View source for European Neighbourhood Policy

{{Short description|Foreign relations policy of the European Union}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
[[File:EU European Neighbourhood Policy states.svg|thumb|European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP):
{{Leftlegend|#3f48cc|[[Member state of the European Union|EU member states]]}}
{{Leftlegend|#00bfff|[[Future enlargement of the European Union|EU enlargement agenda]]}}
{{Leftlegend|#48cc3f|[[Eastern Partnership]] ENP countries}}
{{Leftlegend|#ff8c00|Other ENP countries (all but Libya are [[Union for the Mediterranean|UfM]] members)}}
{{Leftlegend|#fff200|Member states of the [[Union for the Mediterranean|UfM]] that are neither ENP countries, members of the EU, or participants in its enlargement agenda}}
]]
The '''European Neighbourhood Policy''' ('''ENP''') is a foreign relations instrument of the [[European Union]] (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. These countries include some [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|who seek to one day]] become either a [[member state of the European Union]], or become more [[Privileged partnership|closely integrated]] with the European Union. The ENP does not apply to neighbours of the EU's [[Special member state territories and the European Union|outermost regions]], specifically [[France]]'s territories in [[South America]], but only to those countries close to EU member states' territories in [[mainland Europe]].

The countries covered are [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]] in the South; and [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] in the East. [[Russia]] has a special status with the EU-Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation. The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. This process is normally underpinned by an '''Action Plan''' agreed by Brussels and the target country. The ENP does not cover countries in the [[Enlargement of the European Union|current EU enlargement agenda]], the [[European Free Trade Association]] or the [[Microstates and the European Union|western European microstates]].

The EU typically concludes [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreements]] in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in a country. In exchange, the country may be offered [[tariff]]-free access to some or all [[European single market|EU markets]] (notably industrial goods or agricultural products) and financial or technical assistance.

== History ==
=== Establishment ===
The European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy aims at bringing [[Europe]] and its neighbours closer. It was conceived after the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union]] with 10&nbsp;new member countries, in order to avoid creating new borders in Europe. It is also designed to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours. The vision is that of a ring of countries, drawn into further integration, but without necessarily becoming full members of the European Union. The policy was first outlined by the [[European Commission]] in March 2003.

The countries covered include [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]] in the South and [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] in the East.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/330/european-neighbourhood-policy-enp_en|title=European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)|date=2016-12-21|access-date=2017-10-07|publisher=[[European External Action Service]]}}</ref> [[Russia]] has a special status with the EU–Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation.

On 25 May 2011, the European Commission launched what it described as a new and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy,<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-643_en.htm?locale=en New and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy]</ref> backed by more than €1.2&nbsp;billion in new funding, bringing the total to almost €7&nbsp;billion. The main priorities and directions of a revitalised ENP strategy are set out in the Joint Communication by the European Commission and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs, titled "A new response to a changing Neighbourhood".<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com_11_303_en.pdf A new response to a changing Neighbourhood] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626211647/http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/com_11_303_en.pdf |date=26 June 2011 }}</ref> It seeks to strengthen individual and regional relationships between the EU and countries in its neighbourhood through a "more funds for more reform" approach – making more additional funds available, but with more mutual accountability.

In the South, the first comprehensive policy for the region was the [[Union for the Mediterranean|Euro-Mediterranean Partnership]] (or Barcelona Process) a wide framework of political, economic and social relations between member states of the EU and countries of the Southern Mediterranean. It was initiated on 27–28 November 1995 through a conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held in Barcelona. Besides the 27&nbsp;member states of the European Union, the remaining "Mediterranean Partners" are all other Mediterranean countries including Libya (which had 'observer status' from 1999 to 2012).

In the East, the [[Eastern Partnership]] (EaP) is a policy initiative launched at the Prague Summit in May 2009 that aims to bring the six [[Eastern European]] neighbours (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) closer to the EU. It represents the Eastern dimension of the ENP and strengthens bilateral relations between the EU and its partners. These states, with the exception of Belarus, also participate in the [[Euronest Parliamentary Assembly]].

