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{{Short description|Pakistani politician and biographer (1893-1967)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Fatima Jinnah
| honorific-prefix    = ''Madar-e-Millat''<br>''Khatun-e-Pakistan''
| native_name         = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|فَاطِمَہْ جِنَاحْ}}}}}}
| native_name_lang    = ur
| image               = Fatima jinnah1.jpg
| caption             = 
| party               = [[All-India Muslim League]] <small>(1947)</small><br />[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] <small>(1947–1958)</small><br />[[Independent (politician)|Independent]] <small>(1960–1967)</small>
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1893|7|31|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Kathiawar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India {{small| (Now, [[Gujarat]], India)}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1967|7|9|1893|7|31|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Karachi]], [[West Pakistan]], Pakistan {{small| (Now, [[Sindh]], Pakistan)}}
| death_cause         = 
| relations           = See [[Jinnah family]]
| alma_mater          = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Doctor of Dental Surgery|D.D.S]])
| occupation          = Dental surgeon, stateswoman
| parents             = [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]<br>Mitthibhai Jinnah
| resting_place       = [[Mazar-e-Quaid]]
}}
'''Fatima Jinnah'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|فاطمہ جناح}}}}}} (31 July 1893{{Snd}}9 July 1967) was a Pakistani politician, stateswoman, author, and [[Activism|activist]].{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017}} She was the younger sister of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|founder]] and first [[governor-general of Pakistan]].{{sfn|Sarkar|2024}}

After obtaining a [[dental degree]] from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1923, she became the first female dentist in [[undivided India]]. She was a close associate and adviser to her brother, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After the [[independence of Pakistan]], she co-founded the [[All Pakistan Women's Association]], which played an integral role in the settlement of women migrants in the newly formed country. She remained the closest confidant of her brother until [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah#Illness and death|his death]]. After his death, Fatima was prevented from addressing the nation until 1951; her 1951 radio address was interrupted, which many believed was an attempt by the [[Liaquat Ali Khan government|Liaquat administration]] to censor her.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=199}} She wrote the book ''[[My Brother (book)|My Brother]]'' in 1955, but it was only published 32 years later, in 1987. Before publication, several pages were removed by [[Sharif al Mujahid]] of the [[Quaid-i-Azam Academy]], as they were deemed to be against the "[[ideology of Pakistan]]."{{sfn|Balouch|2014}} Fatima came out of her self-imposed political retirement in 1965 to participate in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|presidential election]] against President [[Ayub Khan]]. Despite winning the popular vote, Fatima lost the electoral college to Ayub Khan.

Fatima died in [[Karachi]] on 9 July 1967, sparking controversy with rumours of unnatural causes. Although her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, called for an inquiry, no official report was issued. Nearly half a million people attended her funeral in Karachi.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=250}}

Her legacy is associated with her support for [[civil rights]]. She is commonly known as ''Madar-e-Millat'' ("[[Mother of the Nation]]"),{{R|Ahmed-2005}} and ''Khatun-e-Pakistan'' ("Lady of Pakistan"), many [[Fatima Jinnah (disambiguation)|institutions and public spaces]] in Pakistan have been named in her honour.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=1}}

==Early life and education==
Fatima was born into the [[Jinnah family]] on 31 July 1893, the youngest of seven children to [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]] and his wife Mithibai, in [[Kathiawar]], [[Gujarat]], during the [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British India]].{{sfn|Smith|2008}} Fatima had seven siblings: four brothers — [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali]], Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Bachu — and three sisters — Rahmat, Maryam, and Shireen.{{R|Pirbhai-2017|Dani-1979|Beg-1986}} Of her siblings she was the closest to Muhammad Ali who became her guardian upon the death of their father in 1901.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005}} She joined the Bandra Convent in [[Bombay]] in 1902. In 1919, she was admitted to the highly competitive [[University of Calcutta]] where she attended the [[Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital|Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College]]. After she graduated, she opened a dental clinic in Bombay in 1923.{{sfn|Commire|2000}}

Fatima lived with her brother until 1918, when he married [[Rattanbai Petit]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia.com|2019}} Upon Rattanbai's death in February 1929, she closed her clinic, moved into her brother Muhammad Ali's bungalow to care for her niece [[Dina Jinnah]] and took charge of his house. This transition began the lifelong companionship that lasted until her brother's death on 11 September 1948.{{sfn|Ravikumar|2024}}{{sfn|Shaikh|2021}}

