View source for Eve teasing

{{Short description|Euphemism for public sexual harassment or assault of women by men}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Violence against women|sp=uk}}
{{Other uses|Street harassment}}
In [[India]], '''eve teasing''' is a [[euphemism]], primarily occurring in [[Indian English]], used for public [[sexual harassment]] or [[sexual assault]] of women by men. The name "[[Eve]]" alludes to the [[Bible]]'s [[Creation myth|creation story]] concerning [[Adam and Eve]].<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn-Sh1nv7pQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA109 |title= Eve Teasing |work= The Official Dictionary of Unofficial English |first= Grant |last= Barrett |publisher= McGraw-Hill Professional |year= 2006 |isbn= 0-07-145804-2 |page= 109}}</ref> Considered a problem related to [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquency]] in male youth,<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0sHAmkBpUoIC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA233 |title= Eve-Teasing |work= Image Makers: An Attitudinal Study of Indian Police |first= Giriraj |last= Shah |publisher= Abhinav Publications |date= 1993 |isbn= 81-7017-295-0 |pages= 233–34}}</ref> it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and [[catcall]]s, to [[groping]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Lewd-nature-goes-unchecked/articleshow/4191905.cms?|title= Lewd nature goes unchecked |location= [[Kanpur]] |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 26 February 2009 |publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300121800.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040928014542/http://www.hindu.com/op/2004/04/13/stories/2004041300121800.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 28 September 2004 |title= Controlling eve-teasing |first= Rajesh |last= Venkataraman |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 13 April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Harassment-in-public-places-a-routine-for-many/articleshow/4130034.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106154352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-15/jaipur/28045948_1_eve-teasing-boys-buses | url-status= live | archive-date= 6 November 2012 |title= Harassment in public places a routine for many |work= [[The Times of India]] |first= Shoeb |last= Khan |date= 15 February 2009 |location= [[Jaipur]] |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref>

The Indian [[National Commission for Women]] has suggested that the expression serves only to trivialize the seriousness of the offence and should be replaced by a more appropriate term.<ref name=nat/> They argue that, considering the semantic roots of the term in [[Indian English]], Eve teasing refers to the temptress nature of [[Eve]] in Christian thought, and places the responsibility on the woman as an alluring tease.<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SKkzbVsmGOQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA63 |title= Sexual Harassment |work= Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India |first= Geetanjali |last= Gangoli |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4604-4| pages= 63–64}}</ref> 

As with most forms of personal harassment, sexual harassment is notoriously difficult to prove in a legal sense as perpetrators often devise intentionally discreet ways to harass women, although Eve teasing usually occurs in [[public space]]s and streets and on public transport.<ref name=cho>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G4oDbma2Y0MC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA45 |title= In Public Spaces: Security in the Street and in the Chowk |work= Women, Security, South Asia: A Clearing in the Thicket |first1= Farah |last1= Faizal |first2= Swarna |last2= Rajagopalan| publisher= SAGE |year= 2005| isbn= 0-7619-3387-5 |page= 45}}</ref> Some guidebooks to the region warn female tourists to avoid attracting the attention of these kinds of men by wearing modest, conservative clothing.<ref name="LonelyPlanet001">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/practical-information/health |title=India – Practical information – Health & Safety |publisher=Lonely Planet |work=Lonelyplanet.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617000923/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/practical-information/health |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="FrommersIndia001">{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/india/3475028784.html |title=India – Tips for Women Travelers |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |work=Frommer's |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428162121/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/india/3475028784.html |archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> However, this form of harassment has been reported by both Indian and foreign women in conservative dress.<ref name=BBC-13Jan12>{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16503338 |title= Eve teasing in India: Assault or harassment by another name |first= Nidhi |last= Dutt |publisher= BBC |date= 13 January 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The problem first received public and media attention in India in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Eve-Teasing |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897530,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217090420/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897530,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=12 September 1960}}</ref><ref>[http://www.waywordradio.org/?s=eve-teasing Historical citations of the phrase] at WayWordRadio.org</ref> In the following decades, more and more women started attending college and working independently, meaning that they were often no longer accompanied by a male escort as had been the norm in traditional society. In response, the problem grew to alarming proportions, despite this not being the case in other cultures where women come and go as they please.<ref name=pol>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RKnClbGW9-AC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA54 |title= Role of Women Police |work= Women Police in a Changing Society: Back Door to Equality |first= Mangai |last= Natarajan |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2008| isbn= 978-0-7546-4932-8 |page= 54}}</ref> Soon the [[Government of India|Indian government]] had to take remedial measures, both judicial and law enforcement, to curb the practice. Efforts were made to sensitise the police about the issue, and police started to round up Eve teasers. The deployment of plain-clothed female police officers for the purpose has been particularly effective.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/28/special-squad-to-nab-eve-teasers-formed-in-kerala-1156746313.html |title= Special squad to nab eve teasers formed in Kerala | work= OneIndia | publisher= Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. | date= 28 August 2006 |access-date= 8 February 2015}}</ref> Other measures taken in various [[States and union territories of India|states]] by the police were setting up of dedicated women's helplines in various cities, police stations staffed by women, and special police cells.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/507034/National/1/20/1 |title=Special team to check roadside romeos in Allahabad |date=20 February 2009 |website=Indopia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413024554/http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/507034/National/1/20/1 |archive-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