In March 2015, the European Commission launched a review of the principles on which the policy is based as well as its scope and how its instruments should be used. The [[Public consultation|consultation]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/neighbourhood/consultation/index_en.htm |title=Consultation: "Towards a new European Neighbourhood Policy". European Commission. Retrieved 27 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527164525/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/neighbourhood/consultation/index_en.htm |archive-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> follows four priorities: differentiation; focus; flexibility; ownership and visibility. A Communication setting out proposals for the future direction of the ENP will follow in autumn.

=== Funding: from the ENPI via ENI to NDICI ===
{{main|Global Europe}}
Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, were the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014 and was merged in 2021 into [[Global Europe]].<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2014:077:0027:0043:EN:PDF Establishing a European Neighbourhood Instrument]</ref> It has a budget of €15.4&nbsp;billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes and replaced The earlier European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). This cooperation instrument continues to be managed by Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation and [[EuropeAid]], which turns decisions taken on a political level into actions on the ground. The ENPI funding approved for the 2007–2013 period was €11.2&nbsp;billion.

Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry has expressed interest in the ENP<ref name="www.eu.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.eu.int/comm/external_relations/kazakhstan/intro/index.htm |title=The EU's relations with Kazakhstan - Overview |website=www.eu.int |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102094416/http://www.eu.int/comm/external_relations/kazakhstan/intro/index.htm |archive-date=2 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and some [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] have also discussed Kazakhstan's inclusion in the ENP.<ref name="charlestannock.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.charlestannock.com/speech.asp?id=1150|title=Kazakhstan|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225121616/http://www.charlestannock.com/speech.asp?id=1150|url-status=dead}}</ref> The EU Neighbourhood Info Centre was launched in January 2009 by the European Commission to make more known the relationship between the EU and its neighbours.

== Agreements ==
[[File:European Union future possible members 2.0.svg|thumb|Countries that [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|could join the European Union]]
{{legend|#003399|Current members}}
{{legend|#46a43b|Candidate countries}}
{{legend|#ffd617|Applicant / potential candidate countries}}
{{legend|#F29527|Membership possible}}
{{legend|#da2131|Membership not possible}}
{{legend|#c39467|Located at least partially in Europe}}]]
In recent history, such agreements are signed as part of two EU policies: [[Stabilisation and Association Process]] (SAP) and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The countries of the [[Mediterranean]] and the East European EU neighbours (including [[South Caucasus]], but excluding Russia that insists on creating four [[Russia–European Union relations|EU–Russia Common Spaces]]) are covered by ENP through the [[Directorate-General for External Relations (European Commission)|Directorate-General for External Relations]]. In the ENP Association Agreements (as in similar AAs signed with Mexico and other states) there is no mention of EU membership—this is a concern only to the European ENP states, because for the Mediterranean they [[Copenhagen criteria#Geographic criteria|cannot join the union in its current form]] because they are not located in Europe. The ENP AAs are similar to the [[Partnership and Cooperation Agreement]]s signed with [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS states]] in the 1990s and to the multiple other AAs governing the relations between the EU and other third countries. The ENP stipulates that after signing of AA with a particular country the EU will make a Country Report and then the two sides will agree on an Action Plan drafted by the EU (including particular reforms, actions and also aid by the EU) for the next three to five years.

Both the SAA and ENP AP are based mostly on the EU's ''[[acquis communautaire]]'' and its promulgation in the cooperating states legislation. Of course the depth of the harmonisation is less than for full EU members and some policy areas may not be covered (depending on the particular state).

