View source for Eyalet

{{Short description|1590s–1866 Ottoman administrative division}}
{{Distinguish|Eyelet (disambiguation){{!}}Eyelet|Ayelet (disambiguation){{!}}Ayelet}}
[[File:Guillaume Sanson, Estats de l'Empire du Grand Seigneur des Turcs en Europe, en Asie, et en Afrique (FL13729673 2516241).jpg|thumb|400x400px|Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, Asia, and Africa in 1692, divided into beylerbeyliks, protectorates and tributary states. By Guillaume Sanson (1633–1703). ]]
'''Eyalets''' ({{langx|ota|{{linktext|ایالت|lang=ota}}}}, {{IPA|tr|ejaːˈlet|pron}}, {{lit|province}}), also known as '''beylerbeyliks'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Özbaran |first1=Salih |last2=Lyma |first2=Dom Manuell de |title=The Ottoman Turks and the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf, 1534 - 1581 |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=1972 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=52, 55 |jstor=41929749 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929749 |issn=0021-910X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> or '''pashaliks''', were the primary [[administrative division|administrative divisions]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

From [[Fall of Constantinople|1453]] to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government was loosely structured.<ref name="rm39" /> The empire was at first divided into states called eyalets, presided over by a [[beylerbey]] ([[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|title]] equivalent to [[duke]] in [[English language|English]] and [[Amir al-umara|Amir al Umara]] in [[Arabic]]) of three tails (feathers borne on a state officer's ceremonial staff).<ref name="rm39" /> The [[grand vizier]] was responsible for nominating all the high officers of state, both in the capital and the states.<ref name="rm39" /> Between 1861 and 1866, these eyalets were abolished, and the territory was divided for administrative purposes into [[vilayet]]s (provinces).<ref name="rm39">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookofasiami01greauoft#page/203 |title=A handbook of Asia Minor |year=1919 |publisher=Naval Staff. Intelligence Department |page=203}}</ref>

The eyalets were subdivided into districts called [[Sanjak|livas or sanjak]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Raymond Detrez|author2=Barbara Segaert|title=Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA167|access-date=2013-06-01|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-374-9|page=167}}</ref> each of which was under the charge of a pasha of one tail, with the title of mira-lira, or [[sanjak-bey]].<ref name="pires" /> These provinces were usually called pashaliks by Europeans.<ref name="pires">[https://archive.org/stream/empirescitiesofa00forb#page/188 The empires and cities of Asia (1873)] by [[Forbes, A. Gruar]]. Page 188</ref> The pasha was invested with powers of absolute government within his province, being the chief of both the military and financial departments, as well as police and criminal justice.<ref name="pires" />[[File:Cedid Atlas (Middle East) 1803.jpg|thumb|The 1803 ''[[Cedid Atlas]]'', showing the Middle Eastern eyalets]] At official functions, the order of precedence was [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]], [[Habesh Eyalet|Abyssinia]], [[Budin Eyalet|Buda]], [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]], "Mera'ish", and the [[Kapudan Pasha]] in Asia and Buda, Egypt, Abyssinia, Baghdad, and [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]] in Europe, with the remainder arranged according to the chronological order of their conquest.<ref>Çelebi, Evliya. Trans. by von Hammer, Joseph. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=66hCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90 Narrative of travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the seventeenth century],'' Vol. 1, p. 90 ff. Parbury, Allen, & Co. (London), 1834.</ref>

==Names==
{{multiple image
|align  = right
|footer = Two European maps of the Ottoman Empire. The first map describes the provinces as "beylerbeyliks", whereas the second describes them as "pashaliks"
|image1 = 1730 Seutter Map of Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Persia and Arabia - Geographicus - MagniTurcarum-seutter-1740.jpg
|caption1 = 1730 map
|width1 = 150
|image2 = 1849 Mitchell Map of Turkey ( Iraq, Syria, Palestine ) - Geographicus - TurkeyAsia-m-1849.jpg
|caption2 = 1849 map
|width2 = 158
}}The term ''eyalet'' is sometimes translated '''province''' or '''governorate'''. Depending on the rank of the governor, they were also sometimes known as ''pashaliks'' (governed by a ''[[pasha]]''), ''beylerbeyliks'' (governed by a ''bey'' or ''[[beylerbey]]''), and ''kapudanliks'' (governed by a ''kapudan'').

