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{{Short description|Superstition in American baseball}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Chicago Cubs logo.svg|thumbnail|The Chicago Cubs' logo.]]
The '''Ex-Cubs Factor''' (or Ex-Cub Factor) is a seemingly [[spurious correlation]] that was seen as  essentially a corollary to the [[Curse of the Billy Goat]]. Widely published in the 1990s, the hypothesis asserted that since the appearance by the [[Chicago Cubs]] in the [[1945 World Series]], any [[baseball]] team headed into the World Series with three or more former Cubs on its roster has "a critical mass of Cubness" and a strong likelihood of failure.<ref name=Berler-1981 />

==Ex-Cubs Factor hypothesis==
{{Quote box
| width = 300px
| quote = '''It is utterly impossible for a team with three or more ex-Cubs to win the World Series'''
| source = -Ron Berler's ''ex-Cubs Factor'' hypothesis
}}

The theory was developed in October 15, 1981 by Ron Berler, a freelance journalist and Cubs fan.  Berler posited in an article that "it is utterly impossible for a team with three or more ex-Cubs to win the series."<ref name=Berler-1981>{{cite news |last=Berler |first=Ron |title=The Ex-Cub Factor: Theory will Decide World Series winner |url=http://www.all-baseball.com/ref/berler.html |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=15 October 1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405034627/http://www.all-baseball.com/ref/berler.html |archive-date=April 5, 2007 }}</ref>  Berler based this on a pattern that he observed in the post-1945 era; 1945 being the last time the Chicago Cubs made it to a World Series until 2016.

Berler cited many examples of teams with three or more ex-Cubs on their teams that reached the World Series and lost: including the [[1958 Milwaukee Braves season|1958 Milwaukee Braves]], the [[1966 Los Angeles Dodgers season|1966 Los Angeles Dodgers]], and the [[1978 Los Angeles Dodgers season|1978 Los Angeles Dodgers]].  The 1978 Dodgers, according to Berler, had lost the 1977 World Series with three ex-Cubs on their roster and seemed to be doing well the next season when they traded one of those ex-Cubs ([[Mike Garman]]) away and began playing excellently.  However, four weeks later, the Dodgers traded for ex-Cub [[Bill North]] and, in the words of Berler, the "team suffered an immediate tailspin and barely beat Cincinnati to the pennant" (North was actually traded to the Dodgers first on May 17, and Garman was traded away three days later).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/LAD/1978-transactions.shtml|title = 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers Trades and Transactions}}</ref><ref name=Berler-1981 />  The 1978 Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees leading to Berler's hypothesis of three ex-Cubs making it impossible to win a championship. In addition, the [[1980 Kansas City Royals season|1980 Kansas City Royals]] lost the World Series as well with 3 ex-Cubs.

In the original article, Berler predicted that based on this pattern the 1981 New York Yankees would not win the [[World Series]] because they had five ex-Cubs on their roster ([[Oscar Gamble]], [[Bobby Murcer]], [[Dave LaRoche]], [[Rick Reuschel]], and [[Barry Foote]]), this prediction went against the odds which heavily favored the Yankees at the time.<ref name=Strachan>{{cite news|last=Strachan|first=Al|title=Three Cubs and You're Out|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=October 21, 1981}}</ref>  His prediction about the [[1981 World Series]] based on this hypothesis was proved correct with the Yankees losing to the Dodgers, four games to two.

===Explanation of the relationship===
Berler relates the relationship to the inherent "cubness" that ex-Cubs take to their future teams.  In the original article, he wrote that "the ballclub possesses eerie, bewitching powers over its players" and that "'Cubness'...is synonymous with the rankest sort of abject failure, and is a condition chronic among all Cubs, past and present."<ref name=Berler-1981 />

[[Mike Royko]], who popularized the term in his columns in Chicago, wrote that cubness was a "virus" where "Three or more ex-Cubs could infect an entire team with the will to lose, no matter how skillful that team might appear."<ref name=Royko />  Berler adopted a similar explanation in later articulations, writing that the virus "attacks all who've played for the Cubs, even if only for a single day. There is no inoculation, no cure. When traded to another team, ex-Cubs become carriers of this debilitating disease—the ticks of baseball. Any World Series team infested with three or more of them turns addled and confused, losing all ability to win."<ref name=Berler-2008 />

