View source for Federation of Malaya

{{Short description|Country in Southeast Asia (1948–1963)}}
{{about|a country that existed solely on [[Peninsular Malaysia]] from 1948 to 1963|the modern-day country of Malaysia which includes [[Sarawak]] and [[Sabah]]|Malaysia}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federation of Malaya
| native_name            = {{native name|ms|Persekutuan Tanah Melayu}}
| status                 = [[British protectorates|Protected state]] of the [[United Kingdom]] (1948–1957)<br>[[Sovereign state]] (1957–1963)
| common_name            = Malaya
| date_start             = 1 February
| year_start             = 1948<ref>{{cite web |title=Federation of Malaya is inaugurated - Singapore History |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/72e9ebe6-7a0f-4512-aa48-3da99d598525 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008002807/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/72e9ebe6-7a0f-4512-aa48-3da99d598525 |archive-date=8 October 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| population_census      = {{formatnum:5517222}}
| population_census_year = 1951
| event1                 = [[Malayan Declaration of Independence|Independence]]
| date_event1            = 31 August 1957
| event_end              = {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Agreement]]}}
| date_end               = 16 September
| year_end               = 1963
| life_span              = 1948–1963
| p1                     = Malayan Union
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Federated Malay States (1895–1946).svg
| p2                     = Crown Colony of Malacca
| flag_p2                = Flag of Malacca (1946-1957).svg
| p3                     = Crown Colony of Penang
| flag_p3                = Flag of Penang (1952–1957).svg
| s1                     = Malaysia
| flag_s1                = Flag of Malaysia.svg
| flag_type              = [[Flag of Malaysia#History|Flag]]<br>(1950–1963)
| image_flag             = Flag of Malaya.svg
| image_symbol           = Coat of arms of the Federation of Malaya.svg
| symbol_type            = {{nowrap|[[Coat of arms of Malaysia#Federation of Malaya|Coat of arms<br />(1952–1963)]]}}
| alt_coat               = 
| national_motto         = "Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu"<br>"برسکوتو برتمبه موتو " ([[Jawi script|Jawi]])
| national_anthem        = {{lang|en|[[God Save the King|God Save the King / Queen]]|italics=yes}}<br/>(1948–1957){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]}}<br>{{lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}<br/>({{lang|en|"My Country"}})<br/>(from 1957){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Negaraku 1957.ogg]]}}
| image_map              = Federation of Malaya.PNG
| image_map_caption      = Location of the Federation of Malaya (dark blue)
| capital                = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| coordinates            = {{coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}}
| official_languages     = [[Malaysian Malay|Malay]]
| recognised_languages   = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| government_type        = [[Federation]] as British [[protectorate]] (1948–1957)<br>[[Federation|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] (1957–1963)
| representative1        = [[Edward Gent]]
| representative2        = [[Henry Gurney]]
| representative3        = [[Gerald Templer]]
| representative4        = [[Donald MacGillivray]]
| year_representative1   = 1948
| year_representative2   = 1948–1951
| year_representative3   = 1952–1954
| year_representative4   = 1954–1957
| title_representative   = [[British High Commissioner in Malaya|High Commissioner]]
| title_leader           = Monarch
| leader1                = [[George VI]]
| year_leader1           = 1948–1952
| leader2                = [[Elizabeth II]]
| year_leader2           = 1952–1957
| leader3                = [[Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan|Abdul Rahman]]
| year_leader3           = 1957–1960
| leader4                = {{nowrap|[[Hisamuddin of Selangor|Hisamuddin]]}}
| year_leader4           = 1960
| leader5                = [[Putra of Perlis|Putra]]
| year_leader5           = 1960–1963
| title_deputy           = Head of government
| deputy1                = [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]<br>{{small|(as [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Chief Minister]])}}
| year_deputy1           = 1955–1957
| deputy2                = [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]<br>{{small|(as [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]])}}
| year_deputy2           = 1957–1963
| legislature            = [[Federal Legislative Council (Malaya)|Federal Legislative Council]]<br>(1948–1959)<br>[[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]]<br>(since 1959)
| upper_house            = [[Dewan Negara]] (Senate)<br>(since 1959)
| lower_house            = [[Dewan Rakyat]] (House of Representatives)<br>(since 1959)
| currency               = {{nowrap|[[Malayan dollar]]}} (1948–1953)<br/>{{nowrap|[[Malaya and British Borneo dollar]]}} (1953–1967)
| area_km2               = 131952
| time_zone              = [[Time in Malaysia|Malaya Standard Time]]
| utc_offset             = +7:30
| today                  = [[Malaysia]]
}}
{{History of Malaysia}}
{{Independence of Malaya}}

