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This is a list of the '''extreme points of Europe''': the geographical points that are higher or farther north, south, east or west than any other location in [[Europe]]. Some of these positions are open to debate, as the [[definition of Europe]] is diverse.

==Extremes of the European continent, including islands==
{{see also|Extreme points of the European Union}}
*'''Northernmost point'''. [[Cape Fligely]], [[Rudolf Island]], [[Franz Josef Land]], [[Russia]] (81° 48′ 24″ N).{{dubious|date=March 2015}} Franz Josef Land is near the ill-defined border between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]; if it is not considered a part of Europe, then the northernmost point is on the island of [[Rossøya]], [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] ([[81st parallel north|81°N]]).
[[File:Southernmost point of europe.jpg|thumb|Southernmost point on the island of [[Gavdos]], [[Greece]]]]
*'''Southernmost point'''. Cape Trypiti, [[Gavdos]] Island, [[Greece]] (34° 48′ 02″ N) is the least ambiguous southernmost point of Europe. However, there are other contenders, depending on definition. The island of [[Cyprus]], although geographically in Asia, has cultural links with Europe and it is also part of European Union; Cyprus's southernmost point is the British base at [[RAF Akrotiri|Akrotiri]] (34°35′N). The Portuguese islands of [[Madeira]] are borderline between Europe and [[Africa]]; their southernmost point is at [[Bugio Island]], at (32°24′14″N). [[La Restinga]] on the island of [[El Hierro]] (27°45′N) in the Spanish [[Canary Islands]] is yet further south and could be considered politically, though not [[physiographic]]ally as part of Europe.
*'''Westernmost point'''. [[Monchique Islet]], [[Azores Islands]], [[Portugal]] (31° 16′ 30″ W) (If considered part of Europe, though it sits on the [[North American Plate]]). If not, then the [[Capelinhos]] Volcano, [[Faial Island]], [[Azores Islands]], [[Portugal]] (28° 50′ 00″ W), the westernmost point of the [[Eurasian Plate]] above sea level. [[Bjargtangar]] (24° 31′ 55″ W) is Iceland´s Westernmost point and thus furthest west of a European country outside [[Greenland]] (which belongs to [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]]). The westernmost part of Greenland is the [[Carey Islands]] group at 72°50'W.
*'''Easternmost point'''. [[Cape Flissingsky]] (69° 02′ E), [[Severny Island]], [[Novaya Zemlya]], Russia.

==Extreme points of Mainland Europe==
*'''Northernmost point'''. [[Cape Nordkinn]] (Kinnarodden), [[Norway]] (71°08′02″N 27°39′00″E)
*'''Southernmost point'''. [[Punta de Tarifa]], [[Spain]]   (36°00'00.2"N). This is the southernmost point of a small island connected to the coast by a causeway in 1808, so no longer an island. If manmade land is not accepted, the continental southernmost point is located slightly more to the North at 36°00'25"N.
*'''Westernmost point'''. [[Cabo da Roca]], [[Portugal]] (9°29'56.44 W).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WETillZI8rwC&dq=Dunmore+Head+most+westerly+point+of+Europe&pg=PA345 Statistical Account of the British Empire: 1/ by J. R. Macculloch], retrieved 13 May 2014</ref><ref group=note>[[Ireland]], which is part of the European [[continental shelf]] and which was connected to the continent by land during the [[last glacial period#Europe|last glacial period]], includes points that are further west than Cabo da Roca (see [[Extreme points of Ireland#Whole island|Extreme points of Ireland]]).</ref>
*'''Easternmost point'''.  The easternmost point is dependent upon the various definitions of Europe's eastern border. Utilizing the most common definition of Europe's eastern edge (the [[Continental divide|watershed divide]] of the [[Ural Mountains]]), the easternmost point of the Ural watershed (and thus mainland Europe) lies on an unnamed {{Convert|545|m|adj=on}} peak at {{Coord|68|18|37|N|66|37|05|E|type:landmark_region:RU_dim:100km_source:enwiki}} as shown on various detailed maps such as the Soviet General Staff maps and as shown on [[Google Earth]]/Maps.  This peak is {{Convert|17|km|abbr=on}} northeast of an {{Convert|875|m|adj=on}} peak named Gora Anoraga and {{Convert|60|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Ostrov Lediyev (island) on Arctic waters south of the [[Kara Sea]].

