View source for Ferdinand Marcos

{{Short description|President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986}}
{{For|his son, Ferdinand Marcos Jr.|Bongbong Marcos}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Philippine name|Edralin|Marcos}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{use Philippine English|date=August 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ferdinand Marcos
| image               = Ferdinand Marcos (cropped)(2).jpg
| caption             = Marcos in 1982
| order               = 10th
| office              = President of the Philippines
| term_start          = December 30, 1965
| term_end            = February 25, 1986
| primeminister       = {{plainlist|
* Himself (1978–81)
* [[Cesar Virata]] (1981–86)
}}
| vicepresident       = {{plainlist|
* [[Fernando Lopez]] (1965–72)
* ''Abolished'' (1972–84)
* ''Vacant'' (1984–86)
}}
| predecessor         = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| successor           = [[Corazon Aquino]]
| order2              = 3rd
| office2             = Prime Minister of the Philippines
| term_start2         = June 12, 1978
| term_end2           = June 30, 1981
| predecessor2        = ''Office re-established; {{hanging indent|position previously held by [[Pedro Paterno]]}}''
| successor2          = Cesar Virata
| office3             = [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]
| term_start3         = August 28, 1971
| term_end3           = January 3, 1972
| president3          = Himself
| predecessor3        = [[Juan Ponce Enrile]]
| successor3          = Juan Ponce Enrile
| term_start4         = December 31, 1965
| term_end4           = January 20, 1967
| president4          = Himself
| predecessor4        = [[Macario Peralta]]
| successor4          = [[Ernesto Mata]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Political offices {{nobold|1949{{nbnd}}65}}
| titlestyle       = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed            = yes
| order5           = 9th
| office5          = President of the Senate of the Philippines
| term_start5      = April 5, 1963
| term_end5        = December 30, 1965
| president5          = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| predecessor5     = [[Eulogio Rodriguez]]
| successor5       = [[Arturo Tolentino]]
| office6          = [[Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate Minority Leader]]
| term_start6      = January 25, 1960
| term_end6        = January 22, 1962
| predecessor6     = [[Ambrosio Padilla]]
| successor6       = [[Estanislao Fernandez]]
| office7          = [[Senator of the Philippines]]
| term_start7      = December 30, 1959
| term_end7        = December 30, 1965
| predecessor7     =
| successor7       =
| office8          = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Norte]]'s [[Ilocos Norte's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district
| term_start8      = December 30, 1949
| term_end8        = December 30, 1959
| predecessor8     = Pedro Albano
| successor8       = Simeon M. Valdez
| office9          = 6th President of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]
| term_start9      = January 21, 1961
| term_end9        = April 1964
| predecessor9     = [[Diosdado Macapagal]]
| successor9       = [[Cornelio Villareal]]{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| birth_name          = Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos
| birth_date          = {{birth date|mf=yes|1917|9|11}}
| birth_place         = [[Sarrat]], Ilocos Norte, Philippines<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->{{efn|The Philippines was an [[unincorporated territory of the United States]] known as the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]] at the time of Marcos's birth.}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1989|9|28|1917|9|11}}
| death_place         = [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, US
| resting_place       = {{plainlist|
* [[Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center]], Batac, Ilocos Norte (1993{{nbnd}}2016)
* [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]], Taguig, Metro Manila (since{{nbsp}}2016; disputed)<ref name = "contested" /><ref name="rappler">{{Cite web|last=Pedroza|first=Stephen|title=Are we really burying Marcos' 'body'|url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/144664-marcos-necropolitics-bury/|date=August 31, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015185946/https://www.rappler.com/moveph/144664-marcos-necropolitics-bury/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zambrano|first=Chiara|title=Marcos in mausoleum-Wax or real?|work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/07/04/11/marcos-mausoleum-wax-or-real|date=July 4, 2011|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423124008/https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/07/04/11/marcos-mausoleum-wax-or-real|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| party               = [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]] (1978–1989)
| otherparty          = {{plainlist|
* [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] (1946–1964)
* [[Nacionalista]] (1964–1978)
}}
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Carmen Ortega ([[Common-law marriage|common{{nbh}}law]])||1954}}<ref name = "loveLiesLoot" />
* {{marriage|[[Imelda Romualdez]]|1954}}
}}
| children            = 9, including [[Imee Marcos|Imee]], [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong]], [[Irene Marcos|Irene]], and [[Aimee Marcos|Aimee]]
| mother              = [[Josefa Edralin Marcos|Josefa Edralin]]
| father              = [[Mariano Marcos]]
| relatives           = [[Marcos family]]
| alma_mater          = [[University of the Philippines Manila]] ([[LL.B]])
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Jurist]]|lawyer|politician}}
| module             = {{Infobox person
| embed       = yes
| criminal_charges   = {{plainlist|
* {{cslist|Murder|contempt of court}} (1939)
}}
| criminal_penalty   = {{cslist|10–17 years imprisonment}} (1940)
| criminal_status    = Acquitted on appeal (1940)
}}
| awards              = <!-- Fake medals and awards should only be restored above if irreproachable sources can be found and cited inline -->
| signature           = Marcos Sig.svg
| nickname            = {{hlist|Apo Lakay|Ferdie|Macoy}}
<!--Military service-->| allegiance          = {{plainlist|
* Philippines
* United States{{efn|During the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth era]], the US controlled the Philippines as a protectorate.}}
}}
| serviceyears        = 1942–1945
| rank                = {{plainlist|
* [[First lieutenant]]
* [[Major (rank)|Major]]
}}
| unit                = {{plainlist|
* 21st Infantry Division ([[United States Army Forces in the Far East|USAFFE]])
* 14th Infantry Regiment ([[United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon|USAFIP-NL]])
}}
| battles             = [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|World War II]]
| module2              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Audio clip of Press Conference of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 24, 1986.ogg|title=Ferdinand Marcos's voice|type=speech|description=Speaking in a Press Conference requesting the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] to "disperse the crowd without shooting them" as a response to mass protests against his presidency<br /> (Recorded on February 24, 1986)}}
}}
{{Ferdinand Marcos sidebar}}

'''Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|m|ɑːr|k|ɒ|s}} {{respell|MAR|koss}}<br />{{IPAc-en|US|-|k|oʊ|s|,_|-|k|ɔː|s}} {{respell|-|kohss|,_-|kawss}},<ref>{{cite EPD|18|Marcos|page=305}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Websters Dictionary of the English Language|year=1994|publisher=Lexicon Publications, Inc.|isbn=0-7172-4690-6|pages=609}}</ref> <br />{{IPA|tl|ˈmaɾkɔs|lang}}}} (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and [[Kleptocracy|kleptocrat]] who served as the tenth [[president of the Philippines]] from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the country under [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law from 1972 to 1981]], granting himself expanded powers under the [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1973 Constitution|1973 Constitution]]. Marcos described his philosophy as "[[constitutional authoritarianism]]". He was deposed in 1986 by the [[People Power Revolution]] and was succeeded as president by [[Corazon Aquino]]. 

Marcos gained political success by exaggerating his actions in World War II, claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines".<ref name="marcosMedalsExplained">{{cite news|last1=Bueza|first1=Michael|title=Marcos' World War II 'medals' explained|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143592-ferdinand-marcos-world-war-ii-medals-explained|work=Rappler|date=August 20, 2016|access-date=July 20, 2017|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151453/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143592-ferdinand-marcos-world-war-ii-medals-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marcos flees at last|url=http://www.inquirer.net/175/its-all-over-marcos-flees|access-date=June 29, 2017|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010150644/http://www.inquirer.net/175/its-all-over-marcos-flees|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fakeMedalsReduxII">{{cite web|url= http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-ii-p10766-168.htm |title=Marcos fake medals redux (Part II)|last=Maynigo|first=Benjamin|publisher=Asian Journal USA|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025238/http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-ii-p10766-168.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="marcosHeroism">{{cite news |url= http://www.philstar.com/opinion/673841/suspicions-resurface-about-marcos-heroism |title= Suspicions resurface about Marcos heroism |last=Bondoc |first=Jarius |date= April 8, 2011 |work= The Philippine Star |access-date= February 27, 2016 |archive-date= March 6, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174149/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/673841/suspicions-resurface-about-marcos-heroism |url-status= live}}</ref> — [[United States Army]] documents described his claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd".<ref name="JeffGerth&JoelBrinkley19860123">{{cite web |last1=Gerth |first1=Jeff |last2=Brinkley |first2=Joel |date=January 23, 1986 |title=Marcos's wartime role discredited in U.S. files |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/23/world/marcos-s-wartime-role-discredited-in-us-files.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132439/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/23/world/marcos-s-wartime-role-discredited-in-us-files.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=February 7, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="fakeMedalsReduxI">{{cite web|url= http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-i-p10722-168.htm |title=Marcos fake medals redux (Part I)|last=Maynigo|first=Benjamin|publisher=Asian Journal USA |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170208013943/http://asianjournalusa.com/marcos-fake-medals-redux-part-i-p10722-168.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> After the war, he became a lawyer. He served in the [[Philippine House of Representatives]] from 1949 to 1959 and the [[Philippine Senate]] from 1959 to 1965. He was elected president [[1965 Philippine presidential election|in 1965]]. He presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KN?end=1985&locations=PH&start=1964|title=GDP (constant LCU) – Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=August 2, 2017|archive-date=August 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123132/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KN?end=1985&locations=PH&start=1964|url-status=live}}</ref> but ended in the loss of livelihood and [[extreme poverty]] for almost half the Philippine population,<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 25, 2016|title=Under Marcos dictatorship unemployment worsened, prices soared, poverty persisted|url=https://www.ibon.org/under-marcos-employment-fell-prices-soared-poverty-persisted/|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=IBON Foundation|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617061356/https://www.ibon.org/under-marcos-employment-fell-prices-soared-poverty-persisted/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="truthAboutEconomy">{{Cite web|last=de Dios|first=Emmanuel S.|date=November 16, 2015|title=The truth about the economy under the Marcos regime|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=the-truth-about-the-economy-under-the-marcos-regime&id=118661|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Business World|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506183245/https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=the-truth-about-the-economy-under-the-marcos-regime&id=118661|url-status=dead}}</ref> combined with a debt crisis.<ref name="openSpyAgency">{{cite news|last1=Yamsuan|first1=Cathy|title=Open records of Marcos' spy agency, Enrile urges|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/109377/open-records-of-marcos%27-spy-agency-enrile-urges|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=December 12, 2011|access-date=July 11, 2018|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161420/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/109377/open-records-of-marcos%e2%80%99-spy-agency-enrile-urges|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="truthAboutEconomy" /> He pursued infrastructure development funded by [[foreign debt]],<ref name="marcosEconomicDisaster">{{cite news |last1=Mendoza |first1=Ronald |title=Ferdinand Marcos' economic disaster |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/marcos-economic-disaster |publisher=[[Rappler]] |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922200609/https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/marcos-economic-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Galang20110221">{{Cite news |work=GMA News|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/213564/opinion/the-economic-decline-that-led-to-marcos-fall/ |title=The economic decline that led to Marcos' fall |last=Galang |first=Ping |date=February 21, 2011 |access-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529093920/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/opinion/content/213564/the-economic-decline-that-led-to-marcos-fall/story/ |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> making him popular during his first term, although the aid triggered an inflation crisis that led to social unrest in his second term.<ref name="Balbosas1992">{{Cite journal |last=Balbosa |first=Joven Zamoras |date=1992 |title=IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines |journal=Journal of Philippine Development |volume=XIX |issue=35}}</ref><ref name="Cororaton1997">{{Cite journal |last=Cororaton |first=Cesar B. |title=Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines |journal=DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 |pages=3, 19}}</ref> Marcos [[Proclamation No. 1081|placed the Philippines under martial law]] on September 23, 1972,<ref name="govPhDeclarationMartialLaw">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law|title=Declaration of Martial Law|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015111908/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fmDeclaresSundayExpress">{{cite web|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/fm-declares-martial-law/|title=FM Declares Martial Law|date=September 24, 1972|publisher=Philippines Sunday Express|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=September 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925141914/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/fm-declares-martial-law/|url-status=dead}}</ref> shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law was ratified in 1973 through [[1973 Philippine martial law referendum|a fraudulent referendum]].<ref name="philippinesReadr">{{cite book |last1=Schirmer |first1=Daniel B. |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi |title=The Philippines Reader: A history of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance |last2=Shalom |first2=Stephen Roskamm |date=1987 |publisher=[[South End Press]] |isbn=978-0-89608-275-5 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref> He ruled the country under [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law from 1972 to 1981]].<ref name="lacsamana1990p189">{{Cite book |last=Lacsamana |first=Leodivico Cruz |title=Philippine History and Government |publisher=Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. |year=1990 |isbn=971-06-1894-6 |edition=Second}} p. 189.</ref> During this period, the constitution was revised and media outlets [[Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship|were silenced]].<ref name="hartfordMcCoy">{{cite web |date=September 20, 1999 |title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901062823/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]}}</ref><ref name="ageSilence">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19730313&id=GckQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4744,2971270 |title=The Mark of Marcos – Part I: A deafening silence in the Philippines |last=Rivett |first=Rohan |date=March 13, 1973 |work=[[The Age]] |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130134556/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19730313&id=GckQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4744,2971270 |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos also oversaw a violent crackdown against the political opposition,<ref name="kushidaStanford">{{cite web |url= https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/geasia2.pdf |title=The Political Economy of the Philippines Under Marcos – Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 |last=Kushida |first=Kenji |date=2003 |publisher=Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801034500/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/geasia2.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Panti|first=Llanesca|date=October 16, 2018|title=Imee done with apologizing for atrocities during Marcos regime|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/671410/imee-done-with-apologizing-for-atrocities-during-marcos-regime/story/|access-date=June 17, 2020|work=GMA News|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617043024/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/671410/imee-done-with-apologizing-for-atrocities-during-marcos-regime/story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims,<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 10, 1987|title=Philippine Church Leaders Fear Failure of Government-Muslim Negotiations|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1987/02/11/philippine-church-leaders-fear-filure-of-governmentmuslim-negotiations&post_id=34970|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=UCA News|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626060740/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1987/02/11/philippine-church-leaders-fear-filure-of-governmentmuslim-negotiations&post_id=34970|url-status=live}}</ref> suspected communists,<ref name="darkDaysDictatorship">{{cite news |last1=Cortez |first1=Kath M. |title=Martial Law veterans recall fighting dark days of dictatorship |url=http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/martial-law-veterans-recall-fighting-dark-days-of-dictatorship/ |publisher=Davao Today |date=September 21, 2019 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171351/http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/martial-law-veterans-recall-fighting-dark-days-of-dictatorship/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 8, 2016|title=Why the Late Philippine Dictator Was No Hero|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/08/why-late-philippine-dictator-was-no-hero|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=Human Rights Watch|archive-date=November 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130134605/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/08/why-late-philippine-dictator-was-no-hero|url-status=live}}</ref> and ordinary citizens.<ref name=":2" />

After his election to a third term in the [[1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum|1981 presidential election and referendum]], Marcos's popularity suffered due to the [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)#Economic nosedive and Marcos ouster (1981–1986)|economic collapse that began in 1983]] and the public outrage over [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|the assassination]] of public opposition leader Senator [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.]] that year. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the [[1984 Philippine parliamentary election|1984 parliamentary election]], and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call a [[1986 Philippine presidential election|snap election in 1986]]. Allegations of mass [[electoral fraud]], political turmoil, and [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights abuses]] led to the [[People Power Revolution]] of February 1986, which ultimately removed him from power.<ref name="countryStudiesAquinoAssassination">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/29.htm|title=From Aquino's Assassination to People's Power|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]] of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145243/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/29.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US President [[Ronald Reagan]] through Senator [[Paul Laxalt]] to "cut and cut cleanly".<ref name="WPostCutcleanly">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/02/26/in-crucial-call-laxalt-told-marcos-cut-cleanly/9329b85d-f7b0-4021-884d-5e5e659a4cb0/ |title=In Crucial Call, Laxalt Told Marcos: 'Cut Cleanly' |last1=Hoffman |first1=David |last2=Cannon |first2=Lou |last3=Coleman |first3=Milton |last4=Dewar |first4=Helen |last5=Goshko |first5=John M. |last6=Oberdorfer |first6=Don |last7=W |first7=George C. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 26, 1986 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822084009/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/02/26/in-crucial-call-laxalt-told-marcos-cut-cleanly/9329b85d-f7b0-4021-884d-5e5e659a4cb0/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii.<ref name="marcosFlees">{{cite news|url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/02/26/marcos-flees-aquino-rules-2/ |title=Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules – Peaceful Revolt Ends In Triumph|last=Reaves|first=Joseph A.|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=February 26, 1986 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140306163639/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-02-26/news/8601140956_1_marcos-final-destination-marcos-flight-ferdinand-e-marcos | archive-date = March 6, 2014}}</ref> He was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon "Cory" Aquino]].<ref name="undeliveredSpeech">{{cite news|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1983/08/21/the-undelivered-speech-of-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr-upon-his-return-from-the-u-s-august-21-1983/|title=The undelivered speech of Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. upon his return from the U.S., August 21, 1983|date=August 21, 1983|author=Benigno Aquino Jr.|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=October 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007085456/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1983/08/21/the-undelivered-speech-of-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr-upon-his-return-from-the-u-s-august-21-1983/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="laurieAssassionation">{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vADEDZpetY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1vADEDZpetY| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Last interview with and footage of Ninoy Aquino assassination|last=Laurie|first=Jim|author-link=Jim Laurie|publisher=YouTube|date=August 21, 1983|access-date=June 30, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="aquinoFinalJourney">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/magazine/aquino-s-final-journey.html?pagewanted=all|title=Aquino's Final Journey|last=Kashiwara|first=Ken|date=October 16, 1983|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=February 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111095016/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/magazine/aquino-s-final-journey.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people who rose to power during the Marcos era remained in power after his exile, including [[Fidel Ramos]], a general who became president.<ref name="mccoy">{{cite web |last=McCoy |first=Alfred |title=Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html |access-date=June 29, 2017 |website=www.hartford-hwp.com |publisher=Kim Scipes / extracts from "Closer Than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy" (New Haven: Yale University Press)}}</ref> 

According to source documents provided by the [[Presidential Commission on Good Government]] (PCGG),<ref name="29Mrecovered">{{cite news |last=Pazzibugan |first=Dona Z. |date=February 13, 2014 |title=PCGG recovers $29M from Marcos loot |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/577304/philippines-recovers-29m-from-marcos-accounts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000903/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/577304/philippines-recovers-29m-from-marcos-accounts |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=February 28, 2016 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> the [[Marcos family]] stole US$5 billion–$10 billion from the [[Central Bank of the Philippines]].<ref name="economistHailToTheThief2">{{cite news |date=November 12, 2016 |title=Hail to the thief |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21710015-philippine-government-offers-heros-burial-murderous-kleptocrat-hail-thief |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804221029/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21710015-philippine-government-offers-heros-burial-murderous-kleptocrat-hail-thief |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=July 9, 2017 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref name="asianJournalChronology">{{cite web |title=Chronology of the Marcos Plunder |url=http://asianjournalusa.com/chronology-of-the-marcos-plunder-p10909-67.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023074523/http://asianjournalusa.com/chronology-of-the-marcos-plunder-p10909-67.htm |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=March 1, 2016 |publisher=Asian Journal}}</ref> The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle,<ref name="1billion30">{{cite news |last=Mogato |first=Manuel |date=February 24, 2016 |title=Philippines still seeks $1 billion in Marcos wealth 30 years after his ouster |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-marcos-idUSKCN0VX0U5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000815/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-marcos-idUSKCN0VX0U5 |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="politicalWill">{{cite web |last=Heilprin |first=John |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Political Will guides Marcos case in Philippines |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/hidden-bank-deposits_political-will-guides-marcos-case-in-philippines/41367100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711221408/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/hidden-bank-deposits_political-will-guides-marcos-case-in-philippines/41367100 |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=February 28, 2016 |publisher=[[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> [[Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family|taking billions of dollars]] from the Philippines between 1965 and 1986.<ref name="broughtToHawaii">{{cite news |last1=Tantiangco |first1=Aya |last2=Bigtas |first2=Jannielyn Ann |date=February 25, 2016 |title=What Marcoses brought to Hawaii after fleeing PHL in '86: $717-M in cash, $124-M in deposit slips |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208024530/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2016 |work=GMA News}}</ref> Upon his legacy, Marcos is widely regarded as among the most controversial figures in the Philippines,<ref name="marcosKleptocracy22">{{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Chaikin |title=Corruption and Money Laundering: A Symbiotic Relationship |last2=Sharman |first2=J.C. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-61360-7 |series=Palgrave Series on Asian Governance |location=New York |pages=153–186 |chapter=The Marcos Kleptocracy |doi=10.1057/9780230622456_7 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230622456_7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161416/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230622456_7 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RegimeOfMarcoses22">{{cite news |last=Roa |first=Ana |date=September 29, 2014 |title=Regime of Marcoses, cronies, kleptocracy |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/641277/regime-of-marcoses-cronies-kleptocracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044437/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/641277/regime-of-marcoses-cronies-kleptocracy |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> with its governmental rule formed an [[kleptocracy]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Root |first=Hilton L. |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10889 |title=Building Inclusive Democracies In ASEAN |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-3236-50-9 |editor-last=Mendoza |editor-first=Ronald U. |location=Singapore |pages=225–241 |chapter=Lootable Resources and Political Virtue: The Economic Governance of Lee Kuan Yew, Ferdinand Marcos, and Chiang Kai-shek Compared |doi=10.1142/9789813236493_0013 |access-date=March 13, 2022 |editor-last2=Beja |editor-first2=Edsel L. Jr. |editor-last3=Teehankee |editor-first3=Julio C. |editor-last4=La Viña |editor-first4=Antonio G. M. |editor-last5=Villamejor-Mendoza |editor-first5=Maria Fe |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813236493_0013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416012821/https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10889 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |url-status=live |s2cid=158645388}}</ref> under Marcos's dictatorial regime was widely condemned,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bonner |first1=William |url={{google book|plainurl=y|id=6nUaAQAAIAAJ}} |title=Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy |last2=Bonner |first2=Raymond |date=1987 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=978-0-8129-1326-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuentecilla |first=Jose V. |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=EYJDsNK_7PUC|page=2}} |title=Fighting from a Distance: How Filipino Exiles Helped Topple a Dictator |date=April 1, 2013 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09509-2 |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120121135/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYJDsNK_7PUC&q=info:1-cWfZnYbr4J:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP2 |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="marcosRiseAndFallDictator">{{cite news |date=November 19, 2016 |title=Marcos: Rise and fall of a dictator |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/845784/marcos-rise-and-fall-of-a-dictator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702000008/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/845784/marcos-rise-and-fall-of-a-dictator |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=January 26, 2018 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> and his regime was infamous for [[corruption]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shleifer |first1=Andrei |last2=Vishny |first2=Robert W. |date=August 1, 1993 |title=Corruption* |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=599–617 |doi=10.2307/2118402 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=2118402 |s2cid=265951232 |access-date=March 13, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quah |first=Jon S.T. |date=2010 |title=Curbing Corruption in the Philippines: Is this an Impossible Dream |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pjpa/article/view/3783 |url-status=dead |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925000037/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pjpa/article/view/3783 |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |via=University of the Philippines Diliman}}</ref><ref name="Global Corruption Report">{{Cite book |url=https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf |title=Global Corruption Report 2004 |publisher=Pluto Press in association with Transparency International |year=2004 |isbn=0-7453-2231-X |editor-last=Hodess |editor-first=Robin |location=Sterling, VA, USA |pages=13, 101 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |editor-last2=Inowlocki |editor-first2=Tania |editor-last3=Rodriguez |editor-first3=Diana |editor-last4=Wolfe |editor-first4=Toby |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513102432/https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2004_GCR_PoliticalCorruption_EN.pdf |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> extravagance,<ref name="fpImmenseIllGottenWealthOfImelda">{{cite magazine |last1=Traywick |first1=Catherine |date=January 16, 2014 |title=Shoes, Jewels, and Monets: The Immense Ill-Gotten Wealth of Imelda Marcos |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/16/shoes-jewels-and-monets-the-immense-ill-gotten-wealth-of-imelda-marcos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816230249/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/16/shoes-jewels-and-monets-the-immense-ill-gotten-wealth-of-imelda-marcos/ |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2017 |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref><ref name="theIndependentWeirdWorldImelda">{{cite news |date=February 25, 1986 |title=The weird world of Imelda Marcos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-weird-world-of-imelda-marcos-347541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923232319/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-weird-world-of-imelda-marcos-347541.html |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=July 9, 2017 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="jimLaurieABCExcerpt">{{cite news |last1=Laurie |first1=Jim |date=1986 |title=Excerpt – Imelda Marcos from ABC 20/20 March 1986 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3259VEA0Is |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/y3259VEA0Is |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |work=ABC News}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and brutality.<ref name="marcosFamilyReturnLimelight">{{cite news |last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |date=July 8, 2007 |title=Marcos family returning to the limelight in the Philippines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/08/world/asia/08iht-marcos.2.6550516.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044538/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/08/world/asia/08iht-marcos.2.6550516.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |access-date=February 7, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="amnestyInternational1975" /><ref name="hartfordMcCoy" /> His wife, [[Imelda Marcos]], made infamous in her own right by excesses that characterized her and her husband's "[[conjugal dictatorship]]",<ref name="conjugal">{{Cite book |last=Mijares |first=Primitivo |url=http://rizalls.lib.admu.edu.ph:8080/ebooks2/Primitivo%20Mijares.pdf |title=The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos-1 |publisher=Union Square Publications |year=1976 |location=San Francisco |access-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218231827/http://rizalls.lib.admu.edu.ph:8080/ebooks2/Primitivo%20Mijares.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="marcosToGaddafi">{{cite news |last=Warde |first=Ibrahim |date=May 25, 2011 |title=From Marcos to Gaddafi: Kleptocrats, Old and New |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ibrahim-warde/gaddafi-mubarak-fortune_b_829390.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151655/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ibrahim-warde/gaddafi-mubarak-fortune_b_829390.html |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |access-date=February 20, 2020 |publisher=The World Post}}</ref><ref name="imeldificPaintings">{{cite news |last=Doyo |first=Ma. Ceres P. |author-link=Maria Ceres Doyo |date=October 12, 2014 |title='Imeldific' collection of artworks (partial list) |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/644229/imeldific-collection-of-artworks-partial-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801201445/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/644229/imeldific-collection-of-artworks-partial-list |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> is the source of the term {{wikt-lang|en|Imeldific}}.<ref name="martialLawFashion">{{cite news |last=Macapendeg |first=Mac |date=September 21, 2012 |title=Martial Law fashion: The Imeldific and the Third World look |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/275032/lifestyle/fashionandbeauty/martial-law-fashion-the-imeldific-and-the-third-world-look |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152933/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/275032/lifestyle/fashionandbeauty/martial-law-fashion-the-imeldific-and-the-third-world-look |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |work=GMA News}}</ref> Two of their children, [[Imee Marcos|Imee]] and [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong]], became active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong being elected president in [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022]]. Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the [[Guinness World Records]] for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades,<ref name="guiness2020">{{cite web |title=Greatest robbery of a Government |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/65607-greatest-robbery-of-a-government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221215510/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/65607-greatest-robbery-of-a-government |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=[[Guinness World Records]] |ref=guinnessonline}}</ref> although Guinness took the record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 presidential election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patag |first=Kristine Joy |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Fact check: Guinness not disputing historical fact on 'greatest robbery of a gov't' |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/18/2168193/fact-check-guinness-not-disputing-historical-fact-greatest-robbery-govt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415111214/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/03/18/2168193/fact-check-guinness-not-disputing-historical-fact-greatest-robbery-govt |archive-date=April 15, 2022 |access-date=May 11, 2022 |work=Philstar.com}}</ref>{{Toclimit}}

