View source for Exarchate of Ravenna

{{Short description|Eastern Roman administrative division (584–751)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| native_name            = Exarchatus Ravennatis<br>Ἐξαρχᾶτον τῆς Ῥαβέννης
| conventional_long_name = Exarchate of Ravenna
| common_name            = Exarchate of Ravenna
| subdivision            = [[Exarch]]ate
| nation                 = the [[Byzantine Empire]]
| era                    = Early Middle Ages
| capital                = [[Ravenna]]|
| image_map              = File:Exarchate of Italy - 600 AD.png
| image_map_caption      = Map of the Exarchate of Ravenna within the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 600
| year_start             = 584
| event_start            = Foundation of Exarchate
| year_end               = 751
| event_end              = Death of Eutychius
| event_pre              = [[Lombards|Lombard]] invasion of Italy
| date_pre               = 568
| p1                     = Praetorian prefecture of Italy
| s1                     = Republic of Venice
| s2                     = Kingdom of the Lombards
| s3                     = Papal States
| s4                     = Longobardia
| flag_p1                = no flag.svg
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Republic of Venice (Mid-14th century).svg
| flag_s2                = Iron crown of Lombardia (icon).svg
| border_s2              = no
| flag_s3                = Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg
| flag_s4                = Byzantine Calvary cross potent (transparent).png
| border_s4              = no
| title_leader           = [[Exarch]]
| leader1                = [[Decius (exarch)|Decius]]  (first)
| year_leader1           = 584–585
| leader2                = [[Eutychius (exarch)|Eutychius]]  (last)
| year_leader2           = 726–751
}}

The '''Exarchate of Ravenna''' ({{langx|la|Exarchatus Ravennatis}}; {{langx|el|Ἐξαρχᾶτον τῆς Ῥαβέννης|Exarcháton tís Ravénis}}), also known as the '''Exarchate of Italy''', was an [[exarchate]] (administrative district) of the [[Byzantine Empire]] comprising, between the 6th and 8th centuries, the territories under the jurisdiction of the [[exarch]] of Italy (''exarchus Italiae'') resident in [[Ravenna]]. The term is used in historiography in a double sense: "exarchate" in the strict sense denotes the territory under the direct jurisdiction of the [[exarch]], i.e. the area of the capital Ravenna, but the term is mainly used to designate all the Byzantine territories in continental and peninsular Italy. According to the legal sources of the time, these territories constituted the so-called ''Provincia Italiae'', on the basis of the fact that they too, until at least the end of the 7th century, fell under the jurisdiction of the exarch and were governed by ''duces'' or ''magistri militum'' under him.{{sfn|Shlosser|2003|p=27-45}}

The exarchate was established around 584, the year in which the presence of an exarch in Ravenna is attested for the first time, as a consequence of the perpetual state of war with the [[Lombards]] (who in the meantime had stolen approximately two thirds of the Byzantine lands in continental and peninsular Italy), which necessarily entailed the militarization of [[Byzantine Italy]]. The necessities of war pushed military commanders to centralize powers, thus depriving the civil authorities which are no longer attested by sources starting from the second half of the 7th century. Thus the separation of civil and military powers introduced by [[Diocletian]] and [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] disappeared. Byzantine Italy was divided into various military districts governed by ''duces'' or ''magistri militum'' dependent on the exarch of Italy, the military governor with full powers chosen by the emperor from among his generals or trusted officials to govern and defend the remaining territories italics. These districts gradually evolved into increasingly autonomous duchies.

Starting from the second half of the 7th century, the autonomist tendencies of the local aristocracies and the ever-increasing temporal political role of the Church of Rome led to a progressive weakening of imperial authority in Italy. Byzantine Italy had now fragmented into a series of autonomous duchies outside the effective control of the exarch, whose authority no longer extended beyond the Ravenna area. Fiscal and religious conflicts between the Papacy and Byzantium accelerated the disintegration of the exarchate. The armies, recruited from the local population, tended to take the pontiff's defense, and did not hesitate to turn on the exarch if he plotted against the Papacy. The Lombards took advantage of this to extend their conquests in an attempt to unify Italy under their domination. The exarchate fell in 751 with the Lombard conquest of Ravenna at the hands of the Lombard king [[Aistulf]].{{sfn|Moffatt|2017|p=55}}

==Introduction==
{{Main|Praetorian prefecture of Italy}}
In 395 [[Theodosius I]] bequeathed the throne of the [[Roman Empire]] to his two sons: [[Arcadius]] was Emperor of the East; [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] became [[Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Emperor]]. The Roman Empire would never return to a single ruler.