Also seen during this period was a marked rise in the number of women coming forward to report cases of sexual harassment, due to changing public opinion against this practice. In addition, the severity of these incidents grew as well, in some cases leading to [[acid throwing]], which in turn led to states like [[Tamil Nadu]] making it a non-bailable offence. The number of women's organisations and those working for [[women's rights]] also increased, and during this period reports of [[bride burning]] increased.<ref>{{citation | url= http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/law/n64.xml | title= Bride Burning | author= Linda S. Stone | access-date= 13 May 2015 | archive-date= 24 September 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093623/http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/law/n64.xml | url-status= usurped }}</ref> The increase in the number of violent incidents involving women meant previously lackadaisical attitudes towards women's rights had to be revised and supported by law. In the coming years, certain organisations played a key role in lobbying for the passing of legislation designed to protect women from aggressive behaviour from strangers, including 'The Delhi Prohibition of Eve-teasing Bill 1984'.<ref name=pol/>

The death of a female student, Sarika Shah, in [[Chennai]] in 1998,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hassled, but helpless|url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/10/stories/2002091000070100.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030325005001/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/10/stories/2002091000070100.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 25 March 2003|website = [[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> resulted in some tough laws to counter the problem in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 July 1998 |title=Murder charges in eve-teasing case |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980727/20850084.html |newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021542/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980727/20850084.html |archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> After murder charges were brought, about a half-dozen reports of [[suicide]] have been attributed to pressures caused by this behaviour.<ref name=pol/> In February 2009, female students from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]] (MSU) in [[Vadodara]] assaulted four young men near the family and community sciences faculty, after the men made lewd comments about a girl student staying in SD Hall hostel.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/MSU-hostel-girls-beat-up-eve-teasers/articleshow/4179252.cms | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106154403/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-23/vadodara/28032265_1_eve-teasers-hostel-girl-students | url-status= live | archive-date= 6 November 2012 |title= MSU hostel girls beat up eve teasers |date= 23 February 2009 |location= Vadodara | newspaper= [[The Times of India]] | access-date= 8 February 2015}}</ref>

Many other cases go unreported for fear of reprisals and exposure to public shame. In some cases police let the offenders go, after [[public humiliation]] through the [[murga punishment]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/public-prosecution-crime-and-instant-punishment/articleshow/1690507.cms |title= Public prosecution: Crime and instant punishment! |first= Arunima |last= Srivastava |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 29 June 2006 |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref> In 2008, a Delhi court ordered a 19-year-old caught making lewd remarks to passing females to distribute 500 handbills to youngsters outside schools and colleges detailing the consequences of indecent conduct.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2008 |title=Youth held for eve-teasing, told to distribute handouts |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/youth-held-for-eveteasing-told-to-distribute-handouts/320866/ |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |agency=[[Indian Express]] News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224210700/http://www.screenindia.com/news/youth-held-for-eveteasing-told-to-distribute-handouts/320866/ |archive-date=24 February 2009}}</ref>

==Depiction in popular culture==
Some depictions in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] shows mild teasing as a part of flirtatious beginnings of a courtship, along with the usual accompaniment of song and dance routines, which invariably results in the heroine submitting to the hero's advances towards the end of the song. Young men tend to emulate the example depicted so flawlessly on screen; the term ''roadside Romeos''<ref name=cho/> even made it to film in ''[[Roadside Romeo]]'' (2007).