'''Malaya''',{{efn|{{langx|ms|Tanah Melayu}}}} officially the '''Federation of Malaya''',{{efn|{{langx|ms|Persekutuan Tanah Melayu}}; [[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو}}}} was a [[country]] in [[Southeast Asia]] from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the [[Malayan Union]] and, before that, [[British Malaya]]. It comprised eleven states – nine [[Malay states]] and two of the [[Straits Settlements]], [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]]. It was established on 1 February 1948.<ref name="Federation of Malaya Agreement">''See'': Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 21 February 1956  {{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Agreement}}</ref> 

Initially a [[self-governing colony]] of the [[United Kingdom]], Malaya became [[Sovereign state|fully sovereign]] on 31 August 1957,<ref name="am002">The UK Statute Law Database: [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by [[Malaysia]] when it united with [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]] (Sabah) and [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]].<ref name="am001">{{cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf |title=No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia |access-date=29 July 2010 |publisher=United Nations |work=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=July 1963 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204944/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011  }}</ref> [[Singapore_in_Malaysia#Separation|Singapore was expelled]] on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with [[Sarawak]] and [[Sabah]] – now collectively known as [[East Malaysia]] – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as [[Peninsular Malaysia]] or West Malaysia.

==History==
From 1946 to 1948, the eleven states formed a single British [[crown colony]] known as the [[Malayan Union]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Michael |last2=Pinder |first2=John |title=Multinational Federations |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134120864 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jS22ZtBzJ1MC&q=federation+of+malaya+11+states&pg=PA68 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082322/https://books.google.ch/books?id=jS22ZtBzJ1MC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=federation+of+malaya+11+states&source=bl&ots=pCUezoDfK4&sig=dVkUErlWcplf-W0-SmO6yuYjwLI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBmoVChMIwuCyp6y6xwIVRrsUCh2d5wZx#v=onepage&q=federation%20of%20malaya%2011%20states&f=false |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Due to opposition from [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states and introduced greater restrictions on the attainment of citizenship status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapping |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/endofempire00lapp |title=End of empire |date=1985 |publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-312-25071-3}}</ref>

Within the Federation, while the Malay states were [[protectorate]]s of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with [[British Malaya|Malaya]].

The Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page "Blue Book."<ref name="Constitution of Malaya announced">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perlembagaan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu-diumumkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Constitution Of The Federation Of Malaya Announced|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=23 December 1946|access-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913092838/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perlembagaan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu-diumumkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was signed on 21 January 1948 at [[Carcosa Seri Negara|King House]] by the Malay rulers, and by Sir [[Edward Gent]] as the representative of the British government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hale |first1=Christopher |title=Massacre in Malaya: Exposing Britain's My Lai |date=2013 |publisher=History Press |isbn=9780750951814 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-o6AwAAQBAJ&q=king+house+edward+gent&pg=PT302 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054633/https://books.google.ch/books?id=l-o6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT302&lpg=PT302&dq=king+house+edward+gent&source=bl&ots=n2-ss2NJ8C&sig=65nOsOZvdzM1pORAiBtWGIjFetQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMI_O7rmbK6xwIVwWsUCh3NbAOs#v=onepage&q=king%20house%20edward%20gent&f=false |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored.

The Federation [[Independence Day (Malaysia)|became independent]] from British colonial rule and became an independent member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] on 31 August 1957.<ref name="Federation of Malaya Agreement"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/31/newsid_3534000/3534340.stm |title=1957: Malaya celebrates independence |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as "Malaysia" when it federated with the British territories of [[Crown Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]], and [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]]; a claim to the latter territory was maintained by the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20550/volume-550-I-8029-English.pdf |title=United Nations Treaty No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963) |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210948/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20550/volume-550-I-8029-English.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20608/volume-608-I-8809-English.pdf |title=Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210257/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20608/volume-608-I-8809-English.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an [[Singapore|independent republic]] on 9 August 1965.<ref>''See'': the [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965]] and the [[Proclamation of Singapore]].</ref>