The [[Praetorian prefecture of Italy|Prefecture of Italy]] suffered the invasion of barbarians in the [[5th century]]: the first to cross the Alps was [[Alaric I|Alaric]], [[Visigothic Kingdom|king of the Visigoths]]. He arrived in [[Aquileia]] in 401 and from there headed for [[Milan]], which he besieged the following year. Honorius, no longer feeling safe, moved to [[Ravenna]] and established the new capital of the Western Empire there.

In 476 Ravenna fell due to a military coup d'état by the general [[Odoacer]] who, at the head of a militia of [[Heruli]], [[Sciri]], [[Rugii]] and [[Turcilingi]] mercenaries (i.e. the Germanic component of the imperial troops), ousted [[Romulus Augustulus]] and took possession of the city. The kingdom of Odoacer, the first Roman-barbarian kingdom to exist in Italy, was short-lived: in 493 Odoacer was defeated by the king of the [[Ostrogoths]], [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]], who became the new lord of Italy. The new [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] established by Theodoric continued to maintain, as previously, the Roman provincial and state organisation.

Around the middle of the [[6th century]], Emperor [[Justinian I]] launched an impressive series of campaigns for the reconquest of the West and in particular Italy. On the peninsula the emperor began the long and bloody [[Gothic War (535–554)|war against the Ostrogoths]]. In 540 Ravenna, capital of the Goths and seat of the prefecture, was reconquered and the Byzantines began to appoint their own prefects there. The long campaign ended only in 552-554 with the decisive expedition of the general [[Narses]].

On 13 August 554, with the promulgation in [[Constantinople]] by Justinian of a ''pragmatica sanctio pro petitione Vigilii'' (pragmatic sanction on the requests of [[Pope Vigilius]]), the Prefecture of Italy returned, although not yet completely pacified, to Roman dominion. However, [[Sicily]] and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] were separated from the Prefecture of Italy: the former did not become part of any prefecture, being governed by a praetor dependent on Constantinople, while the latter was aggregated to the [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Prefecture of Illyricum]]. Consequently, at the end of the conflict, the prefecture of Italy, also called ''Provincia Italiae'' by the Pragmatic Sanction as if to demonstrate a loss of importance, was reduced to only continental and peninsular Italy (Sardinia and Corsica, conquered by the [[Vandals]] in the century, after Justinian's reconquest they became part of the [[Praetorian prefecture of Africa]]).

Narses still remained in Italy with extraordinary powers and also reorganized the defensive, administrative and fiscal apparatus. Four military commands were allocated to defend the prefecture, one in ''[[Cividale del Friuli|Forum Iulii]]'', one in [[Trento]], one in the region of Lake Maggiore and Como and finally one in the [[Cottian Alps|Cottian]] and [[Graian Alps]].

==Lombard invasion and Byzantine reaction ==
[[File:Agilulf's Italy-it.png|left|thumb|The Byzantines (orange) and the Lombards (cyan) in 590.]]In 568, the [[Lombards]] under King [[Alboin]], together with other Germanic allies, invaded [[Northern Italy]]. The area had only a few years ago been completely pacified, and had suffered greatly during the long Gothic War. The local Byzantine forces were weak and, after taking several towns, in 569 the Lombards conquered [[Milan]].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} They took [[Pavia]] after a three-year siege in 572 and made it their capital.{{sfn|Peters|Foulke|2003|p=b. II, ch. 26-27}} In subsequent years, they took [[Tuscany]]. Other military initiatives led by [[Faroald I of Spoleto|Faroald]] and [[Zotto]], penetrated into [[Central Italy|Central]] and [[Southern Italy]], where they established the duchies of [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodgkin |title=The Lombard Invasion |series=Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. 5, Book VI |pages=71–73}}</ref> However, after Alboin's murder in 573, the Lombards fragmented into several autonomous duchies (the "[[Rule of the Dukes]]").