==Early life==
{{Main|Marcos family}}
[[File:Ferdinand Marcos with family 1920s.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos (right) with his family in the 1920s]]

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in the town of [[Sarrat, Ilocos Norte]], to [[Mariano Marcos]] (1897–1945) and [[Josefa Edralin Marcos|Josefa Edralin]] (1893–1988).<ref name="Steinberg2000pp115-116">{{cite book|last=Steinberg|first=David Joel|title=The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=8mf8YUky_mMC}}|year=2000|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5|pages=[{{Google books|plainurl=y|id=8mf8YUky_mMC|page=115}} 115–116]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Mariano Marcos was a [[lawyer]] and congressman from [[Ilocos Norte]], Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcij.org/stories/2001/ties.html |title=Families Remain Strong in Congress, but their Influence is Waning<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193242/http://pcij.org/stories/2001/ties.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was executed by Filipino guerillas in 1945 as a Japanese propagandist and [[Collaborationism|collaborator]] during World War II. [[Dismemberment#Tearing apart|Drawn and quartered]] with the use of [[carabao]]s, his remains were left hanging on a tree.<ref name="JohnSharkey19860124">{{Cite news |last=Sharkey |first=John |date=January 24, 1986 |title=New Doubts on Marcos' War Role |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/01/24/new-doubts-on-marcos-war-role/40076661-fe6a-4695-88ea-1ee707e1c090/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105151329/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/01/24/new-doubts-on-marcos-war-role/40076661-fe6a-4695-88ea-1ee707e1c090/ |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2016/07/04/1599425/file-no-60-family-affair|title=File No. 60: A family affair|website=Philstar.com|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=May 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531001502/https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/news-feature/2016/07/04/1599425/file-no-60-family-affair|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LaphamsRaiders">{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=bmxHAgAAQBAJ|page=126}}|title=Lapham's Raiders: Guerrillas in the Philippines, 1942–1945|author=[[Robert Lapham]], Bernard Norling|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813145709|date=December 6, 2013|access-date=October 25, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161419/https://books.google.com/books?id=bmxHAgAAQBAJ&q=ferdinand+marcos+father+collaborator&pg=PT126|url-status=live}}</ref> Josefa Marcos was a schoolteacher who outlived her husband – dying in 1988, two years after the Marcos family left her in Malacañang Palace, they fled into exile after the 1986 [[People Power Revolution]], one year before her son Ferdinand's death.<ref name="NYT19860330">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/world/marcos-s-mother-and-her-hospital-bill-are-left-behind.html |title=Marcos's Mother, and Her Hospital Bill, Are Left Behind |date=March 30, 1986 |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 17, 2018 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110656/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/world/marcos-s-mother-and-her-hospital-bill-are-left-behind.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Marcos claimed that he was a descendant of [[Antonio Luna]], a Filipino general during the [[Philippine–American War]],<ref name="A.R. Ocampo 2010">{{cite book|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|title=Looking Back|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc|year=2010|isbn=978-971-27-2336-0|pages=20–22}}</ref> a claim since debunked by genealogist Mona Magno-Veluz.<ref name="BaguioChronicle2022">{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2022 |title=FACT CHECK: Ferdinand Marcos Sr. is a descendant of General Antonio Luna #FactsFirstPH |work=The Baguio Chronicle |url=https://thebaguiochronicle.com/fact-check/fact-check-ferdinand-marcos-sr-is-a-descendant-of-general-antonio-luna-factsfirstph/ |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219141033/https://thebaguiochronicle.com/fact-check/fact-check-ferdinand-marcos-sr-is-a-descendant-of-general-antonio-luna-factsfirstph/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He also claimed that his ancestor was a 16th-century pirate, [[Limahong]] (Chinese: 林阿鳳), who used to raid the coasts of the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Lynn|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ|page=16}}|title=Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy|date=2014|isbn=9781317574224|page=16|publisher=Routledge|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161422/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mijares255">{{Harvp|Mijares|1976|p=255}}.</ref> He is a [[Sangley|Chinese]] [[Filipino Mestizos|mestizo]] descendant.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Tan|first=Antonio S.|date=1986|title=The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_32_1_2316|journal=Archipel|volume=32|pages=141–162|doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2316|via=Persée|access-date=October 20, 2021|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020220412/https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_32_1_2316|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
Marcos studied law at the [[University of the Philippines Manila|University of the Philippines]] (UP) in [[Manila]], attending the [[University of the Philippines College of Law|College of Law]]. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, joining the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was an accomplished [[Public speaking|orator]], debater, and writer for the student newspaper. While attending the UP College of Law, he joined [[Upsilon Sigma Phi]], where he met his future colleagues in government and some of his staunchest critics.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fraternities, sororities, societies : secrets revealed|last=Elefan |first=Ruben S. |date=1997 |publisher=St. Pauls |isbn=978-9715048477 |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |oclc=41049366}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=For every tear a victory |last=Spence |first=Hartzell |date=1964 |publisher=McGraw Hill |oclc=251371498}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

Marcos attended the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) He served as an ROTC battalion commander and was commissioned as a third lieutenant (apprentice officer) in the Philippine Constabulary Reserve. He was a member of the rifle team and a national rifle champion.<ref name="marcosOvercameMurder" />

When he sat for the [[Philippine Bar Examination|1939 Bar Examinations]], he was a top scorer with a score of 92.35%.<ref name="veraFilesMarcosBarExams">{{cite news |title=Vera Files Fact Check: Post revives FALSE claim ex-president Marcos scored 98.01% in bar exams |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-post-revives-false-claim-ex-president |publisher=[[Vera Files]] |date=January 31, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212041443/https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-post-revives-false-claim-ex-president |url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated ''[[cum laude]]'' and was in the top ten of his class: future Chief Justice [[Felix Makasiar]] was their class [[salutatorian]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Justice Felix V. Makasiar|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/supremecourtjustices/chiefjustice/15#:~:text=About%20Him%3A,salutatorian%20for%20lack%20of%20residence.|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122514/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/supremecourtjustices/chiefjustice/15#:~:text=About%20Him%3A,salutatorian%20for%20lack%20of%20residence.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferdinand Edralin Marcos|url=http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/ferdinand_marcos.htm|website=Senate of the Philippines|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027194904/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/ferdinand_marcos.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Pi Gamma Mu]] and the [[Phi Kappa Phi]] international [[Honour society|honor societies]], the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later.<ref>See page 32, {{cite web |url=http://www.utoledo.edu/as/pdfs/100years.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227223116/http://www.utoledo.edu/as/pdfs/100years.pdf |archive-date=December 27, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Ferdinand_Marcos_receiving_his_Doctor_of_Laws_degree_-_Central_Philippine_University.jpg|thumb|right|Ferdinand Marcos being conferred with a Doctor Laws, ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'' degree during the investiture of the first Filipino president of [[Central Philippine University]], Rex D. Drilon, on April 21, 1967]]

Marcos received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) (''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'') degree in 1967 from [[Central Philippine University]].<ref name="Honorary Degree Recipients from 1905-1980s - Central Philippine University">{{Cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Larry A. |title=Scientia et Fides: The Story of Central Philippine University |last2=Herradura |first2=Elma |publisher=National Press |year=1981 |location=Iloilo City |pages=265}}</ref>

== Julio Nalundasan assassination ==
{{main|Julio Nalundasan}}
[[Julio Nalundasan]] was a Filipino lawyer/politician and a political rival of Mariano Marcos's. He was killed with a single rifle shot at his home in [[Batac]] on September 21, 1935, the day after he had defeated Marcos a second time for a seat in the [[National Assembly of the Philippines|National Assembly]].<ref name="conjugalAteneo">{{Cite book|last=Mijares |first=Primitivo|title=The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos|date=2017|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|isbn=9789715508117|oclc=1020636692}}</ref>

In December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos, his father Mariano, and his uncles, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo were both accused of murder.<ref name="mijares237">{{Harvp|Mijares|1976|p=237}}.</ref> According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chanrobles.com/cralaw19391.htm|title=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library: Philippine Supreme Court Decisions On-Line|website=chanrobles.com|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122821/https://chanrobles.com/cralaw19391.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ferdinand was a member of the University of the Philippines rifle team and a national rifle champion.<ref name="marcosOvercameMurder">{{cite news |last1=Killen |first1=Patrick J. |title=Marcos overcame murder conviction |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/02/Marcos-overcame-murder-conviction/7964507704400/ |publisher=[[United Press International]] |date=February 2, 1986 |access-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920180659/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/02/Marcos-overcame-murder-conviction/7964507704400/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos's rifle was in its gun rack in the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)|ROTC]] armory, that of team captain [[Teodoro Kalaw#Personal life|Teodoro M. Kalaw Jr.]] was missing.

The [[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)|National Bureau of Investigation]] obtained evidence that Kalaw's rifle was the murder weapon. Ferdinand had access to the armory.<ref name="conjugalAteneo" /> Ferdinand and Lizardo were then convicted of the murder. Ferdinand was sentenced to 10 to 17 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 1940 |title=Convicted of Murder |pages=5 |work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin-convicted-of-murd/12491985/ |access-date=November 16, 2023}}</ref>

Marcos appealed to the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcos overcame murder conviction |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/02/Marcos-overcame-murder-conviction/7964507704400/ |access-date=September 21, 2023 |website=UPI Archives |archive-date=September 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920180659/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/02/Marcos-overcame-murder-conviction/7964507704400/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Justice [[Jose P. Laurel]], who wrote the majority decision, had almost killed a rival during a youthful brawl. He was convicted by a trial court of frustrated murder, but was acquitted after his own appeal to the Supreme Court. Laurel pleaded for his colleagues to acquit.<ref name="conjugalAteneo" /> The Supreme Court overturned the lower court's decision on October 22, 1940, acquitting  both men of all charges except contempt.<ref>Justice Jose P. Laurel penned the ''ponencia'' (in [http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1940/oct1940/gr_l-47388_1940.html People vs. Mariano Marcos, et al., 70 Phil. 468] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413015754/http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1940/oct1940/gr_l-47388_1940.html |date=April 13, 2009}}) with which [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[Ramón Avanceña]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Justices]] Imperial, [[Anacleto Díaz|Díaz]] and Horilleno all concurred.</ref><ref name="puppetPresident">{{cite news |last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |title='Puppet president' |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/87395/puppet-president |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=August 7, 2015 |access-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182433/https://opinion.inquirer.net/87395/puppet-president |url-status=live}}</ref>

==World War II (1939–1945)==
{{main|Military career of Ferdinand Marcos}}

==Post-WWII (1949–1965)==
{{Expand section|date=July 2018}}

After World War II, the American government became preoccupied with the [[Marshall Plan]], attempting to revive Western European economies, losing focus on the Philippines, which gained independence on July 4, 1946.<ref name="Wood1986">{{Cite book |title=From Marshall Plan to debt crisis : foreign aid and development choices in the world economy |last=Wood |first=Robert Everett |date=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520055261 |location=Berkeley |oclc=13358314}}</ref><ref name="Dubsky1993">{{Cite book |title=Technocracy and development in the Philippines |author=Roman Dubsky |date=1993 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-9715420167 |location=Diliman, Quezon City |oclc=30679756}}</ref> Marcos was one of eleven lawyers to act as a special prosecutor tasked to try by "process of law and justice" all those accused of collaboration with the Japanese.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hofileña |first=Saul Jr. |title=Under the Stacks|year=2011|isbn=978-971-95130-2-5|location=Philippines|pages=312}}</ref> Eventually, Marcos ran for his father's old post as representative of the [[Ilocos Norte's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]] of [[Ilocos Norte]] and won three consecutive terms, serving in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959.<ref name="Ferdinand Edralin Marcos">[http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/ferdinand_marcos.htm Ferdinand Edralin Marcos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224052613/http://senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/ferdinand_marcos.htm |date=February 24, 2009}}. Philippines Senate</ref>

[[File:Rep. Ferdinand E. Marcos (3rd Congress).jpg|thumb|Marcos official portrait during the [[3rd Congress of the Philippines|3rd Congress]].]]

Marcos joined the "Liberal Wing" that split from the [[Nacionalista Party]], which became the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]. He later became the Liberal Party's economic spokesman, and chaired the House Neophytes Bloc which included future president [[Diosdado Macapagal]], future Vice President [[Emmanuel Pelaez]] and future Manila Mayor [[Arsenio Lacson]].<ref name="Ferdinand Edralin Marcos" />

Marcos then became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning. He was also a member of the Special Committee on Import and Price Controls and the Special Committee on Reparations, and of the House Electoral Tribunal.<ref name="Ferdinand Edralin Marcos" />

After serving in the House for three terms, Marcos won a Senate seat in 1959 and became Senate minority floor leader in 1960. He became executive vice president of the Liberal Party and served as party president from 1961 to 1964.

From 1963 to 1965, he was [[Senate President of the Philippines|Senate President]]. He introduced significant bills, many of which were enacted.<ref name="Ferdinand Edralin Marcos" />

===Presidential campaign===
{{Main|1965 Philippine presidential election}}
[[File:Ferdinand Marcos and Fernando Lopez 1965.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos with his running mate [[Fernando Lopez]] during campaign in 1965]]
[[File:Marcos-1stInauguration.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos is sworn into his first term on December 30, 1965.]]

Marcos ran a populist campaign emphasizing that he was a medalled war hero. In 1962, Marcos claimed to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments had established.<ref name="mijares246">{{Harvp|Mijares|1976|p=246}}.</ref> Included in his claim of 27 war medals and decorations are those of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor.<ref name="mijares246" /><ref name="chicagoTribune1">{{cite news |last=Reaves |first=Joseph A. |date=September 29, 1989 |title=Marcos Was More Than Just Another Deposed Dictator |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/09/29/marcos-was-more-than-just-another-deposed-dictator/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903122449/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-09-29/news/8901180123_1_mr-marcos-ferdinand-edralin-marcos-martial-law/2 |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}{{cite web |title=US Department of Defense official database of Distinguished Service Cross recipients |url=https://valor.defense.gov/Recipients/Army-Distinguished-Service-Cross-Recipients/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823010206/https://valor.defense.gov/Recipients/Army-Distinguished-Service-Cross-Recipients// |archive-date=August 23, 2020 |access-date=November 28, 2014}}</ref> The opposition Liberal Party later confirmed that many of his war medals were awarded in 1962 to aid in his Senate election campaign.<ref name="conjugal" /> As a result, Marcos won the election.<ref>{{cite book |author=Abinales, P.N. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=nwDzRHOc7cwC|page=156}} |title=Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the formation of the Philippine nation-state |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-971-550-349-5 |page=156}}</ref>

==Administration and cabinet==
{{Main|List of cabinets of the Philippines#Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986)}}
{{Infobox President styles
|name = Ferdinand Marcos
|image = [[File:Sagisag ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas FM.png|50px]]
|dipstyle = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
|offstyle = Your Excellency
|altstyle = Mr. President
}}

==First term (1965–1969)==
{{Main|First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos}}

Marcos was [[First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos|inaugurated]] as the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|10th]] [[president of the Philippines]] on December 30, 1965.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book|title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn.|publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited|year=1998|editor-last=Magno|editor-first=Alexander R.|location=Hong Kong|chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref>

He launched an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign loans. He remained popular for most of his first term;<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> although his popularity got flagged after debt-driven spending which triggered an inflationary crisis in November and December 1969.<ref name="Balbosas1992" /><ref name="Cororaton1997" /> Major projects included the construction of the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines complex]], which is considered one of the earliest examples of what became known as the Marcoses' [[edifice complex]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Villa |first=Kathleen de |date=September 16, 2017 |title=Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex' |url=https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex |access-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133920/https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lico2003">{{cite book |last=Lico |first=Gerard |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pMGTCb1Ypk4C}} |title=Edifice Complex: Power, Myth And Marcos State Architecture |date=January 30, 2003 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila]] University Press}}</ref>

Marcos developed close relations with Philippine military officers<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past retirement age, or giving them government posts.<ref name="GovPh29thNinoyAnniv">{{Cite web |url=http://president.gov.ph/gov_at_work/phl-marks-29th-anniversary-of-aquinos-assassination-on-tuesday/ |title=PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino's assassination on Tuesday |date=August 20, 2012 |publisher=Office of the President of the Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208022821/http://president.gov.ph/gov_at_work/phl-marks-29th-anniversary-of-aquinos-assassination-on-tuesday/ |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He gained the support of the US [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson administration]] by allowing Philippine involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] via the Philippine Civic Action Group.<ref name="McMahon1999"/>

Marcos's first term saw the exposé of the [[Jabidah massacre]] in March 1968, where Jibin Arula (a Muslim) testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front|Moro army]] recruits that had been executed en-masse on [[Corregidor]] Island on March 18, 1968.<ref name="Rappler">{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|title=Jabidah and Merdeka: The inside story|author1=Marites Dañguilan Vitug|author2=Glenda M. Gloria|work=Rappler|date=March 18, 2013|access-date=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913010948/http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/24025-jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah|archive-date=September 13, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="George1980">{{cite book|author=T. J. S. George|title=Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=HmYKAQAAIAAJ}}|year=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-580429-4}}</ref> The allegations became a major flashpoint that ignited the [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Moro insurgency]].<ref name="George1980"/>

===Defense expansion ===
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The attending leaders of the [[Manila Summit Conference]] in front of the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Congress Building]] in Manila, hosted by Marcos on October 24, 1966]]

One of President Marcos's earliest initiatives was to significantly expand the Philippine military. In an unprecedented move, Marcos chose to concurrently serve as his own defense secretary, giving him direct control over the military.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> He significantly increased the defense budget, tapping them for civil projects such as school construction. Marcos' policies led Senator [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]] to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state".<ref name="GovPh29thNinoyAnniv"/>

===Vietnam War===
[[File:LBJ meets with Ferdinand Marcos in Manila 1966-10-23.JPG|thumb|President Marcos (left) and his wife [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]] (center) meet with US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (right) in Manila in October 1966.]]

Under intense pressure from the Johnson administration,<ref name="McMahon1999">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=lx0MWRuKtUkC|page=141}} |title=The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II |last1=McMahon |first1=Robert J. |authorlink=Robert J. McMahon |date=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231108812 |page=141 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161424/https://books.google.com/books?id=lx0MWRuKtUkC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos reversed his prior position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam,<ref name="McMahon1999" /><ref name="showingflag">{{cite web |last1=Jagel |first1=Matthew |title="Showing Its Flag": The United States, The Philippines, and the Vietnam War |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |publisher=Northern Illinois University |access-date=July 5, 2019 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043832/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> consenting to limited involvement.<ref name="agoncillo508">{{Cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro|title=History of the Filipino People|publisher=C & E Publishing|year=1990|edition=8th|location=Quezon City}}</ref> He then asked Congress to approve sending a [[combat engineer]] unit. Despite opposition, the proposal was approved and Philippine troops were involved from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG grew to a strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968. Between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in Vietnam, mainly involved in civilian infrastructure projects.<ref name="Celoza1997">{{cite book |last=Celoza |first=Albert F. |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC}} |title=Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism |date=1997 |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-275-94137-6 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161415/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC&pg=PA57 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|[{{Google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC}} 102–103]}}<ref>Lieutenant General Larsen, Stanley Robert (1985) [http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm "Chapter III: The Philippines"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105005608/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/allied/ch03.htm |date=January 5, 2008}} in ''Allied Participation in Vietnam'', US Department of the Army</ref>

===Loans for construction projects===
{{See also|Edifice complex}}
[[File:Emperor Hirohito in Philippines 1966.jpg|thumb|Marcos with Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] in 1966]]

Attempting to become the first president of the third republic to be reelected, Marcos began taking massive foreign loans to fund the "rice, roads, and school buildings" he promised in his reelection campaign. With tax revenues inadequate to fund his 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970, Marcos covered the gap with loans, creating a budget deficit 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />

The Marcos administration continued this loan-funded spending throughout his reign, producing economic instability that continued for decades.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> Marcos's grandest first term infrastructure projects, especially the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]] complex, marked the beginning of what critics would label his "[[edifice complex]]".<ref name="Lico2003"/>{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

===Jabidah exposé ===
{{Main|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}

In March 1968 Jibin Arula was fished out of Manila Bay, after he was shot. He was brought to then-Cavite Governor Delfin N. Montano, to whom he described the Jabidah massacre, saying that numerous [[Moro people|Moro]] army recruits had been executed by members of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP) on March 18, 1968.<ref name="Rappler"/>{{better source needed|date=June 2020}} This became the subject of an exposé by Senator Aquino.<ref name="sfof">{{cite web|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/03/28/jabidah-special-forces-of-evil-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr/|title=Jabidah! Special Forces of Evil?|author=Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.|publisher=[[Government of the Philippines]]|date=March 28, 1968|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225182831/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1968/03/28/jabidah-special-forces-of-evil-by-senator-benigno-s-aquino-jr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nasser A. Marohomsalic|title=Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A Historic of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=s3ZwAAAAMAAJ}}|year=2001|publisher=N.A. Marohomsalic}}</ref>

Although the lack of other living witnesses hampered the probe, it ignited the [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines]].<ref name="George1980"/> Despite numerous trials and hearings, none of the officers implicated in the massacre were convicted, leading many Filipino Muslims to believe that the "Christian" government in Manila had little regard for them.<ref name="Larousse2001">{{cite book|author=William Larousse|title=A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=qyo-Hti0-KAC}}|year=2001|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-879-8|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107162927/https://books.google.com/books?id=qyo-Hti0-KAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Majul1985">{{cite book|author=Cesar Adib Majul|title=The contemporary Muslim movement in the Philippines|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=6rpwAAAAMAAJ}}|date=October 1985|publisher=Mizan Press|isbn=978-0-933782-16-7}}</ref> This created a furor within the Philippine Muslim community, especially among educated youth,<ref name="MuslimPresident1994">{{cite book|author1=Macapado Abaton Muslim|author2=Philippines. Office of the President|author3=Mindanao State University. College of Public Affairs|title=The Moro armed struggle in the Philippines: the nonviolent autonomy alternative|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=4ERxAAAAMAAJ}}|year=1994|publisher=Office of the President and College of Public Affairs, Mindanao State University|isbn=978-971-11-1130-4}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}} and among Muslim intellectuals, who had had no significant involvement in politics.<ref name="George1980" /> The Jabidah massacre costed many Filipino Muslims their belief in opportunities for integration and accommodation.<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite book|author=Paul J. Smith|title=Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=nG6sBwAAQBAJ|page=5}}|date=March 26, 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-45886-9|pages=5–}}</ref>

This eventually led to the formation of the [[Mindanao Independence Movement]] in 1968, the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) was created in 1969, and the consolidation of these various forces into the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] (MNLF) in October 1972.<ref name="BetweenIntegrationandSecession">{{Cite book|title = Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar|last = Yegar|first = Moshe|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2002|pages = 267–268}}</ref>

===1969 campaign===
{{Main|1969 Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign}}{{Excerpt|Ferdinand Marcos 1969 presidential campaign}}

===Balance of payments crisis===
{{Excerpt|1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis|only=paragraphs}}

=== Informal diplomacy ===
Marcos engaged in unofficial diplomacy with the [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet Bloc]], shaped by the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Scalice |first=Joseph |date=June 28, 2021 |title=Cadre as informal diplomats: Ferdinand Marcos and the Soviet Bloc, 1965–1975 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=355–371 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |s2cid=237790445 |issn=0275-7206 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163429/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02757206.2021.1946053 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930]] (PKP-1930), was an officially illegal organization that had endorsed Marcos in 1965. The formation of the China-aligned [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] led to government support of the Soviet-aligned PKP-1930. Some PKP-1930 members were appointed to positions within Marcos's government as salaried "researchers". Their connections were used as another channel of negotiation with the Soviet Union.<ref name=":17" />

==Second term (1969–1972)==
{{Main|Second term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos}}
{{See also|1969 Philippine presidential election}}
[[File:Ferdinand Marcos 1969 Inaugural.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos takes the Oath of Office for a second term before [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] [[Roberto Concepcion]] on December 30, 1969.]]
[[File:0238jfBaliuag Bulacan Landmark Interior Museum and Libraryfvf 08.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Marcos and Imelda with the Mayors of [[Baliwag]] in 1973]]

Marcos was reelected on November 11, 1969, in a landslide. He was the only Filipino president to win a second full term.<ref>{{cite book|last=Timberman|first=David G.|title=A changeless land: continuity and change in Philippine politics|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=1991|page=63|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=NkBO2RhI4NUC|page=63}}|isbn=9789813035867}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Boudreau, Vincent|title=Resisting dictatorship: repression and protest in Southeast Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-83989-1|page=7|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=ZpoCNHhUe7QC|page=7}}}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hedman, Eva-Lotta E.|title=In the name of civil society: from free election movements to people power in the Philippines|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8248-2921-6|page=70|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=CIYn9_ZMMesC|page=70}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=McCoy, Alfred W.|title=Policing America's empire: the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-299-23414-0|page=52|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=QYj6WUGsRuEC|page=52}}}}</ref> His running mate, incumbent Vice President [[Fernando Lopez]] was also elected to a third full term as [[Vice President of the Philippines]].