'''Pashaluk''' or '''Pashalik''' ({{langx|tr|paşalık}}) is the abstract word derived from [[pasha]], denoting the quality, office or jurisdiction of a [[pasha]] or the territory administered by him. In European sources, the word "pashalic" generally referred to the eyalets.<ref name="pires"/>

The term 'eyalet' began to be applied to the largest administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire instead of beglerbegilik from the 1590s onward, and it continued to be used until 1867.<ref name="Somel2010">{{cite book|author=Selcuk Aksin Somel|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA88|access-date=2013-06-03|date=2010-03-23|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4|page=88}}</ref>

==History==
[[Murad I]] instituted the great division of the sultanate into two beylerbeyiliks of [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]] and [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]], in circa 1365.<ref name="Pitcher1972p125">{{cite book|author=D. E. Pitcher|title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1972|publisher=Brill Archive|page=125}}</ref> With the eastward expansion of Bayezid's realms in the 1390s, a third eyalet, [[Rûm Eyalet]], came into existence, with [[Amasya]] its chief town. This became the seat of government of Bayezid's youngest son, [[Mehmed I]], and was to remain a residence of princely governors until the 16th century.<ref name="Imber">{{cite web|last=Imber|first=Colin|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power|url=http://www.fatih.edu.tr/~ayasar/HIST236/Colin%20_Imber.pdf|year=2002|pages=177–200|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726115700/http://www.fatih.edu.tr/~ayasar/HIST236/Colin%20_Imber.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-26}}</ref>

In 1395, Bayezid I executed the last [[Shishmanid]] Tsar of [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], and annexed his realm to [[Rumelia Eyalet]]. In 1461, Mehmed II expelled the last of the [[Isfendyarid]] dynasty from [[Sinop Province|Sinop]], awarding him lands thus taxation authority near [[Bursa]] in exchange for his hereditary territory. The Isfendyarid principality became a district of [[Anatolia Eyalet]].<ref name="Imber" /> In 1468, [[Karaman Eyalet]] was established, following the annexation of the formerly independent [[principality of Karaman]]; [[Mehmed II]] appointed his son [[Mustafa]] as governor of the new eyalet, with his seat at [[Konya]].<ref name="Imber" />

The 16th century saw the greatest increase in the number of eyalets, largely through the conquests of [[Selim I]] and [[Süleyman I]], which created the need to incorporate the new territory into the structure of the Empire, and partly through the reorganisation of existing territory.<ref name="Imber" /> A list dated 1527 shows eight eyalets, with [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], [[Damascus Eyalet|Damascus]], [[Diyarbekir Eyalet|Diyarbekir]] and [[Eyalet of Kurdistan|Kurdistan]] added to the original four. The last eyalet, however, did not survive as an administrative entity. Süleyman's conquests in eastern Turkey, Iraq and Hungary also resulted in the creation of new eyalets.<ref name="Imber" />

The former [[principality of Dulkadir]] became the [[Dulkadir Eyalet]] at some time after its annexation in 1522. After the Iranian campaign of 1533–6, the new eyalets of [[Erzurum Eyalet|Erzurum]], [[Van Eyalet|Van]], [[Sharazor Eyalet|Sharazor]] and [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]] guarded the frontier with Iran.<ref name="Imber" /> In 1541 came the creation of [[Budin Eyalet]] from part of the old [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref name="Imber" /> The [[Eyalet of the Archipelago]] was created by Süleyman I especially for [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] in 1533, by detaching districts from the shores and islands of the Aegean which had previously been part of the eyalets of [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]] and [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]], and uniting them as an independent eyalet.<ref name="Imber" />

In 1580, Bosnia, previously a district of Rumelia, became an eyalet in its own right, presumably in view of its strategically important position on the border with the Habsburgs. Similar considerations led to the creation of the [[Kanije Eyalet]] from the districts adjoining this border fortress, which had fallen to the Ottomans in 1600. In the same period, the annexation of the Rumelian districts on the lower Danube and the Black Sea coast, and their addition to territories between the Danube and the [[Dniepr River|Dniepr]] along the Black Sea, created the [[Silistra Eyalet]]. At the same time, on the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea, [[Trebizond Eyalet]] came into being. The purpose of this reorganisation, and especially the creation of the eyalet of Özi was presumably to improve the defences of the Black Sea ports against the Cossacks.<ref name="Imber" />[[File:Ottoman Empire (1609).png|thumb|Eyalets in 1609]]By 1609, according to the list of [[Ayn Ali]], there were 32 eyalets. Some of these, such as Tripoli, Cyprus or Tunis, were the spoils of conquest. Others, however, were the products of administrative division.<ref name=Imber />