Emperor [[Justin II]] tried to take advantage of the Lombardian fragmentation in 576 by sending his son-in-law, [[Baduarius]], to Italy. However, he was defeated and killed in battle,<ref>{{cite book |last=John of Biclaro |title=Chronicle}}</ref> and the continuing crises in the [[Balkans]] and the East meant that another imperial effort at reconquest was not possible. Because of the Lombard incursions, the Roman possessions had fragmented into several isolated territories. In 580, Emperor [[Tiberius II]] reorganized them into five province ''eparchies'': the ''Annonaria'' in northeastern Italy around Ravenna, [[Calabria]], [[Campania]], [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Aemilia]] and the ''Urbicaria'' around the city of [[Rome]] (''Urbs'').{{sfn|Conti|1975}} What would become the [[Republic of Venice]] was at some point created out of part of the exarchy's territory. The title of the [[Doge of Venice]] included the phrase {{lang|la|dux Veneciarum provinciae}}, marking it as a province of the Byzantine Empire.

By the end of the 6th century the new order of powers had settled into a stable pattern. Ravenna, governed by its exarch, who held civil and military authority in addition to his ecclesiastical office, was confined to the city, its port and environs as far north as the [[Po River|Po]] (bordering territory of the duke of [[Venice]], nominally in imperial service) and south to the [[Marecchia|Marecchia River]], beyond which lay the [[Duchy of the Pentapolis]] on the Adriatic, also under a duke nominally representing the Emperor of the East.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hallenbeck |first=Jan.T |title=Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century |journal=Transactions, American Philosophical Society |volume=72 |date=1982 |isbn=9781422374733 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/pHRi0AEACAAJ }}</ref>

==Exarchate==
The exarchate was organised into a group of duchies ([[Duchy of Rome|Rome]], [[Maritime Venice|Venetia]], [[Duchy of Calabria|Calabria]], [[Duchy of Naples|Naples]], [[Duchy of Perugia|Perugia]], [[Duchy of the Pentapolis|Pentapolis]], [[Lucania (theme)|Lucania]], etc.) that were mainly the coastal cities in the Italian peninsula since the Lombards held the advantage in the hinterland.

The civil and military head of these imperial possessions, the exarch himself, was the representative at Ravenna of the emperor in [[Constantinople]]. The surrounding territory reached from the River Po, which served as the boundary with [[Venice]] in the north, to the [[Duchy of the Pentapolis|Pentapolis]] at [[Rimini]] in the south, the border of the "five cities" in the [[Marches]] along the [[Adriatic]] coast, and reached even cities not on the coast, such as [[Forlì]]. All this territory, which lay on the eastern flank of the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], was under the exarch's direct administration and formed the Exarchate in the strictest sense. Surrounding territories were governed by [[dux|duke]]s and {{Lang|la|[[Magister militum|magistri militum]]}} ("masters of the soldiers") more or less subject to his authority. From the perspective of Constantinople, the Exarchate consisted of the province of Italy.

The Exarchate of Ravenna was not the sole Byzantine province in Italy. Byzantine [[Sicily]] formed a separate government, and [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]], while they remained Byzantine, belonged to the [[Exarchate of Africa]].

The Lombards had their capital at [[Pavia]] and controlled the great valley of the [[Po River|Po]]. The Lombard wedge in Italy spread to the south, and established duchies at [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Benevento|Beneventum]]; they controlled the interior, while Byzantine governors more or less controlled the coasts.

[[Piedmont]], [[Lombardy]], the interior mainland of [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]], [[Tuscany]] and the interior of [[Campania]] belonged to the Lombards, and bit by bit the Imperial representative in Italy lost all genuine power, though in name he controlled areas like Liguria (completely lost in 640 to the Lombards), or Naples and [[Calabria]] (being overrun by the Lombard duchy of Benevento). In Rome, the pope was the real master.

At the end, 740, the Exarchate consisted of [[Istria]], Venetia, [[Ferrara]], Ravenna (the exarchate in the limited sense), with the [[Duchy of the Pentapolis|Pentapolis]], and [[Perugia]].

These fragments of the province of Italy, as it was when reconquered for [[Justinian I|Justinian]], were almost all lost, either to the Lombards, who finally conquered Ravenna itself in 751, or by the revolt of the pope, who finally separated from the Empire on the issue of the [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic reforms]].

The relationship between the [[Pope]] in [[Rome]] and the Exarch in Ravenna was a dynamic that could hurt or help the empire. The Papacy could be a vehicle for local discontent. The old Roman senatorial aristocracy resented being governed by an Exarch who was considered by many a meddlesome foreigner. Thus the exarch faced threats from outside as well as from within, hampering much real progress and development.