Marcos's second term was characterized by social unrest, beginning with the balance of payments crisis.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> Opposition groups began to form, with "moderate" groups calling for political reform and "radical" groups espousing radical-left ideology.<ref name="Passionate">Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.</ref><ref name="Daroy1988"/><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest"/>

Marcos responded with military force. The most notable was the response to protests during the first three months of 1970 – a period known as the [[First Quarter Storm]].<ref name="Aureus 1985"/><ref name="RebellionRepressionPh">{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=Richard John |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess |title=Rebellion and repression in the Philippines |date=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300044065 |location=New Haven |oclc=19266663 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />

Another major event was the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971]]. In May 1972, a delegate exposed a bribery scheme in which delegates were paid to vote with the Marcoses that implicated Imelda Marcos.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=133}}<ref name="BantayogQuintero"/>

On August 21, 1971, a [[Plaza Miranda bombing|fatal bombing]] occurred at a political campaign rally of the opposition Liberal Party at Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila. Marcos blamed the Communist Party of the Philippines. He issued Proclamation No. 889, through which he assumed emergency powers and suspended the writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]''.<ref name="Simafrania2006" /> Oppositionists were accused as "radicals" and were arrested. This response ignored any distinction between moderates and radicals, already blurred since the First Quarter storm. This brought about a massive expansion of the underground socialist resistance, leading many moderate oppositionists to join the radicals.<ref name="Rodis" /><ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> In 1972 a series of bombings in Metro Manila occurred. Marcos again blamed the communists, although the only suspects caught were linked to the Philippine Constabulary.<ref name="Brillantes1987">{{Cite book |last=Brillantes |first=Alex B. Jr. |title=Dictatorship & martial law : Philippine authoritarianism in 1972 |date=1987 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Diliman]] [[UP National College of Public Administration and Governance|School of Public Administration]] |isbn=978-9718567012 |location=Quezon City, Philippines}}</ref><ref name="Overholt">{{Cite journal |last=Overholt |first=William H. |title=The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/26/11/1137/22236/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Ferdinand-Marcos?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Asian Survey |year=1986 |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1137–1163 |doi=10.2307/2644313 |jstor=2644313 |issn=0004-4687 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122513/https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/26/11/1137/22236/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Ferdinand-Marcos?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Marcos's second term effectively ended less than two years and nine months later, when Marcos established [[martial law]].<ref name="govPhDeclarationMartialLaw" />

===Social unrest after the balance of payments crisis===
Marcos's spending during the campaign triggered growing public unrest,<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain">{{cite book |last1=Robles |first1=Raissa |url=https://www.facebook.com/MarcosMartialLawNeverAgain/ |title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again |date=2016 |publisher=Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. |isbn=978-621-95443-1-3 |location=[[Quezon City]] |access-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209051128/https://www.facebook.com/MarcosMartialLawNeverAgain/ |archive-date=February 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and led opposition figures such as Senator [[Lorenzo Tañada]], Senator [[Jovito Salonga]], and Senator [[Jose W. Diokno]] to accuse Marcos of wanting to stay in power beyond the two term constitutional limit.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

Opposition groups quickly grew on campuses.<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="Daroy1988" />

===="Moderate" and "radical" opposition====
Media reports classified the various civil society groups opposing Marcos into either "moderates" or "radicals".<ref name="Daroy1988">{{Cite book |title=Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power |last=Daroy |first=Petronilo Bn. |date=1988 |publisher=Conspectus |isbn=978-9919108014 |editor-last=Javate -de Dios |editor-first=Aurora |edition= 1st |location=Metro Manila |chapter=On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution |oclc=19609244 |editor-last2=Daroy |editor-first2=Petronilo Bn. |editor-last3=Kalaw-Tirol |editor-first3=Lorna}}</ref> The moderates included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians who wanted political reforms.<ref name="Passionate" /> Radicals included labor and student groups who wanted more systemic political reforms.<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ |title=A History of the Philippine Political Protest |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705180022/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ |archive-date=July 5, 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>

=====Moderates=====
{{See also|Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties}}

Statesmen and politicians opposed to the increasingly authoritarian administration mostly focused their efforts on political efforts.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /> Their concerns usually included election reform, calls for a non-partisan constitutional convention, and a call for Marcos to comply with the Constitutional term limit.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />

Proponents included the National Union of Students in the Philippines,<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> the National Students League (NSL),<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> and later the [[Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties]] (MCCCL), led by Senator [[Jose W. Diokno]].<ref name="Daroy1988" />

MCCCL rallies were remembered for their diversity, attracting moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, attended by as many as 50,000 people.<ref name="Daroy1988" />

=====Radicals=====
{{See also|National Democracy Movement (Philippines)}}

The other broad category of opposition groups were those who wanted more systemic political reforms, usually as part of the [[National Democracy Movement (Philippines)|National Democracy movement]].<ref name="Passionate" /><ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" /> The Marcos administration included moderate groups under the radical umbrtella.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aquino |first=Ninoy |title=Testament from a Prison Cell |publisher=Philippine Journal, Incorporated |year=1989 |isbn=978-0962169502 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

Groups considered radical by the media include:<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />
* [[Kabataang Makabayan]] (KM)
* [[Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan]] (SDK)
* Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP)
* Movement for Democratic Philippines (MDP)
* Student Power Assembly of the Philippines (SPAP)
* [[Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataang Pilipino]] (MPKP)

====Radicalization====
{{Main|Communist Party of the Philippines}}

When Marcos became president, the policy and politics functioned under a postwar geopolitical framework.<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite web |url=http://www.cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-and-the-Philippines |title=The World Bank and the Philippines |last=Toussaint |first=Eric |date=October 7, 2014 |website=www.cadtm.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109191929/http://www.cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-and-the-Philippines |archive-date=November 9, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> The Philippines was caught up in the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] scare perpetuated by the US during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Rabindra |date=June 2005 |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–92 |doi=10.1177/0973598405110005 |issn=0973-5984|title=Philippines – U.S. Special Relationship: Cold War and Beyond|s2cid=157525312}}</ref> Marcos and the AFP claimed that the Communist Party of the Philippines was a threat, even though it was still a small organization.<ref name="RebellionRepressionPh" />{{rp|page=43}}<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> Richard J. Kessler claimed that Marcos "mythologized the group, investing it with a revolutionary aura that only attracted more supporters".

The unrest of 1969 to 1970, and the violent reaction to the "First Quarter Storm" protests were watershed events in which Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against Marcos. Many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that more radical social change was required.<ref name="Rodis">{{Cite news |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=January 27, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178">{{Cite book|title=Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage: The First Quarter Storm & Related Events|last=Lacaba|first=Jose F.|publisher=Salinlahi Pub. House|year=1982|location=Manila|pages=11–45, 157–178}}</ref>

Other events that radicalized moderates included the February 1971 [[Diliman Commune]]; the August 1971 suspension of the writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in the wake of the [[Plaza Miranda]] [[Plaza Miranda bombing|bombing]]; the September 1972 [[Proclamation No. 1081|declaration of martial law]]; the 1980 [[murder of Macli-ing Dulag]];<ref name="Aureus 1985">{{Cite book |title=The Philippine Press Under Siege II |year=1985 |editor-last=Aureus |editor-first=Leonor J.}}</ref> and the August 1983 [[assassination of Ninoy Aquino]].<ref name="GazetteHistoryProtest" />

By 1970, campus study sessions on [[Marxism–Leninism]] had become common, and many students joined organizations associated with the National Democracy Movement (ND), such as the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP) and the [[Kabataang Makabayan]] (KM, lit. ''Patriotic Youth'') founded by [[Jose Maria Sison]];<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|title=Finishing the Unfinished Revolution|last=Torrevillas-Suarez|first=Domini|date=March 29, 1970|work=Philippine Panorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up.edu.ph/signposts-in-the-history-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/|title=Signposts in the History of Activism in the University of the Philippines|last=Guillermo|first=Ramon|date=February 6, 2013|website=[[University of the Philippines]]|access-date=November 19, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024018/http://www.up.edu.ph/signposts-in-the-history-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines/|archive-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref> the [[Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan]] (SDK) was founded by a group of young writers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article15837 |title=Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan: some basic information |website=Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières |access-date=April 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131001/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article15837 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The line between leftist activists and communists became blurred, as a significant number of radicalized activists joined the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]]. Radicalized activists from the cities began to be more extensively deployed in rural areas where some became guerillas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 14, 2011|title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/202-the-communist-insurgency-in-the-philippines-tactics-and-talks.pdf|website=International Crisis Group|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-date=September 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919162932/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/202-the-communist-insurgency-in-the-philippines-tactics-and-talks.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Santos|first1=Soliman M. Jr.|title=Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines|last2=Santos|first2=Paz Verdades M.|last3=Dinampo|first3=Octavio A.|last4=Kraft|first4=Herman Joseph S.|last5=Paredes|first5=Artha Kira R.|last6=Quilop|first6=Raymund Jose G.|publisher=Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies|year=2010|isbn=978-2-940415-29-8|editor-last=Rodriguez|editor-first=Diana|location=Geneva|pages=3, 17–35}}</ref>

===First Quarter Storm===
{{Main|First Quarter Storm}}

By the time Marcos gave his State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]], [[protest]]s, and marches had broken out. Moderate and radical student groups  became the protests' driving force, which lasted until the end of the university semester in March 1970, and came to be known as the "[[First Quarter Storm]]".<ref name="Manila, My Manila">{{cite book|title=Manila, My Manila|publisher=Vera-Reyes, Inc.|year=1990|author=Joaquin, Nick}}</ref><ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

During Marcos's address, the moderate National Union of Students of the Philippines organized a protest in front of Congress and invited student groups to join them. Some protesting students harangued Marcos as he and Imelda left the Congress building, throwing a coffin, a stuffed alligator, and stones at them.<ref name="InquirerRememberingFQS">{{Cite news |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The next major protest took place on January 30 in front of the presidential palace.<ref name="Newsbreak">{{Cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/51292-timeline-first-quarter-storm |title=Timeline: First Quarter Storm |last=Santos |first=Reynaldo Jr. |date=February 27, 2014 |work=Rappler |access-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110629/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/51292-timeline-first-quarter-storm |url-status=live}}</ref> Activists rammed through the gate with a fire truck and charged the Palace grounds tossing rocks, pillboxes, and [[Molotov cocktails]]. At least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by police.

Five more major protests took place around Manila before March 17, 1970 – what some media accounts later branded the "7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm".<ref name="7DeadlyProtests">{{Cite news |last=Dacanay |first=Barbara Mae Naredo |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/02/24/20/the-7-deadly-protests-of-the-first-quarter-storm |title=The 7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm |date=February 24, 2020 |work=ABS CBN News and Public Affairs |access-date=February 28, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228094412/https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/02/24/20/the-7-deadly-protests-of-the-first-quarter-storm |archive-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> This included rallies on February 12; a February 18 rally that proceeded to the US Embassy where they set fire to the lobby;<ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178" /> a "Second People's Congress" demonstration on February 26; a "People's March" on March 3; and the Second "People's March" on March 17.<ref name="7DeadlyProtests" />

The protests ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 people.<ref name="ndfp.org">{{cite web|date=November 29, 2014|title=Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan » NDFP|url=http://www.ndfp.org/historic-role-and-contributions-of-kabataang-makabayan/|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-date=August 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164002/http://www.ndfp.org/historic-role-and-contributions-of-kabataang-makabayan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Partisan source|date=June 2020}} Students had declared a week-long boycott of classes and instead met to organize rallies.<ref name="Lacaba 1982 11–45, 157–178" />

Violent dispersals of protests have radicalized Filipino students against the Marcos administration.<ref name="Rodis" />{{better source needed|date=June 2020}}

===Constitutional Convention of 1971===
{{Main|Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971}}

Civil society groups and opposition leaders began campaigning in 1967 to initiate a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]].<ref name="DeanAndyBautista20141011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/10/11/1378790/chartering-change-ii |title=Chartering change (II) |last=Bautista |first=Andy |date=October 11, 2014 |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122825/https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/10/11/1378790/chartering-change-ii |url-status=live}}</ref> On March 16 that year, the Philippine Congress made itself into a Constituent Assembly and passed Resolution No. 2, which called for a Constitutional Convention.<ref name="ImbongvFerrer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr_32432_1970.php |title=G.R. No. L-32432 – Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer |author=R.E. Diaz |website=www.chanrobles.com |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122808/http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr_32432_1970.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Marcos was surprised by his critics by endorsing the move. Historians later noted that he was hoping the convention would allow presidents to serve for more than two terms.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />

A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the convention delegates.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=130}} The convention was convened on June 1, 1971, at [[Quezon City Hall]].<ref name="KatePedroso&MinervaGeneralao20160921">{{Cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |title=September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy |last1=Pedroso |first1=Kate |date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=October 20, 2018 |last2=Generalao |first2=Minerva |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173917/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 320 delegates were elected. The most prominent were former senators [[Raul Manglapus]] and [[Roseller T. Lim]]. Other delegates later became influential political figures, including [[Hilario Davide Jr.]], [[Marcelo Fernan]], [[Sotero Laurel]], [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]], [[Teofisto Guingona Jr.]], [[Raul Roco]], [[Edgardo Angara]], [[Richard Gordon (politician)|Richard Gordon]], [[Margarito Teves]], and Federico Dela Plana.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /><ref name="delegates">{{cite book|last1=De Leon|first1=Hector S.|last2=Lugue|first2=Emilio Jr. E.|title=Textbook on the new Philippine Constitution|date=1984|publisher=Rex Book Store}}</ref>

By 1972, the convention had become bogged down by politicking and delays. Its credibility fell further in May 1972 when a delegate exposed a bribery scheme in which delegates were paid to vote in favor of the Marcoses – First Lady Imelda Marcos became implicated in the alleged scheme.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=133}}<ref name="BantayogQuintero">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bantayog.org/quintero-eduardo-t/ |title=Quintero, Eduardo T. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani |date=May 16, 2016 |work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |access-date=June 2, 2018 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621000518/http://www.bantayog.org/quintero-eduardo-t/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The investigation was shelved when Marcos [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|declared martial law]] in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. The remaining opposition delegates were forced to go either into exile or hiding. Within two months, an entirely new draft of the constitution was created by a special committee.<ref name="PCIJ20060501">{{Cite news |url=http://pcij.org/stories/in-1971-and-2006-new-charters-designed-to-keep-embattled-presidents-in-power/ |title=In 1971 and 2006, new Charters designed to keep embattled presidents in power |date=May 1, 2006 |work=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Website |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122900/http://pcij.org/stories/in-1971-and-2006-new-charters-designed-to-keep-embattled-presidents-in-power/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite|1973 constitutional plebiscite]] was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of [[wikt:viva voce|viva voce]] voting by "citizen's assemblies".<ref name="Graham&Saunders2002">{{Cite book |title=Asia-Pacific constitutional systems |author=Graham Hassall |last2=Saunders |first2=Cheryl |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511549960 |location=Cambridge |oclc=715166703}}</ref>{{rp|page=213}} The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the [[Ratification Cases]].<ref name="Bernas2003">Bernas, Joaquin (2003). ''The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary''. Rex Book Store, Manila</ref><ref name="Cruz2000">Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). ''Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court''. Rex Book Store, Manila</ref>

===CPP New People's Army===
On December 29, 1970, [[Philippine Military Academy]] instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz led [[New People's Army]] rebels in a raid on the PMA armory, capturing rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/CH30Ae02.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117084811/http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/CH30Ae02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=January 17, 2013|title=Victor Corpus and Jose Almonte: The righteous spies|website=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref> In 1972, China, which was then actively supporting and arming communist insurgencies in Asia as part of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[People's war#List of People's Wars|People's War Doctrine]], transported 1,200 M-14 and AK-47 rifles aboard the [[MV Karagatan incident|MV ''Karagatan'']] for the NPA to aid its campaign to defeat the government.<ref>{{cite news|work=Rappler|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/60279-ak47-communist-rebels|title=AK-47: NPA rebels' weapon of choice|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919233513/http://www.rappler.com/nation/60279-ak47-communist-rebels|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNlJoXfAH3c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nNlJoXfAH3c| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=MV Karagatan, The Ship of the Chinese Communist |work =I-Witness |agency=GMA 7 |publisher=YouTube|date=November 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Philippine Star|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/07/30/832892/untold-story-karagatan-i-witness|title=Untold story of Karagatan in I-Witness |access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=September 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928020948/http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/07/30/832892/untold-story-karagatan-i-witness|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rumored coup d'état and assassination plot===
A report by the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|US Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] said that shortly after the presidential election, a group composed mostly of retired colonels and generals organized a revolutionary junta with the aim of discrediting and killing Marcos. The group was headed by Eleuterio Adevoso, a Liberal Party official. A document given to the committee by a Philippine government official alleged that Vice President Fernando Lopez and Sergio, Osmena Jr. were key figures in the plot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/18/archives/us-killer-reported-hired-in-a-plot-against-marcos-details-reported.html|title=U.S. Killer Reported Hired In a Plot Against Marcos|last=Finney|first=John W.|date=February 18, 1973|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 7, 2017|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919052555/http://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/18/archives/us-killer-reported-hired-in-a-plot-against-marcos-details-reported.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As early as December 1969 in a message from the US Ambassador to the US Assistant Secretary of State, the ambassador said that most of the talk about revolution and even assassination had been coming from the defeated opposition, of which Adevoso was a leading activist. He also said that his information on the assassination plans was 'hard' (well-sourced) and he wanted it to reach President Marcos.<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign relations of the United States, 1969–1976, V. 20: Southeast Asia|publisher=Government Printing Office|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=F5r7jrDoHM4C|page=429}}|isbn=9780160876387|access-date=October 25, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163429/https://books.google.com/books?id=F5r7jrDoHM4C&q=Eleuterio+Adevoso+marcos&pg=PA429#v=snippet&q=Eleuterio%20Adevoso%20marcos&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2020}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v20/d202|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XX, Southeast Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120950/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v20/d202|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=May 2022}}

===Plaza Miranda bombing===
{{Excerpt|Plaza Miranda bombing}}
Unnamed former Communist Party officials alleged that "the Communist party leadership planned – and three operatives carried out – the [[Plaza Miranda bombing|Plaza Miranda attack]] in an attempt to provoke government repression and push the country towards revolution". Communist leader [[Jose Maria Sison]] had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents, thereby driving political activists into the underground, the anonymous former officials said. Recruits were urgently needed, they said, to make use of a large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had agreed to provide."<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news|title=Ex-Communists Party Behind Manila Bombing|url=https://washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-behind-manila-bombing/b987c165-4f26-4609-aeb5-cd05134c0cec/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 4, 1989|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=July 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731050505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-behind-manila-bombing/b987c165-4f26-4609-aeb5-cd05134c0cec/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sison denied these claims.<ref>{{cite web |last=Distor |first=Emere |title=The Left and Democratisation in the Philippines |url=http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n2/Quimpo.htm |access-date=October 27, 2007 |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031051141/http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n2/Quimpo.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The CPP never offered official confirmation of its culpability. Marcos and his allies claimed that Benigno Aquino Jr. was part of the plot, denied by Sison.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/777194/joma-sison-cpp-ninoy-have-no-role-in-plaza-miranda-bombing |title=Joma Sison: CPP, Ninoy have no role in Plaza Miranda bombing |last=Gonzales |first=Yuji Vincent |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075438/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/777194/joma-sison-cpp-ninoy-have-no-role-in-plaza-miranda-bombing |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Richard Nixon with the Marcos family.png|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]] with the Marcos family in 1969]]

Some historians claim Marcos was responsible for the Plaza Miranda bombing as he is known to have used [[false flag]] operations as a pretext for martial law.<ref name="Donnely&Hassman1987">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=RmMCmvYBQtMC|page=280}} |title=International Handbook of Human Rights |last1=Donnelly |first1=Jack |last2=Howard-Hassmann |first2=Rhoda E. | author2-link = Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann |date=1987 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313247880 |pages=280–281 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163431/https://books.google.com/books?id=RmMCmvYBQtMC&pg=PA280 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=3_0TBwAAQBAJ|page=1225}} |title=World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era |last=Ciment |first=James |date=March 10, 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317451518 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163430/https://books.google.com/books?id=3_0TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1225#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> US intelligence documents declassified in the 1990s contained evidence implicating Marcos, provided by a CIA mole within the Philippine Army.<ref name="Blitz2000">{{Cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=n2rdOhMdCDEC|page=94}}|title=The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines|last=Blitz|first=Amy|date=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780847699346|pages=106–112|access-date=January 31, 2018|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163430/https://books.google.com/books?id=n2rdOhMdCDEC&pg=PA94|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another false flag attack took place with the attempted assassination of Defense Minister [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] in 1972. [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] approved Marcos's subsequent martial law initiative.<ref name="Blitz2000" />

===1971 suspension of ''habeas corpus''===
On August 21, Marcos issued ''Proclamation No. 889'', through which he assumed [[State of emergency|emergency powers]] and suspended the writ of ''habeas corpus.''<ref name="GovPH-PP889">{{cite web |title=Proclamation No. 889, s. 1971 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/08/21/proclamation-no-889-s-1971/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=June 2, 2020 |date=August 21, 1971 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005940/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/08/21/proclamation-no-889-s-1971/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Simafrania2006">{{cite news |last=Simafrania |first=Eduardo D. |title=Commemorating Ninoy Aquino's assassination |work=[[The Manila Times]] |date=August 21, 2006 |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2006/aug/21/yehey/opinion/20060821opi6.html |access-date=October 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018070946/http://manilatimes.net/national/2006/aug/21/yehey/opinion/20060821opi6.html |archive-date=October 18, 2007}}</ref>

Marcos's act forced many members of the moderate opposition, such as [[Edgar Jopson]], to join the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists. Many former moderates fled to the radicals' mountain encampments to avoid arrest by Marcos's forces. Those disenchanted with the Marcos administration often joined the ranks of the radicals as the only group vocally opposing Marcos.<ref name="Pimentel2006">{{Cite book |title=U.G. an underground tale : the journey of Edgar Jopson and the first quarter storm generation |last=Pimentel |first=Benjamin |date=2006 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc |isbn=978-9712715907 |location=Pasig |oclc=81146038}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2020}}

===1972 Manila bombings===
{{Main|1972 Manila bombings}}{{Excerpt|1972 Manila bombings}}

==Martial law era (1972–1981)==
{{Main|Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos}}
{{See also|Proclamation No. 1081}}On the evening of September 23, 1972, President declared martial law for the Philippines.<ref name="govPhDeclarationMartialLaw" /> This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-man rule lasting until Marcos went into exile on February 25, 1986. Even though martial law was formally lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained virtually all of his powers until he was ousted by the EDSA Revolution.<ref name="KaiFrancisco20160922">{{Cite news |last=Francisco |first=Katerina |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146939-martial-law-explainer-victims-stories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923155126/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146939-martial-law-explainer-victims-stories |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=June 29, 2018 |work=Rappler}}</ref>  The first of these bombings took place on March 15, 1972, and the last took place on September 11, 1972,<ref name="KatePedroso160921">{{Cite news |author1=Minerva Generalao |author2=Kate Pedroso |date=September 21, 2016 |title=September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122816/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> twelve days before martial law was announced on September 23 of that year.

