Automobile Museum (18439250786).jpg
| aka = 
| production = 1991–1994 (2,261 produced)<ref name=512TR>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/177/Ferrari-512-TR.html|title=Ferrari 512TR|date=2004-12-01|access-date=2009-01-04|first=Wouter|last=Melissen|work=Ultimate Car Pages}}</ref><ref name="Ferrari 512 TR" />
| platform = 
| engine = 4.9&nbsp;L ''[[Ferrari flat-12 engine#Tipo F113A/B/D/G|Tipo F113 D]]'' [[Flat-12 engine|flat-12]]<ref name=512TR/><ref name=ferrari512tr>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|title=Ferrari World: 512 TR|work=Ferrari|access-date=2009-01-04|format=Flash|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208183450/http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref>
| powerout = {{convert|315|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4480|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1976|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1135|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|3650|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/1988-lamborghini-countach-5000qv-1993-ferrari-512-testarossa/
|title=Motortrend FERRARI TESTAROSSA VS. LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH|date=17 August 2012 }}</ref>
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
}}

===Engine===
The 512 TR sports a 4.9-litre ({{convert|4943|cc|L|abbr=on|order=flip}}) longitudinally rear-mounted ''Tipo F113 D'' flat-12 engine.<ref name=512TR/> Each cylinder of the engine has four valves, with forty-eight valves total. The engine is lubricated via a dry sump system, and has a compression ratio of 10.00:1.<ref name=ferrari512tr/><ref name=redhead512TR/> These combine to provide a maximum of {{convert|491|Nm|lbft|0||abbr=on}} at 5,500 rpm and a maximum power output of {{convert|315|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,750 rpm.<ref name=512TR/><ref name=ferrari512tr/><ref name=redhead512TR/>

The car can accelerate from 0–{{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 4.8&nbsp;seconds<ref name="Ferrari 512 TR">{{Cite web|url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/512-tr/#specifications|title=Ferrari 512 TR|work=Ferrari GT - en-EN|access-date=2016-01-15}}</ref> and on to {{convert|161|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 10.7&nbsp;seconds. It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile in 13.2&nbsp;seconds or a standing kilometre in 23.4&nbsp;seconds. The 512 TR has a top speed of {{convert|313.8|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ferrari512tr/><ref name="Ferrari 512 TR" />

{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Gear!!Reverse!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!Final Drive
|-
|'''Ratio'''<ref name=redhead512TR>{{cite web|url=http://www.red-headed.com/articles/512tr_specs.html|title=512 TR Specifications|work=Red-headed.com|access-date=2009-01-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507154305/http://www.red-headed.com/articles/512tr_specs.html|archive-date=2009-05-07}}</ref>||2.428:1||2.916:1||1.882:1||1.421:1||1.087:1||0.815:1||3.45:1
|}

A recall was issued in 1995, regarding [[fuel line|fuel hose]] fitting issues.<ref name=carfax>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfax.com/car_safety/ratings/srr.cfm/year/1993/make/FERRARI|title=1993 FERRARI 512 TR|work=US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recall no. 94V131000|publisher=CarFax|access-date=2009-01-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907143420/http://www.carfax.com/car_safety/ratings/SRR.cfm/year/1993/make/FERRARI|archive-date=2008-09-07}}</ref> Over 400 cars had this defect which was caused by variances in temperature and environment. Another recall was issued in relation to the passive restraint system on [[seat belt]]s not functioning properly, on over 2,000 cars.<ref name=carfax/> If the restraint system suffered a mechanical or electrical failure only the lap belt would provide safety to the occupant.

The 512 TR's engine was extensively reworked. [[Nikasil]] liners were added, along with a new air intake system, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] engine management system, larger intake valves, and a revised exhaust system. In addition to the higher peak power, the modifications delivered a more broad power band for better acceleration.

Gearshifting effort, a prolonged complaint about the Testarossa, was eased with a new single-plate clutch, sliding ball bearings, and better angle for the gearshift knob. The braking system included larger cross-drilled front rotors. Quicker steering, lower-profile tyres, and new shock settings improved handling. Most importantly, engine and gearbox position was rethought, which improved the centre of gravity, aiding the handling and making the car easier to drive.