==Political career==
[[File:Jinnah lands at Lahore airport.png|thumb|Fatima accompanies her brother, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], as he arrives in Lahore in 1948 to discuss the Kashmir crisis.]]
Fatima accompanied her brother to every public appearance that he made.{{sfn|Ahmad|2004}} She travelled to [[London|London, England]] in 1930, returned to Bombay for a year, and then went back to England in 1931, where she lived for four years.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=62–67}} After she moved back to India, Muhammad Ali sought to make an independent homeland for Indian Muslims. She actively supported and campaigned for that cause. Muhammad acknowledged her contribution, especially when she stood by him during difficult times, offering encouragement and care.{{sfn|Encyclopedia.com|2019}} Although she never held political office, Fatima played an important role in supporting Muhammad Ali, particularly during his illness in 1943, which helped him continue his efforts toward the creation of Pakistan.{{sfn|Ziring|1994}} She supported the [[Two-nation theory]], which subsequently played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.{{sfn|Begum|Naz|2022}}

On 11 August 1947, Fatima attended the first session of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] from the visitor's gallery, symbolising her unwavering support for Muhammad Ali, who was elected its president.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=126}}

During the [[Partition of India|transfer of power]] in 1947, Fatima formed the Women's Relief Committee, which later formed the nucleus for the [[All Pakistan Women's Association]] (APWA).<ref name="nation">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-09 |title=Nation remembers Fatima Jinnah on 55th death anniversary |url=https://nation.com.pk/2022/07/09/nation-remembers-fatima-jinnah-on-55th-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref>

She also played a significant role in the settlement of [[Muhajir Urdu|Muhajirs]] in the new state of Pakistan.<ref name="nation"/>

===Role in women's movement===
Fatima played a significant role in mobilising Muslim women during the [[Pakistan Movement]]. At a time when most Muslim women were confined to household work and not actively involved in politics, her leadership helped change this dynamic. A separate women's organisation within the [[All-India Muslim League]] was created for that purpose. The movement then was led by Fatima as she headed a procession of the Central Committee. She urged the Muslim women to join in the Pakistan Movement.{{sfn|Begum|Naz|2022}}

She was leading a movement that brought thousands of women into the fold of the Muslim League; the movement came to be termed as women's movement. The women's movement was started by Fatima; she trained women for the forthcoming challenges and provided them training of National Guards, first aid training, etc., and also opened some educational institutes for them. In 1947, during the [[Civil disobedience movement]] against the Unionist Government of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], the women in [[Lahore]], under her leadership, were involved in processions and courting arrests.{{sfn|Begum|Naz|2022}}

===Views===
[[File:Fatima Jinnah.JPG|thumb|Statues of Fatima and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] at the [[Pakistan Monument]] in [[Islamabad]]]]
In 1949, during a visit to the [[North-West Frontier Province]], where [[provincialism]] and separatist sentiments had long been a concern, Fatima addressed a public gathering in [[Peshawar]]. She urged them to "[e]schew all personal and factionalism recriminations . . . [to] strengthen the hands of the popular government in all their nation-building programs." Similarly, in the polarizing [[1951 Punjab provincial election|Punjab elections of 1951]], her message to the public was to "vote fearlessly for the right person; do not be cowed down by threats or lured by promises. The vote is a sacred trust and not to be bought or sold." While she refrained from endorsing any specific side, her concerns grew later that year as defections from the Muslim League became increasingly visible. Speaking at a women's gathering in [[Multan]] in December 1951, she cautioned against provincialism, describing it as "the greatest danger to the stability of the state," and urged vigilance to prevent its spread.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=190–191}}

Her commitment to women's empowerment was evident in a speech delivered soon after the formation of the Punjab government under [[Mumtaz Daultana]] in 1951, where she proclaimed the "onward march towards emancipation and freedom of women" and noted their increasing participation in social, educational, and political activities, including roles as members of legislatures and the Constituent Assembly.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=132}}

In a 1953 [[Radio Pakistan]] broadcast on the death anniversary of Muhammad Ali, Fatima addressed the [[Kashmir issue]], stating that "Under the leadership of the [[Quaid-i-Azam]], 80 million [[Mussalman]]s got freedom from the clutches of two of the most powerful forces [British and Hindu]. Four million Mussalmans of [[Kashmir]] are now yearning for the taste of that freedom for themselves and for the [[right of self-determination]]." She questioned whether it should have been so difficult for Pakistan, as an established state, to assist [[Kashmiris]] in achieving their objectives.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=191}}