[[File:Marcos Declares Martial Law.jpg|thumb|September 24, 1972, issue of the Sunday edition of the ''Philippine Daily Express'']]

Marcos's declaration became known on September 23, 1972, when press secretary [[Francisco Tatad]] announced<ref name="nightDeclared">{{cite news |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/78720/the-night-marcos-declared-martial-law |title=The night Marcos declared martial law |last=Doronila |first=Amando |date=September 24, 2014 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=February 28, 2016 |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093515/http://opinion.inquirer.net/78720/the-night-marcos-declared-martial-law |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="govPhDeclarationMartialLaw" /><ref name="fmDeclaresSundayExpress" /> that [[Proclamation № 1081]] would extend Marcos's rule beyond the two-term constitutional limit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mendoza Jr, Amado|chapter='People Power' in the Philippines, 1983–1986|editor1=Roberts, Adam |editor2=Ash, Timothy Garton|title=Civil resistance and power politics: the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-955201-6 |page=181 |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=BxOQKrCe7UUC|page=181}}}}</ref> [[Ruling by decree]], he almost dissolved [[freedom of the press|press freedom]] and other [[civil liberties]], closed down Congress and the media, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose W. Diokno.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brands, H.W.|title=Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-507104-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/boundtoempireuni00bran/page/298 298]|url=https://archive.org/details/boundtoempireuni00bran|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="uslc-28">{{cite book|editor-last=Dolan|editor-first=Ronald E.|title=Philippines: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/|chapter=28. Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law|chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/28.htm|location=Washington|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1991|access-date=January 24, 2011|archive-date=April 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418221927/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/|url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his ''Bagong Lipunan'', a "New Society" based on new social and political values.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The early years of martial law met public approval,<ref>{{cite book |work=United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs |title=The Situation and Outlook in the Philippines: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session, September 20 and October 4, 1984 |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=7 |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=aXIOA1-mVg0C|page=7}} |access-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Case2013"/>{{rp|217}} as it was believed to have caused crime rates to drop.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vreeland |first1=Nena |title=Area Handbook for the Philippines |date=1976 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=382–383 |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=GzWWDwAAQBAJ|page=85}} |access-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref>

===Arrests===
However, unlike Ninoy Aquino's Senate colleagues who were detained without charges, Ninoy, together with communist NPA leaders Lt. Corpuz and [[Bernabe Buscayno]], was charged with murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion.<ref name="asianjournalusa.com">{{cite news|title=Max Soliven recalls Ninoy Aquino: Unbroken|url=http://asianjournalusa.com/max-soliven-recalls-ninoy-aquino-unbroken-p5828-87.htm|access-date=August 30, 2013|work=Philippines Star|date=October 10, 2008|archive-date=October 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016015855/http://asianjournalusa.com/max-soliven-recalls-ninoy-aquino-unbroken-p5828-87.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Bagong Lipunan'' (New Society)===
{{Redirect|Bagong Lipunan|the song|Bagong Pagsilang}}
[[File:President Marcos and Hiroo Onoda.jpg|thumb|[[Imperial Japanese Army]] soldier [[Hiroo Onoda]] offering his military sword to Marcos on the day of his surrender on March 11, 1974]]

One of Marcos' rationalizations for martial law stated that there was a need to "reform society"<ref name="Brillantes1987" />{{rp|page=66}} by placing it under the control of a "benevolent dictator" who could guide the undisciplined populace through a period of chaos.<ref name="Brillantes1987" />{{rp|page=29}}<ref name="BeltranChingkawShadowsofTyrrany">{{Cite news |last1=Beltran |first1=J. C. A. |last2=Chingkaw |first2=Sean S. |date=October 20, 2016 |title=On the shadows of tyranny |work=The Guidon |url=https://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2016/10/on-the-shadows-of-tyranny/ |access-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731095017/https://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2016/10/on-the-shadows-of-tyranny/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> He referred to this social engineering exercise as the ''bagong lipunan'' or "new society".<ref name="OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform">{{Cite book |last=Onyebadi |first=Uche |title=Music as a platform for political communication |date=February 14, 2017 |isbn=978-1-5225-1987-4 |location=Hershey, PA |oclc=972900349}}</ref>{{rp|page=13}} His administration produced propaganda materials, including speeches, books, lectures, slogans, and numerous propaganda songs – to promote it.<ref name="OnyebadiMusicAsAPlatform" />{{rp|page=13}}<ref name="EsquireBagongSilangSong">{{Cite magazine |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Listen to 'Bagong Silang,' the Most Famous of Marcos-Era Propaganda Songs |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/the-bagong-lipunan-anthem-is-now-up-on-a-pro-fascism-youtube-channel-a00203-20180911 |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire Philippines]] |access-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731065137/https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/music/the-bagong-lipunan-anthem-is-now-up-on-a-pro-fascism-youtube-channel-a00203-20180911 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw">{{Cite journal |last=Navera |first=G.S. |year=2019 |title=Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985) |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=66 |issue=4|doi=10.13185/2244-1638.4362}}</ref>

According to Marcos's book ''Notes on the New Society'', his movement urged the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The Marcos regime instituted a youth organization, known as [[Kabataang Barangay]], which was led by Marcos's eldest daughter Imee. Presidential Decree 684, enacted in April 1975, encouraged youths aged 15 to 18 to go to camps and do volunteer work.<ref>{{cite book|author=McCoy, Alfred W.|title=An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-299-22984-9|page=17|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=fawaNZu-yqUC|page=17}}}}</ref><ref name=wurf>{{cite book|author=Wurfel, David|title=Filipino Politics: Development and Decay|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1988|page=130|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=R-oK4ZetPIAC}}|isbn=978-0-8014-9926-5}}</ref>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=R-oK4ZetPIAC|page=130}} 130]}}

In October 1974, Marcos and PKP-1930 entered into a "national unity agreement" by which PKP-1930 would support New Society programs such as land reform, trade union reform, and including revitalized Soviet Bloc relations.<ref name=wurf/>{{rp|230}}<ref name=qu>{{Cite book |last1=Quimpo |first1=Susan F. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=bd_FDAAAQBAJ}}|title=Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years |last2=Quimpo |first2=Nathan Gilbert |date=July 29, 2016 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-89680-495-1 |quote=The PKP viewed Marcos as a "nationalist capitalist" exercising a degree of independence from Washington. It made a negotiated settlement with Marcos in 1974. Thereafter, Marcos publicly announced the agreement as the surrender of the PKP. On the other hand, the PKP said that it achieved legality that it had long sought. |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165043/https://books.google.com/books?id=bd_FDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filipinization of Chinese schools===
To instill patriotism among Filipino citizens and prevent the growing number of Chinese schools from propagating foreign ideologies, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 176,<ref name="Lee-2013">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Khoon Choy |title=Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their Multi-ethnic Descendants In Southeast Asia |date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4518-49-9 |page=86 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=wTa7CgAAQBAJ|page=86}} |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165044/https://books.google.com/books?id=wTa7CgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> preventing educational institutions from being established exclusively for foreigners or from offering curriculum exclusively for foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Decree No. 176, s. 1973 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1973/04/16/presidential-decree-no-176-s-1973/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=April 16, 1973 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903160328/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1973/04/16/presidential-decree-no-176-s-1973/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref> It restricted [[Chinese language]] instruction to not more than 100 minutes/day.<ref name="Suryadinata-2017">{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |title=Rise of China and the Chinese Overseas |date=January 26, 2017 |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |isbn=978-981-4762-66-3 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ax1qDwAAQBAJ|page=154}} |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165045/https://books.google.com/books?id=ax1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT154#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

===1973 referendum===
Martial law was put to a vote in the [[1973 Philippine martial law referendum]] which was marred with controversy<ref name="philippinesReadr" />{{Rp|page=191}}<ref name="Celoza1997"/> resulting in 90.77% support.

===Rolex 12 and the military===
Along with Marcos, members of his [[Rolex 12]] circle such as Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, [[Chief of the Philippine Constabulary]] [[Fidel Ramos]], and [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]] [[Fabian Ver]] were the chief administrators of martial law. The three remained Marcos' closest advisers until he was ousted. Peripheral members of the Rolex 12 included [[Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.|Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.]] and [[Lucio Tan]].

Between 1972 and 1976, Marcos increased the size of the Philippine military from 65,000 to 270,000 personnel, in response to South Vietnam falling into the hands of North Vietnam and other communist successes in South East Asia. Military officers were placed on the [[board of directors|boards]] of media corporations, public utilities, development projects, and other private corporations, most of whom were highly educated graduates of the Philippine Military Academy. Marcos also supported the growth of a domestic weapons-manufacturing industry and increased military spending.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moran, Jon|title=Patterns of Corruption and Development in East Asia|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=20|issue=3|date=June 1999|page=579|doi=10.1080/01436599913695}}</ref>

Many human rights abuses were attributed to the Philippine Constabulary then headed by future president [[Fidel V. Ramos]]. Marcos organized the [[Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces|Civilian Home Defense Force]], a precursor to Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) to battle communist and Islamic insurgencies. It was accused of inflicting human rights violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Cesar Lumba|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=thzpCgAAQBAJ|page=132}}|title=Once Upon a Blue Dot|date=November 6, 2015|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781504959117|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165046/https://books.google.com/books?id=thzpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT132#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===US foreign policy===
By 1977, the armed forces had quadrupled and over 60,000 Filipinos had been arrested for political reasons. In 1981, Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]] praised Marcos for his "adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic processes".{{refn|name=BushMarcos|group=lower-alpha|There is some disagreement between sources about whether President Bush said ''principle''<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Tony|title=America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4202-5|page=281}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shain|first=Yossi|title=Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=8pqj8GFCg7MC|page=79}}|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64225-5|page=79}}</ref> or ''principles''<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmitz|first=David F.|title=The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1EV440YU6toC|page=232}}|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45512-1|page=232}}</ref><ref name="Jones1983">{{cite journal |last1=Cheevers |first1=Jack |last2=Sherman |first2=Spencer A. |date=June 1983 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ZOYDAAAAMBAJ|page=15}}|title=The Palace Plot |journal=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |page=35 |issn=0362-8841}}</ref>}} No American military or politician in the 1970s ever publicly questioned Marcos' authority to fight communism in South East Asia.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

From the declaration of martial law in 1972 until 1983, the US government provided $2.5 billion in bilateral military and economic aid to Marcos, and about $5.5 billion through multilateral institutions such as the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bello, Walden|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40468561|title=Edging toward the Quagmire: The United States and the Philippine Crisis|journal=World Policy Journal|volume=3|issue=1|date=Winter 1985–1986|page=31|jstor=40468561}}</ref>

During the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter administration]] (1977–1981) the relationship with the US had soured somewhat when Carter targeted the Philippines in his [[human rights]] campaign. Despite this, the Carter administration provided [[United States military aid|military aid]] to the Marcos regime.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 6, 1978 |title=Carter Asks for No Cut in Arms Aid to Marcos Despite Negative Human-Rights Report |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/06/archives/carter-asks-for-no-cut-in-arms-aid-to-marcos-despite-negative.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

A 1979 [[United States Senate|US Senate]] report stated that US officials were aware, as early as 1973, that Philippine government agents were in the United States to harass Filipino dissidents. In June 1981, two anti-Marcos labor activists were assassinated outside a union hall in Seattle. On at least one occasion, CIA agents blocked [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] investigations of Philippine agents.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shalom, Stephen R.|title=Imperial alibis: rationalizing U.S. intervention after the cold war|publisher=[[South End Press]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-89608-448-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialalibisra0000shal/page/149 149]|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialalibisra0000shal|url-access=registration}}</ref> By 1984, US President [[Ronald Reagan]] started distancing himself from the Marcos regime that he and previous American presidents had strongly supported even during martial law. The United States, which had provided hundreds of millions of dollars in aid, was crucial in buttressing Marcos's rule over the years,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=September 29, 1989 |title=Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0715FE3A5E0C7A8EDDA00894D1484D81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714124930/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0715FE3A5E0C7A8EDDA00894D1484D81 |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Switch from Taiwan to the People's Republic of China===
{{Main|Philippines–Taiwan relations|China–Philippines relations}}

Pre-Marcos, the Philippines had maintained a close relationship with [[Taiwan]]'s [[Kuomintang]]-ruled [[Republic of China]] (ROC) government. Prior administrations had seen the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) as a security threat, due to its financial and military support of communist rebels.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Hong|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595518|title=Sino-Philippines Relations: Moving beyond South China Sea Dispute?|journal=Journal of East Asian Affairs|volume=26|issue=2|year=2012|pages=57–76|jstor=23595518|access-date=September 14, 2021|url-access=|issn=1010-1608|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914214220/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595518|url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1969, however, Ferdinand Marcos started publicly asserting the need for the Philippines to establish a diplomatic relationship with the People's Republic of China. In his 1969 State of the Nation Address, he said:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1969/01/27/ferdinand-e-marcos-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-january-27-1969/|title=Ferdinand E. Marcos, Fourth State of the Nation Address|date=January 27, 1969|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=Government of the Philippines|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=May 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523184404/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1969/01/27/ferdinand-e-marcos-fourth-state-of-the-nation-address-january-27-1969/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{blockquote|We, in Asia must strive toward a modus vivendi with Red China. I reiterate this need, which is becoming more urgent each day. Before long, Communist China will have increased its striking power a thousand fold with a sophisticated delivery system for its nuclear weapons. We must prepare for that day. We must prepare to coexist peaceably with Communist China.|Ferdinand Marcos|January 1969}}

In June 1975, President Marcos visited the PRC and signed a Joint Communiqué normalizing relations between the Philippines and China. Among other things, the Communiqué stated that "there is but one China and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory..." In turn, Chinese Prime Minister [[Zhou Enlai]] pledged that China would not intervene in the internal affairs of the Philippines nor seek to impose its policies in Asia, a move that isolated the local communist movement that China had financially and militarily supported.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions%20Papers/1999/pascndp9916.pdf|title=The Political Economy of Philippines-China Relations|author=Benito Lim|journal=Discussion Paper|publisher=Philippine APEC Study Center Network|date=September 1999|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=November 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104015927/http://pascn.pids.gov.ph/files/Discussions%20Papers/1999/pascndp9916.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="web.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/149|title=Communist Party of the Philippines–New People's Army – Mapping Militant Organizations|first=Daniel|last=Cassman|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=September 18, 2021|archive-date=December 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230081441/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/149|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Washington Post'', in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party officials, stated that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines".<ref name="washingtonpost.com" />

The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977.<ref name="web.stanford.edu" />

===1978 parliamentary election===
By 1977, reports of "gross human rights violations" had led to pressure from the international community. US President [[Jimmy Carter]] pressured the Marcos Administration to release Ninoy Aquino and to hold parliamentary elections to demonstrate that some "normalization" had begun after the declaration of martial law.<ref name="JenFrancoElectionsandDemocratization">{{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Jennifer |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LIkECwAAQBAJ|page=168}} |title=Elections and Democratization in the Philippines |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-136-54191-9 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165046/https://books.google.com/books?id=LIkECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=168}} Marcos did not release Aquino, but announced that the [[1978 Philippine parliamentary election]] would be held.<ref name="JenFrancoElectionsandDemocratization" />{{rp|page=168}}

The April 7 elections were for 166 (of the 208) regional representatives to the [[Interim Batasang Pambansa]] (parliament). The elections were contested by parties including Ninoy Aquino's new party, the ''[[Lakas ng Bayan]]'' (LABAN) and the regime's party known as the ''[[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]]'' (KBL).

LABAN fielded 21 candidates for the Metro Manila area<ref name="Roces">{{cite news |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/354387/lakas-ng-bayan-candidates |title=Lakas ng Bayan candidates |first=Alejandro R. |last=Roces |access-date=September 25, 2016 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063047/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/354387/lakas-ng-bayan-candidates |url-status=live}}</ref> including Ninoy, activist Jerry Barican, labor leader Alex Boncayao,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alex-Boncayao-Brigade|title=Alex Boncayao Brigade &#124; Filipino death squad|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=September 25, 2016|archive-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224348/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alex-Boncayao-Brigade|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Neptali Gonzales]], Teofisto Guingona Jr. [[Ramon Mitra Jr.]], Aquilino Pimentel Jr., journalist [[Napoleon Rama]], publisher [[Alejandro Roces]], and poet-playwright [[Francisco Rodrigo]].

Irregularities noted during the election included "prestuffed ballot boxes, phony registration, 'flying voters', manipulated election returns, and vote buying",<ref name="Case2013">{{Cite book |last=Case |first=William |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=is3bAAAAQBAJ}}|title=Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less |date=September 13, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-87121-4 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165047/https://books.google.com/books?id=is3bAAAAQBAJ&q=lakas+ng+bayan+1978&pg=PT306#v=onepage&q=lakas%20ng%20bayan%201978&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|306}} and LABAN's campaigning faced restrictions,<ref name="Case2013" /> including Marcos's refusal to let Aquino out of prison to campaign. All of the party's candidates, including Aquino, lost.
[[File:His excellency the President welcomes the New Zealand Prime Minister, 27 January 1980.jpg|thumb|Marcos greeting [[Robert Muldoon]] on the latter's official visit to the Philippines, 1980. [[New Zealand]] was a valuable strategic partner for the country in the last years of Marcos's rule.]]
Marcos's KBL party won 137 seats, while Pusyon Bisaya led by future Minority Floor Leader  [[Hilario Davide Jr.]], won 13 seats.

===Prime minister===
In 1978, Ferdinand Marcos became [[Prime Minister of the Philippines]], marking the return of the position for the first time since the terms of [[Pedro Paterno]] and [[Jorge B. Vargas|Jorge Vargas]] during the American occupation. Based on ''Article 9'' of the 1973 constitution, it had broad executive powers typical of prime ministers in other countries. The position was the official head of government, and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. All of the previous powers of the President from the 1935 Constitution were transferred to the prime minister. The prime minister also acted as head of the National Economic Development Authority. Upon his re-election to the presidency in 1981, Marcos was succeeded as prime minister by an American-educated leader and [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton]] graduate, [[Cesar Virata]], who was elected as an Assemblyman (Member of the Parliament) from Cavite in 1978.

===Proclamation 2045===
After amending the constitution and enacting legislative,<ref name="Celoza1997"/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|page=73}} 73]}} Marcos issued Proclamation 2045, which lifted martial law, on January 17, 1981,<ref name="GovPH-PP2045">{{cite web |title=Proclamation No. 2045, s. 1981 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/01/17/proclamation-no-2045-s-1981/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=June 2, 2020 |date=January 17, 1981 |archive-date=February 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202194842/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/01/17/proclamation-no-2045-s-1981/ |url-status=live}}</ref> without restoring ''habeas corpus'' for rebellion and subversion-related crimes. The lifting of martial law was synchronized with the election of US President [[Ronald Reagan]] and the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]], to get support from Reagan and minimize Papal criticism.<ref name="Celoza1997"/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|page=73}} 73]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=In many tongues, pope championed religious freedoms|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/04/03/Worldandnation/In_many_tongues__pope.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424090414/http://www.sptimes.com/2005/04/03/Worldandnation/In_many_tongues__pope.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 24, 2005|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|access-date=August 21, 2006}}</ref>

==Third term (1981–1986)==
{{Main|1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum}}
[[File:Ferdinand Marcos and George Shultz DA-SC-84-05877.JPEG|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos with US Secretary of State [[George Shultz]], 1982]]

On June 16, 1981, six months after lifting martial law, the [[1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum|first presidential election in twelve years]] was held. President Marcos ran while the major opposition parties, the [[United Nationalists Democratic Organizations]] (UNIDO), a coalition of opposition parties and LABAN, boycotted the election. Marcos won a massive victory.<ref name="Steinberg">{{cite book|title=The Philippines: a singular and a plural place |first=David Joel |last=Steinberg|publisher=Westview Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5 |page=135}}</ref>

Marcos' third inauguration took place on Tuesday, June 30, 1981, at the [[Quirino Grandstand]] in Manila.<ref>{{Cite speech |date=June 30, 1981 |title=Third Inaugural Address of President Marcos, June 30, 1981 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/06/30/third-inaugural-address-of-president-marcos-june-30-1981/ |access-date=June 2, 2023 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> Then [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]] [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Singaporean Prime Minister]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]], future [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]] [[Yang Shangkun]] and [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai Prime Minister]] [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] attended. At the inauguration, Bush had infamous praise for Marcos: "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080304202331/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960545-4,00.html Time (magazine)] A Test for Democracy</ref>

===Armed conflict with the CPP–NPA===
Under martial law the Communist Party of the Philippines and the New People's army was a period of significant growth.<ref name="RebellionRepressionPh" />{{rp|page=43}}<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> This continued into the 1980s. The NPA established itself in urban areas while the NDF formed relationships with legal opposition organizations – all despite Marcos' claims in January 1981 that the conflict had been "substantially contained".<ref name="Celoza1997"/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC|page=73}} 73]}}<ref name="GovPH-PP2045"/> The killing of key leaders in Davao City in the opening years of the 1980s led the administration to claim that the CPP "backbone" in the south had broken,"<ref>{{cite news|agency=Philippine News Agency|title=Communist backbone in south broken|publisher=Times Journal |volume= X |issue= 336|date=September 23, 1982}}</ref>  But the remaining leaders soon began to experiment with new tactics including urban insurrection, leading the international press to label Davao City as the "Killing Fields", and as "the Philippines' 'Murder Capital'".<ref name="ChapmanPost">{{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=William |date=May 19, 1985 |title=A Philippine Laboratory Of Revolution |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/05/19/a-philippine-laboratory-of-revolution/a91a2664-f069-4886-8247-3c14514d3ebf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401144754/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/05/19/a-philippine-laboratory-of-revolution/a91a2664-f069-4886-8247-3c14514d3ebf/ |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |access-date=January 7, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>  The violence reached its peak in 1985 with 1,282 military and police deaths and 1,362 civilian deaths.<ref name="web.stanford.edu" />

===Recession===
The Marcos administration's spending had relied heavily on debt since Marcos's first term in the 60s. This left the Philippines vulnerable when high inflation caused the US to raise interest rates from 1980 to 1982, which caused US recessions in 1980 and 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recession of 1981–82 {{!}} Federal Reserve History |url=https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/recession-of-1981-82 |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=www.federalreservehistory.org}}</ref><ref name="EJGuido&CheDeLosReyes20170921">{{cite news |last1=Guido |first1=Edson Joseph |last2=de los Reyes |first2=Che |year=2017 |title=The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/09/21/17/the-best-of-times-data-debunk-marcoss-economic-golden-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210619/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/09/21/17/the-best-of-times-data-debunk-marcoss-economic-golden-years |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |access-date=November 29, 2018 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> The Philippine economy went into decline in 1981. Economic and political instability combined to produce the worst recession in Philippine history in 1984 and 1985, with the economy contracting by 7.3% for two successive years<ref name="EJGuido&CheDeLosReyes20170921" /> and poverty incidence at 49%.<ref name="povertyInequalityGrowthPhilippines">{{cite book |last1=Balisacan |first1=Arsenio M.|last2=Pernia|first2=Enresto |title=Poverty, Growth, and Institutions in Developing Asia |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-349-51389-5 |pages=219–246 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304752126 |access-date=April 16, 2022}}</ref>

===Aquino assassination===
{{Main|Assassination of Ninoy Aquino}}
[[File:MarcosinWashington1983.jpg|thumb|upright|President Ferdinand Marcos in Washington in 1982]]

On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated on the tarmac at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]]. He had returned to the Philippines after three years in exile in the United States, where he had a heart bypass operation after Marcos allowed him to leave the Philippines to seek medical care. Prior to his heart surgery, Ninoy, along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, were sentenced to death by a military commission on charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion.<ref name="asianjournalusa.com" />

A few months before his assassination, Ninoy had decided to return to the Philippines after his research fellowship from [[Harvard University]] had ended. The opposition blamed Marcos directly for the assassination while others blamed the military and Imelda Marcos. Popular speculation pointed to three suspects; the first was Marcos himself through his military chief Fabian Ver; the second theory pointed to Imelda, who had her own designs now that her ailing husband seemed to be getting weaker, and the third was that Danding Cojuangco planned the assassination to serve his own political ambitions.<ref name="inquirerOrderedHit">{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/columns/columns/view/20090819-221072/Who-ordered-the-hit-on-Ninoy-Aquino|title=Who ordered the hit on Ninoy Aquino?|last=Rodis|first=Rodel|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822122022/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/columns/columns/view/20090819-221072/Who-ordered-the-hit-on-Ninoy-Aquino|archive-date=August 22, 2009}}</ref> The 1985 acquittals of Ver as well as other high-ranking military officers charged with the crime were widely seen as a [[Whitewash (censorship)|whitewash]] and a miscarriage of justice.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

On November 22, 2007, Pablo Martinez, one of the soldiers convicted in the Aquino assassination, alleged that [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos crony]] Danding Cojuangco had ordered the assassination while Marcos was recuperating from his kidney transplant. Cojuangco was the cousin of Aquino's wife Corazon Cojuangco Aquino. Martinez alleged that only he and Galman knew of the assassination, and that Galman was the actual shooter, which is not corroborated by other evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph/2007/11/23/transcript-of-abs-cbn-interview-with-pablo-martinez-co-accused-in-the-aquino-murder-case/|title=Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case|access-date=April 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628232250/http://archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph/2007/11/23/transcript-of-abs-cbn-interview-with-pablo-martinez-co-accused-in-the-aquino-murder-case/|archive-date=June 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the February 1986 People Power revolution swept Aquino's widow to the presidency, the Supreme Court ordered a reinvestigation of the assassination.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Grande|first=Gigi|date=August 20, 2018|title=A tale of two triggermen|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/21/18/a-tale-of-two-triggermen|access-date=May 6, 2021|website=ABS-CBN News|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205820/https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/21/18/a-tale-of-two-triggermen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panganiban|first=Artemio V.|date=August 26, 2018|title=Who masterminded Ninoy's murder?|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/115635/masterminded-ninoys-murder|access-date=May 6, 2021|website=Inquirer|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506120041/https://opinion.inquirer.net/115635/masterminded-ninoys-murder|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sandiganbayan convicted 16 military personnel for the murder, ruling that Constable 1st Class Rogelio Moreno, one of the military escorts assigned to Aquino, "fired the fatal shot" that killed Aquino, not Galman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|date=August 20, 2016|title=Look Back: The Aquino assassination|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/look-back-ninoy-aquino-assassination|access-date=May 6, 2021|website=Rappler|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030222807/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/look-back-ninoy-aquino-assassination|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

===Impeachment attempt===
In August 1985, 56 Assemblymen signed a resolution calling for the [[impeachment]] of President Marcos for alleged diversion of US aid for personal use,<ref name="Blitz2000"/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=n2rdOhMdCDEC|page=167}} 167–168]}} citing a July 1985 ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' exposé of the Marcos's multimillion-dollar US investments and property holdings.

