View source for Fallopia

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the knotweed family Polygonaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Illustration Fallopia dumetorum0.jpg
|image_caption = 1885 illustration of ''[[Fallopia dumetorum]]''<ref>illustration from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885</ref>
|taxon = Fallopia
|authority = [[Michel Adanson|Adans.]], not [[Lour.]]
|type_species = ''[[Fallopia scandens|Polygonum scandens]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_32490-1/>
|synonyms = 
  {{Genus list
  |Bilderdykia|Dumort.
  |Helxine|Raf.
  |Pleuropterus|Turcz.
  |Tiniaria|(Meisn.) Rchb.
  }}
}}

'''''Fallopia''''' is a genus of about 12 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Polygonaceae|buckwheat family]],<ref name=POWO_32490-1/> often included in a wider treatment of the related genus ''[[Polygonum]]'' in the past, and previously including ''[[Reynoutria]]''.<ref name=SchuWilsKron11/> The genus is native to temperate and subtropical regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], but species have been introduced elsewhere. The genus includes species forming [[vine]]s and [[shrub]]s.<ref name=SchuWilsKron11/>

==Description==
Species of ''Fallopia'' grow as [[vine]]s, [[liana]]s, [[shrub]]s or subshrubs. Unlike species of the related genus ''[[Duma (plant)|Duma]]'', they do not have thornlike tips to their branches. [[Nectar]]ies are present outside the flowers (extrafloral). Plants usually have [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|bisexual]] flowers. More rarely they may be [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|dioecious]], each plant only having flowers with either functional [[stamen]]s or a functional [[Gynoecium#Pistils|pistil]]. The flowers are arranged in a [[raceme]]. The [[tepal]]s of the flowers are dry and paper-like when mature. The flowers have short [[Style (botany)|styles]] with partially fused stigmas forming a "head". The fruits are [[achene]]s with three sharp edges.<ref name=SchuWilsKron11/>

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Fallopia'' was first described by [[Michel Adanson]] in 1763.<ref name=POWO_32490-1/> He distinguished it from ''[[Polygonum]]'' and other genera he placed in his family "Persicariae". Adanson did not explain the origin of the name.<ref name=Adan63/> It is said to be named after the Italian botanist [[Gabriele Falloppio]], known as Fallopius in Latin.<ref name=FoNA/><ref name=OVFW/> He was the superintendent of the [[botanical garden]] at [[Padua]] and an acclaimed anatomist, being considered a founder of modern [[anatomy]].<ref name=Herb13/>

The status of the genus has varied considerably over time, and its taxonomic history is complicated. For example, [[Carl Meissner|Meissner]] in 1856 placed both Adanson's ''Fallopia'' and the genus ''Reynoutria'' in a broadly defined ''Polygonum'', as did Bentham and Hooker in 1880. When the genus ''Fallopia'' was recognized, as was generally the case from the 1970s onwards, ''Reynoutria'' was sometimes included and sometimes not.<ref name=SchuWilsKron11/> Thus the ''Flora of North America'' in 2005 included ''Reynoutria'' in ''Fallopia'',<ref name=FoNA/> whereas the ''Flora of China'' in 2003 separated the two genera.<ref name=FoC/> Subsequent [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies have confirmed the separation of ''Fallopia'' from other related genera.<ref name=SchuWilsKron11/><ref name=SchuReveBaylKron15/>

===Classification and phylogeny===
''Fallopia'' is placed in the tribe Polygoneae of the subfamily [[Polygonoideae]]. Within the tribe, it is most closely related to the genera ''[[Reynoutria]]'' and ''[[Muehlenbeckia]]'', forming the so-called "RMF clade".<ref name=SchuReveBaylKron15/>
{{Polygoneae cladogram}}

===Species===
{{As of|2019|March}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted 12 species.<ref name=POWO_32490-1/>
*''[[Fallopia aubertii]]'' <small>(L.Henry) Holub</small> – silver lace vine; China
*''[[Fallopia baldschuanica]]'' <small>(Regel) Holub</small> ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Polygonum baldschuanicum'') – Russian vine, mile-a-minute vine, fleece vine, fleece flower; [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]]
*''[[Fallopia convolvulus]]'' (<small>L.) Á.Löve</small> (syns ''Polygonum convolvulus'', ''Bilderdykia convolvulus'') – black-bindweed; [[Europe]], Asia, northern [[Africa]].
*''[[Fallopia cristata]]'' <small>(Engelm. ex A.Gray) Holub</small> – eastern and central United States
*''[[Fallopia cynanchoides]]'' <small>(Hemsl.) Haraldson</small> (syn. ''Polygonum cynanchoides'') – western [[China]]
*''[[Fallopia dentatoalata]]'' <small>(F.Schmidt) Holub</small> (syn. ''Polygonum dentatoalatum'') – Eastern Asia
*''[[Fallopia dumetorum]]'' <small>(L.) Holub</small> (syns ''Polygonum dumetorum'', ''Bilderdykia dumetorum'') – copse bindweed, small-flower knotweed;<ref name=KNA/> Europe, Asia, northern Africa
*''[[Fallopia filipes]]'' <small>(H.Hara) Holub</small> – Nepal
*''[[Fallopia koreana]]'' <small>B.U.Oh & J.G.Kim</small> – Korean knotweed;<ref name=KNA/> Korea
*''[[Fallopia pterocarpa]]'' <small>(Meisn.) Holub</small> (syn. ''Polygonum pterocarpum'') – Southern Asia
*''[[Fallopia scandens]]'' <small>(L.) Holub</small> (syns ''Polygonum scandens'', ''Reynoutria scandens'') – climbing false buckwheat; North America
*''[[Fallopia schischkinii]]'' <small>Tzvelev</small> – Russian Far East