In 1795, the government launched a major reorganization of the provincial administration, with a law decreeing that there would be 28 provinces, each to be governed by a vizer. These were [[Adana Eyalet|Adana]], [[Aleppo Eyalet|Aleppo]], [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]], [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]], [[Basra Eyalet|Basra]], [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]], [[Eyalet of Childir|Childir]], [[Crete Eyalet|Crete]], [[Constantinople Eyalet|Constantinople]], [[Damascus Eyalet|Damascus]], [[Diyarbekir Eyalet|Diyarbekir]], [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], [[Erzurum Eyalet|Erzurum]], [[Habesh Eyalet|Habesh]], [[Karaman Eyalet|Karaman]], [[Kars Eyalet|Kars]], [[Dulkadir Eyalet|Dulkadir]], the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Archipelago]], [[Morea Eyalet|Morea]], [[Mosul Eyalet|Mosul]], [[Rakka Eyalet|Rakka]], [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]], [[Sayda Eyalet|Sayda]], [[Sharazor Eyalet|Sharazor]], [[Silistra Eyalet|Silistra]], [[Sivas Eyalet|Sivas]], [[Trebizond Eyalet|Trebizond]], [[Tripoli Eyalet|Tripoli]], [[Van Eyalet|Van]]. In practice, however, central control remained weak, and beylerbeyliks continued to rule some provinces, instead of vizers.<ref name="Hanioglu2010">{{cite book|author=M. Sükrü Hanioglu|title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5ZDKf3JgkC&pg=PA50|access-date=2013-06-01|date=2010-03-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2968-2|page=50}}</ref>

==Government==
The beylerbeyliks where the [[timar]] system was not applied, such as [[Habesh Eyalet|Abyssinia]], Algiers, Egypt, Baghdad, Basra and [[Lahsa Eyalet|Lahsa]], were more autonomous than the others. Instead of collecting provincial revenues through [[sipahi]]s, the beylerbey transferred fixed annual sums to Constantinople, known as the [[salyane]].<ref name="Somel2010"/>

By 1500, the four central eyalets of the Empire, Rumelia, Anatolia, Rum and Karaman, were under direct rule. [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and the [[Khanate of the Crimea]], territories which Mehmed II had brought under his suzerainty, remained in the control of native dynasties tributary to the Sultan. So, too, did the Kingdom of Hungary after the [[battle of Mohács]] in 1526.<ref name=Imber />