In the same broadcast, Fatima criticised the delays in drafting Pakistan's constitution and urged the Constituent Assembly to resolve not to disperse until its work was completed. She also highlighted "[[Sectarianism in Pakistan|sectarianism]]" and "provincialism" as key obstacles to Pakistan's progress, calling for their eradication. This speech followed the [[Persecution of Ahmadis|anti-Ahmadi violence]] earlier that year.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=192}}

In another message to the nation on Muhammad Ali's birthday in 1953, she addressed the people of [[East Bengal]], urging them to safeguard unity and avoid disunity during the upcoming elections. She encouraged them to reorganize and revitalize the [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Muslim League]], emphasizing its historic foundation in [[Dacca]] in 1906. Fatima publicly endorsed the Muslim League for the first time during the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial elections in East Bengal]]. She toured the region, urging people to vote for the party. However, her endorsement failed to resonate with the electorate, as the Muslim League faced significant resentment in Bengal, particularly due to the [[Bengali language movement|national language controversy]] and the underrepresentation of [[Bengalis]] in civil and military institutions. The [[All-Pakistan Awami League|Awami League]]'s victory in the election highlighted the widespread discontent with the Muslim League's leadership in the region.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=192}}

===Calls to enter active politics===
In 1954, following the rout of the [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Muslim League]] in [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|East Bengal's provincial elections]], numerous appeals emerged urging Fatima to assume a leadership role. A man from Karachi wrote, "A disconsolate nation turns to you as to a mother for solace… You alone can galvanize us once more into action and lead us along during the second stage of our march." Similarly, a journalist from [[Dhaka]] implored her to accept the presidency of the Muslim League, calling her "the ablest person to lead and guide this organization."{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=187–188}}

Support also came from various organizations, such as the City Muslim League chapter of [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad (Sindh)]], which declared in an open letter that Fatima was the only person "above personal jealousies and scruples" who commanded the "highest honour and regard of the masses." Calls for her leadership resurfaced in 1955, with the Karachi Bar Association passing a resolution urging her "to come forward and actively lead the nation," and again in 1958, after the death of Muslim League President [[Abdul Rab Nishtar]], when prominent women from the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan requested her to assume the party's leadership.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=188}}

Several women from the newly formed Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan, including [[Jahanara Shahnawaz]], wrote to Fatima requesting her to accept the presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League, with support from Muslim League chapters such as in [[Rahim Yar Khan]]. Additionally, a man from [[Lahore]] suggested Fatima organize a new party, criticizing the failure of existing political parties. A student from [[Rawalpindi]], excited by the possibility of Fatima leading the Muslim League, urged her to reconsider her decision to decline the presidency for the sake of the country.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=188–189}}

===1965 presidential election===
{{See also|1965 Pakistani presidential election}}
In 1964–65, Fatima accepted the nomination of the [[Combined Opposition Parties]] (COP) – a group of six opposition parties – to run against [[Ayub Khan]] in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election]].{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=29, 215}}{{sfn|Sprague|2020}} In her rallies in [[East Pakistan]], nearly 300,000 people thronged to see her in [[Dhaka]], and a million greeted her in [[Chittagong]] after a nearly thirty-hour train journey covering just 200 miles—delayed as crowds swarmed the tracks at every station, compelling her to appear so they could catch a glimpse of her. Addressing in Dhaka, she said: "On the one side is the road to dictatorship, on the other side there is freedom and human dignity . . . On the one side your destinies are in the pocket of one individual, on the other your destinies are in your own hands."{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=233}} The crowds hailed her as ''Madar-e-Millat'', (Mother of the Nation).<ref name="pakobserver1">{{cite news |title=Death anniversary of Fatima Jinnah tomorrow |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=101914 |newspaper= [[Pak Observer]] |access-date=12 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113538/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=101914 |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

Fatima distanced herself from the COP's Nine-Point program during her presidential campaign. While she supported adult franchise, she did not endorse the rest of the agenda. When questioned directly—such as during a meeting with tribal leaders in Peshawar on 10 December 1964—she responded that she was "no dictator" and believed that such issues, including the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, should be decided democratically in accordance with the will of the people.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=233}}

