View source for Far East

{{Short description|Geographical term for eastern Asia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Far East
| float =
| pic = Far_east1.png
| piccap = Location of the Far East, geographically defined
| picsize = 300px
| t = 遠東
| s = 远东
| l = Far East
| p = Yuǎn Dōng
| tp = Yuǎn Dong
| w = {{tone superscript|Yüan3 Tung1}}
| bpmf = ㄩㄢˇ ㄉㄨㄥ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yuan|3|-|d|ong|1}}
| poj = Óan-tong
| tl = Uán-tong
| j = Jyun5 Dung1
| y = Yúhn Dūng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|j|yun|5|-|d|ung|1}}
| hangul = 극동
| hanja = 極東
| rr = Geuk Dong
| mr = Kŭk Tong
| ind = Timur Jauh
| tgl = ᜃᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔ <br /> {{Transliteration|tglg|Kasilanganan}} <br /> ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔ <br /> {{Transliteration|tglg|Silanganan}} ([[Lupang Hinirang|poetic]])<br /> ᜋᜎᜌᜓᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈ᜔ <br /> {{Transliteration|tglg|Malayong Silangan}} (literal)
| ta = தூர கிழக்கு <br /> {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Tūra Kiḻakku}}
| kanji = 極東
| hiragana = きょくとう
| katakana = キョクトウ
| revhep = Kyokutō
| kunrei = Kyokutô
| msa = تيمور جا<sup>ء</sup>وه <br /> {{Transliteration|ms|Timur Jauh}}
| ms-Arab = <br /> تيمور جا<sup>ء</sup>وه
| mnc = <!-- Manchu language -->
| mon = Алс Дорнод <br /> {{Transliteration|mn|Als Dornod}}
| my = {{lang|my|အရှေ့ဖျား ဒေသ}}
| bi = {{IPA|my|ʔəʃḛbjá dèθa̰|}}
| por = Extremo Oriente
| tet = Dok Lorosa'e
| rus = Дальний Восток <br /> {{IPA|ru|ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok|IPA}}
| rusr = Dál'niy Vostók
| lao = ຕາເວັນອອກໄກ <br /> Taven-ok kai
| tha = ตะวันออกไกล
| km = ចុងបូព៌ា<br>{{Transliteration|km|Chong Bopea}}
| rtgs = Tawan-ok Klai
| tib = <!-- Tibetan language -->
| wylie = <!-- Wylie transliteration of Tibetan -->
| thdl = <!-- THDL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Tibetan -->
| zwpy = <!-- Zangwen Pinyin (PRC's official Tibetan transliteration) -->
| lhasa = <!-- Lhasa dialect of Tibetan in IPA -->
| qn = Viễn Đông
| uig = شەرقىي ئاسىيا <br /> {{lang|ug-Latn|Şerqiy Asiya}} <br /> {{lang|ug-Cyrl|Шәрқий Асия}}
| chuhan = 遠東
| zha = <!-- Zhuang language -->
| zha-saw = <!-- Zhuang Sawndip -->
| dungan = <!-- Dungan language -->
| dungan-xej = <!-- Dungan Xiao'erjing -->
| dungan-han = <!-- Dungan Hanzi -->
| dungan-latin = <!-- Dungan Romanization -->
}}
The '''Far East''' is the [[geographical region]] that encompasses the easternmost portion of the [[Asia]]n continent, including [[North Asia|North]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/fareast?view=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095944/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/fareast?view=uk|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2007|title=Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar|work=askoxford.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Far East? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-countries-of-the-far-east.html |website=WorldAtlas |access-date=9 June 2022 |date=1 August 2017}}</ref> [[South Asia]] is sometimes also included in the definition of the term.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://grammarist.com/usage/far-east-middle-east-near-east/ |title=Far East, Middle East, Near East |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715130650/https://grammarist.com/usage/far-east-middle-east-near-east/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/far-east|access-date=15 July 2023|title=Far East Definition |website=Law Insider |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715131122/https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/far-east}}</ref> In modern times, the term ''Far East'' has widely fallen out of use and been substituted by [[Asia–Pacific]],<ref>{{Citation |title=From Far East to Asia Pacific: Great Powers and Grand Strategy 1900–1954 |date=2022-07-18 |work=From Far East to Asia Pacific |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110718713/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-10 |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110718713 |isbn=978-3-11-071871-3 |editor-last1=Farrell |editor-last2=Long |editor-last3=Ulbrich |editor-first1=Brian P. |editor-first2=S.R. Joey |editor-first3=David |url-access=subscription }}</ref> while the terms [[Middle East]] and [[Near East]], although now pertaining to different territories, are still commonly used today.