The interior also received updates, with the centre console split from the dashboard, and the climate controls relocated. [[:it:Pietro Camardella|Pietro Camardella]]<ref name="CamardellaFrancese">{{Cite web|url=http://www.obdesigner.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=424|title=Rencontre avec Pietro Camardella & Gino Finizio|language=fr|date=July 2006|access-date=5 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926000139/http://www.obdesigner.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=424|archive-date=26 September 2006 }}</ref> at Pininfarina was tasked with redesigning the body of the car for better integration of the newly included spoilers and the new engine cover. The design was updated in line with the recently introduced [[Ferrari 348|348]].

===Wheels===
The 512 TR has {{convert|18|in|mm|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} wheels with a width of {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on}} at the front and {{convert|10.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} at the rear. The tyre for the front wheels are 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.<ref name=carfolio512TR/><ref name=ferrari512tr/><ref name=redhead512TR/> The front brakes have a diameter of {{convert|315|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and the rear brakes have a diameter of {{convert|310|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.

===Notable appearances===
The 512 TR is featured on the cover and in the 1994 arcade racing video game [[The Need For Speed]].

{{anchor|F512M|F512 M}}

==F512 M==
{{Infobox automobile
| image = Ferrari 512 M (33395184863).jpg
| name = F512 M
| production = 1994–1996 (501 produced)<ref name=howstuffworks/><ref name=F512M>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/184/Ferrari-F512-M.html|title=Ferrari F512 M|access-date=2009-01-04|date=2005-01-01|first=Wouter|last=Melissen|work=Ultimate Car Pages}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/f512-m/|title=Ferrari F512M|website=auto.ferrari.com|access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>
| assembly = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| platform = 
| engine = 4.9&nbsp;L ''[[Ferrari flat-12 engine#Tipo F113A/B/D/G|Tipo F113 G]]'' [[Flat-12 engine|flat-12]]<ref name=carfolioF512M>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=32439|title=Carfolio: Ferrari F512 M|access-date=2009-01-03|publisher=Carfolio}}</ref><ref name=ferrarif512m/>
| transmission = 
| wheelbase = {{convert|2550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=carfolioF512M/>
| length = {{convert|4480|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=carfolioF512M/>
| width = {{convert|1976|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=carfolioF512M/>
| height = {{convert|1135|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=carfolioF512M/>
| weight = {{convert|1631|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=AMS11995>[[Auto motor und sport]] 1/1995</ref>
| sp = us
}}
The F512 M was the last version of the Testarossa. 501 cars were produced in total, of which 75 were made for the North America market.<ref name=caranddriverF512M/> It was first shown at the [[Paris Salon]] in October 1994 and the last car was built in early 1996. All United States models sold (none were sold new to Canada) were model year 1995.<ref name=F512US>{{cite web | work = F512M USA Registry | url = http://www.f512m-usa.net/info.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220113181812/http://www.f512m-usa.net/info.html | archivedate = 2022-01-13 | title = About the F512M }}</ref> 75 right-hand drive cars were built.

===Engine===

The F512 M sports a 4.9-litre ({{convert|4943|cc|abbr=on|order=flip}}) ''Tipo F113 G'' longitudinally mid mounted flat-12 engine.<ref name=testarossa/><ref name=ferrarif512m/> This provides a maximum torque of {{convert|500|Nm|ftlbf|lk=on}} at 5,500&nbsp;rpm and a maximum power output of {{convert|324|kW|PS hp|abbr=on}} at 6,750&nbsp;rpm.<ref name=ferrarif512m/> The engine features four valves per-cylinder, for forty-eight valves total and is lubricated via a dry sump system, with a compression ratio of 10.40:1.<ref name=ferrarif512m>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|title=Ferrari World: F512 M|access-date=2009-01-04|work=Ferrari|format=Flash|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208183450/http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp|archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref> Due to new [[titanium]] connecting rods and a new crankshaft that together weighs {{convert|7.26|kg|lb}} less than those that they replace, the engine has a 7,500&nbsp;rpm electronic rev limit.