==Map==
{{Image label begin|image=ImperioOtomano1683.png|width=1000|float=none}}
{{Image label|x=-168.0|y=-363.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ottoman Algeria|Algiers]]}}
{{Image label|x=-592.0|y=-484.0|scale=-1|text=[[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]]}}
{{Image label|x=-733.0|y=-733.0|scale=-1|text=[[Habesh Eyalet|Habesh]]}}
{{Image label|x=-387.0|y=-471.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitania]]}}
{{Image label|x=-284.0|y=-361.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ottoman Tunisia|Tunis]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-660.0|y=-345.0|scale=-1|text=[[Adana Eyalet|Adana]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-571.0|y=-322.0|scale=-1|text=[[Aidin Eyalet|Aidin]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-597.0|y=-308.0|scale=-1|text=[[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-630.0|y=-301.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ankara Eyalet|Ankara]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-758.0|y=-333.0|scale=-1|text=[[Diyâr-ı Bekr Eyalet|Diyâr-ı Bekr]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-703.0|y=-310.0|scale=-1|text=[[Dulkadir Eyalet|Dulkadir]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-760.0|y=-295.0|scale=-1|text=[[Erzurum Eyalet|Erzurum]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-583.0|y=-287.0|scale=-1|text=[[Hüdavendigâr Eyalet|Hüdavendigâr]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-650.0|y=-324.0|scale=-1|text=[[Karaman Eyalet|Karaman]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-559.0|y=-300.0|scale=-1|text=Karasi}}
{{Image label small|x=-798.0|y=-276.0|scale=-1|text=[[Kars Eyalet|Kars]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-676.0|y=-254.0|scale=-1|text=[[Kastamonu Eyalet|Kastamonu]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-721.0|y=-296.0|scale=-1|text=[[Rûm Eyalet|Rûm]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-751.0|y=-265.0|scale=-1|text=[[Trebizond Eyalet|Trebizond]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-791.0|y=-310.0|scale=-1|text=[[Eyalet of Van|Van]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-722.0|y=-356.0|scale=-1|text=[[Aleppo Eyalet|Aleppo]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-865.0|y=-404.0|scale=-1|text=[[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]]}}
{{Image label|x=-904.0|y=-464.0|scale=-1|text=[[Basra Eyalet|Basra]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-657.0|y=-379.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ottoman Cyprus|Cyprus]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-715.0|y=-421.0|scale=-1|text=[[Damascus Eyalet|Damascus]]}}
{{Image label|x=-921.0|y=-516.0|scale=-1|text=[[Lahsa Eyalet|Lahsa]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-861.0|y=-353.0|scale=-1|text=[[Mosul Eyalet|Mosul]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-752.0|y=-364.0|scale=-1|text=[[Rakka Eyalet|Rakka]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-790.0|y=-251.0|scale=-1|text=[[Samtskhe Eyalet|Samtskhe]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-891.0|y=-358.0|scale=-1|text=[[Sharazor Eyalet|Sharazor]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-702.0|y=-395.0|scale=-1|text=[[Sidon Eyalet|Sidon]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-706.0|y=-378.0|scale=-1|text=[[Tripoli Eyalet|Tripoli]]}}
{{Image label|x=-833.0|y=-696.0|scale=-1|text=[[Yemen Eyalet|Yemen]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-544.0|y=-252.0|scale=-1|text=[[Eyalet of Adrianople|Adrianople]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-398.0|y=-190.0|scale=-1|text=[[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-423.0|y=-169.0|scale=-1|text=[[Budin Eyalet, Ottoman Empire|Budin]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-526.0|y=-373.0|scale=-1|text=[[Ottoman Crete|Crete]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-441.0|y=-179.0|scale=-1|text=[[Egir Eyalet|Egir]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-411.0|y=-214.0|scale=-1|text=[[Herzegovina Eyalet|Herzegovina]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-384.0|y=-172.0|scale=-1|text=[[Kanije Eyalet|Kanije]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-655.0|y=-199.0|scale=-1|text=[[Kefe Eyalet|Kefe]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-481.0|y=-327.0|scale=-1|text=[[Morea Eyalet|Morea]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-482.0|y=-223.0|scale=-1|text=[[Niš Eyalet|Niš]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-467.0|y=-297.0|scale=-1|text=[[Pashalik of Yanina|Yanina]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-541.0|y=-123.0|scale=-1|text=[[Podolia Eyalet|Podolia]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-464.0|y=-265.0|scale=-1|text=[[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-492.0|y=-274.0|scale=-1|text=[[Salonica Eyalet|Salonica]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-569.0|y=-203.0|scale=-1|text=[[Silistra Eyalet|Silistra]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-458.0|y=-190.0|scale=-1|text=[[Temeşvar Eyalet|Temeşvar]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-406.0|y=-149.0|scale=-1|text=[[Uyvar Eyalet|Uyvar]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-460.0|y=-169.0|scale=-1|text=[[Varat Eyalet|Varat]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-476.0|y=-201.0|scale=-1|text=[[Vidin Eyalet|Vidin]]}}
{{Image label small|x=-450.0|y=-151.0|scale=-1|text=Zigetvar}}
{{Image label end}}

==List==
From the mid-14th century until the late 16th century, only one new beylerbeylik ([[Karaman Province, Ottoman Empire|Karaman]]) was established.