The term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 15th century, particularly the [[British people|British]], denoting the Far East as the "farthest" of the three "Easts", beyond the [[Near East]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is the Middle East? The Near East? The Far East? |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/east/ |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=19 October 2021 |date=24 February 2012}}</ref> Likewise, during the [[Qing dynasty]] of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "[[Far West (Taixi)|Tàixī]] ({{lang|zh|泰西}})" – i.e., anything further west than the [[Arab world]] – was used to refer to the Western countries.

Since the mid-20th century, the term has mostly gone out of use for the region in international mass media outlets due to its perceived [[Eurocentric]] connotations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fields |first1=Larry |title=The Eurocentric Worldwiew: Misunderstanding East Asia |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-19-1981/fields.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022001522/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-19-1981/fields.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-22 |url-status=live |website=asj.upd.edu.ph |page=40|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/01/07/a-menagerie-of-monikers|title=A menagerie of monikers|date=7 January 2010|access-date=9 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref name="Reischauer 1960">Reischauer, Edwin and John K Fairbank, ''East Asia: The Great Tradition,'' 1960.</ref> [[North Asia]] is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences.<ref>{{cite web |title=East and Southeast Asia |url=https://www.andeglobal.org/esea/ |website=ANDE |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

The term is still used in Russia to refer to its [[Russian Far East|sparsely populated easternmost regions]] (being "far" in this case from the political, economic and cultural centres, [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]]).

==Popularization==
Among Western Europeans, prior to the [[Early modern period|colonial era]], ''Far East'' referred to anything further east than the Middle East. In the 16th century, King [[John III of Portugal]] called [[Colonial India|India]] a "rich and interesting country in the Far East<ref>{{cite book|title=A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenempire00robe|author=Robert Sewell|year=1901|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120601253 }}</ref> ({{Langx|pt|Extremo Oriente|label=none}})." The term was popularized during the period of the [[British Empire]] as a blanket term for lands to the east of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]].

In pre-[[World War I]] European geopolitics, ''Near East'' referred to the relatively nearby lands of the [[Ottoman Empire]], ''Middle East'' denoted [[Northwestern South Asia|north-western Southern Asian region]] and [[Central Asia]], and the ''Far East'' meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French (''{{lang|fr|[[:fr:Extrême-Orient|Extrême-Orient]]}}''), Spanish (''{{lang|es|[[:es:Extremo Oriente|Extremo Oriente]]}}''), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''{{lang|pt|[[:pt:Extremo Oriente|Extremo Oriente]]}}''), Italian (''{{lang|it|[[:it:Estremo Oriente|Estremo Oriente]]}}''), German (''{{lang|de|[[:de:Ferner Osten|Ferner Osten]]}}''), [[Polish language|Polish]] (''{{lang|pl|[[:pl:Daleki Wschód|Daleki Wschód]]}}''), [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] (''{{lang|no|[[:no:Det fjerne Østen|Det fjerne Østen]]}}'') and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (''{{lang|nl|[[:nl:Verre Oosten|Verre Oosten]]}}'').

==Cultural and geographic meaning==
Significantly, the term evokes cultural as well as geographic separation; the ''Far East'' is not just geographically distant, but also culturally exotic. It never refers, for instance, to the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than East Asia itself. This combination of cultural and geographic subjectivity was well illustrated in 1939 by [[Robert Menzies]], a [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. Reflecting on his country's geopolitical situation with the onset of [[World War II|war]], Menzies commented that: "The problems of the Pacific are different. What Great Britain calls the Far East is to us the near north."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-02/73-broadcast-speech-by-mr-rg-menzies-prime-minister|title=73 Broadcast Speech |first1= R.G. |last1=Menzies |date=26 April 1939 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320171058/https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/historical-documents/Pages/volume-02/73-broadcast-speech-by-mr-rg-menzies-prime-minister|url-status=live }}</ref>

''Far East'', in its usual sense, is comparable to terms such as the ''[[Orient]]'' ([[Latin]] for "East"), ''[[Eastern world]]'', or simply ''the East'', all of which may refer, broadly, to East and South-East Asia in general. Occasionally, albeit more in the past, the [[Russian Far East]] and [[South Asia]] have been deemed to be part of the Far East.