In her speeches, she argued that by coming to terms with India on the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Water dispute]], Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers to India. She narrowly lost the election, winning a majority in some provinces. The election did not involve direct democracy of the population, and some journalists and historians believe that if it had been a direct election she could have won.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=1965-01-15 |title=Pakistan: A Sorry Beginning |url=https://time.com/archive/6874953/pakistan-a-sorry-beginning/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aneeq |first=Aalene Mahum |date=2024-05-03 |title=Gender, Dissent and the Afterlives of the Pakistan Movement: Fatima Jinnah in the 1965 Elections |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=558–575 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2024.2344996 |issn=0085-6401|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Muhammad Ali Jinnah with sister Fatima Jinnah.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Wax statues of Fatima and her brother Muhammad Ali at [[Madame Tussauds]] in [[London]].]]


Between 31 October and 19 November 1964, elections were held to select 80,000 [[Basic democracy|Basic Democrats]], who were not affiliated with political parties but were actively courted by both Ayub and Fatima's camps. These individuals were intended to serve as the electoral college and represent the people's choice. They were tasked with voting in the presidential election scheduled for 2 January 1965.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|page=236}} There were two major parties contesting the election, the Convention Muslim League and the Combined Opposition Parties. The Combined Opposition Parties consisted of five major opposition parties. It had a nine-point program, which included restoration of direct elections, adult franchise and democratization of the 1962 Constitution. The opposition parties of Combined Opposition Parties were not united and did not possess any unity of thought and action. They were unable to select presidential candidates from amongst themselves; therefore they selected Fatima as their candidate.<ref name="Newspaper">{{Cite news |title=50 Years Ago Today: A message from Fatima Jinnah |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/748730/a-message-from-fatima-jinnah |date=2012-09-12 |newspaper=Dawn |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}}

Elections were held on 2 January 1965. There were four candidates: Ayub, Fatima, and two obscure persons with no party affiliation.<ref name="Newspaper"/>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}} There was a short campaigning period of one month, which was further restricted to nine projection meetings that were organized by the Election Commission and were attended only by the members of the Electoral College and members of the press. The public was barred from attending the projection meetings, which would have enhanced Fatima's image.<ref name="Newspaper"/>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}}

Ayub had a great advantage over the rest of the candidates. The Second Amendment to the Constitution confirmed him as president till the election of his successor. Armed with the wide-ranging constitutional powers of a President, he exercised complete control over all governmental machinery during elections. He utilized the state facilities as head of state, not as the President of the Convention Muslim League or a presidential candidate, and did not hesitate to legislate on electoral matters. Bureaucracy and business, the two beneficiaries of the Ayub regime, helped him in his election campaign. Taking advantage of political opportunities, he brought all the discontented elements together to support him; students were assured the revision of the University Ordinance and journalists the scrutiny of the Press Laws. Ayub also gathered the support of the [[Ulama]] who were of the view that [[Islam]] does not permit a woman to be the head of an [[Islamic state]].<ref name="Newspaper"/>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}}