According to [[EUobserver]] the ENP countries may be divided into two groups—European states with explicitly stated EU membership possibility for the long term and Mediterranean states with no such statement in the Action Plans. This division is obvious in the two groups for multilateral activities that are meant to supplement the bilateral ENP Action Plans—the [[Eastern Partnership]] and the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/22092|title=Berlin in plans to split EU neighbourhood states|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

Association Agreements have to be [[Ratification|ratified]] by all the [[EU member states]]. AA signed with the Mediterranean states also include a [[Free Trade Agreement]] between the EU and the third country. For the East European EU neighbours covered by the ENP such provisions are expected for some of the next Action Plan periods.

== Criticism ==
Although the [[Eastern Partnership]] was inaugurated on 7 May 2009, academic research critically analysing the policy became available by early 2010 (see [[Elena Korosteleva#Building Research Excellence in Russian and East European Studies at the Universities of Tartu, Uppsala and Kent]]). Research findings from a UK [[ESRC]] research project examining the EU's relations with three Eastern Partnership member states—namely, [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Moldova]]—notes both conceptual and empirical dilemmas.<ref name="Moldova friendly">[http://www.euractiv.com/en/east-mediterranean/moldova-most-EU-friendly-eastern-country-survey-reveals-news-495197 'Moldova most EU-friendly Eastern country, survey reveals'] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130122184758/http://www.euractiv.com/east-mediterranean/moldova-eu-friendly-eastern-coun-news-495197 |date=22 January 2013 }}, ''Euractive'', 2010-06-14</ref> First, conceptually the EU has limited uniform awareness of what it is trying to promote in its eastern neighbourhood under the aegis of "shared values", "collective norms", and "joint ownership". Secondly, empirically, the EU seems to favour a "top-down" governance approach (based on rule/norm transfer and conditionality) in its relations with outsiders, which is clearly at odds with a voluntary idea of "partnership", and explicitly limits the input of "the other" in the process of reform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Minisite/widereurope/index.html |title=Europeanizing or Securitizing the 'outsiders'? Assessing the EU's partnership-building approach with Eastern Europe |access-date=2010-04-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010034624/http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Minisite/widereurope/index.html |archive-date=10 October 2009}}</ref> This has led critics to argue that the neighbourhood policies are subordinated to the EU's interests and values, while the role of the "partners" is at best secondary.<ref>Castan Pinos, J. (2014) ‘[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280170602_The_Conflicting_Aims_of_the_European_Neighborhood_Policy_and_its_Secondary_Effects The Conflicting Aims of the European Neighborhood Policy and its Secondary Effects]’, Journal of Borderlands Studies 29 (2): 139.</ref>