===Former species===
Many species at one time placed in ''Fallopia'' have been moved to other genera in the subfamily [[Polygonoideae]]. Some synonyms are listed below.<ref name=POWO_FallopiaSpp/>
*''Fallopia'' × ''bohemica'' → [[Reynoutria × bohemica|''Reynoutria'' × ''bohemica'']], Bohemian knotweed.
*''Fallopia ciliinodis'' <small>(Michx.) Holub</small> – fringed black bindweed → ''[[Polygonum ciliinode]]''
*''Fallopia denticulata'' <small>(C.C.Huang) Holub</small> → ''[[Pteroxygonum denticulatum]]''
*''Fallopia japonica'' <small>Houtt.</small> – Japanese knotweed → ''[[Reynoutria japonica]]''
*''Fallopia sachalinensis'' – giant knotweed → ''[[Reynoutria sachalinensis]]''

===Hybrids===
<!-- NB for editors: Please keep hybrid × signs outside inverted commas, otherwise they will appear italicised on certain browsers --> 
Crosses between Japanese knotweed and giant knotweed have occurred where the two species grow in close proximity. The hybrid, [[×Reyllopia conollyana|×''Reyllopia conollyana'']] {{small|(J.P.Bailey) Galasso}} (''[[Reynoutria japonica]]'' × ''[[Fallopia baldschuanica]]'') is called railway-yard knotweed.

==Distribution==
''Fallopia'' species are native to much of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], including most of [[Eurasia]], [[North Africa]] and central and eastern [[North America]]. They have been widely introduced elsewhere including eastern and southern Africa, eastern North America, including [[Mexico]], and parts of [[South America]].<ref name=POWO_32490-1/>

==Ecology==
''Fallopia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora therinella]]'' (recorded on ''F. convolvulus'').{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Adan63>{{Citation |mode=cs1|last1=Adanson |first1=M. |date=1763 |contribution=XXXIX Famille. Les Persicaires. ''Persicariae'' |title=Familles des Plantes, ''Vol. 2'' |pages=273–277 |publication-place=Paris |publisher=Vincent |contribution-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3611241 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>

<ref name=FoC>{{cite book |first1=Anjen |last1=Li |first2=Chong-wook |last2=Park |date=2003 |contribution=Fallopia |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112640 |access-date=2019-04-28 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |volume=5 |page=315 |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp}}
</ref>

<ref name=FoNA>{{cite book |first1=Craig C. |last1=Freeman |first2=Harold R. |last2=Hinds |year=2005 |contribution=Fallopia |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=112640 |access-date=2019-04-28 |name-list-style=amp |editor-last=Flora of North America Editorial Committee |title=Flora of North America ''(online)'' |volume=5 |publisher=eFloras.org}}
</ref>

<ref name=Herb13>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Gabriello Fallopio |volume= 5 |last= Walsh |first= James Joseph |short=1}}</ref>

<ref name=KNA>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=467|access-date=22 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=OVFW>{{Cite web |title=''Fallopia japonica'' |website=Online Virtual Flora of Wisconsin |publisher=Wisconsin State Herbarium, UW-Madison |url=http://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=11964 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>

<ref name=POWO_32490-1>{{cite web |title=''Fallopia'' Adans. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32490-1 |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

<ref name=POWO_FallopiaSpp>{{cite web |title=Search for ''Fallopia'' species |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Fallopia&f=species_f |access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

<ref name=SchuReveBaylKron15>{{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Tanja M. |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |last3=Bayly |first3=Michael J. |last4=Kron |first4=Kathleen A. |date=2015 |title=An updated molecular phylogeny of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): Relationships of ''Oxygonum'', ''Pteroxygonum'', and ''Rumex'', and a new circumscription of ''Koenigia'' |journal=Taxon |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1188–1208 |doi=10.12705/646.5 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

<ref name=SchuWilsKron11>{{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=Tanja M. |last2=Wilson |first2=Karen L. |last3=Kron |first3=Kathleen A. |date=2011 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships of Muehlenbeckia, Fallopia, and Reynoutria (Polygonaceae) Investigated with Chloroplast and Nuclear Sequence Data |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=172 |issue=8 |pages=1053–1066 |doi=10.1086/661293 |jstor=10.1086/661293 |s2cid=84015547 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fallopia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q927544}}

[[Category:Fallopia| ]]
[[Category:Polygonaceae genera]]