In its internal history, the exarchate was subject to the splintering influences that were leading to the subdivision of [[sovereignty]] and the establishment of [[feudalism]] throughout Europe. Step by step, and in spite of the efforts of the emperors at Constantinople, the great imperial officials became local landowners, the lesser owners of land were increasingly kinsmen or at least associates of these officials, and new allegiances intruded on the sphere of imperial administration. Meanwhile, the necessity for providing for the defence of the imperial territories against the Lombards led to the formation of local militias, who at first were attached to the imperial regiments, but gradually became independent, as they were recruited entirely locally. These armed men formed the {{Lang|la|exercitus romanae militiae}}, who were the forerunners of the free armed burghers of the Italian cities of the [[Middle Ages]]. Other cities of the exarchate were organized on the same model.

==End of the Exarchate==
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the growing menace of the Lombards and the [[Franks]], as well as the split between Eastern and Western Christendom inspired both by [[iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] emperors and medieval developments in Latin theology and culminating in the acrimonious rivalry between the Pope of Rome and the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], made the position of the exarch more and more untenable. Ravenna remained the seat of the exarch until the revolt of 727 over iconoclasm. [[Eutychius (exarch)|Eutychius]], the last exarch of Ravenna, was killed by the Lombards in 751.

In 752, the northeastern portion of the Exarchate known as the [[Duchy of the Pentapolis|''Ducatus Pentapolis'']] was conquered by King Aistulf of the Lombards.{{sfn|Noble|1984|p=71}} Four years later, after the Franks drove the Lombards out, [[Pope Stephen II]] claimed the territory. The Pope's ally in the military action against the Lombards, [[Pepin the Short]], King of the Franks, then donated the conquered lands back to the Papacy; this donation, which was confirmed by Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] in 774, marked the beginning of the temporal power of the popes as the [[Patrimony of Saint Peter]]. The archbishoprics within the former exarchate, however, had developed traditions of local secular power and independence, which contributed to the fragmenting localization of powers. Three centuries later, that independence would fuel the rise of the independent communes.

The southern portions of the exarchate including the imperial possessions at Naples, Calabria, and Apulia were reorganized as the [[Catepanate of Italy]] headquartered in [[Bari]]. These territories were lost to the [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Saracen]] [[Emirate of Bari|Berbers]] in 847 but recovered in 871. Later after Sicily was [[Muslim conquest of Sicily|conquered by Arabs]] the remnants were placed into newly established military/administrative ''themes'' of Calabria and Langobardia. Istria at the head of the Adriatic was attached to [[Dalmatia]].