===Modified Ex-Cub Factor===
{{Quote box
| width = 300px
| quote = '''A team with no ex-Cubs probably has the edge on a team that has even one in the World Series'''
| source = -Mike Royko's ''Modified ex-Cubs Factor'' hypothesis
}}
Mike Royko developed an additional hypothesis contending that "A team with no ex-Cubs probably has the edge on a team that has even one."  The key evidence provided for this was the [[1986 World Series]] which had the [[New York Mets]] (with no ex-Cubs) defeat the [[Boston Red Sox]] (with a dramatic error by ex-Cub [[Bill Buckner]]).<ref name=Gatto>{{cite book|last=Gatto|first=Steve|title=Da Curse Of The Billy Goat: The Chicago Cubs, Pennant Races, And Curses|year=2004|publisher=Protar|location=Lansing, Michigan}}</ref>  This hypothesis was largely discredited in the [[2003 World Series]] with the [[Florida Marlins]] (who had ex-Cub [[Lenny Harris]]) defeating the New York Yankees (who had no ex-Cubs), though Harris did not play in the World Series.<ref name=Berler-2008 />

==Cases for the Ex-Cubs Factor hypothesis==
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; width:300px; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:White; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|<big>World Series where the Ex-Cubs Factor has been cited</big><br> <small>(Note: Negative cases in blue)</small>
|-
! scope="col" width="100px" | <big>Year</big>
! scope="col" width="225px" | <big>Winning Team</big> <br><small>(# of ex-Cubs)</small>
! scope="col" width="225px" | <big>Losing Team</big> <br><small>(# of ex-Cubs)</small>
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1981
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Los Angeles Dodgers <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|New York Yankees <br>(5)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1984
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Detroit Tigers <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|San Diego Padres <br>(3)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|1990
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Cincinnati Reds <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Oakland Athletics <br>(3)
|-style="background:#bbcaff"
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2001
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Arizona Diamondbacks <br>(4)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|New York Yankees <br>(2)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2002
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Los Angeles Angels <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|San Francisco Giants <br>(3)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2004
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Boston Red Sox <br>(2)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|St. Louis Cardinals <br>(3)
|-style="background:#bbcaff"
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2008
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Philadelphia Phillies <br>(3)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Tampa Bay Rays <br>(1)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2009
|style="font-size: 80%;"|New York Yankees <br>(2)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Philadelphia Phillies <br>(3)
|-style="background:#bbcaff"
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2012
|style="font-size: 80%;"|San Francisco Giants <br>(3)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Detroit Tigers <br>(0)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2019
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Washington Nationals <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Houston Astros <br>(3)
|-
|style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;"|2022
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Houston Astros <br>(1)
|style="font-size: 80%;"|Philadelphia Phillies <br>(3)
|}
Since 1945, of the 24 teams to reach the World Series with three or more Cubs players, only 4 have won the World Series (the 1960 Pirates, the 2001 Diamondbacks, the 2008 Phillies, and the 2012 Giants).<ref name=Reynolds /> Since its articulation in 1981, the Ex-Cubs Factor has been used to predict and explain post-season and World Series defeats for many different baseball teams.

During the 1980s, the ex-Cubs factor was used to explain a number of losses by teams.  It was used, in a letter to the editor, as a reason for the loss by the San Diego Padres (who ironically beat the Cubs to get to the Series) in the [[1984 World Series]] (with three ex-Cubs) and by the collapse of the [[1985 Toronto Blue Jays season|1985 Toronto Blue Jays]] who had added ex-Cub [[Cliff Johnson (baseball)|Cliff Johnson]] on August 28 and then blew a 3-1 lead over the Royals in the [[1985 American League Championship Series]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Curse Of the Cubs|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 13, 1985}}</ref>

While not falling under the curse in the traditional sense, [[Bill Buckner]]'s infamous gaffe in Game 6 of the [[1986 World Series]] can be interpreted to fit the Ex-Cubs Factor. Buckner, a former Cub, booted a ground ball hit by [[New York Mets]] batter [[Mookie Wilson]], allowing [[Ray Knight]] to come around and score the winning run. The Mets would go on to win the series in seven games, and Buckner would never win the World Series in his career. Upon video analysis, Buckner was shown to be wearing a Cubs batting glove under his mitt when he made the error.