Commenting on such terms, [[John K. Fairbank]] and [[Edwin O. Reischauer]] (both professors of East Asian Studies at [[Harvard University]]) wrote, in ''East Asia: The Great Tradition'':
{{Blockquote|When Europeans traveled far to the east to reach [[Cathay]], Japan and the [[East Indies|Indies]], they naturally gave those distant regions the general name 'Far East.' Americans who reached China, Japan and Southeast Asia by sail and steam across the Pacific could, with equal logic, have called that area the 'Far West.' For the people who live in that part of the world, however, it is neither 'East' nor 'West' and certainly not 'Far.' A more generally acceptable term for the area is 'East Asia,' which is geographically more precise and does not imply the outdated notion that Europe is the center of the civilized world.<ref name="Reischauer 1960"/>}}

Today, the term remains in the names of some longstanding institutions, including the [[Far Eastern Federal University]] in [[Vladivostok]], [[Far Eastern University]] in [[Manila]], the [[Far East University (Korea)|Far East University]] in South Korea, and ''Far East'', the periodical magazine of the [[Missionary Society of St. Columban]]. Furthermore, the United States and United Kingdom have historically incorporated ''Far East'' in the names of several military units and commands in the region, such as the British [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Far East Fleet]], for instance.

==Territories and regions conventionally included in the Far East==
<!--{{editnote | NOTE: The countries in this table are categorized according to region than alphabetical order used by the United Nations etc., and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated. If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!-->
{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name of [[subregion|region]]<ref>Continental regions as per [[:File:United Nations geographical subregions en.svg|UN categorisations (map)]], except 12. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21–23) may be in [[Transcontinental nation|one or both of]] Asia and Europe, Africa, or Oceania.<br /></ref> and<br />territory, with [[flag]]
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km<sup>2</sup>)
! Capital
! [[Forms of government]]
! Currency
! [[Official languages]]
|-
!colspan="8" |North Asia
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<ref>Russia is a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] located in Eastern Europe and North Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, and ethnically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its [[European Russia|European part]].</ref><ref>Asian part only.</ref>
| align="right" | 13,100,000
| align="right" | 37,600,000
| align="right" | 2.6
| [[Moscow]]<ref>Moscow is located in Europe.</ref>
| [[Federal system|Federal]] [[semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] republic
| [[Russian ruble|Ruble]]
| Russian and <br>[[Languages of Russia|27 other co-official languages]]
|-
!colspan="8" |East Asia
|-
| {{flag|China}}<ref>The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the [[China|eponymous entity and civilisation (China)]]. Figures given are for [[mainland China]] only, and do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and [[Taiwan]].</ref>
| align="right" | 9,598,094<ref>Includes PRC-administered area ([[Aksai Chin]] and [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], both territories claimed by India).</ref>
| align="right" | 1,371,821,094<ref>Information listed is for [[mainland China]] only. The [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]]s (i.e. Hong Kong and Macau) and the island territories under the control of the Republic of China (which includes the islands of [[Taiwan]], [[Quemoy]], and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]]) are excluded.</ref>
| align="right" | 145.0
| [[Beijing]]
| [[One-party state|One-party]] [[Socialist state|socialist republic]]
| [[Renminbi|Yuan (Renminbi)]]
| [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese (Mandarin)]]<ref name="langlaw">{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |access-date=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- bgcolor=lightblue
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}<ref>Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China<br /></ref>
| align="right" | 1,108
| align="right" | 7,448,900
| align="right" | 6,777.0
| ''Hong Kong''
| [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]]<br>of the People's Republic of China
| [[Hong Kong dollar]]
| Chinese,<ref name="ReferenceA">No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Cantonese]], the ''de facto'' regional standard.</ref> <br>English
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| align="right" | 377,973
| align="right" | 126,440,000
| align="right" | 334.0
| [[Tokyo]]
| [[parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]],<br>[[Constitutional monarchy]]
| [[Japanese yen|Yen]]
| None<ref>Japan's [[National Diet]] have not officially enacted a law stating that the official language is Japanese.</ref>
|- bgcolor=lightblue
| {{flag|Macau}}<ref>[[Macau]] is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.<br /></ref>
| align="right" | 115.3
| align="right" | 653,100
| align="right" | 21,340.0
| ''Macau''
| [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]]<br>of the People's Republic of China