It also has been frequently depicted that when a girl is teased in this way, the hero will come and beat the perpetrator up in order to protect her and 'defend her honour', such as in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films ''Madhumasam'', ''Magadheera'' and ''Eega'', and also the [[Hindi]] film ''Wanted''. Nowadays, this issue is also featured in Indian television [[soap opera|soaps]] like ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']].

==Legal redress==
[[File:INAFI-WIKI 01.jpg|thumb|Campaign "I Never Ask for It", organised by [[Blank Noise]], that addresses eve teasing and violence justified through blame, across spaces and as experienced by multiple identities of women in India]]
Although [[Law of India|Indian law]] does not use the term ''Eve teasing'', victims earlier usually seek recourse through Section 294 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which sentences a man found guilty of making a girl or woman the target of obscene gestures, remarks, songs or recitation to a maximum jail sentence of three months. Section 292 of the IPC clearly spells out that showing pornographic or obscene pictures, books or papers to a woman or girl results in a fine of {{INRConvert|2000}} with two years' imprisonment for first offenders. In the case of a repeated offense, the offender may have a fine of {{INRConvert|5000}} with five years' imprisonment imposed. Under Section 509 of the IPC, obscene gestures, indecent body language and negative comments directed at any woman or girl or exhibiting any object which intrudes upon the privacy of a woman, carries a penalty of imprisonment for one year or a fine or both.<ref>{{citation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SKkzbVsmGOQC&q=eve-teasing&pg=PA63 |title= The Legal Regulation of Women's Sexuality |work= Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India |first= Geetanjali |last= Gangoli |publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4604-4 |page= 63}}</ref> The [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, [[stalking]] and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417194151/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/TheCrimnalLaw030413.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2013 }}</ref>

The [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) also proposed No 9. Eve Teasing (New Legislation) 1988.<ref name=nat>[http://ncw.nic.in/frmReportLaws09.aspx Laws and Legislative Measures Affecting Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152016/http://ncw.nic.in/frmReportLaws09.aspx |date=29 October 2018 }}, [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW).</ref> The Indian Parliament has passed the [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]], which adds protections for female workers in most workplaces. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013.

==Public response==
[[File:Blank Noise project's intervention on Majestic bus stand, against Eve Teasing.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Blank Noise]] Project's intervention on [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Majestic bus stand]], against Eve teasing<ref>{{cite news |title=Blank Noise Project - I Never Asked For It|first=Mandy|last=Van Deven|date=13 June 2009|work=[[Bitch (magazine)|Bitch]]| url=http://bitchmagazine.org/post/blank-noise-project-i-never-asked-for-it }}</ref>]]

''Nirbhaya Karnataka'' ("Fearless Karnataka") is a coalition of many individuals and groups including Alternative Law Forum, Blank Noise, Maraa, Samvada and Vimochana. After the rise of eve teasing cases in the 2000s, it organised several public awareness campaigns, including [[Take Back the Night (protest)|Take Back the Night]], followed by another public art project titled, The [[Blank Noise]] Project, starting in [[Bangalore]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72009/metrosat20090306122452.asp | title= Not just eve-teasing! | newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]] | date= 7 March 2009 | access-date= 9 February 2015 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209202959/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar72009/metrosat20090306122452.asp | archive-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref> A similar programme to fight eve-teasing was also hosted in [[Mumbai]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/04mumbai.htm |title= Join the fight against eve teasing in Mumbai |work= [[Rediff.com]]| date= 4 March 2008 |access-date= 9 February 2015}}</ref>