==List of member states==
* {{flag|Johor}}
* {{flag|Kedah}}
* {{flag|Kelantan}}
* {{flagdeco|Malacca|1951}} {{flag|Malacca}}<ref name ="Settlements of Penang and Malacca">''See'': The UK Statute Law Database: Formation of the [[Malay States]] and of the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/60/contents Settlements of Penang and Malacca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116185753/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/60/contents |date=16 January 2014 }} into a new independent Federation of States under [[Constitution of Malaysia|Federation of Malaya Constitution]]</ref>
* {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
* {{flag|Pahang}}
* {{flagdeco|Penang|1949}} {{flagdeco|Penang|1952}} {{flag|Penang|1957}}<ref name="Settlements of Penang and Malacca"/>
* {{flag|Perak}}
* {{flag|Perlis}}
* {{flag|Selangor|pre-1965}}
* {{flagdeco|Terengganu|1933}} {{flag|Terengganu}}

==System of government==
Prior to its independence, the government of the Federation of Malaya was headed by a [[British High Commissioner|British high commissioner]] with executive powers, assisted and advised by the [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|Federation of Malaya Executive Council]] and the [[Federal Legislative Council|Federation of Malaya Legislative Council]].
* The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members.
* The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council comprised the high commissioner as the council president, 14 official and 50 unofficial members representing the Straits Settlements, business groups and all races. Additionally, 9 State Council ''Yang Di Pertua'' (heads of state), [[Chief Minister|chief minister]]s and 2 representatives from the [[Straits Settlements]] became unofficial members.
* The [[Conference of Rulers|Malay Conference of Rulers]] would advise the high commissioner on immigration issues. The British Resident was replaced with a chief minister in each state of the federation.

===Conditions of citizenship===
The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement and naturalisation by application. Under the laws, the following were automatically granted citizenship:
# Citizens of the Sultan of any state
# [[British subjects]] born in Penang or Malacca who have lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
# British subjects born in the federation whose fathers were born or lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
# Anyone born in the federation, conversant in the Malay language and following Malay traditions in his or her daily life
# Anyone born in the federation whose parents were born and lived continuously for 15 years in the federation

Via naturalisation (by application), one could achieve citizenship, given these criteria:

# Born and lived for at least 8 of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made
# Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 of 20 years before the application was made

In both cases (via naturalisation), applications must be well-behaved, swear allegiance and clarify their reasons for living in the federation, and are fluent in either the Malay or the English language.

The Federation of Malaya, through its constitution, guarantees the rights and special position of the Malay people as well as rights, powers and sovereignty of the Malay rulers in their respective states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persekutuan-tanah-melayu-ditubuhkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Formation of The Federation of Malaya|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=1 February 1948|access-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913093335/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persekutuan-tanah-melayu-ditubuhkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Separation of powers of the federal and state governments===
The federation agreement (Perjanjian Persekutuan) set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states. The Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defence continued to be administered by the British government. The federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948.<ref name="Constitution of Malaya announced"/>

==Federation of Malaya Legislative Council==
[[File:CO 1069-504-06 (7893277526).jpg|thumb|right|Dato' [[Onn Jaafar|Onn bin Jaafar]] Mentri Besar of Johor, and President of the [[United Malays National Organisation]], unpacking the State and Federation of Malaya Agreements with Dr. W. Linehan, C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs, for the signatures of His Highness the Sultan of Johor, 1948]]
The [[Federal Legislative Council|Federation of Malaya Legislative Council]] held its first meeting in the Tuanku Abdul Rahman Hall, [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 1948. It was opened by the [[British High Commissioner|British high commissioner]] Sir [[Edward Gent]]. Attendees included the British [[Minister of State for Colonial Affairs|minister of state for colonial affairs]], [[Lord Listowel]]. The membership of the council was structured to include:
* the British high commissioner (as president);
* 3 ''[[ex officio]]'' members (namely the chief secretary, the financial secretary, and the attorney general);
* 11 "State and Settlement Members" (the president of the Council of State of each Malay state, and a member elected by each of the settlement councils)
* 11 official members; and
* 34 appointed "unofficial" members.

The unofficial members were required to be either Federation citizens or [[British subject]]s.

In 1948 the ethnic composition of the council was made up as follows:
* 28 Malay representatives, including all the [[chief minister]]s,
* 14 Chinese representatives,
* 6 Indian representatives, and
* 14 Europeans (the ''ex officio'' and official members).

Dato' [[Onn Jaafar]] stressed at the first meeting that the citizens of the Federation of Malaya did not want the interference of external powers in the affairs of the Federation; the Chinese representative Ong Chong Keng asserted that the Chinese people would be loyal to the Federation of Malaya. At this first council meeting, several minor committees were formed:
* the Standing Committee on Finance;
* the Election Committee; and
* the Committee of Privileges.