| [[Macanese pataca|Pataca]]
| Chinese,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> <br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|-
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| align="right" | 1,566,000
| align="right" | 3,081,677
| align="right" | 1.97
| [[Ulaanbaatar]]
| [[Semi-presidential system]]
| [[Mongolian tögrög|Tögrög]]
| [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| align="right" | 120,540
| align="right" | 25,368,620
| align="right" | 212.0
| [[Pyongyang]]
| [[Juche]] [[unitary state|unitarian]] dictatorship<br> [[Socialist Republic]]
| [[North Korean won]]
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}}
| align="right" | 100,363
| align="right" | 51,446,201
| align="right" | 507.0
| [[Seoul]]
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] republic
| [[South Korean won]]
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
|-
| {{flag|Taiwan}}<ref>Figures are for [[Free area of the Republic of China|the area]] under the ''de facto'' control of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) government, commonly referred to as [[Taiwan]]. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see [[political status of Taiwan]].<br /></ref>
| align="right" | 36,197
| align="right" | 23,577,271
| align="right" | 650.0
| [[Taipei]]
| [[Semi-presidential system]]
| [[New Taiwan dollar]]
| [[Standard Chinese|Chinese (Mandarin)]]
|-
!colspan="8" |Southeast Asia
|-
| {{flag|Brunei}}
| align="right" | 5,765
| align="right" | 417,200
| align="right" | 72.11
| [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
| [[Absolute monarchy|Absolute]] [[Islamic]] [[Sultanate]]
| [[Brunei dollar]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]] and English
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}}
| align="right" | 181,035
| align="right" | 16,245,729
| align="right" | 81.8
| [[Phnom Penh]]
| [[Constitutional monarchy]]
| [[Riel (currency)|Riel]]
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
|- bgcolor=lightblue
| {{flag|Christmas Island}}<ref>[[Christmas Island]] is an external territory of Australia.<br /></ref>
| align="right" | 135
| align="right" | 1,692
| align="right" | 12.5
| [[Flying Fish Cove]]
| [[Dependent territory|External territory]] of Australia
| Australian dollar
| None<ref>English does not have [[de jure]] status in Christmas Island and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.</ref>
|- bgcolor=lightblue
| {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}<ref>The [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] are an external territory of Australia.<br /></ref>
| align="right" | 14
| align="right" | 593
| align="right" | 42.4
| [[West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands|West Island]]
| [[Dependent territory|External territory]] of Australia
| Australian dollar
| None<ref>English does not have [[de jure]] status in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| align="right" | 1,904,569
| align="right" | 261,115,456
| align="right" | 138.0
| [[Jakarta]]
| [[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
| [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|-
| {{flag|Laos}}
| align="right" | 237,955
| align="right" | 6,758,353
| align="right" | 26.7
| [[Vientiane]]
| [[Socialist Republic]]
| [[Lao kip|Kip]]
| [[Lao language|Lao]]
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}}
| align="right" | 330,803
| align="right" | 32,049,700
| align="right" | 92.0
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| [[Constitutional monarchy|Federal constitutional monarchy]], <br>[[Parliamentary democracy]]
| [[Malaysian ringgit|Ringgit]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
|-
| {{flag|Burma|name=Myanmar (Burma)}}
| align="right" | 676,578
| align="right" | 53,582,855
| align="right" | 76.0
| [[Naypyidaw]]
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]]<br>constitutional republic
| [[Myanmar kyat|Kyat]]
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| align="right" | 300,000
| align="right" | 100,981,437
| align="right" | 336.0
| [[Manila]]
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]]<br>constitutional republic
| [[Philippine peso|Philippine peso (Piso)]]
| [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and English
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}
| align="right" | 722.5
| align="right" | 5,638,700
| align="right" | 7,804.0
| Singapore
| [[Parliamentary republic]]
| [[Singapore dollar]]
| [[Malay language|Malay]], English, <br>[[Standard Mandarin|Chinese (Mandarin)]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| align="right" | 513,120
| align="right" | 68,863,514
| align="right" | 132.1
| [[Bangkok]]
| [[Constitutional monarchy]],<br>[[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary democracy]]
| [[Thai baht|Baht]]
| [[Thai language|Thai]]
|-
| {{flag|East Timor|name=Timor-Leste (East Timor)}}
| align="right" | 15,410
| align="right" | 1,167,242
| align="right" | 78.0
| [[Dili]]
| [[Parliamentary republic]]
| [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] / [[East Timorese centavo coins|Centavo coins]]
| [[Tetumic languages|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| align="right" | 331,212
| align="right" | 94,569,072
| align="right" | 276.03
| [[Hanoi]]
| [[One-party state|One-party]],<br>[[Socialist Republic]]
| [[Vietnamese đồng|đồng]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|}