===Disappeared before 1609===
The eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared include the following:<ref name="Pitcher1972p128-29">{{cite book|author=D. E. Pitcher|title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA128|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1972|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=128–29}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="20%"|Province Name
!width="20%"|[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] Name and ''Transliteration'' ([[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]) <!-- The Ottoman transliterations used are ALA-LC romanization standards; please do not change them without discussion unless there is a mistake according to those standards. -->
!width="15%"| Existed for
!width="45%"|
|-
|[[Abkhazia Province, Ottoman Empire|Abkhazia]] || Abhazya|| <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1578–?) || also called Sukhum [Sohumkale] or Georgia [Gürcistan] and included [[Mingrelia]] and [[Imeretia]] as well as modern Abkhazia – nominally annexed but never fully conquered
|-
|[[Akhaltsikhe Province, Ottoman Empire|Akhaltsikhe]] || Ahıska || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1603–?) || either split from or coextensive with Samtskhe
|-
|[[Dagestan Province, Ottoman Empire|Dagestan]] || Dağıstan || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1578–?) || also called Demirkapı – assigned a [[Serdar (Ottoman rank)|serdar]] [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi
|-
|[[Dmanisi Province, Ottoman Empire|Dmanisi]] || Tumanis || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1584–?) ||
|-
|[[Ganja Province, Ottoman Empire|Ganja]] || Gence || {{#EXPR:1604-1588}} years (1588–1604) ||
|-
| [[Gori Province, Ottoman Empire|Gori]] || Gori || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1588–?) || probably replaced Tiflis after 1586
|-
|[[Győr Province, Ottoman Empire|Győr]] || Yanık || 0{{#EXPR:1598-1594}} years (1594–1598) ||
|-
|[[Eyalet of Ibrim|Ibrim]] || Ìbrīm || 01 year (1584-1585) || temporary promotion of the [[sanjak of Ibrim]]<ref>V. L. Menage (1988): "The Ottomans and Nubia in the sixteenth century". Annales Islamologiques 24. pp.152-153.</ref>
|-
|[[Kakheti Province, Ottoman Empire|Kakheti]] || Kaheti || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1578–?) || Kakhetian king was appointed hereditary bey
|-
|[[Lazistan Province, Ottoman Empire|Lazistan]] ||Lazistān
| <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1574–?) ||
|-
|[[Lorri Province, Ottoman Empire|Lorri]] || Lori || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1584–?) ||
|-
|[[Nakhichevan Eyalet|Nakhichevan]] || Nahçivan || 01 year (1603 only) || possibly never separate from Yerevan<ref name="Pitcher1972p128-29"/>
|-
|[[Poti Province, Ottoman Empire|Poti]] || Faş || <!--{{#EXPR:XXXX-?}}-->? years (1579–?) || may have also been another name for Trabzon
|-
|[[Sanaa Province, Ottoman Empire|Sanaa]] || San'a || 0{{#EXPR:1569-1567}} years (1567–1569) || temporary division of Yemen
|-
|[[Shemakha Province, Ottoman Empire|Shemakha]] || Şamahı || 01 year (1583 only) || may have also been another name for Shervan
|-
|Szigetvár || Zigetvar || 0{{#EXPR:1600-1596}} years (1596–1600) || later transferred to Kanizsa
|-
|[[Shervan Province, Ottoman Empire|Shervan]] || Şirvan || {{#EXPR:1604-1578}} years (1578–1604) || overseen by a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi
|-
|[[Tabriz Province, Ottoman Empire|Tabriz]] || Tebriz || {{#EXPR:1603-1585}} years (1585–1603) ||
|-
|[[Tiflis Province, Ottoman Empire|Tiflis]] || Tiflis || 0{{#EXPR:1586-1578}} years (1578–1586) || probably replaced by Gori after 1586
|-
|[[Wallachia]] || Eflak || 2 months (September–October 1595) || the rest of the time Wallachia was a separate autonomous [[principality]]
|-
|[[Yerevan Province, Ottoman Empire|Yerevan]] || Erivan || {{#EXPR:1604-1583}} years (1583–1604) || sometimes also included Van
|-
|[[Zabid Province, Ottoman Empire|Zabid]] || Zebit || 0{{#EXPR:1569-1567}} years (1567–1569) || temporary division of Yemen
|}