The theory became more prominent in 1990 when it was popularized by syndicated ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' columnist [[Mike Royko]] and continued predictions by Ron Berler.  On October 16, 1990, Berler again asserted the ex-Cubs factor as the reason that the favored [[Oakland Athletics]] (with ex-Cubs Scott Sanderson, Dennis Eckersley, and Ron Hassey) would lose in the [[1990 World Series]] (which they did by getting swept by the [[Cincinnati Reds]]).<ref name=Berler-1990>{{cite news|last=Berler|first=Ron|title=A's doomed by ex-Cubs?|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=October 16, 1990}}</ref>  It was again cited by Berler as a reason for the defeat of the league-leading [[1991 Pittsburgh Pirates season|1991 Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the [[1991 National League Championship Series]] to the Atlanta Braves.<ref name=Berler-1991>{{cite news|last=Berler|first=Ron|title=Agents of doom ; Ex-Cub Factor could jinx Pirates in postseason|newspaper=Washington Times|date=October 8, 1991}}</ref>  Mike Royko used the ex-Cubs factor to predict the playoff collapse of the 104-win [[1993 Atlanta Braves season|1993 Atlanta Braves]] (which did occur in the [[1993 National League Championship Series]]).<ref name=Royko>{{cite book|last=Royko|first=Mike|title=For the Love of Mike: More of the Best of Mike Royko|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/730735.html|quote=Reprint of article from October 5, 1993}}</ref>

The ex-Cubs factor hypothesis was used to predict the [[San Francisco Giants]] (with three ex-Cubs [[Shawon Dunston]], [[Benito Santiago]] and [[Tim Worrell]]) loss to the [[Anaheim Angels]] in the [[2002 World Series]].<ref name=Berler-2002>{{cite news|last=Berler|first=Ron|title=Chicago Mope|url=https://www.espn.com/magazine/berler_20021024.html|access-date=2012-10-19|newspaper=ESPN The Magazine|date=October 24, 2002}}</ref>

The ex-Cubs factor hypothesis has also been used to explain the results of the [[2004 American League Championship Series]] (ALCS) and the [[2004 World Series]], both won by the [[Boston Red Sox]].  In the 2004 ALCS, the Yankees (with six ex-Cubs) lost a 3-0 game lead to the Boston Red Sox, the first time in Major League Baseball history.  The Red Sox (with only two ex-Cubs) then went on to defeat the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] (with three ex-Cubs) in the World Series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wherry|first=Aaron|title=Did 'Ex-Cub Factor' foil the Yankees? Theory gains credibility: 'Behind every major failure in the sport is a Chicago Cub'|newspaper=National Post|date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chass|first=Murray|title=A Wise Decision Brings Boston Home|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/21/sports/baseball/21chass.html?_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 21, 2004}}</ref>  The [[2009 World Series]] resulted in a win by the New York Yankees (with two ex-Cubs) over the Philadelphia Phillies (with three ex-Cubs).<ref>{{cite web|title=World Series Preview: The Ex-Cub Factor|date=28 October 2009|url=http://wrigleywax.blogspot.com/2009/10/world-series-preview-ex-cub-factor.html|publisher=Wrigley Wax|access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref>

==Cases against the Ex-Cubs Factor hypothesis==
Berler's study of the ex-Cub factor since 1945 revealed only one exception since 1945: the [[1960 Pittsburgh Pirates season|1960 Pittsburgh Pirates]], who won the World Series with three ex-Cubs on their roster.  Berler contends that one of those ex-Cubs, [[Don Hoak]], spent so little time in Chicago (121 games in one season), that he did not fully develop what Berler called his "Cubness".  Berler quoted pitcher [[Jim Brosnan]] as saying that "Hoak is quite possibly the only man who ever conquered his Cubness".<ref name=Berler-1981 />

The [[Society for American Baseball Research]] researched the rosters of each [[World Series]] roster from 1946 to 2013 through records and noted each Series that had at least one former Cub while noting the distinct conjectures between Berler and Royko's theories. Perhaps predictably, the Berler rate was found to be more effective (17/22 as compared to 32/56), although there are a few evident cases against each conjecture.<ref name="sabr.org">{{Cite web|url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/revisiting-the-ex-cub-factor/|title = Revisiting the Ex-Cub Factor – Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref>