Fatima had detached herself from the political conflicts that had plagued Pakistan after the founder's death. The sight of her moving through the streets of big cities, and even in the rural areas of a Muslim country, added to her popularity. She proclaimed Ayub to be a dictator. Fatima's line of attack was that by coming to terms with the [[Republic of India]] on the Indus Water dispute, Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers over to India. Her campaign generated tremendous public enthusiasm. She drew enormous crowds in all cities of East and West Pakistan. The campaign however suffered from several drawbacks. An unfair and unequal election campaign, poor finances, and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were some of the basic problems she faced.<ref name="Newspaper"/>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}} She was backed by a consortium of political parties and won two of Pakistan's largest cities, [[Karachi]] and [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Nadeem F. Paracha">{{Cite news |author=Nadeem F. Paracha |date=2014-05-04 |title=Fatima Jinnah: A sister's sorrow |newspaper=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1103505 |access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> The U.S. magazine, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], while reporting on the 1965 election campaign, wrote that Fatima faced attacks on her modesty and patriotism by Ayub and his allies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Ayub Khan Accused Fatima Jinnah Of Being An Indian And American Agent {{!}} Pak Tea House |url=http://pakteahouse.net/2009/11/26/when-ayub-khan-accused-fatima-jinnah-of-being-an-indian-and-american-agent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310174257/http://pakteahouse.net/2009/11/26/when-ayub-khan-accused-fatima-jinnah-of-being-an-indian-and-american-agent/ |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2016-09-14 |website=pakteahouse.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-12-25 |title=Pakistan: Trouble with Mother |newspaper=Time |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952-2,00.html#ixzz0XxXfKqWM |access-date=2016-09-14 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414174907/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830952-2,00.html#ixzz0XxXfKqWM |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Fatima won the popular vote in the presidential election of 1965. However through post-election rigging, coercion, and manipulation of the electoral college, Ayub got himself elected as the [[President of Pakistan]].<ref name="Nadeem F. Paracha"/> It is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot, she would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily manipulated. The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was contesting the highest political office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties, including the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] led by [[Maulana Maududi]], which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not hold the highest office in a Muslim country, modified their stance and supported the candidature of Fatima. The election showed that the people had no prejudice against women holding high offices, and they could be key players in politics of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/presidential-election/|title=Presidential Election &#124; Elections were held on January 2, 1965|date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Asghar |last=Ali|url=http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/western_feminism_or_rights_of_wo.htm|title=WESTERN FEMINISM OR RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM|website=www.irfi.org}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fatima Jinnah never married and stayed childless. Her unfinished biography on her brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ''[[My Brother (book)|My Brother]]'', was published by the [[Quaid-i-Azam Academy]] in 1987.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Death==
[[File:Fatima Jinnah Tomb.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Fatima Jinnah in Karachi|300px]]
Jinnah died in Karachi on 9 July 1967. Her death became the subject of controversy, with rumors suggesting unnatural causes, including suspicions of murder. However, there was no concrete evidence to substantiate these claims. Her nephew, Akbar Pirbhai, requested an inquiry, but after the provincial government took over the investigation, no official report was ever produced or made public. Rumors persisted, leading to a citizen's appeal for a judicial inquiry in 1972, which resulted in no further action.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2017|pages=248–249}} Her private last rites were performed according to Shia guidelines and the state-sponsored burial followed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/404111/the-quaid-and-the-quetta-massacre|title=The Quaid and the Quetta massacre|date=5 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/shias-and-their-future-in-pakistan/2915|title=Shias And Their Future In Pakistan}}</ref> She is buried next to her brother, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, at [[Mazar-e-Quaid]], Karachi.

During her funeral, common people were prevented from approaching her body, and no one was allowed to see her face before burial. Those who attempted to do so were met with force, including baton charges and tear gas. Rumors circulated that visible wounds were present on her body, leading to concerns about her death. Newspapers and editorials also raised questions about the circumstances of her death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balouch |first1=Akhtar |title=How Fatima Jinnah died — an unsolved criminal case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1159181 |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=24 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours and legacy==
[[File:Fatima Jinnah Park.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A monument in Fatima Jinnah Park containing a commemorative plaque. At this park, the government built a shiny tin statue of Jinnah.]]
Jinnah remained extremely popular and is considered one of the greatest female figures Pakistan has produced.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Hamid Khan |last=Wazir|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/31/fatima-jinnah-a-role-model-for-women-pmlq-women-wing-president/|title=Fatima Jinnah a role model for women: PMLQ women wing president &#124; Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Jinnah is a source of the awakening of [[women's rights]].<ref name="sundayguardianlive_1839">{{Cite web|first=Archana |last=Dalmia|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/people-society/1839-mother-superior|title=Mother Superior|date=14 November 2015}}</ref> 

In Pakistan, she rose to stand as Pakistan's national symbol, and unlike Ayub Khan who died in poor health and yet no honours were given him, Jinnah received tremendous honours from the society after her death.<ref>{{cite news |title=MPs asked to protect women's rights |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2003/07/29/nat35.htm |newspaper=Dawn |date=29 July 2003 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>

Several eponymous entities have been named in her honor. The notable ones are:<ref name="sundayguardianlive_1839"/> 
* [[Fatima Jinnah Colony]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah Dental College]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah Medical University]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah Park]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah Women University]]

== See also ==
* [[Jinnah family]]
* [[Pakistan movement]]
* [[List of Pakistan Movement activists]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist |refs=

<ref name="Ahmed-2005">{{harvtxt|Ahmed|2005}} "Fatima is known as the Madr-e-Millat, Mother of the Nation, in Pakistan."</ref>

<ref name="Beg-1986">{{harvtxt|Beg|1986}} "Bachu, the last having died in infancy."</ref>

<ref name="Dani-1979">{{harvtxt|Dani|1979}} "Had four sons: Mohammad Ali (the eldest), Ahmad Ali. Bunde Ali and Bachu. Four daughters: Maryam. Rahmat. Fatima and Shireenbai"</ref>