The properties included the Crown Building, Lindenmere Estate, residential apartments, a shopping center, mansions (in London, Rome, and Honolulu), the Helen Knudsen Estate, and three condominiums.

The Assembly included in the complaint the misuse and misapplication of funds "for the construction of the [[Manila Film Center]], where X-rated and pornographic films{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} are exhibited, contrary to public morals and Filipino customs and traditions." The impeachment attempt gained little traction, however, even in the light of this incendiary charge; the committee to which the impeachment resolution was referred did not recommend it, and any momentum for removing Marcos under constitutional processes soon died.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Physical decline===
{{See also|People Power Revolution}}

During his third term, Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments, as a complication of a chronic autoimmune disease ''[[lupus erythematosus]]''. He had a kidney transplant in August 1983, and when his body rejected the first kidney transplant, he underwent a second transplant in November 1984.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news|title=Marcos Underwent Kidney Transplants, Doctors Say|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-11-11-mn-3824-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 11, 1985|access-date=February 20, 2020|archive-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119092425/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-11-11/news/mn-3824_1_kidney-transplants|url-status=live}}</ref> A palace physician who alleged that during one of these periods Marcos had undergone a [[kidney transplant]] was shortly afterwards found murdered. Police said he was kidnapped and slain by communist rebels.<ref name="Los Angeles Times" /> Many people questioned whether Marcos had capacity to govern, due to his illness and the burgeoning political unrest.<ref name=wurf/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=R-oK4ZetPIAC|page=289}} 289]}} With Marcos ailing, Imelda emerged as the government's main public figure.

==Economic performance==
{{Excerpt|Economy of the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos}}{{Infobox
|title = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />President Ferdinand Marcos<br /><small>1966–1971</small>
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|header1 = Population
|label2 = 1967
|data2 = <math>\approx</math> 33.71&nbsp;million
|header3 = Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices)
|label4 = 1966
|data4 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|₱]]285,886 million
|label5 = 1971
|data5 = {{increase}} ₱361,791 million
|label6 = Growth rate, 1966–71 average
|data6 = 4.75%
|header7 = Per capita income (1985 constant prices)
|label8 = 1967
|data8 = {{increase}} ₱8,932
|label9 = 1971
|data9 = {{increase}} ₱9,546
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = 1966
|data11 = {{increase}} ₱70,254 million
|label12 = 1971
|data12 = {{decrease}} ₱63,626 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = USD1 = ₱6.44<br />₱1 = USD0.16
|data15 = ''Sources'':<ref name="malacanang.gov.ph">{{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fourth-republic/ferdinand-marcos/#efs-tabpane-1-3|title=malacanang.gov.ph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826033152/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fourth-republic/ferdinand-marcos/#efs-tabpane-1-3|archive-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref>
}}

==Snap election, People Power Revolution, and ouster (1986) ==

===1986 snap election===
{{Main|1986 Philippine presidential election}}
{{POV section|date=February 2023}}

In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a [[snap election]] with more than a year left in his term. He selected [[Arturo Tolentino]] as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind two American-educated leaders, Aquino's widow, Corazon, and her running mate, [[Salvador Laurel]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Pollard, Vincent Kelly|title=Globalization, democratization and Asian leadership: power sharing, foreign policy and society in the Philippines and Japan|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7546-1539-2|page=50|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=L37RZlzA530C|page=50}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Parnell, Philip C.|chapter=Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila|editor1=Parnell, Philip C. |editor2=Kane, Stephanie C.|title=Crime's power: anthropologists and the ethnography of crime|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-1-4039-6179-2|page=214|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=j2hpz4_fob4C|page=214}}}}</ref>

[[File:Corazon Aquino inauguration.jpg|thumb|[[Corazon Aquino]], widow of the assassinated opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]], takes the Oath of Office on February 25, 1986.]]

Marcos's World War II medals were first questioned by the foreign press during this campaign. During a campaign in Manila's [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]] district, Marcos retorted:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-23-mn-28079-story.html|title=Marcos Blasts U.S. Reports He Was a Phony War Hero: American Records Fail to Back Him|date=January 23, 1986|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 20, 2020|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145000/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-01-23/news/mn-28079_1_war-record|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|You who are here in Tondo and fought under me and who were part of my guerrilla organization—you answer them, these crazy individuals, especially the foreign press. Our opponents say Marcos was not a real guerrilla. Look at them. These people who were collaborating with the enemy when we were fighting the enemy. Now they have the nerve to question my war record. I will not pay any attention to their accusation.|Ferdinand Marcos|January 1986}}

Marcos was referring to both presidential candidate Corazon Aquino's father-in-law [[Benigno Aquino Sr.]] and vice presidential candidate Salvador Laurel's father, former president [[José P. Laurel]].

The elections were held on February 7, 1986.<ref name="NSM">{{cite book|last1=Zunes|first1=Stephen|last2=Asher|first2=Sarah Beth|last3=Kurtz|first3=Lester|title=Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=rlIH-NQbFQgC|page=129}}|date=November 5, 1999|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-57718-076-0|page=129|access-date=May 14, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165602/https://books.google.com/books?id=rlIH-NQbFQgC&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref> The official election canvasser, the [[Commission on Elections]] (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner. The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. On the other hand, the partial 69% tally of the [[National Movement for Free Elections]] (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher, had Aquino winning with 7,502,601 votes against Marcos's 6,787,556 votes. Cheating was reported on both sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/1986-tallyboard2.php|title=NAMFREL|website=www.namfrel.com.ph|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809053035/http://www.namfrel.com.ph/v2/photogallery/1986-tallyboard2.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This electoral exercise was marred by widespread reports of violence and election tampering.

The fraud culminated in the walkout of 35 COMELEC computer technicians to advance their claim that the official election results were manipulated to favor Ferdinand Marcos, according to their testimonies, which were never validated. The walkout was led by Linda Kapunan<ref name="militaryIntervention1986197">{{cite web|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/|title=The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987|date=October 3, 1990|publisher=Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines|access-date=July 22, 2017|archive-date=October 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021023713/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the technicians were protected by [[Reform the Armed Forces Movement|Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM)]] officers led by her husband, Lt. Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan.

In the last months of Marcos's administration, the [[Soviet Union]] stepped up relations and was the only major country to officially congratulate Marcos on his disputed election victory.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Collapes of Marcos regime ends Soviet courtship |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/03/02/Collapes-of-Marcos-regime-ends-Soviet-courtship/7612510123600/ |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=UPI |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311110225/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/03/02/Collapes-of-Marcos-regime-ends-Soviet-courtship/7612510123600 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 20, 1986 |title=MARCOS REPORTS SOVIET GREETINGS |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/20/world/marcos-reports-soviet-greetings.html |access-date=September 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015123425/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/20/world/marcos-reports-soviet-greetings.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos had provided favors to the Soviets such as allowing the banned [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930|Philippine Communist Party]] to visit the Soviet Union for consultations.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 23, 1986 |title=IN SOVIET, A SHIFT TO INCREASING SUPPORT FOR MARCOS |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/23/world/in-soviet-a-shift-to-increasing-support-for-marcos.html |access-date=September 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015121957/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/23/world/in-soviet-a-shift-to-increasing-support-for-marcos.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Stephen J |date=1994 |title=The Soviet Union and the Philippine Communist Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45301887 |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1016/0967-067X(94)90031-0 |jstor=45301887 |issn=0967-067X |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122611/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45301887 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A [[United Press International|UPI]] article from March 1986 reported, "Diplomats in Moscow believe the Soviet government totally misjudged Marcos' power to control events. They speculate that Moscow considered his control of legal bodies and his readiness to be 'ruthless' would thwart any popular opposition."<ref name=":14" />

===1986 RAM coup and People Power Revolution===
{{Main|February 1986 Reform the Armed Forces Movement coup|People Power Revolution}}
{{POV section|date=February 2023}}

The election gave a decisive boost to the "People Power movement". Enrile and Ramos later abandoned Marcos, switched sides and sought protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution, backed by fellow-American educated [[Eugenio Lopez Jr.]], [[Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala]], and the old political and economic elites. RAM, led by Lt. Col. [[Gringo Honasan|Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan]] and backed by Enrile had plotted a [[coup d'état]] to seize Malacañang and kill Marcos and his family.<ref name="gringoPlot">{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/84953-gringo-plot-kill-marcos-almonte-memoir|title=Gringo plotted to kill Marcos – Almonte|work=Rappler|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128120522/http://www.rappler.com/nation/84953-gringo-plot-kill-marcos-almonte-memoir|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the height of the revolution, Enrile claimed that a purported ambush attempt against him years earlier was in fact faked, in order for Marcos to have a pretext for imposing martial law. Enrile later retracted this statement, and in 2012, he claimed that the ambush was real.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/insights/11/06/12/enrile-retracts-act-contrition-he-made-when-he-thought-he-was-facing-death-1|title=Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986|first=Raïssa |last=Robles|date=November 6, 2012|website=ABS-CBN News|access-date=June 17, 2020|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617172750/https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/insights/11/06/12/enrile-retracts-act-contrition-he-made-when-he-thought-he-was-facing-death-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos continually maintained that he was the duly elected president for a fourth term, but was unfairly and illegally deprived of his right to serve it. On February 25, 1986, rival presidential inaugurations were held,<ref>{{Citation |last=Crisostomo |first=Isabelo T. |title=Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon |publisher=Branden Books |isbn=978-0-8283-1913-3 |page=257 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=iW_ddLowBYkC|page=257}} |access-date=December 3, 2007 |date=April 1, 1987 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165557/https://books.google.com/books?id=iW_ddLowBYkC&pg=PA257 |url-status=live}}.</ref> but as Aquino supporters overran parts of Manila and seized state broadcaster [[PTV-4]], Marcos was forced to flee.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Paul Sagmayao Mercado |author2=Francisco S. Tatad |title=People Power: The Philippine Revolution of 1986: An Eyewitness History |publisher=The James B. Reuter, S.J., Foundation |year=1986 |location=[[Manila]], [[Philippines]] |oclc=16874890}}</ref>

==Exile in Hawaii (1986–1989)==
===Fleeing to Hawaii===
[[File:President Ronald Reagan with President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos at the White House with US President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1982]]

At 15:00 [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] ([[GMT+8]]) on February 25, 1986, Marcos talked to United States Senator [[Paul Laxalt]], a close associate of President Reagan, asking for advice. Laxalt advised him to "cut and cut cleanly", to which Marcos expressed his disappointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/02/26/marcos-flees-aquino-rules/ |title=Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules |work=Chicago Tribune |date=February 26, 1986 |last1=de Lama |first1=George |last2=Collin |first2=Dorothy |access-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145555/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-02-26/news/8601140956_1_marcos-final-destination-marcos-flight-ferdinand-e-marcos |url-status=live}}</ref> In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile, asking for safe passage for him and his family, including close allies such as General Ver. Finally, at 9:00&nbsp;p.m., the Marcos family was transported by four [[Sikorsky S-61R|Sikorsky HH-3E]] [[helicopter]]s<ref name="Halperin">{{cite book|author=Halperin, Jonathan J.|title=The Other Side: How Soviets and Americans Perceive Each Other|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-687-9|page=63|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=H1so7Od--csC|page=63}}|year=1987|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165558/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1so7Od--csC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> to [[Clark Air Base]] in [[Angeles City]], about 83&nbsp;kilometers north of Manila, before boarding [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[C-130]] planes bound for [[Andersen Air Force Base]] in [[Guam]], and finally to [[Hickam Air Force Base]] in [[Hawaii]] where Marcos arrived on February 26.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/26/world/marcos-flees-and-is-taken-to-guam-us-recognizes-aquino-as-president.html|title=Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S. Recognizes Aquino As President|first1=Seth|last1=Mydans|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 26, 1986|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915140004/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/26/world/marcos-flees-and-is-taken-to-guam-us-recognizes-aquino-as-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also brought with him 22 crates of cash valued at $717 million, 300 crates of assorted [[jewelry]], $4 million worth of unset precious gems, 65 Seiko and Cartier watches, a 12 by 4&nbsp;ft box full of [[pearl]]s, a 3&nbsp;ft solid [[gold]] statue covered in [[diamond]]s and other precious stones, $200,000 in gold bullion, nearly $1 million in Philippine pesos, and deposit slips to banks in the United States, Switzerland, and the Cayman Islands worth $124 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips/|title=What Marcoses brought to Hawaii after fleeing PHL in '86: $717-M in cash, $124-M in deposit slips|website=GMA News Online|date=February 25, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208024530/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/556744/news/specialreports/what-marcoses-brought-to-hawaii-after-fleeing-phl-in-86-717-m-in-cash-124-m-in-deposit-slips|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, there was confusion in Washington as to what to do with Marcos and the 90 members of his entourage.<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=List of Marcos' Companions Released With PM-Philippines Bjt |url=https://apnews.com/article/c7e5627bdace0aeb2197fc1cad669a75 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=March 11, 1986 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611035612/https://apnews.com/article/c7e5627bdace0aeb2197fc1cad669a75 |url-status=live}}</ref> Given the special relations Marcos nurtured with Reagan, the former had expectations of favorable treatment. However, Reagan kept his distance. The [[State Department]] in turn assigned former Deputy Chief of Mission to Manila, [[Robert G. Rich Jr.]] to be the point of contact. The entourage was first billeted inside the housing facilities of [[Hickam Air Force Base]]. The State Department announced the Marcoses were not immune from legal charges, and within weeks hundreds of cases had been filed against them.<ref name="ADST - Handholding a Dictator">{{cite web |title=The End of an Era—Handholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile |url=https://adst.org/2015/02/the-end-of-an-era-handholding-ferdinand-marcos-in-exile/ |website=Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training |date=February 18, 2015 |publisher=Association of Diplomatic Studies & Training |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611035613/https://adst.org/2015/02/the-end-of-an-era-handholding-ferdinand-marcos-in-exile/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout his stay in Hawaii, he and his family enjoyed a high life, living in a luxurious house in [[Makiki Heights]], as Imelda entertained guests at parties,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/marcos-and-wife-enjoy-the-high-life-in-hawaii.html |title=Marcos and Wife Enjoy The High Life in Hawaii |first1=Kendall J. |last1=Wills |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 16, 1988 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302202248/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/16/us/marcos-and-wife-enjoy-the-high-life-in-hawaii.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Filipinos back in the Philippines suffered under the debt Marcos incurred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/774774/well-pay-marcos-debt-until-2025|title='We'll pay Marcos debt until 2025'|date=March 18, 2016|website=INQUIRER.net|access-date=September 11, 2020|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913031320/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/774774/well-pay-marcos-debt-until-2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

When protestors stormed Malacañang Palace shortly after their departure, it was notoriously discovered that Imelda had left behind over 2,700 pairs of shoes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Ferdinand E. Marcos |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364302/Ferdinand-E-Marcos |access-date=November 19, 2007 |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512072139/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364302/Ferdinand-E-Marcos |url-status=live}}</ref> The protesters looted and vandalized the palace, many stole documents, jewelry, food, typewriters, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/25/Jubilant-Filipinos-loot-Marcos-Malacanang-palace/2403509691600/ |title=Jubilant Filipinos loot Marcos' Malacanang palace |website=UPI |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507064304/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/25/Jubilant-Filipinos-loot-Marcos-Malacanang-palace/2403509691600/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's [[middle class]] were crucial to the success of the revolution. Contrary to the widely-held notion that the protests were limited to Manila, protests against Marcos also occurred in the provinces and on the islands of Visayas and Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2021/03/reflections-edsa-from-the-eyes-of-a-mindanawon/|title=REFLECTIONS: EDSA from the Eyes of a Mindanawon|first=Mags Z.|last=Maglana|date=March 7, 2021|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121827/https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2021/03/reflections-edsa-from-the-eyes-of-a-mindanawon/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mindanaogoldstardaily.com/people-power-was-not-just-on-edsa/|title=People Power was not just on Edsa|website=[[Mindanao Gold Star Daily]]|date=February 28, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=May 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531001738/https://mindanaogoldstardaily.com/people-power-was-not-just-on-edsa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Plans to return and "The Marcos Tapes"===
More than a year after the revolution, it was revealed to the [[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific|United States House Foreign Affairs subcommittee]] in 1987 that Marcos held an intention to return to the Philippines and overthrow the Aquino government. American attorney Richard Hirschfeld and business consultant Robert Chastain, both of whom posed as arms dealers, gained knowledge of a plot by gaining Marcos's trust and secretly recorded their conversations with the ousted leader.

According to Hirschfeld, he was first invited by Marcos to a party held at the latter's family residence in Honolulu. After hearing that one of Hirschfeld's clients was Saudi Sheikh Mohammad Fassi, Marcos's interest was piqued because he had done business with Saudis in the past. A few weeks later, Marcos asked for help with securing a passport from another country, in order to travel to the Philippines while bypassing travel restrictions imposed by the Philippines and United States governments. This failed, however, and subsequently Marcos asked Hirschfeld to arrange a $10-million loan from Fassi.

On January 12, 1987, Marcos stated to Hirschfeld that he required another $5-million loan "in order to pay 10,000 soldiers $500 each as a form of "combat life insurance". When asked by Hirschfeld if he was talking about an invasion of the Philippines, Marcos responded, "Yes". Hirschfeld stated that Marcos said that he was negotiating with several arms dealers to purchase up to $18 million worth of weapons, including tanks and heat-seeking missiles, and enough ammunition to "last an army three months".

Marcos had thought of flying to his hometown in Ilocos Norte and initiating a plot to kidnap Corazon Aquino. "What I would like to see happen is we take her hostage", Marcos told Chastain. "Not to hurt her&nbsp;... no reason to hurt her&nbsp;... to take her."

Learning of this plan, Hirschfeld contacted the [[US Department of Justice]], and was asked for further evidence. This information eventually reached President Ronald Reagan, who placed Marcos under "island arrest", further limiting his movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/1b750440d5a491184f5b2a91533774c1|title=Former Philippine President Marcos Reveals Plan to Invade Homeland|work=AP News|access-date=July 8, 2018|archive-date=July 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191844/https://www.apnews.com/1b750440d5a491184f5b2a91533774c1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-10-mn-1939-story.html|title=10,000 Troops, Billions in Gold: House Panel Hears Tapes of Marcos Plotting coup|last=GETLIN|first=JOSH|date=July 10, 1987|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 8, 2018|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107165526/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-10-mn-1939-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Legal cases===
Within two weeks of his arrival to the United States, hundreds of criminal and civil cases against the Marcos clique were filed in Hawaii, San Francisco, and New York.<ref name="ADST - Handholding a Dictator" /> Marcos made personal appeals to Reagan to put a stop to these cases. In June 1988 [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[Colin Powell]] recommended proceeding with indictments of the Marcoses, as he reviewed the cases as forwarded by [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York]] [[Rudy Giuliani]]. Reagan tacitly approved.<ref name="RRPL - Box 153">{{cite web |title=Collection: WHORM Subject Files Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 560000-574999 Box 153 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-009-2018.pdf |website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library |publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections |access-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614013620/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-009-2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, Marcos stated that he had [[Immunity from prosecution (international law)|head of state immunity]] to resist subpoenas by a [[Grand juries in the United States#Federal law|federal grand jury]] to produce his finger and palm prints, and failed to consent to investigators to review his bank accounts. By August 18, a bench warrant of arrest was issued against the Marcoses. By October of that year, Reagan personally wrote to Marcos informing him that he believed in his innocence of the charges against him, but reminding him that the case was out of his hands. He assured him that they would have every opportunity to prove their innocence.<ref name="RRPL - CO125">{{cite web |title=Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 589090 (1) Box: 153 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-012-2018.pdf |website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library |access-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614020802/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/whormsubject/co125/box-153/40-654-6282802-153-012-2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Giuliani pressed for indicting the Marcoses for violating the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]] (RICO). The RICO Act focuses specifically on [[racketeering]] and allows the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes they [[Dirty hands|ordered]] others to do [[Enmund v. Florida|or assisted them in doing]]. For example, before RICO, a person who instructed someone else to [[murder]] could be exempt from prosecution because they did not personally commit the crime. In his next letter to President Reagan on October 20, Marcos complained that Giuliani was giving them nothing but an ultimatum to plead guilty, and even to testify against others, including his own family.<ref name="RRPL - CO125" />

== Personal life ==
Ferdinand was baptized and raised into the [[Philippine Independent Church]].<ref name="Celoza1997"/>{{rp|23}}

Marcos lived with a [[Common-law marriage|common-law wife]], Carmen Ortega, an [[Ilocano people|Ilocana]] [[Filipino Mestizos|mestiza]] who was 1949 Miss Press Photography. They had three children and resided for about two years at 204 Ortega Street in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]. In August 1953, their engagement was announced in Manila dailies.<ref name="loveLiesLoot">{{cite news |last1=Reyes |first1=Miguel Paolo P. |last2=Ariate |first2=Joel F. |date=July 18, 2021 |title=Ferdie and Meldy's House of love, lies, and loot |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/ferdie-and-meldys-house-love-lies-and-loot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216141137/https://verafiles.org/articles/ferdie-and-meldys-house-love-lies-and-loot |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Vera Files]]}}</ref>

Not much is known about what happened to Ortega and their children. He subsequently converted to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] in later life to marry [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda Trinidad Romualdez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferdinand Marcos |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/ferdinand-marcos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145120/https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/ferdinand-marcos |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=[[Harvard University]] official website |publisher=Religious and Public Life, [[Harvard Divinity School]]}}</ref> They married on April 17, 1954, 11 days after they first met. They had three biological children: [[Imee Marcos|Imee]], [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong]] and [[Irene Marcos]].<ref name="govph">{{cite web |title=Ferdinand E. Marcos |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fourth-republic/ferdinand-marcos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826033152/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/fourth-republic/ferdinand-marcos/ |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |website=GOVPH}}</ref> Marcos's fourth child with Ortega was born after his marriage to Imelda.<ref name="conjugal" /> Marcos and Imelda later adopted a daughter, [[Aimee Marcos|Aimee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2012 |title=A dynasty on steroids |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/a-dynasty-on-steroids-20121118-29kwy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318181437/http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/a-dynasty-on-steroids-20121118-29kwy.html |archive-date=March 18, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Marcos had an affair with American actress [[Dovie Beams]] from 1968 to 1970. According to reports by the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', Marcos also had an affair with former ''Playboy'' model Evelin Hegyesi around 1970 and sired a child with her, Analisa Josefa.<ref name="formerModel">{{cite news |date=July 24, 2004 |title=Hunt for tyrant's millions leads to former model's home |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/hunt-for-tyrants-millions-leads-to-former-models-home-20040704-gdj9hj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216141131/https://www.smh.com.au/national/hunt-for-tyrants-millions-leads-to-former-models-home-20040704-gdj9hj.html |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Abad|first=Michelle|title=Marcos Jr.'s alleged half-sister banned from drinking on planes after mid-air brawl|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/marcos-jr-alleged-half-sister-analisa-corr-banned-plane-drinking-mid-air-brawl/|access-date=January 11, 2025|work=[[Rappler]]|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=January 11, 2025|location=[[Manila]], Philippines|quote=Reports say Analisa works as an interior designer and photographer in Australia.}}</ref>

==Death and burial==
{{See also|Burial of Ferdinand Marcos}}
[[File:Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center sign.jpg|thumb|The body of Ferdinand Marcos was stored in a refrigerated crypt at the [[Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center]] in Batac, Ilocos Norte until 2016.]]