Most notably, the [[1973 Oakland Athletics season|1973 Oakland A's]] had three ex-Cubs in [[Pat Bourque]], [[Ken Holtzman]], and [[Bill North]] all on the roster during their run to the [[1973 World Series|World Series]], although North did not play in the Series due to injury. This also applies to the [[1979 Pittsburgh Pirates season|1979 Pittsburgh Pirates]], who won the [[1979 World Series|World Series]] with three former Cub players in [[Matt Alexander]], [[Bill Madlock]], and [[Dave Roberts (pitcher)|Dave Roberts]], although Roberts didn't play in the Series itself.<ref name="sabr.org"/>

The [[2001 Arizona Diamondbacks season|2001 Arizona Diamondbacks]] similarly had four ex-Cubs on their roster ([[Miguel Batista]], [[Mark Grace]], [[Mike Morgan (baseball)|Mike Morgan]], and [[Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)|Luis Gonzalez]]) but defeated the New York Yankees in the [[2001 World Series]].  [[Mark Grace]] declared in an post-game interview that "We beat the ex-Cub Factor!".<ref name=Reynolds>{{cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Dave|title=Ex-Cub Factor might be on wane|url=http://www.pjstar.com/sports/x576541274/Ex-Cub-Factor-might-be-on-wane|newspaper=Peoria Journal Star|date=October 6, 2009}}</ref> The sympathy many fans felt for New York City following the [[September 11 attacks]], topped off by the four ex-Cubs on the Arizona roster, seemed to stack up against the Diamondbacks.  But Arizona won Game 6 in a lopsided score, and then won Game 7 in a come-from-behind finish, scoring a pair of runs in the ninth inning to win the Series. In fact, two of the four former Cubs played prominent roles in that ninth inning, [[Mark Grace]] getting a lead off single and [[Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)|Luis Gonzalez]] driving in the winning run with a single.

The 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates and the 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks (both with victories over the New York Yankees) are among the few instances of teams ever having won the World Series in Game 7 [[Walk-off home run|walk-off]] victories.<ref name=Reynolds />  The former was a home run hit by [[Bill Mazeroski]] to end the [[1960 World Series]].

The [[2008 Philadelphia Phillies season|2008 Philadelphia Phillies]] team was declared prior to the post-season by Berler as "doomed this year by the Ex-Cub Factor" (with three ex-Cubs [[Scott Eyre]], [[Jamie Moyer]], and [[Matt Stairs]] on their roster).<ref name=Berler-2008>{{cite news|last=Berler|first=Ron|title=Are the 2008 Cubs Doomed by the "Ex-Cub Factor"?|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/are-the-2008-cubs-doomed-by-the-ex-cub-factor/Content?oid=1106033|newspaper=Chicago Reader|date=October 2, 2008}}</ref>   However, the Phillies defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers (a team also with three ex-Cubs) in the National League Championship Series and the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] (one ex-Cub) in the [[2008 World Series]].

==Applied to other teams==
The Ex-Cubs Factor hypothesis has been applied to other professional baseball teams in both positive and negative references.  For example, sports writer Jeff Blair has argued there exists an "ex-[[Expos]] factor" where number of former [[Montreal Expos]] players correlates with post-season success, owing to several careers starting in Montreal that ranged from [[Randy Johnson]] (the winning pitcher of the final game in 2001) to [[Pedro Martínez]] (part of the Red Sox team who made the epic comeback over the Yankees in 2004) to [[Gary Carter]] (was on the Mets team that won in 1986), each of which whom won a [[World Series]] after leaving the Expos.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blair|first=Jeff|title=You can't win a Series without a few ex-Expos|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=October 27, 2005}}</ref> Jim Caple for ESPN.com has similarly proposed an ex-[[Seattle Mariners|Mariners]] factor (or XMF) which explores the excellent play by ex-Mariners for other teams in postseason baseball.<ref>{{cite news|last=Caple|first=Jim|title=Examining the Ex-Mariners Factor|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/playoffs/2012/story/_/id/8509812/several-former-members-seattle-mariners-display-alcs|newspaper=ESPN.com|date=2012-10-16}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Redskins Rule]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/730735.html Mike Royko column examples including 1993 explanation of Ex-Cubs Factor]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070405005935/http://www.all-baseball.com/ref/excubold.html Ex-Cubs Factor through the years]

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