===Eyalets in 1609===
Conquests of [[Selim I]] and [[Suleyman I]] in the 16th century required an increase in administrative units.  By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 ''eyalets'', as the beylerbeyliks came to be known.  The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="20%"|Province Name
!width="20%"|[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] Name and ''Transliteration'' ([[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]) <!-- The Ottoman transliterations used are ALA-LC romanization standards; please do not change them without discussion unless there is a mistake according to those standards. -->
!width="15%"| Existed for
!width="45%"|
|-
|[[Habesh Eyalet|Habesh]] || Habeş || {{#EXPR:1867-1554}} years (1554–1867) || Included areas on both sides of the [[Red Sea]]. Also called "Mecca and Medina"
|-
|[[Adana Eyalet|Adana]] || {{lang|ota|آضنه}} ''Ażana'' (Adana) ||  {{#EXPR:1865-1608}} years (1608–1865) ||
|-
| [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Archipelago]] || {{lang|ota|جزایر بحر سفید}} Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid  || {{#EXPR:1864-1535}} years (1535–1864) || Domain of the [[Kapudan Pasha]] (Lord Admiral); Also called Denizi or Denizli, later Vilayet of the Archipelago
|-
| [[Aleppo Eyalet|Aleppo]] || {{lang|ota|حلب}} ''Ḥaleb'' (Halep) || {{#EXPR:1864-1534}} years (1534–1864) ||
|-
| [[Algiers Eyalet|Algiers]] || {{lang|ota|جزایر غرب}} ''Cezâyîr-i Ġarb'' (Cezayir Garp, Cezayir) || {{#EXPR:1830-1517}} years (1517–1830) ||
|-
| [[Anatolia Eyalet|Anatolia]] || Anadolu || {{#EXPR:1841-1393}} years (1393–1841) || Second Eyalet
|-
| [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]] || {{lang|ota|بغداد}} ''Baġdâd'' (Bağdat) || {{#EXPR:1861-1535}} years (1535–1861) || Until the [[Treaty of Zuhab]] (1639), Ottoman rule was not consolidated.
|-
| [[Basra Eyalet|Basra]] || {{lang|ota|بصره}} ''Baṣra'' (Basra) || {{#EXPR:1862-1538}} years (1538–1862) ||
|-
| [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]] || Bosna || {{#EXPR:1864-1580}} years (1580–1864) ||
|-
| [[Budin Eyalet|Budin]] || Budin || {{#EXPR:1686-1541}} years (1541–1686) ||
|-
| [[Cyprus Province, Ottoman Empire|Kıbrıs]] || {{lang|ota|قبرص}} ''Ḳıbrıṣ'' (Kıbrıs) || 0{{#EXPR:(1660-1571)+(1748-1745)}} years (1571–1660; 1745–1748) ||
|-
| [[Diyarbekir Eyalet|Diyarbekir]] || {{lang|ota|دیار بكر}} ''Diyârbekir'' (Diyarbakır) || 305 years (1541–1846) ||
|-
| [[Eger Eyalet|Eger]] || {{lang|ota|اكر}} ''Egir'' (Eğri) || 0{{#EXPR:1661-1596}} years (1596–1661) ||
|-
| [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] || {{lang|ota|مصر}} ''Mıṣır'' (Mısır) || {{#EXPR:1867-1517}} years (1517–1867) ||
|-
| [[Erzurum Eyalet|Erzurum]] || Erzurum || {{#EXPR:1867-1533}} years (1533–1867) || Until the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), Ottoman rule was not consolidated.
|-
| [[Al-Hasa Eyalet|Al-Hasa]] || Lahsa || {{#EXPR:1670-1560}} years (1560–1670) ||  Seldom directly ruled
|-
|[[Kefe Eyalet|Kefe]] (Theodosia) ||{{lang|ota|كفه}} Kefe || {{#EXPR:1774-1568}} years (1568–1774) ||
|-
| [[Kanizsa Eyalet|Kanizsa]] || Kanije || 0{{#EXPR:1686-1600}} years (1600–1686) ||
|-
| [[Karaman Eyalet|Karaman]] || Karaman || {{#EXPR:1864-1483}} years (1483–1864) ||
|-
| [[Kars Eyalet|Kars]] || Kars || {{#EXPR:1875-1580}} years (1580–1875) || Until the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), Ottoman rule was not consolidated. Bounded to [[Erzurum Eyalet]] in 1875.
|-
|[[Dulkadir Eyalet|Dulkadir]]|| Maraş, Dulkadır || {{#EXPR:1864-1522}} years (1522–1864) ||
|-
| [[Mosul Eyalet|Mosul]] || Musul || {{#EXPR:1864-1535}} years (1535–1864) || Until the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), Ottoman rule was not consolidated.
|-
| [[Ar-Raqqah Province, Ottoman Empire|Ar-Raqqah]] || Rakka || {{#EXPR:1864-1586}} years (1586–1864) ||
|-
|[[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelia]] || Rumeli ||{{#EXPR:1867-1365}} years (1365–1867) || First Eyalet
|-
|[[Childir Eyalet|Childir]] || Çıldır || {{#EXPR:1845-1578}} years (1578–1845) || Also called [[Meskheti]], later possibly coextensive with Akhaltsikhe (Ahıska) Province. Most of eyalet passed to Russia in 1829. Remained parts of eyalet bounded to Erzurum in 1845.
|-
|[[Shahrizor Eyalet|Shahrizor]] || Şehrizor || {{#EXPR:1686-1554}} years (1554–1686) ||  Also Shahrizor, Sheherizul, or [[Kirkuk]]. In 1830, this eyalet bounded to [[Mosul]] province as [[Kirkuk]] sanjak.
|-
| [[Silistria Eyalet|Silistria]] || Silistre || {{#EXPR:1864-1593}} years (1593–1864) || Later sometimes called [[Ochakiv]] (Özi); First beylerbeyi was the [[Khanate of Crimea|Crimean]] [[Khan (title)|khan]]
|-
| [[Eyalet of Sivas|Sivas]] || Sivas || {{#EXPR:1864-1398}} years (1398–1864) ||
|-
| [[Damascus Eyalet|Syria]] || {{lang|ota|شام}} Şam || {{#EXPR:1865-1517}} years (1517–1865) ||
|-
| [[Temeşvar Eyalet|Temeşvar]] || Tımışvar (Temeşvar) || {{#EXPR:1716-1552}} years (1552–1716) ||
|-
| [[Trebizond Eyalet|Trebizond]], [[Lazistan]] || Trabzon ||{{#EXPR:1864-1461}} years (1461–1864) ||
|-
| [[Tripoli Eyalet|Tripoli]] (Tripoli-in-the-East) || {{lang|ota|طرابلس شام}} Trablus-ı Şam (Trablusşam) ||{{#EXPR:1864-1579}} years (1579–1864) ||
|-
| [[Tripolitania Eyalet|Tripolitania]] (Tripoli-in-the-West) || {{lang|ota|طرابلس غرب}} Trablus-ı Garb (Trablusgarp) || {{#EXPR:1864-1551}} years (1551–1864) ||
|-
| [[Tunis Eyalet|Tunis]] || Tunus || {{#EXPR:1864-1524}} years (1524–1864) ||
|-
| [[Van Eyalet|Van]] || {{lang|ota|وان}} Van || {{#EXPR:1864-1548}} years (1548–1864) || Until the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), Ottoman rule was not consolidated.
|-
| [[Yemen Eyalet|Yemen]] || {{lang|ota|یمن}} Yemen || {{#EXPR:(1636-1517)+(1872-1849)}} years (1517–1636; 1849–1872) ||
|}