The Ferrari F512 M can accelerate from 0 to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 4.7&nbsp;seconds,<ref name=caranddriverF512M/><ref name=ferrarif512m/> on to {{convert|161|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} in 10.2&nbsp;seconds, and can complete a standing quarter mile in 12.7&nbsp;seconds or a standing kilometre in 22.7&nbsp;seconds. The F512 M has a top speed of {{convert|315|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=F512M/><ref name=ferrarif512m/>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Gear!!Final Drive
|-
|'''Ratio'''||3.31:1
|}

===Exterior===
The front and rear lamps received a design change. The pop-up headlamps were replaced by two fixed square units. The rear taillamps were round and the bumpers had been restyled to yield a more unified look.<ref name=caranddriverF512M/> The car featured a different front lid with twin [[NACA duct]]s.

===Interior===
The F512 M's interior received a minor update from the 512 TR. The gearshift knob had a [[chrome plating|chromed]] finish, the aluminum pedals were drilled, and air conditioning was now included as standard. [[Carbon fibre]] racing bucket seats were also available at no extra cost, weighing only {{convert|14.97|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; much less than the standard seats.<ref name=caranddriverF512M>{{cite journal|title=Ferrari F512 M|first=Giancarlo|last=Perini|date=January 1995|journal=Car & Driver|pages=128–130}}</ref> [[Pininfarina]] and Ferrari flags line the dash board.

===Wheels===
The F512 M has {{convert|18|in|mm|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} wheels with a width of {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}} for front and {{convert|10.5|in|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}} for the rears. The tyres are ''[[Pirelli]] P Zero'' units,<ref name=caranddriverF512M/> with codes for the front wheels of 235/40 ZR 18 and 295/35 ZR 18 for the rear.<ref name=ferrarif512m/> The front brakes have a diameter of {{convert|315|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and the rear brakes have a diameter of {{convert|310|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.
{{clear}}

==Concept cars and one-offs==
===Testarossa Spider===
[[File:TR Spider and 275 GTB4 at London Design Museum 2018.jpg|thumb|right|The Testarossa Spider (foreground) exhibited at the [[London Design Museum]]]]
The Testarossa Spider (s/n 62897) is the sole official [[convertible (car)|convertible]] variant of the Testarossa commissioned in 1986 by the then-[[Fiat]] chairman [[Gianni Agnelli]] to commemorate his 20 years of chairmanship of the company.<ref name="Testarossa Spider">{{cite web|url=http://magazine.ferrari.com/en/cars/2017/05/31/news/gianni_agnelli_s_testarossa_spider-27576/|title=Ferrari Testarossa Spider, a novelty|date=2017-05-31|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> The Testarossa Spider has an Argento Nürburgring exterior, a white magnolia leather interior with a dark blue stripe running above the matte black sills, and a white electronically operated soft top that could be manually stowed away. The vehicle was delivered to Agnelli in four months, and had a solid silver Ferrari logo on the hood instead of an aluminium one. The silver theme refers to elemental silver's periodic table abbreviation "Ag" (from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|argentum}}''), the first two letters of Agnelli's name.<ref name="Testarossa Spider"/>

Despite many requests from interested customers for a Testarossa Spider, Ferrari refused to produce the car as a regular production variant of the Testarossa, citing spatial and structural challenges that would be difficult to resolve,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/May/Ferrari/|title=1986 Ferrari Testarossa Spyder &#124; Reviews and Buyer's Guides &#124; Sports Car Market - May 2004 issue|publisher=Sports Car Market|access-date=2010-05-15|archive-date=9 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909215146/http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/May/Ferrari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and so [[Pininfarina]] and some aftermarket firms such as [[Richard Straman|Straman]], [[Carrozzeria Pavesi|Pavesi]], Lorentz and Rankl, and [[Koenig Specials]] offered unofficial Spider conversions on special consumer requests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferrarilife.com/forums/ferrari-registry/3057-ferrari-testarossa-spider.html#/topics/3057|title=More Testarossa spiders in existence|access-date=2018-01-12}}</ref> The official Spider is no different mechanically from the normal Testarossa available on the European market. It has a standard 4.9&nbsp;L flat-12 engine with a power output of {{convert|291|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}}. The only differences, other than being a convertible, are that the Spider's front window and door windows are both shorter than those of the normal car and it has a special transmission manufactured by [[Valeo]] installed which is convertible to both automatic and the standard 5-speed manual versions with the push of a button, a technology ahead of its time. The transmission was installed on special request of Agnelli as he suffered from a chronic leg injury.