<ref name="Pirbhai-2017">{{harvtxt|Pirbhai|2017|page=26}} "But Fatima would be no more than 2 years old when her mother died giving birth to another child in 1895."</ref>

}}<!-- end LDR refs-->

== Bibliography ==
===Overview===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Akbar|author-link1=Akbar Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PA12|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|pages=12|date=12 August 2005|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-134-75022-1|access-date=7 October 2024}}
* {{cite news|last1=Balouch|first1=Akhtar|author-link1=Akhtar Balouch|title=The deleted bits from Fatima Jinnah's 'My Brother'|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1153284|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=27 December 2014|access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pirbhai|first1=M. Reza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4pDwAAQBAJ|title=Fatima Jinnah: Mother of the Nation|year=2017|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-14966-2|access-date=4 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Tanika|author-link1=Tanika Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKQCEQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT80|title=Religion and Women in India: Gender, Faith, and Politics, 1780s–1980s|date=October 2024|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=979-8-8558-0029-6|access-date=1 October 2024}}
{{refend}}

===Early life and background===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Commire|first1=Anne|author-link=Anne Commire|date=20 July 2000|title=Women in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zsOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177|pages=177–181|access-date=10 October 2024|publisher=[[Yorkin Publications]]|isbn=978-0-7876-4067-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Beg|first1=Aziz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeVtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA92|title=Jinnah and His Times: A Biography|pages=92|year=1986|publisher=Babur & Amer Publications|access-date=8 June 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Dani|editor-first1=Ahmad Hasan|editor-link1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3JCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52|title=World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|page=52|access-date=8 June 2025}}
*<!--Encyclopedia.com-->{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/jinnah-fatima-1893-1967|title=Jinnah, Fatima (1893–1967|year=2019|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia.com]]|access-date=9 October 2024|ref={{harvid|Encyclopedia.com|2019}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ravikumar|first1=Mallika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUkYEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT342|title=565: The Dramatic Story of Unifying India|date=20 August 2024|publisher=[[Hachette India]]|isbn=978-93-91028-59-6|access-date=11 October 2024}}
* {{cite news|last1=Shaikh|first1=Muhammad Ali|author-link1=Muhammad Ali Shaikh|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1665893|title=History: The Women in Jinnah's Life|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=26 December 2021|access-date=11 October 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Bonnie G.|author-link1=Bonnie G. Smith|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA653|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: Volume 1|pages=653|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |access-date=9 October 2024}}
{{refend}}

===Political career===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Ahmad|editor-first1=Riaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31|title=Pakistani Scholars on Madar-i- Millat Fatima Jinnah|year=2004|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR): Center for Excellence - [[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|page=31|isbn=978-969-415-073-4|access-date=11 October 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Begum|first1=Shahnaz|last2=Naz|first2=Asmat|url=https://ojs.jdss.org.pk/journal/article/download/246/152/277|title=Fatimmah Jinnah: A Political Leader|journal=Journal of Development and Social Sciences|volume=3|number=3|pages=162–173|issn=2709-6262|date=July–September 2022|doi=10.47205/jdss.2022(3-III)17|access-date=15 October 2024|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sprague|first1=Stanley B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Pakistan Since Independence: A History, 1947 to Today|pages=64–65|date=12 November 2020|publisher=[[McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4766-8151-1|access-date=27 May 2025}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ziring|first1=Lawrence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172211|title=Political Connections: Fatima Jinnah and Benazir Bhutto|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|volume=21|number=2|pages=67–79|jstor=30172211|issn=1940-1590|year=1994|doi=10.1080/00927678.1994.9933685|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=11 October 2024|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Jinnah|first1=Fatima|title=[[My Brother (book)|My Brother]]|publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam Academy]]|year=1987|isbn=969-413-036-0}}
* {{citation|last1=Noor|first1=Mah|title=Fatima Jinnah (1893-1967): Mother of the Nation|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/94125833/Fatima_Jinnah_Mother_of_the_Nation-libre.pdf?1668280973=&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFatima_Jinnah_Mother_of_the_Nation.pdf|website=[[Academia.edu]]|access-date=14 October 2024}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)}}
{{National symbols of Pakistan}}
{{Jinnah}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jinnah, Fatima}}
[[Category:Fatima Jinnah| ]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]

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