Sources:
*Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2002.)
*Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
*Donald Edgar Pitcher. ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire'' (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1972.)

===Established 1609–1683===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="20%"|Province Name
!width="20%"|[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] Name and ''Transliteration'' ([[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]) <!-- The Ottoman transliterations used are ALA-LC romanization standards; please do not change them without discussion unless there is a mistake according to those standards. -->
!width="15%"| Existed for
!width="45%"|
|-
| [[Crete Eyalet|Crete]] || Girid || {{#EXPR:1867-1669}} years (1669–1867) ||
|-
|[[Morea Eyalet|Morea]] || Mora || {{#EXPR:(1687-1620)+(1829-1715)}} years (1620–1687) and (1715–1829) || originally part of Aegean Archipelago Province
|-
|[[Podolia Eyalet|Podolia]] || Podolya || {{#EXPR:1699-1672}} years (1672–1699) || overseen by several [[Wiktionary:marshal|serdar]]s (marshals) rather than by beylerbeyi (governors)
|-
|[[Sidon Eyalet|Sidon]] || Sayda || {{#EXPR:1841-1660}} years (1660–1841) ||
|-
| [[Uyvar Eyalet|Uyvar]] || Uyvar || {{#EXPR:1685-1663}} years (1663–1685) ||
|-
| [[Varad Eyalet|Varad]] || Varad || {{#EXPR:1692-1661}} years (1661–1692) ||
|}

===Established 1826–1864===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="20%"|Province Name
!width="20%"|[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] Name and ''Transliteration'' ([[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]) <!-- The Ottoman transliterations used are ALA-LC romanization standards; please do not change them without discussion unless there is a mistake according to those standards. -->
!width="15%"| Existed for
!width="45%"|
|-
| [[Eyalet of Adrianople|Adrianople]] || Edirne || {{#EXPR:1864-1826}} years (1826–1864) ||
|-
| [[Monastir Eyalet|Monastir]] || Manastır || {{#EXPR:1864-1826}} years (1826–1864) ||
|-
| [[Salonica Eyalet|Salonica]] || Selanik || {{#EXPR:1864-1826}} years (1826–1864) ||
|-
| [[Eyalet of Aidin|Aidin]] || Aydın || {{#EXPR:1864-1826}} years (1826–1864) ||
|-
| [[Ankara Eyalet|Ankara]] || Ankara || {{#EXPR:1864-1827}} years (1827–1864) ||
|-
| [[Kastamonu Eyalet|Kastamonu]] || Kastamonu || {{#EXPR:1864-1827}} years (1827–1864) ||
|-
| [[Herzegovina Eyalet|Herzegovina]] || Hersek || {{#EXPR:1851-1833}} years (1833–1851) ||
|-
| [[Hüdavendigâr Eyalet|Hüdavendigâr]] || Hüdavendigâr || {{#EXPR:1867-1841}} years (1841–1867) ||
|-
| Karasi || Karesi || 0{{#EXPR:1847-1845}} years (1845–1847) ||
|-
| [[Niš Eyalet|Niš]] || Niş || {{#EXPR:1864-1846}} years (1846–1864) ||
|-
|[[Kurdistan Eyalet|Kurdistan]]
|Kurdistan 
|21 years (1846–1867)<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|title=Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915|last1=Aydın|first1=Suavi|last2=Verheij|first2=Jelle|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=9789004225183|editor-last=Jongerden|editor-first=Joost|pages=18|editor-last2=Verheij|editor-first2=Jelle}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Vidin Eyalet|Vidin]] || Vidin || {{#EXPR:1864-1846}} years (1846–1864) ||
|}