The original car owned by Agnelli's family friend was auctioned off in 2016 at a price of [[United States Dollar|US$]]1.3 million. By that time, the car had been driven for 23,000 kilometers.<ref name="Testarossa Spider"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classic.com/veh/1986-ferrari-testarossa-spider-valeo-zffta30b000062897-nlm2b6W/|title=1986 Ferrari Testarossa Spider Valeo VIN: ZFFTA30B000062897 - CLASSIC.COM|website=www.classic.com}}</ref>

A red Testarossa convertible is the feature car in [[Sega]]'s arcade and home-console video-game franchise ''[[Out Run]]''.<ref>''Out Run'', 1987 UK instruction manual: "Your Car: Ferrari Testarossa Convertible. 2 door, 5 speed"</ref>
{{clear}}

===Mythos===
{{main article|Ferrari Mythos}}
[[File:Ferrari Mythos Front.jpg|thumb|Ferrari Mythos]]
The '''Ferrari Mythos''' is a [[mid-engined]], rear wheel drive [[concept car]] based on the mechanical underpinnings of the Ferrari Testarossa. The Mythos is powered by a 4.9 L ''Tipo F113 B'' [[Ferrari flat-12 engine]] sourced from the Ferrari Testarossa, the engine produces {{cvt|390|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 6,300 rpm and {{cvt|354|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque at 4,500 rpm while having a power to weight ratio of {{cvt|308|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} per tonne. Power is sent to the rear wheels through a Testarossa sourced 5-speed [[manual transmission]]. The car utilises a helical coil suspension system with transverse arms on the front and rear. Acceleration figures of the car remain unknown, but the car has a projected top speed of about {{cvt|290|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.

===Colani Ferrari Testa d'Oro===
[[File:Colani Ferrari Testa D'oro.jpg|thumb|Colani Ferrari Testa d'Oro]]
Designed by [[Luigi Colani]] in 1989, the Testa d'Oro was designed to break [[land speed record]]s at the salt flats. It was based on a Testarossa with a [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[flat-12]] engine featuring a 5.0 L Ferrari-Lotec [[turbocharger]]. The engine had a power output of {{Convert|750|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,400 rpm and {{Convert|900|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} of torque at 5,000 rpm. It successfully broke the record in its class in 1991, reaching {{Convert|351|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} with catalytic converters fitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.caranddriver.com/for-sale-in-italy-a-one-off-ferrari-to-end-all-ferraris/|title=Ferrari Testa d'Oro|date=2015-06-18|first=Nicholas|last=Wallace|publisher=caranddriver|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref>

===FX===
[[File:1996 Ferrari FX - dk blu met - fvl (4653162375).jpg|right|thumb|1996 Ferrari FX at the Marconi Museum]]

The '''Ferrari FX''' was a special order [[sports car]] custom made by [[Pininfarina]]<ref name="fx" >{{cite web|url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/3597.html|title=1995 Ferrari FX|last1=Owen|first1=Richard|website=supercars.net|publisher=Supercars.net Publishing|access-date=2012-07-21|quote=For reasons we don't know, number four of seven was still being finished at Williams when the Sultan stopped his influx of cars and anything else expensive.}}</ref> at the request of the [[Hassanal Bolkiah|29th Sultan of Brunei]]. It featured the [[flat-twelve engine]] of the Ferrari F512 M, on which it is based, and a 7-speed [[sequential manual transmission]] from the [[WilliamsF1|Williams]] [[Formula One]] team.<ref name="fx"/> Only seven or nine cars were made depending on the source, six of which were delivered to the royal family in [[Brunei]].<ref name="fx"/> After the Sultan cancelled delivery of car number four, Dick Marconi bought the car from Williams.<ref name="fx"/> Car number four is now on display at the Marconi Automotive Museum in [[Tustin, California]], US.<ref name="fx"/><ref name="MarconiMuseumFX">{{cite web|url=http://www.marconimuseum.org/galleryDetail.asp?iType=7&iPic=110|title=1996 Ferrari FX|year=2010|website=marconimuseum.org|location=Tustin, CA USA|access-date=2012-07-21 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The FX has a top speed of around {{convert|205|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}},<ref name="fx"/> yet Ferrari claimed "We don't want to make the fastest car in the world".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrari FX, Lamborghini Murciélago, and Maserati Spyder|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/ferrari-fx-lamborghini-murcielago-and-maserati-spyder-ferrari-fx-page-4|website=Car and Driver|date=October 2001 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>