==Cities==
{{Further|Cities of East Asia|List of cities in East, South, and Southeast Asia by population|List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean}}

==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Asia–Pacific]]
** [[Pacific Asia]]
* [[East Asia]]
* [[East Asian cultural sphere]]
* [[East–West dichotomy]]
* [[Far West (Taixi)|Far West]], a term for Europe
* [[Four Asian Tigers]] – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan
* [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]], Japanese idea from the 1930s–1940s
* [[Inner Asia]]
* [[List of Mongol states]]
* [[North Asia]]
** [[Russian Far East]]
** [[Siberia]]
** [[Ural (region)]]
* [[Northeast Asia]]
* [[Orient]]
* [[South Asia]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[Tropical Asia]]
* [[Turkic migration]]

'''Organizations'''
* [[ASEAN Free Trade Area|ASEAN+3]]
* [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia]]
* [[East Asian Community]]
* [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]]
* [[Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Burghart, Sabine, Denis Park, and Liudmila Zakharova. "The DPRK's economic exchanges with Russia and the EU since 2000: an analysis of institutional effects and the case of the Russian Far East." ''Asia Europe Journal'' 18.3 (2020): 281–303. on North Korea
* Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers. ''The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975'' (1975). [https://archive.org/details/lccn_0133029687 online]
* Crofts, Alfred. ''A history of the Far East'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/historyoffareast0000crof online]
* Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. ''East Asia: The great tradition'' and ''East Asia: The modern transformation'' (1960) [2 vol 1960] online, famous textbook.
* Green, Michael. ''By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/More-Than-Providence-American-East-Relations/dp/0231180438/  excerpt]
* Iriye, Akira. ''After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931.'' (1965).
* Keay, John. ''Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong'' (Scribner, 1997). [https://archive.org/details/empiresendhistor00keay online]
* Louis, Wm Roger. "The road to Singapore: British imperialism in the Far East, 1932–42." in ''The fascist challenge and the policy of appeasement'' (Routledge, 2021) pp.&nbsp;352–388.
* Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. ''Modern Far Eastern International Relations.'' (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
* Norman, Henry. ''The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya'' (1904) [https://archive.org/details/peoplesandpolit05normgoog online]
* Paine, S. C. M. ''The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Wars-Asia-1911-1949-S-Paine/dp/1107697476/ excerpt]
* Ring, George C. ''Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day'' (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
* Solomon, Richard H., and Masataka Kosaka, eds. ''The Soviet Far East military buildup: nuclear dilemmas and Asian security'' (Routledge, 2021).
* Stephan, John J. ''The Russian Far East'' (Stanford University Press, 2022).
* Vinacke, Harold M.  ''A History of the Far East in Modern Times'' (1964) [https://archive.org/download/dli.bengal.10689.12563/10689.12563_text.pdf online free]
* Vogel, Ezra. ''China and Japan: Facing History'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/China-Japan-Ezra-F-Vogel/dp/0674916573/  excerpt]
* Woodcock, George. ''The British in the Far East'' (1969) online.

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