Marcos was admitted to the hospital on January 15, 1989, with pneumonia and underwent a series of operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Glasgow Herald – Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BTFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4150,3739287|access-date=September 22, 2020|website=news.google.com|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430014904/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BTFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4150,3739287|url-status=live}}</ref> In his dying days, Marcos was visited by Vice President Salvador Laurel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/world/aquino-s-vice-president-asks-sympathy-for-ailing-marcos.html |title=Aquino's Vice President Asks Sympathy for Ailing Marcos |journal=The New York Times |date=February 4, 1989 |access-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208051042/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/world/aquino-s-vice-president-asks-sympathy-for-ailing-marcos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the visit, Marcos offered to return 90% of his ill-gotten wealth to the Filipino people in exchange for a burial in the Philippines beside his mother, an offer also disclosed to [[Enrique Zobel]]. However, Marcos's offer was rebuffed by the [[Presidency of Corazon Aquino|Aquino government]] and by Imelda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doylaurel.ph/from_the_lips_of_a_dying_president.html|title=Two Great Activities in the Philippines|publisher=doylaurel.ph|access-date=July 22, 2017|archive-date=November 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121194550/http://www.doylaurel.ph/from_the_lips_of_a_dying_president.html|url-status=live}}{{verify source|date=July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/142497/doy-macoy-yorac-corner|title=Doy on Macoy|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=September 20, 2016|archive-date=September 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924071551/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/142497/doy-macoy-yorac-corner|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1036706|title=Marcos' message to Mrs. Aquino|website=CNN iReport|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145627/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1036706|url-status=live}}</ref>

Marcos died at St. Francis Medical Center in [[Honolulu]] at 12:40 a.m ([[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|HST]]) on September 28, 1989, of kidney, heart, and lung ailments, 17 days after his 72nd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manila Standard – Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19890929&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=news.google.com|archive-date=November 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127081601/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19890929&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Moments after, [[Bongbong Marcos|the younger Ferdinand]] eulogised his late father by stating, "Hopefully friends and detractors alike will look beyond the man to see what he stood for: his vision, his compassion and his total love of country".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donnelly|first=Christine|date=September 29, 1989|title=Marcos Dies in Exile at 72; 'Father's Not Here Anymore'|url=https://apnews.com/article/65c33b6132f2f56bc2f813655f200aae|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420112714/https://apnews.com/article/65c33b6132f2f56bc2f813655f200aae|url-status=live}}</ref>

Marcos was interred in a private mausoleum at [[Byodo-In (Hawaii)|Byodo-In Temple]] on the island of Oahu.

The Aquino government refused to allow Marcos's body to be brought back to the Philippines, which ultimately happened four years later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-mn-15027-story.html |title=4 Years After Death, Marcos' Body to Go Home for Burial |first=Bob |last=Drogin |date=July 20, 1993 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145008/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-20/news/mn-15027_1_imelda-marcos |url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1993 to 2016, Marcos's remains were interred inside a refrigerated, frozen crypt in Batac, Ilocos Norte, where his son, [[Bongbong Marcos|Ferdinand Jr.]], and eldest daughter, [[Imee Marcos|Imee]], became the local governor and congressional representative, respectively.

[[Bust of Ferdinand Marcos|A large bust]] of Ferdinand Marcos (inspired by [[Mount Rushmore]]) was commissioned by the tourism minister, [[Jose D. Aspiras|Jose Aspiras]], and carved into a hillside in Benguet. It was subsequently destroyed, allegedly by left-wing activists, members of a local tribe who had been displaced by construction of the monument, and looters hunting for the legendary [[Yamashita's gold|Yamashita treasure]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2612709.stm |title=Philippines blast wrecks Marcos bust |date=December 29, 2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=November 19, 2007 |archive-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214141522/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2612709.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Marcos burial Ateneans protest.jpg|thumb|Students of the [[Ateneo de Manila University]] protesting the burial of Marcos]]On November 18, 2016, his remains were reburied at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]] ordered by President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] despite opposition from various groups. On the morning of November 18, using Philippine Armed Forces helicopters, his family and their supporters flew his remains from Ilocos to Manila for a private burial. This account was challenged and the physical location of his remains is disputed.<ref name="contested">{{Cite web|last=Merez|first=Arianne|title=DLSU law dean: Was Marcos' body really buried at LNMB?|work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/19/16/dlsu-law-dean-was-marcos-body-really-buried-at-lnmb|date=November 19, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2023|archive-date=April 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427052340/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/19/16/dlsu-law-dean-was-marcos-body-really-buried-at-lnmb|url-status=live}}</ref> Various groups protested the burial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Galawang Hokage: Youth protest sudden Marcos burial at LNMB|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/589346/news/nation/galawang-hokage-youth-protest-sudden-marcos-burial-at-lnmb|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/845680/congressmen-slash-litigants-denounce-marcos-sneak-burial|title=Solons hit dictator's burial, suspect Duterte knew of Marcos plans|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=November 18, 2016|quote=Hanggang huling hantungan, galawang magnanakaw pa rin itong si Marcos. Sa salita nga ng mga millennial, galawang Hokage (Up to his final resting place, Marcos moves like a thief. Or in the words of the millennial, moves like a Hokage)}}</ref>

==Trials and reparations==

===''Roxas v. Marcos''===
[[Rogelio Roxas]], a Filipino treasure hunter, discovered a 3-foot-tall golden Buddha statue in tunnels under the Baguio General Hospital in 1971. Roxas was later arrested and tortured by members of the military, and the statue was taken away. Upon exile of the Marcoses, Roxas assigned his rights to a friend in the United States and formed the Golden Buddha Corporation (GBC) who pursued the case against the former president. In 1996, the lower court awarded US$22 billion in favor of GBC, making this the largest award in a civil case in US history. In November 1998, the [[Hawaii Supreme Court]] overturned the ruling, but maintained an award of US$6 million for the illegal arrest and torture experienced by Roxas.<ref name="AP - $22B Award Reversed">{{cite news |last1=Tighe |first1=Michael |title=$22B Award Against Marcos Reversed |url=https://apnews.com/article/73bf26f810dce8f2157374743043ed10 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="uniset.ca">{{cite web|url=http://uniset.ca/other/cs6/969P2d1209.html|title=Roxas v. Marcos|author=|date=|website=uniset.ca}}</ref>

===Sandiganbayan, Supreme Court, and international trials===
[[File:Ferdinand Marcos with Emmanuel Pelaez.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos with Emmanuel Pelaez]]

On November 9, 2018, Imelda Marcos was found "guilty beyond reasonable doubt" by the Sandiganbayan of seven counts of graft for private organizations set up in Switzerland during her time as a government official from 1968 to 1986. In less than 20 days however, the Sandiganbayan listed Imelda's "advanced age" and health condition as considerations for allowing the accused to post bail. The Fifth Division's (of the Sandiganbayan) ruling read that "the fact that she is of advanced age and for health reasons, consistent with the doctrine in Enrile vs Sandiganbayan, bail is allowed for these seven cases".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sandiganbayan defends grant of bail to Imelda Marcos|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/04/1874021/sandiganbayan-defends-grant-bail-imelda-marcos|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> The Supreme Court of the Philippines affirmed that the family's assets, beyond their government salaries, are considered as ill-gotten wealth. In 1998 the Court acquitted Imelda Marcos of corruption charges from a previous graft conviction in 1993.

The US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed a contempt judgement in relation to the assets of Imelda and her son [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong]]. Although on a different matter, this judgement awarded $353.6 million to human rights victims, which was arguably the largest contempt award ever affirmed by an appellate court.

===Reparations===
In 1995, some 10,000 Filipinos won a US [[class-action]] lawsuit filed against the Marcos estate. The claims were filed by victims or their surviving relatives consequent on torture, execution, and disappearances.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brysk, Alison|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=p955OKtyCbIC|page=82}}|title=Human rights and private wrongs: constructing global civil society|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-94477-9|page=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hranjski|first=Hrvoje|date=September 12, 2006|title=No hero's resting place as Imelda Marcos finds site for husband's grave|work=The Scotsman|location=UK|url=http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2809885|access-date=November 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105131654/http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2809885|archive-date=January 5, 2008}}</ref>

The [[Government of Switzerland|Swiss government]], initially reluctant to respond to allegations that stolen funds were held in Swiss accounts,<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NhIfiWyK9gEC|page=99}}|title=Corruption and anti-corruption|publisher=Asia-Pacific Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7315-3660-3|editor1=Larmour, Peter|pages=99–110|editor2=Wolanin, Nick}}</ref> returned $684 million of Marcos' holdings.<ref name="star">{{cite web|title=Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative: Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos (Switzerland)|url=http://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/node/18497|publisher=World Bank|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070921/http://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/node/18497|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marcos victims seek accounting of funds|work=INQ7.net|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer, GMA News|url=http://www.inq7.net/brk/2004/jul/18/brkpol_1-1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911032835/http://www.inq7.net/brk/2004/jul/18/brkpol_1-1.htm|archive-date=September 11, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 4, 2004|title=Hunt for tyrant's millions leads to former model's home|work=Sydney Morning Herald|location=Australia|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/03/1088488200806.html|access-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref>

Corazon Aquino repealed many of the repressive laws enacted during Marcos's dictatorship. She restored the right of ''habeas corpus'', repealed anti-labor laws and freed hundreds of [[political prisoners]].<ref name="philippinesReadr" />{{Rp|page=361}}

From 1989 to 1996, a series of suits were brought before US courts against Marcos and his daughter Imee, alleging that they bore responsibility for executions, torture, and disappearances. A jury in the [[Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals|Ninth Circuit Court]] awarded US$2 billion to the plaintiffs and to a [[class action lawsuit|class]] composed of human rights victims and their families.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephens, Beth|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isF30B-VCH0C|page=13}}|title=International human rights litigation in U.S. courts|publisher=BRILL|year=2008|isbn=978-1-57105-353-4|page=13}}</ref> On June 12, 2008, in ''[[Republic of Philippines v. Pimentel]]'' the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] ruled 7–2 that, "The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to order the District Court to dismiss the [[interpleader]] action." The court dismissed the interpleader lawsuit filed to determine the rights of 9,500 Filipino human rights victims (1972–1986) to recover US$35 million, part of a US$2 billion judgment in US courts against the Marcos estate, because the Philippines government is an indispensable party, protected by [[sovereign immunity]]. The Philippines government claimed ownership of the funds transferred by Marcos in 1972 to [[Arelma S.A.]], which invested the money with [[Merrill Lynch]], Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., in New York.<ref>{{cite web|title=jurist.law.pitt.edu, Supreme Court rules in Marcos assets|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/06/supreme-court-rules-in-marcos-assets.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103180040/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/06/supreme-court-rules-in-marcos-assets.php|archive-date=January 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/06-1204.pdf|title=supremecourt.gov, Republic of Philippines et al. v. Pimentel, June 12, 2008, No. 06–1204}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=June 12, 2008|title=Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-06-12-902506041_x.htm}}</ref> In July 2017, the Philippine Court of Appeals rejected the petition seeking to enforce the United States court decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=CA rejects Marcos victims' claims for $2B damages|work=GMA News|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/618333/ca-rejects-marcos-victims-claims-for-2b-damages/story/}}</ref>

In 2013, Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 10368 or the Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|date=May 10, 2021|title=11,103 victims of human rights violations under Martial Law to get compensation|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/human-rights-victims-claims-board-final-list-eligible-claimants-released|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=Rappler}}</ref> The law created the Human Rights Violations Claims Board and provided reparations to victims of summary execution, torture, enforced disappearances, and other human rights violations.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Subingsubing|first=Krixia|date=October 19, 2020|title=Marcos victims push for second claims board|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1349577/marcos-victims-push-for-second-claims-board|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=Inquirer}}</ref> Compensation came from P10 billion of stolen wealth seized by the government from the Marcoses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agoncillo|first=Jodee A.|date=May 9, 2018|title=Final list of Marcos victims qualified for funds released|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/988689/final-list-of-marcos-victims-qualified-for-funds-released|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=Inquirer}}</ref> A total of 11,103 victims received compensation in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> A bill filed in Congress in 2020 proposed to compensate tens of thousands of people still not officially recognized as victims of state-sponsored violence.<ref name=":9" />

==Legacy==
Marcos left a legacy of debt, hardship, and repression.<ref name="PhilstarMarcosLegacy">{{cite news|url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/golden-era|title=Debt, Deprivation and the Spoils of Dictatorship|last=Diola |first=Camille|work=Philstar|access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>

===Human rights abuses===
{{Main|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}

The Marcos regime committed human rights abuses against a long list of opponents. These included student activists such as Edgar Jopson and Rigoberto Tiglao,<ref name="iSawMartialLaw">{{cite news|last=Quimpo |first=Susan |title=I saw martial law up close and personal |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/723654/i-saw-martial-law-up-close-and-personal |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=September 20, 2015}}</ref> farmers such as Bernabe Buscayno,<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2015|title=So Why Samar?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6vw6rFaabA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/H6vw6rFaabA| archive-date=December 11, 2021|url-status=live|publisher=Philippine Commission on Human Rights with the help of Swiss Embassy Manila}}{{cbignore}}</ref> journalists such as [[Satur Ocampo]],<ref name="mediaAndMartialLaw">{{cite speech |last=Teodoro |first=Luis |title=Forgetting, Or Not Knowing: Media and Martial Law |event=Memory, Truth-telling and the Pursuit of Justice: A Conference on the Legacies of the Marcos Dictatorship |date=September 20, 1999 |location=Ateneo de Manila University |url=http://www.luisteodoro.com/forgetting-or-not-knowing-media-and-martial-law/ |access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="writersJournalists">{{cite news |date=August 29, 2016 |title=Writers, journalists as freedom heroes |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/810571/writers-journalists-as-freedom-heroes |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> legal political opponents such as [[Ninoy Aquino]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Claudio |first=Lisandro |title=Ninoy networked with everyone, Reds included |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/198820/news/specialreports/ninoy-networked-with-everyone-reds-included |work=GMANews|date=August 18, 2010}}</ref> fellow candidates such as Alex Boncayao,<ref name="tortyur" /><ref name="Roces" /> and priests and nuns. Victims were commonly accused of supporting [[New People's Army|communist rebels]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/02/world/nuns-and-priests-working-with-communists-divide-church.html|title=Nuns and Priests Working With Communists Divide Church |first=Fox |last=Butterfield |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 2, 1986}}</ref> or other leftists,<ref name="auto" /> or of joining or sympathizing with the CPP, NPA, or MNLF.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kpsDPvaCOCAC|page=139}}|title=The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change|first1=Thomas |last1=Risse-Kappen |first2=Stephen C. |last2=Ropp |first3=Kathryn |last3=Sikkink |date=August 5, 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521658829}}</ref>  Victims were rounded up without an arrest warrant and indefinitely detained without charge.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> In a keynote speech at the [[University of the East]], journalist Raissa Robles described how anyone could be arrested (or abducted) with ease through Arrest Search and Seizure Orders (ASSO),<ref name="whyWeShouldWorry">{{cite news|last=Robles |first=Raissa |title=Why we should worry about martial law |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/02/18/17/opinion-why-we-should-worry-about-martial-law |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News]] |date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> which allowed the military or police to detain anyon,e according to [[Rappler]] research.<ref name="pcUnderMarcos">{{cite news|last=Francisco |first=Katerina |title=Look Back: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146867-look-back-philippine-constabulary-marcos |work=[[Rappler]] |date=September 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="whatMartialLawWasLike">{{cite web |last=Robles |first=Alan |title=What Martial Law was like |url=http://www.hotmanila.ph/content/ironfist/what-martial-law-was |website=Hot Manila |date=March 27, 2000 |access-date=July 20, 2017 |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101211757/http://hotmanila.ph/content/ironfist/what-martial-law-was |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raissarobles.com/about-us/|title=– About me|first=Raissa|last=Robles|website=www.raissarobles.com|date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>

A 1976 [[Amnesty International]] report listed 88 government torturers, including members of the Philippine Constabulary and the Philippine Army, which was under the direct control of Major General Ramos and Defense Minister Enrile.<ref name="amnestyInternational1975">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/204000/asa350191977en.pdf|title=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 22 November – 5 December 1975|date=September 1976|publisher=Amnesty International Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/why-not-ask-ramos-and-enrile-about-martial-law-abuses/247486/ |title=Why not ask Ramos and Enrile about Martial Law |date=February 28, 2016 |access-date=June 29, 2017|work=The Manila Times}}</ref> According to Rigoberto Tiglao, nearly all of the human rights abuses were committed by Philippine Constabulary units, especially through its national network of "Constabulary Security Units", whose heads reported directly to Ramos. The most dreaded of these was the Manila-based 5th Constabulary Security Unit (CSU), which featured dreaded torturer Lt. Rodolfo Aguinaldo,<ref name="hartfordMcCoy" /><ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> which was credited with capturing most of the Communist Party leaders including Sison and the Manila-Rizal Regional Committee he headed;<ref name="manilatimes.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/ramos-apologize-martial-law-abuses/296752/|title=It is Ramos who should apologize over Martial Law 'abuses' |website=The Manila Times |date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> the [[Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group|Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group (MISG)]]<ref name="pcUnderMarcos" /> under the command of Col. [[Rolando Abadilla]];<ref name="hartfordMcCoy" /> and the Intelligence Service (ISAFP).<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

The various estimates of the scale of abuses include:

[[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]] (TFDP)<ref name="karinyoMilitar">{{cite news|last1=Magsaysay|first1=Jing|title=Karinyo militar|agency=The Correspondents|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=1999}}</ref>
* 2,668 incidents of arrests
* 398 disappearances
* 1,338 ''salvagings''
* 128 frustrated ''salvagings''
* 1,499 killed or wounded in massacres

Amnesty International<ref name="batasMilitar">{{cite web|last1=Tiongson|first1=Lito|title=Batas militar: A documentary about martial law in the Philippines|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SG2Mx7Y5vzc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SG2Mx7Y5vzc| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|date=1997|publisher=Foundation for World Wide People Power}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* 70,000 imprisoned
* 34,000 tortured
* 3,240 documented as killed

Historian [[Alfred W. McCoy|Alfred McCoy]] gives a figure of 3,257 recorded [[extrajudicial killing]]s by the military from 1975 to 1985, 35,000 tortured and 70,000 incarcerated.<ref name="hartfordMcCoy" /><ref name="factChecking3257">{{cite news|last1=Reyes|first1=Rachel|title=3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/3257-fact-checking-the-marcos-killings-1975-1985/255735/|work=The Manila Times |date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

''Bulatlat'' newspaper

* 120,000 victims of [[arbitrary arrest and detention]]
* 1,500 extrajudicial execution of activists under martial law

Human rights group ''Karapatan<ref>{{cite news |last=Oliveros |first=Benjie |date=September 17, 2006 |title=The Specter of Martial Law |url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-32/6-32-specter.htm |access-date=November 19, 2007 |work=Bulatalat}}</ref>''

* 759 involuntarily disappeared with their bodies never found.

Susan Quimpo, co-author of ''Subversive Lives<ref name="subversiveLives1">{{cite news |date=September 23, 2014 |title=NTG: 'Subversive Lives,' libro tungkol sa pinagdaanan ng Pamilya Quimpo noong Martial Law |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DFD5TmBVAk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902204056/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DFD5TmBVAk&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |publisher=GMA News}}</ref>''

* 80,000 was a low figure for the number of persons incarcerated

In addition to these, up to 10,000 Moro Muslims were [[#Muslim massacres|killed in massacres]] by the [[Philippine Army]], Philippine Constabulary, and the [[Ilaga]] pro-government paramilitary group.<ref name="pcijMindanaoMemoryMassacres">{{cite news|last1=Mariveles|first1=Julius D.|title=Mindanao: A memory of massacres|url=https://pcij.org/blog/2015/02/13/mindanao-a-memory-of-massacres|publisher=[[Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism]]|date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207182211/https://pcij.org/blog/2015/02/13/mindanao-a-memory-of-massacres|archive-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

====Abductions====
{{Expand section|date=July 2017}}
{{See also|List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship}}

Victims were often taken to military "safehouses"<ref name="martialLawVictimHealing">{{cite news |last1=Pasion |first1=Patty |title=A Martial Law victim's story of healing |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/146881-martial-law-hilda-narciso-human-rights |work=[[Rappler]] |date=September 21, 2016}}</ref> where abductees were tortured,<ref name="mostUnsafe">{{cite news|last1=Cardinoza|first1=Gabriel|title=Most unsafe in military safe house|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/639751/most-unsafe-in-military-safe-house|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> often blindfolded.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="detentionAndTorture">{{cite news|last1=Sorio|first1=Christopher|title=Detention and torture by Marcos military|url=http://philippinereporter.com/2011/09/09/detention-and-torture-by-marcos-military/|publisher=Philippine Reporter|date=September 9, 2011|access-date=July 22, 2017|archive-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145623/http://philippinereporter.com/2011/09/09/detention-and-torture-by-marcos-military/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a document titled "Open Letter to the Filipino People", martial law martyr Edgar "Edjop" Jopson described them: "Safehouses usually have their windows always shut tight. They are usually covered with high walls. One would usually detect [safehouses] through the traffic of motorcycles and cars, going in and out of the house at irregular hours. Burly men, armed with pistols tucked in their waists or in clutch bags, usually drive these vehicles."<ref name="atenistaMarcosTortureMachine">{{cite news|last=Pimentel |first=Benjamin |title=Atenista who exposed the Marcos torture machine|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/115284/atenista-who-exposed-the-marcos-torture-machine |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Various forms of torture were used by the military, typically in combination.<ref name="tortyur">{{cite web|last1=Chua|first1=Michael Charleston|title=TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The Marcos Regime, published in 'For Democracy & Human Rights, Rekindling Lessons from Martial Law & People Power Revolt'|url=https://www.academia.edu/7968581|publisher=Center for Youth Advocacy and Networking, [[Friedrich Ebert Foundation]]|date=2012}}</ref>

====Killings====

{{See also|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"
|+Number of "salvage" cases (TFDP)<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="tfdpPumipiglas" />
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | No. of cases
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| 139
|-
! scope="row" | 1981
| 218
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| 210
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| 368
|-
! scope="row" | 1984
| 538
|-
! scope="row" | Total
| style="background-color:#eaecf0;" | '''1,473'''
|}

[[Summary execution]]s were common. Bodies were often recovered bearing signs of torture and mutilation.<ref name="atenistaMarcosTortureMachine" /><ref name="toYoungFilipinos">{{cite news|last1=Pimentel|first1=Benjamin|title=To young Filipinos who never knew martial law and dictatorship |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/49932/to-young-filipinos-who-never-knew-martial-law-and-dictatorship |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> Such cases were referred to as "salvaging" a term widely believed to be derived from the Spanish word ''salvaje'', meaning ''savage''.<ref name="onSalvaging">{{cite web|last1=Ela|first1=Nathan|title=On Salvaging |url=http://main.tfdp.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=30 |website=[[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]]|access-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> Mutilated remains were often dumped on roadsides in order to instill fear and to intimidate opponents.<ref name="hartfordMcCoy" />

Anyone could be "salvaged": communists, suspects, innocent civilians and priests included. TFDP documented 1,473 "salvage" cases from 1980 to 1984 alone.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="tfdpPumipiglas">{{cite book|title=Pumipiglas: Political Detention and Military Atrocities in the Philippines 1981–1982 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Task Force Detainees of the Philippines]] |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=CkbMtAEACAAJ}}}}</ref>

Victims included [[Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila]] student [[Liliosa Hilao]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/718061/liliosa-hilao-first-martial-law-detainee-killed|title=Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed |last1=Pedroso |first1=Kate |last2=Medina |first2=Marielle |date=September 1, 2015 |work=inquirer.net}}</ref> [[Imee Marcos#Torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano|Archimedes Trajano]], [[Juan Escandor]],<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> and 16-year-old [[Conjugal Dictatorship|Luis Manuel "Boyet" Mijares]], whose body was found with burn marks, all his nails removed, 33 ice pick wounds, skull crushed, eyeballs gouged out, and genitals mutilated before he was dropped from a helicopter.<ref name="44yearsTooLong">{{cite news|last=Cepeda |first=Cody |title=44 years too long: The martial-law victims, 'desaparecidos' and the families left behind|url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/44-years-too-long-the-martial-law-victims-desaparecidos-and-the-families-left-behind/|work=[[BusinessMirror]]|date=September 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="familySecretMijares">{{cite news|last1=Zamora|first1=Fe|title=Family secret: How Primitivo Mijares disappeared|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/872907/family-secret-how-primitivo-mijares-disappeared|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

Enforced disappearances, also known as ''"desaparecidos"'' or "the disappeared" – people who suddenly went missing, sometimes without a trace and whose bodies were never recovered.<ref name="noGraveNoJustice">{{cite news|last1=Panti|first1=Llanesca|title=No grave, no justice for martial law victims|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/no-grave-no-justice-martial-law-victims/294444/|work=The Manila Times |date=November 2, 2016}}</ref>

Victims include [[Primitivo Mijares|Primitivo "Tibo" Mijares]],<ref name="44yearsTooLong" /> Emmanuel Alvarez, Albert Enriquez, Ma. Leticia Ladlad, Hermon Lagman,<ref name="44yearsTooLong" /> Mariano Lopez, Rodelo Manaog, Manuel Ontong, Florencio Pesquesa, Arnulfo Resus, Rosaleo Romano, [[Carlos Tayag]], Emmanuel Yap,<ref name="bantayog1999">{{cite journal|title=Souvenir issue: Annual celebration in honor of martyrs and heroes|journal=Bantayog Ng Mga Bayani|date=December 7, 1999|issue=Souvenir Issue|pages=16–29|publisher=Bantayog ng mga Bayani Foundation}}</ref> Jan Quimpo,<ref name="44yearsTooLong" /> [[Rizalina Ilagan]], Christina Catalla, [[Jessica Sales]] and Ramon Jasul.<ref name="andManyDisappeared">{{cite news|title=And many disappeared in the prime of youth|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/718800/and-many-disappeared-in-the-prime-of-youth|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>

While the numbers of political detainees went down, the number of people killed rose and spiked in 1981, the year martial law was officially lifted by Marcos according to Task Force Detainees of the Philippines. According to Senator Jose W. Diokno, "As torture (cases) declined, a more terrible tactic emerged; unofficial executions" – suspected dissidents were simply arrested and vanished.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />

Murder victims include:
* Senator [[Ninoy Aquino]], August 21, 1983, who was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.|assassinated]] on the tarmac of [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]]
* NPA commander Alex Boncayao,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/alex-boncayao-brigade-abb|title=Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) – Dictionary definition of Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* [[Macliing Dulag|Macli-ing Dulag]],
* [[Tullio Favali|Fr. Tulio Favali]],<ref name="tortyur" />
* [[Liliosa Hilao]],
* [[Evelio Javier]],
* [[Edgar Jopson]],
* [[Emmanuel F. Lacaba|Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba]].