===FZ93===
[[File:Zagato FZ93.jpg|thumb|The FZ93 at the 2010 [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]]]]
The FZ93 (Formula Zagato '93) was designed by [[Ercole Spada]] as a follow-up to [[Zagato]]'s series of Ferrari specials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/3436.html|title=Ferrari FZ93|publisher=Supercars.net|date=2004-03-01|access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> In 1994 the car was reworked and repainted all-red; it was also renamed as ''ES1'' in honour of its designer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivioprototipi.it/carrozzieri/zagato/fz93.html|title=1993 ZAGATO FERRARI FZ93|website=archivioprototipi.it|language=it|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

===F90===
For almost 18 years, Ferrari denied that the F90 existed. The project was eventually discovered along with the fact that six were made for the Sultan of Brunei in 1988.

The project was managed by [[Enrico Fumia]], the head of the Research and Development department at Pininfarina. At the time, the project was top secret to that extent that Ferrari themselves didn't know of the project. Fumia styled the car and said the F90 name referred to it being a "Ferrari of the '90s."

All six F90s used a Ferrari Testarossa chassis on top of which Pininfarina sculpted an entirely new body and interior. The engines were stock units, having a power output of {{cvt|390|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and having a rear-wheel drive layout, but the radiators were moved to the front of the car.<ref name=supercars.net>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/4206.html|title=supercars.net|access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref name=Fumiadesign>{{cite web|url=http://www.fumiadesign.com/annuario_ferrari.pdf|title=fumiadesign.com|access-date=2012-03-23|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152153/http://www.fumiadesign.com/annuario_ferrari.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography and notes==
* {{cite journal|title=Ferrari Testarossa|journal=[[Road & Track]]|issue=June 1989|pages=64–69|author=Bob Johnson}}
* {{cite book|author1=Buckley, Martin |author2=Rees, Chris|title=World Encyclopedia of Cars|location=London|publisher=Anness Publishing|year=1998|isbn=1-84038-083-7}}
* "Retail Prices, Import Cars," ''Automotive News'', April 1986: page 53.
* {{cite journal|title=Preview: Ferrari 512TR|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|issue=March 1992|pages=57–59|author=William Jeanes}}
* [[Sir Mix-A-Lot]] wrote the track Testarossa (on his 1992 album Mack Daddy) about his "jet black" 1987 Testarossa.
* French [[House music|House]]/[[Electro music|Electro]] artist [[Kavinsky]] has written several songs about the Testarossa, including "[[Testarossa Autodrive]]", which was remixed by [[SebastiAn]]. The Kavinsky character's back story is that he fatally crashed his Testarossa and came back from the dead to make music.
* The video and arcade game ''[[Out Run|Outrun]]'' uses the Testarossa as the main car.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ferrari Testarossa}}
* [https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/6/11371554/pininfarina-ferrari-fx-first-semi-automatic-transmission Ferrari FX ] at the Marconi Automotive Museum article
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509171127/http://www.ferrariworld.com/ Official Ferrari website] with information on the Testarossa
* {{imcdb vehicle|make=Ferrari|model=Testarossa|Ferrari Testarossa}}
* {{YouTube|LyBBVgzm7N4|Ferrari Testarossa - Miami Vice Tribute}}

{{Ferrari car timeline 1970s-1990s}}
{{Miami Vice}}
{{Out Run series}}
{{Ferrari}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrari Testarossa}}
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|Testarossa]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Pininfarina]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1984]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:Coupés]]
[[Category:Miami Vice]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 1996]]