==Elevation==
*'''Highest point'''. The highest point is dependent upon the definition of Europe:
**The [[Caucasus|Caucasus Mountains]] [[Drainage divide|watershed]] divide is the most common definition for the European/Asian border. This places the highest point at [[Mount Elbrus]], Russia (5,642 metres; 18,506 feet), which is {{Convert|11|km|abbr=on}} onto the European side of the Caucasus watershed divide.
**If the Caucasus mountains are excluded, the highest point is [[Mont Blanc]], on the border between France and Italy (4,810 metres; 15,781 feet).
*'''Lowest point (natural, with open sky)'''. [[Caspian Sea]] shore, Russia (28 metres; 92 feet below sea level).
*'''Lowest point (natural, under water)'''. [[Calypso Deep]], [[Ionian Sea]], Greece (5,267 metres; 17,280 feet below sea level).
*'''Lowest point (natural, underground)'''. Dependent upon the definition of Europe: either [[Krubera Cave]], Abkhazia, Georgia (2196 metres; 7205 feet below surface) (also the deepest cave in the world)<ref>{{cite web|last=Klimchouck|first=Alexander|title=The deepest cave in the world (Krubera Cave) became 6 m deeper|url=http://www.speleogenesis.info/news/?id=213|work=speleogenesis.info.|access-date=10 August 2013|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133816/http://www.speleogenesis.info/news/?id=213|url-status=dead}}</ref> or [[Lamprechtsofen]], Austria (1,632 metres; 5,354 feet below surface).
*'''Lowest point (artificial, with open sky)'''. [[Hambach surface mine]] ([[open-pit mining|open-pit mine]]), Germany (293 metres; 961 feet below sea level).
*'''Lowest point (artificial, underground)'''. [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]], Russia (12,262 metres; 40,230 feet below surface). Also the [[Extreme points of Earth#Lowest artificial points|deepest artificial point]] on Earth.

===Highest attainable by transportation===
*Cable car (and lift) – [[Klein Matterhorn]], Switzerland (3,883 metres; 12,736 feet)
*Funicular – [[Mittelallalin]], Switzerland (3,456 metres; 11,339 feet)
*Train (dead end) – [[Jungfraujoch]], Switzerland (3,454 metres; 11,330 feet)
*Train (mountain pass) – [[Bernina Pass]], Switzerland (2,253 metres; 7390 feet)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhb.ch/index.php?id=1060%3F&L=4 |title=Albula and Bernina lines |access-date=2009-07-28 |archive-date=2013-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113063543/http://www.rhb.ch/index.php?id=1060%3F&L=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Restricted access paved road (dead end) – [[Veleta (Sierra Nevada)]], Spain (3,300 metres; 10,827 feet)
*Paved road (dead end) – [[Ötztal Glacier Road]], Austria (2,830 metres; 9,285 feet)
*Paved road (mountain pass) – [[Col de l'Iseran]], France (2,770 metres; 9,090 feet)
*See also: [[List of highest paved roads in Europe]] and [[List of highest railways in Europe]]

===Lowest attainable by transportation===
*Lowest public tunnel – [[Ryfast|Ryfast Tunnel]], Norway ({{convert|292|m}} below sea level)

==Extreme points attainable by train==
===Extreme station of the European continent, including islands===
*Northernmost station: Terminal station: unclear which is in service: [[Pechenga (railway station), Murmansk Oblast]], [[Murmansk Oblast]], Russia ({{Convert|274|km}} from [[Cape Nordkinn]])
*Easternmost station:  Crossing of the watershed border of the Ural: Polyarnyj Ural station, literally named after the region of [[Polar Urals]], [[Komi Republic]], Russia ({{Convert|180|km|abbr=on}} from the easternmost point)
*Southernmost station: Terminal station: [[Algeciras]], [[Andalusia]], Spain ({{Convert|20|km}} northeast from [[Punta de Tarifa]])
*Westernnmost station: Terminal station: [[Tralee railway station]], [[County Kerry]], Ireland ({{Convert|70|km|abbr=on}} east from the westernmost point of Ireland)

===Continental Schengen area===
*Northernmost station: Terminal station: [[Narvik Station|Narvik]], [[Nordland]], Norway
*Easternmost station: Stop on the line Joensuu–Kontiomäki: [[Uimaharju]], [[North Karelia]], Finland
*Southernmost station: Terminal station: [[Algeciras]], [[Andalusia]], Spain
*Westernmost station: Terminal station: [[Cascais]], [[Lisbon Region]], Portugal

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography}}
*[[Extreme points of Africa-Eurasia]]
*[[Extreme points of Earth]]
*[[Extreme points of Eurasia]]
*[[Extreme points of the European Union]]
*[[Geographical midpoint of Europe]]
*[[Geography of Europe]]
*[[List of highest points of European countries]]
*[[The world's most northern]] city, capital, island etc.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.franz-josef-land.info/index.php?id=195&L=5 Franz-Joseph-Land, the northernmost islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912142829/http://www.franz-josef-land.info/index.php?id=195&L=5 |date=2014-09-12 }}

{{Extreme points of Europe}}
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[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
[[Category:Extreme points by continent|Europe]]
[[Category:Lists of extreme points|Europe]]