In [[Delhi]], one of India's most dangerous cities for women,<ref name="ncrb">[http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/Chapters.htm Statistics on metros] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063851/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2007/cii-2007/Chapters.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}, National Crime Records Bureau, India</ref> the Department of Women and Child Development established a steering committee in 2009 to prepare the city for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games to be held in 2010]].<ref name="WSJdelhieveteasing">{{cite news| url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125291645948508175 |title= Delhi Versus 'Eve Teasers': a Race Against Time |first= Ketaki |last= Gokhale |newspaper= [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date= 14 September 2009}}</ref> In Mumbai, "Ladies Special" train compartments have been introduced to allow women to travel without the fear of being sexually harassed, for the length of the journey at least. Given that the number of women needing to travel has doubled since 1995, there is a very strong demand for these kinds of services.<ref name="Ladies Special Train - Times Online UK">{{cite news| url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6840167.ece |title= Mumbai's Ladies Special train leaves the commuter sex pests behind |first1=Helen |last1= Alexander |first2= Rhys |last2= Blakel |newspaper= Times Online |location= UK |date= 14 October 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Today "Ladies Special" compartments are present in most local trains in big cities. The [[Delhi Metro]] also has exclusive women-only cars.<ref name="Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Women-get-exclusive-coach-in-Delhi-Metro/Article1-607431.aspx |title=Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 October 2010 |publisher=HT Media Limited |access-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216161805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/women-get-exclusive-coach-in-delhi-metro/article1-607431.aspx |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

Starting in 2017, the [[Kung Fu Nuns#Humanitarian Work|Drukpa nuns of Amitabha]], known as the "Kung Fu Nuns", started teaching women's self-defence training for the Ladakh/Himalayan towns, the first class being held at [[Hemis Monastery]]. While the sisters were performing rescue work after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, they heard many stories of young women being sent away for better opportunities but ending up in sex slavery; these same small villages high in the Himalayas were also vulnerable to banditry.  As part of their outreach, the nuns seek to strengthen women's safety, position and value in their communities by teaching new skills, including self-defence and vocational training.

Eve teasing is highly criticised by the media and on [[social media]] websites such as [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.vishwasdailynews.com/hyderabad-news/how-2-eve-teasing-hyderabadi-men-were-taught-a-lesson-using-facebook-105.html | title= How 2 eve teasing Hyderabadi men were taught a lesson using Facebook |  newspaper=[[Vishwas News]]  |  publisher= Vishwas News|  date= 30 April 2015 | access-date= 13 May 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]
* [[Besharmi Morcha]]
* [[Blank Noise]]
* [[Dekh Le]]
* [[Feminism in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Groping]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Pink Chaddi Campaign]]
* [[Rape culture]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Rape in Pakistan]]
* [[Rohtak sisters viral video controversy]]
* [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus]]
* [[SlutWalk]]
* [[An Open Letter to Honey Singh]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title= Crimes Against Women and Protective Laws |first= Shobha |last= Saxena |publisher= Deep & Deep Publications |year= 1995}}
* {{cite book|title= Sexual Harassment: Contemporary Feminist Perspectives |first1= Alison M. |last1= Thomas |first2= Celia |last2= Kitzinger |publisher= Open University Press |year= 1997 |isbn= 0-335-19580-6}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Sexual Harassment in India: A Case Study of Eve-Teasing in Historical Perspective |title= Rethinking Sexual Harassment |first1= Clare |last1= Brant |first2= Yun Lee |last2= Too |publisher= Pluto Press |year= 1994 |isbn= 0-7453-0838-4 |page= 200}}
* {{cite web| url= http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/etea.htm |title= Eveteasing in India And Tortious Liabilities |first= B. Jyoti |last= Kiran | publisher= LegalServiceIndia.com}}
* {{citation| url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par-e-20054.htm |title= Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan| at= (JT 1997 (7) SC 384)| publisher= Govt. of [[Tamil Nadu]]}}

==External links==
{{colbegin}}
* [http://indiatogether.org/evetease-women Fighting eve-teasing: rights and remedy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090414032029/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=124337 Eve teasing and male dominance]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/10220920 Bangladesh 'Eve Teasing' craze takes a terrible toll]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120525160054/http://chd.ihollaback.org/ Chandigarh-ihollaback.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120525155456/http://chennai.ihollaback.org/ Chennai-ihollaback.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404063243/http://mumbai.ihollaback.org/ Mumbai-ihollaback.org]
{{colend}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eve Teasing}}
[[Category:Sexual euphemisms]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Sexual misconduct]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:English-language slang]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]