The first session passed the Kuala Lumpur City Bill, the Transfer of Power Bill, and the Loan and Debt Bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persidangan-pertama-majlis-perundangan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Inaugural Conference of The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=24 February 1948|access-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913095833/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persidangan-pertama-majlis-perundangan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Registration of PKMM rejected==
In 1950, the Federation of Malaya Government rejected the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya ([[Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya]], PKMM) as a legitimate political party. PKMM had two wings, namely Angkatan Pemuda Insaf and [[Angkatan Wanita Sedar]]. Initially, PKMM did not have communist leanings. After [[Mokhtaruddin Lasso]] was elected as the first PKMM president in October 1946, this party was influenced with communism. The Young Malays Union ([[Kesatuan Melayu Muda]], KMM) merged with PKMM, and [[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]] became the second PKMM president. Burhanuddin led PKMM toward the formation of [[Greater Indonesia|Melayu Raya]], a merger of [[Indonesia]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. In December 1947, Ishak Haji Mohamed became the third PKMM president and PKMM switched from communism to nationalism. PKMM tended against [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO) and colonisation. PKKM established the [[Pusat Tenaga Rakyat]] (PUTERA), a conglomeration of radical Malay Political Parties and then merged with the [[All-Malaya Council of Joint Action]] (AMCJA) which thoroughly opposed the 1948 Federation Agreement for the foundation of the Federation of Malaya. PKMM accused officials selected in the Federation of Malaya of being "puppets" of the "Colonial Office". For PKMM, there was no basis in "preparing Malaya as a democratic government".<ref>[http://www.arkib.gov.my/hids/readarticle.php?article_id=3920 Rejection of the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Judiciary===
The judicial system was a typical hierarchical structure consisting of lower courts, a High Court and a Court of Appeal. Successive chief justices were Sir [[Stafford Foster-Sutton]] (1950–1951) (afterwards [[Chief Justice of Nigeria]], 1955), Sir [[Charles Mathew (judge)|Charles Mathew]] (1951–1956) and Sir [[James Beveridge Thomson]] (1957–1963).

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Federation of Malaya Population<ref>''Annual Report on the Federation of Malaya: 1951'' in C.C. Chin and Karl Hack, ''Dialogues with Chin Peng'' pp.&nbsp;380, 81.</ref>
|-
! Ethnic Group
! colspan="2" | 1948
! colspan="2" | 1951
|-
! Malay
| align="right" | {{bartable|2,457,014||0.00005}}
| align="right" | {{bartable|2,631,154||0.00005}}
|-
! Chinese
| align="right" | {{bartable|1,928,965||0.00005}}
| align="right" | {{bartable|2,243,971||0.00005}}
|-
! Indian
| align="right" | {{bartable|536,646||0.00005}}
| align="right" | {{bartable|566,371||0.00005}}
|-
! Other
| align="right" | {{bartable|64,802||0.00005}}
| align="right" | {{bartable|75,726||0.00005}}
|-
!Total
|align="right" | 4,987,427
|
|align="right" | 5,517,222
|
|}

==Evolution of Malaysia==
[[Image:Malaysia tree diagram.svg|700px|Evolution of Malaysia]]

{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957]]
* [[Federal Legislative Council]]
* [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
* [[Malayan Emergency]]
* [[Reid Commission]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|q=no|n=no|v=no}}
{{Wikisource|Federation of Malaya Agreement}}
{{Wikisource|Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957}}
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-guidance.pdf Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Malaya] at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] (Pg. 52)
* The UK Statute Law Database: [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* United Nations Treaty Collection: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204944/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia]
* [https://legal.un.org/legislativeseries/pdfs/chapters/book14/book14_malaysia.pdf FEDERATION OF MALAYA AGREEMENT OF 5 AUGUST 1957]
* {{Commons category-inline|Federation of Malaya}}

{{Federation of Malaya}}
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[[Category:Federation of Malaya| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1957]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1963]]
[[Category:Malaya]]
[[Category:British Malaya]]
[[Category:Former countries in Malaysian history]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia|Malaya, Federation of]]
[[Category:Former British protectorates|Malaya, Federation of]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Malaya]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments in Malaya]]
[[Category:1940s in British Malaya]]
[[Category:1950s in British Malaya]]