=====Civilian massacres=====
{{Expand section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:1986 rally against the Marcos Dictatorship in which protesters hold up images of Escalante Massacre victims.jpg|thumb|Protesters hold up images of Escalante Massacre victims]]

It is hard to judge the full extent of massacres and atrocities that happened during the Marcos regime due to heavy press censorship at the time.<ref name="inqWarPeaceValor">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Michael L.|title=War, peace and valor|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/73439/war-peace-and-valor|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=April 9, 2014}}</ref> Civilian massacres include the following:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Civilian massacres
!Location!!Date!!Group!!Perpetrator!!Casualties
|-
|[[Guinayangan]], [[Quezon]]|| February 1, 1981 || coconut farmers<ref name="ReyesAriateFQSAnniv20200311">{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2020 |title=Marcos and the First Quarter Storm Part II: Of Pillboxes and Firearms |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/marcos-and-first-quarter-storm-part-ii-pillboxes-and-firearm |website=Vera Files}}</ref> marched against the [[Coco Levy Fund scam|coco levy fund scam]].<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> ||The military opened fire on a group of 3000<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /> ||2 dead<ref name="GavilanMassacresList">{{cite web |date=October 23, 2018 |title=Massacres, incidents of violence against farmers |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/214987-list-massacres-incidents-of-violence-against-farmers-philippines}}</ref> and 27 wounded.<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres">{{cite news |last1=Doyo |first1=Ma. Ceres P. |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Martial law massacres |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/97552/martial-law-massacres |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tudela, Misamis Occidental]] ||August 24, 1981 ||The Gumapons [[Subanon people|Subanon]] family||Paramilitary members of the "Rock Christ", a fanatical pseudo-religious sect|| 10 of the 12 persons in the house were killed, including an infant.<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" /><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/asa350251982en.pdf |title=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 – 28 November 1981 |date=November 28, 1981 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Las Navas, Northern Samar]] ||September 15, 1981 || ([[Sag-od massacre]]) residents of Barrio Sag-od ||18 heavily armed security men of the San Jose Timber Corp. (owned by Enrile) who were also members of the Special Forces of the [[Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces|Civilian Home Defense Force (CHDF)]] and allied with the Lost Command (a paramilitary group pursuing insurgents) 
|45 men, women and children killed. 13 inhabitants survived.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Culasi, Antique]]|| December 19, 1981 || 400+ Culasi's mountain barangays protest a Philippine Constabulary company in their area and the reduction of taxes on farm products. ||Military
|Five dead and several injured<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
|  [[Talugtug, Nueva Ecija]]|| January 3, 1982 || Five men rounded up were killed||Military ||The military suspected them to be communist supporters.<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur]]|| February 12, 1982 || Possible NPA members||[[Ilaga]] || 12 dead.<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
|  [[Hinunangan, Southern Leyte]]|| March 23, 1982 || Masaymon barrio|| 357th PC company ||8 dead. Six were 3–18 years of age<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur]] || May 25, 1982 || Barangay Dimalinao 
|Airplanes bombed the community because communist rebels killed 23 soldiers two days earlier.<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />
|Initially 3 dead, 8 injured. Later 2 more dead.
|-
| [[Daet, Camarines Norte]] || June 14, 1982 || People from different barrios marched to denounce "fake elections", [[Coco Levy Fund scam|Cocofed]], and to demand an increase in [[copra]] prices.|| Military
|6 dead, 50+ injured<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Pulilan, Bulacan]] || June 21, 1982 || Peasant organizers ||Military - 175th PC Company ||5 dead<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Labo, Camarines Norte]] || June 23, 1982 || Unidentified men ||45th Infantry Battalion's Mabilo detachment ||5 dead.<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| Roxas, [[Zamboanga del Norte]] |||| Family members<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|Military/militia
|8 dead
|-
| [[Gapan|Gapan, Nueva Ecija]] |||| Bautista family ||Unidentified men in camouflaged uniforms||5 dead<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" /><ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" />
|-
| [[Escalante, Negros Occidental]] || September 20, 1985||  [[Escalante massacre]]<ref name="bulatlat-Escalante" /> 5000 farmers, students, fisherfolk, and religious clergy ||About 50 firemen, Regional Special Action Forces (RSAF) and [[Civilian Home Defense Forces|Civilian Home Defense Force]] (CHDF) || 20-30 dead<ref name="marcosMartialLawNeverAgain" />  30 wounded.<ref name="bulatlat-Escalante">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/4-33/4-33-escalante.html |title=19 Years After 'Bloody Thursday,' Terror Still Stalks Escalante |last=Ombion |first=Karl G. |date= September 19, 2004 |website=www.bulatlat.com |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref>
|}

=====Muslim massacres=====
{{Expand section|date=October 2017}}

Thousands of Moros were killed during the Marcos regime. They formed insurgent groups and separatist movements such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF), which became more radical with time.<ref name="inqMuslimsMartialLaw">{{cite news|last=Tan |first=Michael L. |title=Muslims, martial law |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/61357/muslims-martial-law |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=September 17, 2013}}</ref> The Marcos regime killed hundreds of Moros before imposing martial law.<ref name="abscbnTacubMassacre">{{cite news|last1=Mawallil|first1=Amir|title=Before Martial Law, there was the Tacub Massacre|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/06/16/opinion-before-martial-law-there-was-the-tacub-massacre|date=October 7, 2016|ref=[[ABS-CBN News]]}}</ref> The number of Moro victims killed by the Army, Philippine Constabulary, and the Ilaga (a government-sanctioned<ref name="veraPalimbangMassacre">{{cite news|title=Vera Files Fact Sheet: Palimbang massacre and Marcos' other transgressions against the Bangsamoro|url=http://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-sheet-palimbang-massacre-and-marcos-other-tr|publisher=Vera Files|date=September 24, 2017}}</ref> terrorist cult notorious for [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and [[land grabbing]] that served as members of the CHDF)<ref name="inqMartialLawMassacres" /> reached as high as 10,000 lives.<ref name="pcijMindanaoMemoryMassacres" /><ref>{{cite thesis|title=The Liberation Movements in Mindanao: Root Causes and Prospects for Peace|first= Marjanie Salic |last=Macasalong}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Known massacres of Moros
! Name!! Date !! Perpetrator!!Casualties || Context
|-
| [[Jabidah Massacre]] ||March 1968 |||| 11 to 68 killed|| Aftermath of an aborted operation to destabilize [[Sabah]], [[Operation Merdeka]].
|-
| Multiple ||1970-1971|| pro-government militias such as the [[Ilaga]] ||21 massacres 518 dead, 184 injured and 243 houses burned down.<ref name="inqMorosRecallMassacres">{{cite news|last1=Maulana|first1=Nash B.|title=Moros recall massacres under Marcos|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/810366/moros-recall-massacres-under-marcos|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=August 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="pcijMindanaoMemoryMassacres" />||
|-
| Tacub Massacre in [[Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte]]|| 1971 || Dozens dead||Military||five truckloads of displaced resident voters were stopped at a  checkpoint. Summary execution.<ref name="abscbnTacubMassacre" />
|-
| [[Manili massacre]] || June 1971 ||suspected [[Ilaga]] and Philippine Constabulary||70-79 dead||including women and children, killed inside a mosque.<ref name="inqMorosRecallMassacres" />
|-
| The Burning of [[Jolo, Sulu]]<ref name="inqWarPeaceValor" /> || February 7–8, 1974|| 1,000 and possibly up to 20,000 dead||Military||fires and destruction in Jolo .<ref name="inqJoloToMarawi">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Michael L.|title=From Jolo to Marawi|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/104299/from-jolo-to-marawi|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=May 26, 2017}}</ref> "the worst single atrocity to be recorded in 16 years of the Mindanao conflict" by the April 1986 issue of the Philippines Dispatch.<ref name="philippinesDispatchBurningJolo">{{cite news|title=The Burning of Jolo|url=https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/major-events/1974-burning-of-jolo-2/burning-of-jolo-mnlf-account/|access-date=October 9, 2017|issue=Third Week|publisher=Philippines Dispatch|date=April 1986}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malisbong Massacre]] || September 1974|| 1,500 men were killed inside a mosque, 3,000 women and children were detained, and about 300 women raped<ref name="inqMorosRecallMassacres" />||Philippine Constabulary||
|-
| [[Pata Island massacre#Retaliation|Pata Island massacre]] ||1982 ||3,000 [[Tausūg people|Tausug]] civilians, including women and children dead||Military<ref name="inqMorosRecallMassacres" />||
|-
| Tong Umapoy Massacre || 1983 || 57 dead||Navy || attacked a passenger boat en route to an athletic event in [[Bongao, Tawi-Tawi]].<ref name="veraPalimbangMassacre" />
|}

====Family denial====
{{Main|Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos}}

Marcos family members deny any human rights violations.<ref name="martialLawHorrorsFabricated">{{cite news |title=Vera Files Fact Check: Bongbong Marcos falsely claims martial law horrors fabricated |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-bongbong-marcos-falsely-claims-martial |publisher=[[Vera Files]] |date=January 17, 2020}}</ref>

Bongbong Marcos describes stories of human rights abuses as "self-serving statements by politicians, self-aggrandizement narratives, pompous declarations, and political posturing and propaganda."<ref name="mlLateStrongmanSon">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Kimberly Jane|title=Martial Law in the eyes of the late strongman Marcos' son|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/275044/martial-law-in-the-eyes-of-the-late-strongman-marcos-son/story/|publisher=[[GMA News]]|date=September 21, 2012}}</ref><ref name="enrilesMemoir">{{cite news|last1=Quimpo|first1=Susan|title=Enrile's memoir gives me sleepless nights|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/opinion/content/278235/enrile-s-memoir-gives-me-sleepless-nights/story/|publisher=[[GMA News]]|date=October 14, 2012}}</ref>

Imee called the allegations political accusations. According to her, "If what is demanded is an admission of guilt, I don't think that's possible. Why would we admit to something we did not do?"<ref name="politicalAccusations">{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Cathrine |title=Imee says HR abuses during father's rule are just 'political accusations' |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1043463/imee-says-hr-abuses-during-fathers-rule-are-just-political-accusations |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>

===Ill-gotten wealth ===
{{Main|Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family|Marcos mansions|Marcos jewels}}
{{See also|Presidential Commission on Good Government}}In 2012, the [[Philippine Supreme Court]] ruled all Marcos assets beyond legally declared earnings/salary to be ill-gotten wealth<ref name="scImeldaMarcosvsRP">{{cite court |litigants=Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, vs. Republic of the Philippines |opinion=G.R. No. 189505 |court=Supreme Court of the Philippines |date=April 25, 2012 |url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2012/april2012/189434.htm}}</ref> and such wealth to have been forfeited to the government or human rights victims.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/54454/marcoses-lose-us-appeal|title=Marcoses lose US appeal}}</ref>

According to the [[Presidential Commission on Good Government]] (PCOG), the Marcos family and their cronies looted so much wealth from the Philippines that investigators have not determined precisely how many billions were stolen.<ref name="NYTimesHuntForMarcosBillions">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/31/world/hunt-for-marcos-s-billions-yields-more-dead-ends-than-hard-cash.html?src=pm&pagewanted=1&pagewanted=all|title=Hunt for Marcos's Billions Yields More Dead Ends Than Hard Cash|author=Mydans, Seth|work=The New York Times|date=March 31, 1991}}</ref> PCOG estimated that Marcos stole around $5 billion to $10 billion,<ref name="theDiplomatEndof30">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/01/end-of-30-year-hunt-for-marcos-billions/|title=End of 30-Year Hunt for Marcos Billions?|author=Hunt, Luke |publisher=The Diplomat, Asian Beat section|date=January 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="marcosMissingMillions">{{cite magazine|url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/1566/marcos_missing_millions|title=Marcos' Missing Millions|author=Komisar, Lucy|magazine=[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]]|date=August 2, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ezrow, Natasha M. |author2=Franz, Erica|title=Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders|publisher=Continuum Publishing|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4411-7396-6|page=135|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=hOzp3xgL1FwC|page=135}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Henry, James S. |author2=Bradley, Bill|chapter=Philippine Money Flies|title=The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|isbn=978-1-56025-715-8|page=43|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=BzOKgoNfw1AC}}}}</ref> while earning an annual salary equivalent to US$13,500.<ref name="The10BQuestion">{{cite news |author=Nick Davies |date=May 7, 2016 |title=The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508114514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies |archive-date=May 8, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Among the sources of the Marcos wealth are alleged to be diverted foreign aid, military aid (including to Marcos for sending Filipino troops to Vietnam) and kickbacks from public works contracts.<ref name="timeTakingTollMartialLawVictims">{{cite news |work=ABS-CBN News |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/07/09/15/time-taking-its-toll-martial-law-victims |title=Time taking its toll on martial law victims |first=Gerry |last=Lirio}}</ref>

In 1990, Imelda Marcos was acquitted of charges that she raided the Philippine treasury by a US jury. She was acquitted because the jury deemed that US did not have jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Glaberson |first=William |title=The Marcos Verdict; The 'Wrong' Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/03/nyregion/the-marcos-verdict-the-wrong-court.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 3, 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/03/nyregion/marcos-verdict-marcos-cleared-all-charges-racketeering-fraud-case.html|title=The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case|first=Craig|last=Wolff|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 3, 1990}}</ref> In 1993, she was convicted of graft in Manila for entering into three unfavourable lease contracts between a government-run transportation agency and another government-run hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/world/marcos-convicted-of-graft-in-manila.html|title=Marcos Convicted of Graft in Manila|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 24, 1993}}</ref> In 1998, the Philippine Supreme Court overturned her conviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/187295.stm|title=Imelda Marcos acquitted|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2008, Philippine trial court judge Silvino Pampilo acquitted Imelda of 32 counts of illegal money transfer<ref name="nyTimesImeldaAcquitted">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/world/asia/11phils.html|title=Imelda Marcos Acquitted, Again|work=The New York Times|date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> from the 1993 graft conviction.<ref name="imeldaGraft1993">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/24/world/marcos-convicted-of-graft-in-manila.html|title=Marcos Convicted of Graft in Manila|date=September 24, 1993|work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2010, she was ordered to repay the Philippine government almost $280,000 for funds taken in 1983.<ref name="imeldaMarcosFastFacts">{{cite web |author= |date=January 24, 2013 |title=Imelda Marcos Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/24/world/asia/imelda-marcos-fast-facts/ |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> In 2012, a US Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit upheld a contempt judgement against Imelda and Bongbong for violating an injunction barring them from dissipating their assets, and awarded $353.6 million to human rights victims.<ref name="marcosLosesUSAppeal">{{cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/54454/marcoses-lose-us-appeal|title=Marcoses lose US appeal|author=Gil Cabacungan|date=October 29, 2012|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> As of October 2015, she faced 10 graft charges, and 25 civil cases,<ref name="wsj.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323494504578343254294114668|title=Hunt for Marcos Riches Winds Down|first=Rhea|last=Sandique-Carlos|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 7, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name="newsinfo.inquirer.net">{{cite news|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/734042/imelda-marcos-allowed-to-travel-to-singapore-despite-graft-cases|title=Imelda Marcos allowed to travel to Singapore despite graft cases|first=Marc Jayson|last=Cayabyab}}</ref> down from 900 in the 1990s, as most cases were dismissed for lack of evidence.<ref name="gmanetwork.com">{{cite news|title=Imelda Marcos and her road to vindication|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/188960/news/nation/imelda-marcos-and-her-road-to-vindication|access-date=August 25, 2013|work=GMA News|date=April 10, 2010}}</ref>{{Update after|2018|11|9}}

In the 2004 ''Global Corruption Report'', Marcos appeared in the list of the world's most corrupt leaders, behind [[Suharto]].<ref name="transparency.org">{{cite web|title=Global Corruption Report|url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704093500/http://www.transparency.org/content/download/4459/26786/file/Introduction_to_political_corruption.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2007|access-date=August 6, 2009|publisher=Transparency International}}</ref> One of Marcos's former Ministers of industry, [[Vicente Paterno]],<ref name="paterno1">{{cite book|url=http://raissarobles.com/2014/11/29/just-before-dying-vicente-paterno-called-dictator-ferdinand-marcos-a-thief/|title=On My Terms|last=Paterno|first=Vicente|publisher=Anvil|date=2014}}</ref> noted that while the amount stolen by Marcos's regime probably fell short of Suharto, Marcos invested outside the Philippines, whereas Suharto mostly invested at home.<ref name="paterno1" />

The [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' (ICIJ) exposé of [[offshore leaks]] accused Imee  of hiding wealth in [[tax haven]]s in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name="ICIJ Secret Files Expose">{{cite news|title=Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact|url=http://www.icij.org/offshore/secret-files-expose-offshores-global-impact |access-date=April 4, 2013|work=ICIJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcij.org/stories/bir-chief-ready-to-investigate-pinoys-with-offshore-accounts/|title=BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts|access-date=October 22, 2013|archive-date=December 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204112407/http://pcij.org/stories/bir-chief-ready-to-investigate-pinoys-with-offshore-accounts/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, Imelda's former secretary Vilma Bautista was sentenced to prison for conspiring to sell a [[Monet]], [[Sisley]], and other masterpieces.<ref name="inqMarcosSecretaryMonet">{{cite news |title=Imelda Marcos' ex-secretary sentenced over stolen masterpieces |url=http://usa.inquirer.net/8530/imelda-marcos-ex-secretary-sentenced-theft-masterpieces |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=December 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/nyregion/aide-to-imelda-marcos-is-sentenced-in-sale-of-masterpieces.html |title=Former Marcos Aide Sentenced in Art Sale |first=James C. Jr. |last=Mckinley |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 13, 2014}}</ref>

On May 9, 2016, ICIJ released the [[Panama Papers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://panamapapers.icij.org/blog/20160509-offshore-database-release.html |title=ICIJ releases database revealing thousands of secret offshore companies |last=Guevara |first=Marina Walker |work=icij.org |date=May 9, 2016}}</ref> Imee and Irene<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?c=PHL&cat=2&e=&q=marcos&utf8=%E2%9C%93|title=Search results for marcos|work=icij.org}}</ref> were named, along grandsons Fernando Manotoc, Matthew Joseph Manotoc, and Ferdinand Richard Manotoc, his son-in-law Gregorio Maria Araneta III,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=araneta&c=PHL&e=&commit=Search |title=Search results for araneta |work=icij.org}}</ref> including his son-in-law Tommy Manotoc's relatives Ricardo Gabriel Manotoc and Teodoro Kalaw Manotoc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=kalaw&c=PHL&e=&commit=Search |title=Search results for kalaw |work=icij.org}}</ref>

On September 3, 2017, then President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] said the Marcos family was ready to transfer their wealth to the government.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/09/03/president-rodrigo-duterte-marcos-settle-family-wealth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903011355/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/09/03/president-rodrigo-duterte-marcos-settle-family-wealth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |title=Duterte: Marcoses offer settlement on family wealth}}</ref> In January 2018, a draft House Bill proposing a settlement and immunity for the Marcoses was received by the Duterte government in July 2017.<ref name="cnnMarcosDealDuterte">{{cite news |last1=Bacungan |first1=VJ |title=Marcos loyalist proposes deal with gov't on Marcos wealth |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/01/ferdinand-marcos-oliver-lozano-deal-wealth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104213945/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/01/ferdinand-marcos-oliver-lozano-deal-wealth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |work=CNN Philippines |date=January 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="fbDuterteMarcosHousebill">{{cite web |title=Facebook Gallery: Draft Bill on Compromise Deal Between Marcos and Duterte Government |url=https://www.facebook.com/aleckspabico/posts/10156047759436214 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/172552851213/10156047759436214 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |publisher=Friends of Alecks Pabico}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Overseas investments ====
{{Excerpt|Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family}}

===Monopolies===
[[File:Marcos in Washington 1983.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand Marcos in Washington, 1983]]{{Excerpt|Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)}}

===Infrastructure and edifices===
{{Main|Edifice complex}}
[[File:Dagupan Bus Aircon at NLEX 1999 - Flickr.jpg|thumb|A 1999 view of the [[San Fernando, Pampanga|San Fernando]] segment of [[North Luzon Expressway]], one of Marcos's infrastructure projects]]

Marcos projected himself to the public as building vast construction projects, and his record upholds that reputation.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=128}} A 2011 study Marcos was the president who spent the most on infrastructure in terms of annual spending.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/viewFile/679/144 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408140742/http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/viewFile/679/144 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |title=The Economic Legacy of Marcos |last=Sicat|first=Gerardo P. |journal=Discussion Paper|publisher=University of the Philippines School of Economics|date=November 2011}}</ref> Most of these projects were paid for with foreign currency loans<ref name="theMarcosDebt">{{cite news |author=Eduardo C. Tadem |date=November 24, 2016 |title=The Marcos debt |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/99481/the-marcos-debt |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref><ref name="theEdificeComplex" /> at great cost to taxpayers.<ref name="gma7edifice" /><ref name="Romero2008" />{{rp|page=89}}

Projects included hospitals<ref>{{cite web |last=Arillo |first=Cecilio |date=November 13, 2015 |title=Marcos's unmatched legacy: Hospitals, schools and other infrastructures |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-hospitals-schools-and-other-infrastructures/ |website=[[BusinessMirror]]}}</ref> such as the [[Philippine Heart Center]], [[Lung Center of the Philippines|Lung Center]], and [[National Kidney and Transplant Institute|Kidney Center]], transportation infrastructure like [[San Juanico Bridge]] (formerly Marcos Bridge), [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pncc.ph/projects_slex.htm|title=PNCC::dot::Ph|website=www.pncc.ph}}</ref> and [[Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1|Manila Light Rail Transit (LRT)]]. Cultural and heritage sites including the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Nayong Pilipino, [[Philippine International Convention Center]] and the ill-fated Manila Film Center were built as well.