==Exarchs of Ravenna==
''Note: For some exarchs there exists some uncertainty over their exact tenure dates.''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Decius (exarch)|Decius]] (584–585)
*[[Smaragdus]] (585–589)
*[[Romanus (exarch)|Romanus]] (589–596)
*[[Callinicus (exarch)|Callinicus]] (596–603)
*[[Smaragdus]] (603–608)
*[[John I (exarch)|John I]] (608–616)
*[[Eleutherius (exarch)|Eleutherius]] (616–619)
*Gregory the patrician (619–625)
*[[Isaac the Armenian|Isaac]] (625–643)
*[[Theodore I Calliopas]] (643–645)
*[[Plato (exarch)|Plato]] (645–649)
*[[Olympius (exarch)|Olympius]] (649–652)
*[[Theodore I Calliopas]] (653 – c. 666)
*[[Gregory (exarch)|Gregorios]] (c. 666)
*[[Theodore II (exarch)|Theodore II]] (678–687)
*[[John II Platyn]] (687–702)
*[[Theophylactus (exarch)|Theophylactus]] (702–710)
*[[John III Rizocopus]] (710–711)
*[[Scholasticus]] (713–723)
*[[Paul (exarch)|Paul]] (723 to 726–727)
*[[Eutychius (exarch)|Eutychius]] (726–727 to 751)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Borri |first=Francesco |date=2005 |title=Duces e magistri militum nell'Italia esarcale (VI-VIII secolo) |journal=Estratto da Reti Medievali Rivista |volume=VI |issue=2 |publisher=Firenze University Press |issn=1593-2214 |url=http://www.storia.unifi.it/_RM/rivista/saggi/Borri.htm |format=PDF |access-date=2008-05-21 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518163814/http://www.storia.unifi.it/_RM/rivista/saggi/Borri.htm |archive-date=2008-05-18 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Truesdell Sparhawk|author-link=Truesdell Sparhawk Brown|title=Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554-800|year=1984|location=Rome|publisher=British School at Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GRoAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Truesdell Sparhawk|author-link=Truesdell Sparhawk Brown|chapter=Byzantine Italy c. 680 - c. 876|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|volume=2|year=1995|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=320-348|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA320}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Thomas S.|chapter=Ravenna and Other Early Rivals of Venice: Comparative Urban and Economic Development in the Upper Adriatic c. 751–1050|title=Byzantium, Venice and the Medieval Adriatic: Spheres of Maritime Power and Influence, c. 700-1453|year=2021|location=Cambridge|pages=173-187|publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XUfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}
* {{cite book |last1=Conti |first1=P. M. |title=L'Italia bizantina nella 'Descriptio orbis romani' di Giorgio Ciprio, Memorie |date=1975 |publisher=G-Capellini XL |location=La Spezia |language=Italian}}
* {{Cite book|last=Diehl|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Diehl|title=Études sur l’administration byzantine dans l’exarchat de Ravenne (568-751)|year=1888|location=Paris|publisher=Ernest Thorin|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbUZAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gelichi|first=Sauro|chapter=The Venetiae, the Exarchate and the Pentapolis|title=A Companion to Byzantine Italy|year=2021|location=Boston-Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=360-386|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo8cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360}}
* {{cite journal |last =Hallenbeck |first =Jan T. |year =1982 |title =Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century |journal =Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume =72 |issue =4 |pages=1–186 |id=(ISBN) 0-87169-724-6 |jstor = 1006429|doi =10.2307/1006429 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Ludo M. |title=Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Verwaltung in Italien (540-750) |series=Research & Source Works Series No. 86 |date=June 1971 |publisher=Burt Franklin |location=New York |language=de |isbn=978-0-8337-1584-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Herrin |first=Judith |title=Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe |year=2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |place=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-20422-2}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Thomas Hodgkin (historian) |last=Hodgkin |first=Thomas |title= 553-600 The Lombard Invasion |edition=Replica |series=Italy and Her Invaders, Vol. 5, Book VI |publisher=Elibron Classics |location=Boston}}
* {{cite book |last=John of Biclaro |author-link=John of Biclaro |title=Chronicle}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=Byzantine Culture in Translation |editor1-first=Amelia Robertson |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Bronwen |editor2-last=Neil |pages=55–72 |chapter=The Orient Express: Abbot John's Rapid trip from Constantinople to Ravenna c. AD 700 |first=Ann |last=Moffatt |publisher=Brill |year=2017  |isbn=9789004349070 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 }}
*{{cite book|last=Noble|first=Thomas F. X.|title=The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825|url=https://archive.org/details/republicofstpete0000nobl|url-access=registration|year=1984|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1239-8 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John J.|author-link=John Julius Norwich|title=A History of Venice|year=1982|location=New York|publisher=Knopf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deGAAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|year=1956|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Peters|editor-first1=Edward|editor-link1=Edward Peters (scholar)|editor-last2=Foulke|editor-first2=William D.|editor-link2=William Dudley Foulke|title=Paul the Deacon: History of the Lombards|year=2003|orig-year=1907|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn8NQIPShA0C&pg=PR1}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Shlosser|first=Franziska E.|title=The Exarchates of Africa and Italy|journal=Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik|year=2003|volume=53|pages=27-45|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619033146/https://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5572_0x0003b372}}
* {{Cite book|last=West-Harling|first=Veronica|title=Rome, Ravenna, and Venice, 750-1000: Byzantine Heritage, Imperial Present, and the Construction of City Identity|year=2020|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxT0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|title=Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400-1000|year=1981|location=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Barnes & Noble|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DYMAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wozniak|first=Frank E.|title=East Rome, Ravenna and Western Illyricum: 454-536 A.D.|journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte|year=1981|volume=30|number=3|pages=351-382|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8IuAAAAIAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Byzantine Empire}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ravenna, Exarchate of}}
* [http://www.notitiadignitatum.org Notitia Dignitatum]

{{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}}
{{Byzantine Empire topics}}
{{Late Roman Provinces}}

[[Category:Exarchate of Ravenna| ]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:8th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:History of Ravenna]]
[[Category:Italian states|Ravenna, Exarchate of]]
[[Category:6th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:7th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:8th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:584 establishments]]
[[Category:751 disestablishments]]
[[Category:History of Istria]]