==Maps==
<gallery>
File:Das osmannische Reich und dessen Schutz-Staaten, nach seiner grossten Ausdehnung im XVIIten Jahrhundert.jpg|Eyalets in the 17th century
File:1855 Colton Map of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria - Geographicus - TurkeyIraq-colton-1855.jpg|1855 map of Turkey in Asia by [[Joseph Hutchins Colton]]
File:Europaeische Turkey und Griechenland. Zum Atlas v. J.M. Ziegler. Topogr. Anstalt v. Joh. Wurster u. Comp. in Winterthur. (1864).jpg|Map of European Turkey by [[Carl Ritter]], published in 1864
</gallery>

==Modern usage of the term==
[[Turkish Language Association]] defines the word ''eyalet'' as "an administrative division having some kind of administrative independence" and in modern Turkish, the word ''eyalet'' is used widely in the context of [[federalism]], corresponding to the English word ''[[Federated state|state]]''. While the word ''eyalet'' is out of use in Turkish [[public administration]], replaced long ago by [[Provinces of Turkey|''ils'']] under a unitary structure, top-level administrative subdivisions of numerous [[federal states]] are called ''"eyalet"'' in Turkish, such as the states of [[States and territories of Australia|Australia]], [[States of Austria|Austria]], [[States of Brazil|Brazil]], [[States of Germany|Germany]], [[States and union territories of India|India]], [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[U.S. state|the United States]], sometimes along with the provinces of [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentina]], [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canada]] and [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistan]], deferent to the modern definition of the word. Albeit [[Provinces of China|China]] and [[Provinces of Iran|Iran]] are legally unitary states, these countries' provinces may also occasionally be referred to as ''eyalet'' in Turkish.

==See also==
* [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Imber-The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650}}
*Halil Inalcik. ''The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600''. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
* Paul Robert Magocsi. ''Historical Atlas of Central Europe''. (2nd ed.) Seattle, WA, USA: Univ. of Washington Press, 2002)
*''Nouveau Larousse illustré'', undated (early 20th century), passim (in French)
*Donald Edgar Pitcher. ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire''. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1972., includes 36 color maps)
*Westermann, ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte'' (in German, includes maps)

==External links==
* {{cite book|author=Francesco Sansovino|title=Del governo et amministrazione di diversi regni libri XXII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijg8AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT70|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1583|page=43}} Contains a list of eyalets, or 'beglerbei'.
* {{cite book|author1=Claudio Ptolomeo|author2=Giovanni Antonio Magini|title=Geografia cioè descrittione vniuersale della terra: partita in due volumi ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtoGFFPn3VwC&pg=RA8-PT29|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1598|publisher=appresso Gio. Battista [et] Giorgio Galignani fratelli|page=8}} Includes a list of provinces or 'beierbei'.
* {{cite book|title=Turcici imperii status seu discursus varii de rebus turcarum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyJduu2WuTMC&pg=PA198|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1630|page=198}} With a list of 'beglerbegatus'.
* {{cite book|author=Paul Rycaut|title=The Present state of the Ottoman empire: Containing the Maxims of...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxZRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA175|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1670|publisher=Starkey|page=175}} With a list of 'beglerbeg' and 'sangiacks'.
* {{cite book|author=Michel-Antoine Baudrand|title=Geographia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5FEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA343|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1681|page=343}} With a list of 'beglerbeglics'.
* {{cite book|author1=Evliya Çelebi|author2=Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall|title=Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66hCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA90|access-date=2013-06-02|year=1834|publisher=Oriental Translation Fund|page=90}} Includes a list of beglerbegliks and sanjaks.
* {{cite book|author=John Macgregor|title=The resources and statistics of nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_X2Iri5JhYC&pg=PA451|access-date=3 June 2013|year=1834|page=451}} With a list of Eyalets and livas.
* {{cite book|author=Sir Grenville Temple (10th bart.)|title=Travels in Greece and Turkey: Being the Second Part of Excursions in the Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA274|access-date=10 June 2013|year=1836|publisher=Saunders and Otley|page=274}} The appendix includes a list of 'government-generals', sanjaks, and their governors.

{{Turkish terms for country subdivisions}}
{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]
[[Category:Former types of subdivisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]