This focus on infrastructure eventually earned the label "edifice complex".<ref name="theEdificeComplex">{{cite book|title=The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World|last=Sudjic|first=Deyan|publisher=The Penguin Press HC|date=November 3, 2015|isbn=978-1-59420-068-7|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=dkMWqPgjvFIC|page=139}}}}</ref><ref name="gma7edifice">{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/274389/lifestyle/healthandwellness/masagana-99-nutribun-and-imelda-s-edifice-complex-of-hospitals|title=Masagana 99, Nutribun, and Imelda's 'edifice complex' of hospitals|date=September 20, 2012|last1=Lapeña|first1=Carmela G.|last2=Arquiza|first2=Yasmin D.|work=GMA News}}</ref><ref name="Lico2003" />

Marcos' spending on construction has been claimed to be intended to position Imelda Marcos as a patron of the arts.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch12">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Life Under Marcos}}</ref>{{rp|page=169}} This effort was so large that by 1977–1980, projects in the "conspicuous capital outlays" category had ballooned from a negligible amount to 20% of the Philippines' capital outlays.<ref name="Romero2008">{{Cite book |last=Romero |first=Jose V. |title=Philippine Political Economy Volume 2: The Marcos Years (1965–1986) |publisher=Central Book Supply |year=2008 |isbn=978-971-691-889-2 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=302100329 |author-link=Jose V. Romero Jr.}}</ref>{{rp|pages="88–89"}}

These projects were typically constructed on a rush basis,<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch12" />{{rp|page=169}} often compromising structural safety.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Afinidad-Bernardo |first=Deni Rose M. |title=Edifice complex: 31 years of amnesia |url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/building-spree |access-date=April 18, 2019 |work=The Philippine Star}}</ref>

The most controversial projects included

* [[CCP Complex|Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex]], a 77-hectare<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pea.gov.ph/13-bay-city/24-cultural-center-of-the-philippines|title=Cultural Center of the Philippines|website=PEA |access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071019/http://www.pea.gov.ph/13-bay-city/24-cultural-center-of-the-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref> reclaimed property in Pasay.<ref name=":3" /> He appointed a seven-member board of trustees, who elected Imelda as its chair.<ref name=":3" /> The budget grew from P15 million to P63 million.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://business.inquirer.net/236962/imelda-marcos-edifice-complex|title=Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'|last=de Villa|first=Kathleen |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref>
* The San Juanico Bridge is part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and links the provinces of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar (province)|Samar]]. At {{convert|2.16|km}} in length, it is the Philippines longest bridge over water.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1006186|title=San Juanico, Eastern Visayas' iconic bridge, to be lit up by end of 2018 |author=TIEZA |date=March 22, 2018 |work=Philippine Information Agency|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> Construction began in 1969. It was inaugurated on July 2, 1973, in time for Imelda Marcos's birthday. The $22 million construction cost was acquired through Japanese Official Development Assistance loans.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012170044/http://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2009|title=7 in 10 ODA projects fail to deliver touted benefits |work=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |last=Lingin|first=Roel R. |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>
* The Manila Film Center began construction in January 1981 and cost $25 million.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Manahan |first=Tats |url=http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/ |title=The enduring nightmare of the Manila Film Center |website=rogue.ph |date=November 2015|access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092239/http://rogue.ph/enduring-nightmare-manila-film-center/ |archive-date=November 22, 2018}}</ref> To meet the January 1982 deadline for the Manila International Film Festival, 4,000 workers were employed to work three 24-hour nonstop shifts. The lobby was constructed in 72 hours by 1,000 workers.<ref name=":4" /> A scaffolding collapsed on November 17, 1981, killing multiple workers. Rescuers and ambulances were kept away for 9 hours after the incident.<ref name=":4" />

Marcos's signature agricultural program, [[Masagana 99]], launched on May 21, 1973,<ref name="Bettina">{{Cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/video/news/10/26/16/farmers-oppose-revival-of-marcos-masagana-99 |title=Farmers oppose revival of Marcos' 'Masagana 99' |last=Magsaysay |first=Bettina |work=ABS-CBN News |date=October 27, 2016|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name="GovPH-PD27">{{cite web |title=Presidential Decree No. 27, s. 1972 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/10/21/presidential-decree-no-27/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=June 2, 2020 |date=October 21, 1972}}</ref> to address a rice shortage.<ref name="MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah">{{Cite news |last1=Reyes |first1=Miguel Paolo P. |last2=Ariate | first2=Joel F. Jr. |last3=Del Mundo |first3=Lara Vinda |title='Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head – UP researchers |publisher=Vera Files |url=https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |url-status=live |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524143622/https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |archive-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref> Its goal was to raise yield from 40 to 99 cavans (4.4 tons) per hectare.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Kenneth|date=1989|title=Palay, Policy, and Public Administration: The 'Masagana 99' Program Revisited|journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration|volume=XXXIII|issue=1|pages=69–71}}</ref> The program pushed farmers to use high-yield seeds, fertilizer, and herbicides.<ref name="MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah" /> Initial success came from encouraging farmers to plant "Miracle Rice" (IR8),<ref name="Rowlatt20161201">{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |date=December 1, 2016 |title=IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38156350 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref> which funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] and [[Ford Foundation|Ford]] foundations, and the [[UP College of Agriculture]] through IRRI,<ref name="Chandler1992">{{Cite book |url=http://books.irri.org/9711040638_content.pdf |title=An Adventure in Applied Science: A History of the International Rice Research Institute |last=Chandler |first=Robert Flint |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |year=1982 |isbn=9789711040635}}</ref>{{rp|page=7}} which had been under development since 1962.<ref name="BillGanzel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |title=The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties |last=Ganzel |first=Bill |date=2007 |website=Wessels Living History Farm |publisher=Ganzel Group |access-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605030808/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> This increased rice production from 3.7 to 7.7&nbsp;million tons in two decades and made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13472/en |title=Rice paddies |publisher=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture |access-date=March 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121004605/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13472/en|archive-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904234658/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 4, 2007 |title=Agronomy: Rice of the Gods |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 14, 1968 |access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> The required switch to IR8 required more fertilizers and pesticides, helping multinationals, but not small, peasant farmers who often remained in poverty.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nadeau, Kathleen M.|title=Liberation theology in the Philippines: faith in a revolution|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| year=2002| isbn=978-0-275-97198-4| page=21 | url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=kAINJWo4IJ4C|page=21}}}}</ref>

Although Masagana 99 showed promising results, the years from 1965 to 1986 showed a complete paradox of events. The income per capita rose, the economy was growing, yet people were impoverished. The American economist [[James K. Boyce]] refers to his as an example of "immiserizing growth", when economic growth, and political and social conditions, are such that the rich get absolutely richer and the poor become absolutely poorer.<ref name="Marcos' Green Revolution">{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/marcos-green-revolution/246377/|title=Marcos' Green Revolution|date=February 22, 2016|work=The Manila Times|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2020}} The World Bank reported that crops (rice, corn, coconut, sugar), livestock and poultry and fisheries grew at an average rate of 6.8%, 3% and 4.5%, respectively from 1970 to 1980, and while the forestry sector declined by an annual average rate of 4.4% through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127005901/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 27, 2009|title=Philippine Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls|author1=Cielito F. Habito |author2=Roehlano M. Briones|publisher=World Bank|access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref>

===Logging and deforestation===
{{Further|Deforestation in the Philippines}}

The Marcos administration marked a period of intense logging,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colin |first1=Kahl |last2=Kahl |first2=Colin H. |title=States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World |year=2006 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12406-3 |page=85 |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=ltWfu4quplgC|page=85}} |access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> with commercial logging accounting for 5% of GDP product in the first half of the 1970s. This was the result of Japanese construction demand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dauvergne |first1=Peter |title=Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia |year=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-54087-2 |pages=134–135 |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=wyXMKFa7kCcC|page=134}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |work=The Japan Environmental Council |title=The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003 |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-4-431-67945-5 |url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ|page=107}} |pages=106–107 |access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> Timber products became a top export, but little attention was paid to deforestation's  environmental impacts.<ref name="grafStaggering3">{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/03/23/marcos-graft-staggering/|title=Marcos Graft Staggering – Investigators Trace Billions In Holdings|last=Crewdson|first=John|date=March 23, 1986|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name="BoycePolEcoEnvironment">{{cite book|author=Boyce, James K.|title=The political economy of the environment|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-1-84376-108-2|pages=43–44|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=izGVtg8KE-YC|page=43}}}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, forestry collapsed because most accessible forests had been depleted – of 12 million hectares of forestland, about 7 million had been harvested.<ref name="grafStaggering3"/><ref name="BoycePolEcoEnvironment"/> The rate of forest destruction was about {{convert|300000|ha}} per year during the 1960s and 1970s, such that by 1981, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] classified 2 million hectares of Philippine forests "severely degraded and incapable of regeneration".<ref name="ShairaDeforestation">{{Cite news |work=GMA News|last=Panela |first=Shaira |date=September 21, 2012 |title=Greener on the other side: Deforestation in the wake of Martial Law |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/275014/scitech/science/greener-on-the-other-side-deforestation-in-the-wake-of-martial-law/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133740/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/275014/greener-on-the-other-side-deforestation-in-the-wake-of-martial-law/story/ |archive-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>

===Heavy industrialization===
In 1979, Marcos added 11 heavy industrialization projects<ref name="csmonotor19800919elevenindustrial">{{cite news |title=A range of 11 big industrial projects is in the works|work =Christian Science Monitor|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0919/091972.html|date=September 19, 1980}}</ref> to the economic agenda. The priority projects were:<ref name="csmonotor19800919elevenindustrial" />

* aluminum smelter
* copper smelter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasar.com.ph/content/our-story/our-story/|title=Our Story |work=PASAR}}</ref>
* integrated petrochemical complex<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnoc.com.ph/aboutpnoc.php?sectionid=ac587724-1514-11df-a7de-92d1637a39b1&menuid=b9077b2f-154e-11df-93b0-42bae035655c|title=Philippine National Oil Company|website=PNOC|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203121327/http://www.pnoc.com.ph/aboutpnoc.php?sectionid=ac587724-1514-11df-a7de-92d1637a39b1&menuid=b9077b2f-154e-11df-93b0-42bae035655c|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* integrated pulp and paper plant
* integrated steel mill
* phosphatic fertilizer plant
* alcogas industry
* cement industry expansion
* coconut industry integration 
* diesel engine manufacturing
* nuclear power plant

Other industrialization projects during the Marcos administration included 17 hydroelectric<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snaboitiz.com/?page_id=4727|title=Magat|website=www.snaboitiz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstgen.com.ph/our-business/our-power-plants/#Hydro|title=First Gen – Our Power Plants|website=www.firstgen.com.ph|access-date=September 11, 2016|archive-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419173029/http://www.firstgen.com.ph/our-business/our-power-plants/#Hydro|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[geothermal power]] plants.<ref name="energy.com.ph">{{cite web|url=http://www.energy.com.ph/edc-at-a-glance/who-we-are/|title=The Energy Development Corporation – Who We Are|website=www.energy.com.ph|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aboitizpower.com/generation/geothermal/apri/plants/|title=APRI Plants|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220911/https://aboitizpower.com/generation/geothermal/apri/plants/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Arillo |first=Cecilio |date=October 30, 2015 |title=Marcos's unmatched legacy: Energy |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-energy/ |website=[[BusinessMirror]]}}</ref> The commissioning of the Tongonan 1 and Palinpinon 1 geothermal plants in 1983 made the Philippines the world's second largest geothermal producers.<ref name="energy.com.ph" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lopezlink.ph/employee-news/milestones/7002-energy-development-corporation-milestones.html |title=Energy Development Corporation Milestones |website=lopezlink.ph}}</ref>

====Nuclear Power ====
The [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant]] (BNPP) is one of Marcos' six planned nuclear power plants.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/397/bataan-plant-sequel|title=The Bataan plant – The sequel|website=World Information Service on Energy|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> It stands in [[Morong, Bataan]], atop Napot Point that overlooks the [[South China Sea]]. Construction completed in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/09/01/67989/index.htm|title=The $2.2 Billion Nuclear Fiasco |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=September 1, 1986 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>

In 1974, National Power was negotiating with General Electric. However, Westinghouse energy company, hired Herminio Disini, a friend of Ferdinand Marcos to lobby for them. Westinghouse made a direct offer to supply a plant with two 620 MW reactors at a price of $500 million. The price estimate was raised to around $650 million because of such as fuel and transmission lines.<ref name=":5" /> Westinghouse won the deal. By March 1975, the price had increased to $1.1 billion.<ref name=":5" />

Numerous issues regarding safety and usability have emerged. After the [[Three Mile Island incident]], construction stopped. A safety inquiry revealed over 4,000 defects.<ref name=":5" /> The site was near the open sea and the then-dormant [[Mount Pinatubo]], and was within 25 miles of three geological faults.<ref name=":5" /> The project was discontinued in 1986 following the [[Chernobyl disaster]].<ref name=":4" />

Costs passed $2.3 million; loans were paid off only in April 2017, although maintaining the plant costs P40 million a year.<ref name=":4" />

===Educational system===
Marcos emphasized educational infrastructure during his first presidential term. He was more willing than previous presidents to use foreign loans to fund construction projects allowing him to construct more roads and school buildings than any previous administration.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=128}}

47 colleges and universities were established during Marcos's 21-year administration.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arillo |first=Cecilio |date=November 7, 2015 |title=Marcos's unmatched legacy: Education |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/marcoss-unmatched-legacy-education/ |website=[[BusinessMirror]]}}</ref>

The Philippine education system underwent two major periods of restructuring under Marcos: first in 1972 with ''Bagong Lipunan'' (New Society) and again in 1981 when the [[Fourth Philippine Republic]] was established.<ref name="Maca2018EducationLaborExport">{{cite journal |last=Maca |first=Mark |date=April 2018 |title=Education in the 'New Society' and the Philippine Labour Export Policy (1972–1986) |journal=Journal of International and Comparative Education |volume=7 |issue=1|pages=1–16 |doi=10.14425/jice.2018.7.1.1 |doi-access=free}} Maca, 2018.</ref>

''Bagong Lipunan'' marked the first major restructuring of Philippine education since Americans arrived around 1900.<ref name="Maca2018EducationLaborExport" /> It reoriented the teaching of civics and history<ref name="Maca2018EducationLaborExport" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abueva |first=Jose |title= Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1979 |editor-last=Rosenberg |editor-first=David |location=Ithaca |pages=35–36 |chapter=Ideology and Practice in the 'New Society'}}</ref> so that it would reflect ''Bagong Lipunan''<nowiki/>'s ideology of constitutional authoritarianism.<ref name="NaveraMetaphorizingMartialLaw" /><ref name="PalgraveNewHistoryofSEA">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs, M. C. |title=New History of Southeast Asia. |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-01554-9 |oclc=965712524}}</ref>{{rp|page=414}} In addition, it attempted to synchronize the curriculum with the administration's economic strategy of labor export.<ref name="Maca2018EducationLaborExport" />

The second restructuring in 1981 failed as the administration was distracted by economic crises.<ref name="Maca2018EducationLaborExport" />

===Metro Manila===
In 1975, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 824, placing the four cities and thirteen municipalities near the [[Manila (province)|Province of Manila]] under the administration of the Metro Manila Commission (MMC).<ref name="PD824">{{cite web|website=The LawPhil Project|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html|title=Presidential Decree No. 824 November 7, 1975. Creating the Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for Other Purposes|date=November 7, 1975|publisher=[[Arellano University School of Law|Arellano Law Foundation]]|access-date=March 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312121648/http://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_824_1975.html|archive-date=March 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The appointed head of the MMC was called a "governor".<ref name="notmmc">{{cite news|last=Cruz|first=Elfren|title=MMDA is NOT MMC|url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/10/31/1517031/mmda-not-mmc|access-date=July 31, 2018|work=[[The Philippine Star|Philstar.com]]|date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Marcos appointed Imelda as governor in 1976.<ref name="ButterfieldGov">{{Cite news|last=Butterfield|first=Fox|date=February 24, 1976|title=Governorship of Manila Is Increasing Powers of Imelda Marcos|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/24/archives/governorship-of-manila-is-increasing-powers-of-imelda-marcos.html|access-date=June 11, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The governorship was the republic's second most powerful office. Metro Manila then accounted for around 20% of the country's population and at least 70% of GDP. Its budget is second to the national government.<ref name=":1" />{{Better source needed|reason=Section "One author" tag has been addressed through the addition of other sources, but editor who put this tag on identified this reference as "partisan". Information is not uncommon so a better source may be desirable.|date=June 2020}} This increase in Imelda's political power led [[Carlos P. Romulo]] to describe her as the Philippines' "de facto vice president".<ref name="ButterfieldGov" />

=== The US–Marcos relationship ===
[[File:The Marcoses and the Johnsons dancing.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos with the Johnsons in 1966]]
[[File:Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos with the Nixons.jpg|thumb|Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos with the Nixons in 1969]]

All five American presidents from 1965 to 1985 maintained the US–Marcos relationship, mainly to protect and retain access to US military bases. However, the Philippines was just one of many US allies, while the US was the Philippines' only patron. Marcos worked to maintain close relations with the US. He relied on this connection to sustain his regime.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|last=Kessler|first=Richard J.|date=1986|title=Marcos and the Americans|journal=Foreign Policy|issue=63|pages=40–57|doi=10.2307/1148755|issn=0015-7228|jstor=1148755}}</ref>

Marcos strengthened his ties to the US government by actions such as sending two engineer battalions to the US in the Vietnam War. After South Vietnam fell, President Ford sought better security assistance from allies, such as the Philippines, while President Carter wanted to retain US military bases in the Philippines to guard the West's oil supply line from the Middle East.<ref name=":10" />

To obtain additional aid, Marcos often leveraged threats that caught US attention. To secure aid for his campaign, Marcos threatened to search every visiting American naval vessel. The US responded by assisting his campaign indirectly, injecting millions into the government's banking system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leifer|first1=Michael|last2=Thompson|first2=W. Scott|date=1977|title=Unequal Partners. Philippine and Thai Relations With the United States, 1965–75|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=50|issue=1|pages=168|doi=10.2307/2756162|issn=0030-851X|jstor=2756162}}</ref>

In another instance, when US military bases became an issue in the Philippines in1969, Marcos secretly assured the US he had no desire for an American withdrawal. He had received warnings from the Philippine embassy that US aid was at risk in Congress. Marcos returned to the implied threats. In one speech, he stated that the bases were a threat to regional peace and security, while reminding the US of its "solemn obligation" to continue aid.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Presidential Speeches |year=1979 |location=Manila |pages=275–277|chapter=Speech by Ferdinand E. Marcos before the UP Law Alumni Association}}</ref> In the last weeks of the Ford administration, Marcos rejected the US offer of $1 billion in mixed grants and loans as too small.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Books==
Marcos published various books during his term from 1970 to 1983, and a final offering was published posthumously, in 1990.<ref name="iLib">{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Marcos|url=http://ilib.upd.edu.ph/servlet/action/IntegratedSearch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212014057/http://ilib.upd.edu.ph/servlet/action/IntegratedSearch|archive-date=December 12, 2017|access-date=August 31, 2015|website=University of the Philippines Integrated Library System}}</ref> Apparently these books were written by [[ghostwriter]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reyes|first=Miguel Paolo|title=Producing Ferdinand E. Marcos, the Scholarly Author|journal=[[Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints]]|date=June 2018 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=173–218|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/697640|access-date=April 30, 2020|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]|doi=10.1353/phs.2018.0017|s2cid=149840669|url-access=subscription}}</ref> notably [[Adrian Cristobal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential Communications Reforms |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/presidential-communications/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325001851/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/presidential-communications/ |archive-date=March 25, 2018 |access-date=June 19, 2020 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Curaming |first=Rommel Argamosa |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=uV61DwAAQBAJ}} |title=Power and knowledge in Southeast Asia : state and scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines |isbn=978-0-429-79630-2 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |chapter=2. Genesis of Tadhana Project (Footnote 47) |date = October 10, 2019|oclc=1110656244}}</ref>
* ''National Discipline: the Key to Our Future'' (1970)
* ''Today's Revolution: Democracy'' (1971)
* ''Notes on the New Society of the Philippines'' (1973)
* ''Tadhana: the history of the Filipino People'' (1977, 1982)
* ''The democratic revolution in the Philippines'' (1977)
* ''Five years of the new society'' (1978)
* ''President Ferdinand E. Marcos on law, development and human rights'' (1978)
* ''President Ferdinand E. Marcos on agrarian reform'' (1979)
* ''An Ideology for Filipinos'' (1980)
* ''An introduction to the politics of transition'' (1980)
* ''Marcos's Notes for the [[North–South Summit|Cancun Summit]], 1981'' (1981)
* ''Progress and Martial Law'' (1981)
* ''The New Philippine Republic: A Third World Approach to Democracy'' (1982)
* ''Toward a New Partnership: The Filipino Ideology'' (1983)
* ''A Trilogy on the Transformation of Philippine Society'' (1990)

==Recognition==
* [[File:PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Chief Commander BAR.svg|55px]] Chief Commander of the [[Philippine Legion of Honor]] (September 11, 1972)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/briefer-on-the-philippine-legion-of-honor/|title=Briefer on the Philippine Legion of Honor|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>
* Man of the Year 1965, ''Philippine Free Press'' (January 1, 1966)<ref>{{cite web |work=The Philippine Free Press |title=Ferdinand E. Marcos, Man of the Year, 1965 |url=https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1966/01/11/ferdinand-e-marcos-man-of-the-year-1965/
|date=January 1, 1966}}</ref>
* [[File:Order of the Knights of Rizal Ribbon.png|55px]] Knight Grand Cross of Rizal of the [[Order of the Knights of Rizal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Story|url=https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|website=Knights of Rizal|access-date=January 24, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010658/https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Gabon}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Equatorial Star]]
* {{flag|Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (September 20, 1966)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/marcos-arrives-for-japan-visit-1.18414|title=Marcos arrives for Japan visit|work=Stars and Stripes|date=September 30, 1966}}</ref>
* {{flag|Romania|1965}}: [[Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic]] (April 9, 1975)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/05/05/presidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975/|title=President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606152717/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/05/05/presidents-week-in-review-april-7-april-13-1975/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Singapore}}: First Class (Honorary) of the [[Darjah Utama Temasek|Order of Temasek]] (January 15, 1974)<ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister (PM) Lee Kuan Yew and Mrs Lee posing for photograph with President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines and Mrs Imelda Marcos at state dinner at Malacanang Palace |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/def3a639-1161-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |website=National Archives of Singapore. |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235742/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/def3a639-1161-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |quote=the President conferring on PM Lee the Ancient Order of Sikatuna, rank of Rajah, and PM Lee giving him the Order of Temasek}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain|1945}}:
** Knight of the Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (December 22, 1969)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1969-54275|title=Decree 3249/1969, 22 December|work=BOE|date=December 23, 1969}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Crosses of Military Merit|Order of Military Merit]]
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Knight of the Most Auspicious [[Order of the Rajamitrabhorn]] (January 15, 1968)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Redmon |first1=Larry J. |title=An Overview of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Kingdom of Thailand |journal=The Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America |volume=51 |page=19 |url=http://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/2000/180108_JOMSA_Vol51_1_19.pdf |access-date=August 4, 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: First Class (Adipurna) of the [[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]] (January 12, 1968)<ref>{{Citation|title=Video Kunjungan Presiden Filipina Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr. di Indonesia Tahun 1968| date=January 14, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO-SlHyHC4g|accessdate=February 15, 2024|language=id-ID}}</ref>
* Marcos and Imelda, were jointly credited in 1989 by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' with the largest-ever theft from a government (an estimated 5 billion to 10 billion US dollars),<ref name="guinness1989">{{cite book|title=The Guinness Book of World Records 1989|year=1988|page=[https://archive.org/details/1989guinnessbook00mcfa/page/400 400]|isbn=978-0-553-27926-9|publisher=Bantam|url=https://archive.org/details/1989guinnessbook00mcfa/page/400}}</ref> a record that remained unbroken as of 2022.<ref name="guiness2020" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Hawaii|Politics|Law|Philippines|Switzerland|United States}}
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* ''[[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]]''
* [[Conjugal dictatorship]]
* [[Corruption in the Philippines]]
* [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)]]
* [[Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality]]
* [[Kleptocracy]]
* [[Rolex 12]]
* [[List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos]]
* [[List of South East Asian people by net worth]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
<!-- Per the ongoing situation (historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos), it would now be advisable to have a "sources" sub-section included (the existing reference list section will be under the "citations" sub-section of the "references" section), and (probably) have book and other multimedia sources in that section. -->
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor=Aquino, Belinda|title=Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene|publisher=Philippine Studies Program, Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii|year=1982}}
* [[Raymond Bonner|Bonner, Raymond]] (1987). ''Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy''. Times Books, New York {{ISBN|978-0-8129-1326-2}}
* Salonga, Jovito (2001). ''Presidential Plunder: The Quest for Marcos Ill-gotten Wealth''. Regina Pub. Co., Manila
* [[Sterling Seagrave|Seagrave, Sterling]] (1988): ''The Marcos Dynasty'', HarperCollins
* [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]: Philippines. ''The Inheritance from Marcos''

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Marcos|n=No|s=Author:Ferdinand Marcos|b=No|v=No}}
* [https://martiallawmuseum.ph/ The Martial Law Memorial Museum]
* [https://martiallaw.ph/ Digital Museum of Martial Law in the Philippines]
* [https://iskomunidad.upd.edu.ph/index.php/Marcos_Regime_Research The Marcos Regime Research (MRR) program] by the University of the Philippines Third World Studies Center
* [https://www.martiallawchroniclesproject.com/ The Martial Law Chronicles Project]
* [https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/ The Philippine Martial Law Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission Freedom Memorial website]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603204253/https://www.dnd.gov.ph/ferdinand-e-marcos.html|date=June 3, 2020|title=Ferdinand E. Marcos – Department of National Defense}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804093918/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_marcos.asp|date=August 4, 2008|title=Philippine government website on the country's presidents}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923032408/http://marcospresidentialcenter.com/|date=September 23, 2004 |title=Marcos Presidential Center}}
* {{IMDb name|1300894}}

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|title=Member of the [[Philippine House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Norte]]'s [[Ilocos Norte's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]] |years=1949–1959
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{{s-bef|before=[[Carlos P. Garcia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nacionalista Party]] nominee for President of the Philippines|years= [[1965 Philippine presidential election|1965]], [[1969 Philippine presidential election|1969]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]] nominee for President of the Philippines|years= [[1981 Philippine presidential election|1981]], [[1986 Philippine presidential election|1986]]}}
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{{The Marcoses}}
{{Navboxes
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Marcos, Ferdinand}}
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