The [[Arab Spring]] in North Africa shed light on the close personal and business ties between members of governing elites in EU member states and their Mediterranean counterparts. For example, French Foreign Minister [[Michèle Alliot-Marie]] was forced to resign due to public outrage over her links to the ousted [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]] regime in Tunisia.<ref name="BBC News 27.2.2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12591452|title=French Foreign Minister Alliot-Marie quits over Tunisia|work=BBC News|date=27 February 2011|access-date=3 February 2017|via=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2008, the EU tried to negotiate an association agreement with Libya and earmarked €60 million in ENPI funds to the country over the 2011–2013 period.<ref name="EC">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_csp_nip_libya_en.pdf|title=redirect|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008161356/http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_csp_nip_libya_en.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Status ==
{{Update|section|date=August 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="text-align:left; font-size:120%" | ENP partner
! [[European Union Association Agreement|EU Agreement]]
! [[Free Trade Agreement|FTA]] provi&shy;sions !! Country Report
! Action Plan !! Adoption by the EU !! Adoption by the ENP partner
! AP duration !! CFSP invita&shy;tion<ref name="CFSP">The EU may invite the ENP partner to align itself with EU declarations in the field of [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] on a case-by-case basis. Currently, in addition to ENP partners the EU invites for alignment the [[EU candidate countries|candidate countries]], [[Stabilization and Association process|SAp]] and [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] states. Each states decides on a case-by-case basis if to align itself with the particular declaration it is invited to.</ref>
! EU aspira&shy;tion<ref name="EUEN">The EU takes note of expressed European aspirations by the ENP partner.</ref>
! Sub-group
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Morocco]]
| AA, March 2000 || {{Yes}} || May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 27 July 2005 || 3–5 years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Algeria]]
| AA, September 2005 || {{Yes}}
| colspan="5" style="color:#aa0" | Under development
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Tunisia]]
| AA, March 1998 || {{Yes}} || May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 4 July 2005 || 3–5 years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Libya]]
|colspan="7" style="color:#aa0" | Negotiations on Framework Agreement with Libya started in November 2008<ref name="Report2008"/>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Egypt]]
| AA, June 2004 || {{Yes}} || March 2005 || End 2006 || 5 March 2007 || 6 March 2007 || 3–5 years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Jordan]]
| AA, May 2002 || {{Yes}} || May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 11 January 2005 || 3–5 years
| {{Yes}}<ref name="Jordan">Not envisioned in the Action Plan, but invitation was sent. Jordan has not yet taken a decision.</ref>
| {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lebanon]]
| AA, April 2006 || {{Yes}} || March 2005 || Autumn 2006 || 17 October 2006 || 19 January 2007 || 5 years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Syria]]
| CA, November 1978
| colspan="8" style="color:#aa0" | Updated AA initialed in December 2008,<ref name="Report2008">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/progress2009/com09_188_en.pdf|title=redirect|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008161356/http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_csp_nip_libya_en.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> signature by the [[European Council|EU Council]] and ratification pending. [[Syria]] delayed signature in 2009. The EU expects full cooperation with the [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]].
| [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Israel]]
| AA, June 2000 || {{Yes}} || May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 11 April 2005
| 3+<ref name="Israel">Extended in April 2008</ref> years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]]
| Interim AA, July 1997 || {{Yes}}
| May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 4 May 2005 || 3–5 years
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Union for the Mediterranean|South]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Moldova]]
| AA, June 2014
| {{Yes|[[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area|DCFTA]]}}
| May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 22 February 2005 || 3 years
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Ukraine]]
| AA, June 2014
| {{Yes|[[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area|DCFTA]]}}
| May 2004 || End 2004 || 21 February 2005 || 21 February 2005 || 3 years
| {{Yes}}<ref name="Ukraine">Not envisioned in the Action Plan, but invitations sent and accepted by Ukraine.</ref>
| {{Yes}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Belarus]]
| colspan="7" | EU considers the Belarus authorities too undemocratic; PCA ratification procedure suspended since 1997.<ref name="White, Korosteleva, Löwenhardt2005">White, S., Korosteleva, E.A. and Löwenhardt, J. (Eds.),(2005), "Postcommunist Belarus", N.Y. & Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.</ref><ref name="Korosteleva, Marsh, Lawson2003">Korosteleva E.A., Marsh, R. and Lawson, C., (eds.) (2003) Contemporary Belarus: Between Democracy and Dictatorship, London : RoutledgeCurzon</ref><ref name=Lewis2002>Lewis, A. (ed.)(2002) The EU and Belarus: Between Moscow and Brussels, London : Kogan Page</ref>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| AA, June 2014
| {{Yes|[[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area|DCFTA]]}}
| March 2005 || Autumn 2006 || 13 November 2006 || 14 November 2006 || 5 years
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Armenia]]
| [[Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement|CEPA]], March 2021
| Negotiations{{#tag:ref|Negotiations over an [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreement]] without free trade provisions started in Dec 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2015/071215_eu-armenia_agreement_negotiations_en.htm|title=EU and Armenia to start negotiations for a new agreement|date=2015-12-07|access-date=2016-01-03|publisher=[[European External Action Service]]}}</ref>}}
| March 2005 || Autumn 2006 || 13 November 2006 || 14 November 2006 || 5 years
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Azerbaijan]]
| PCA, July 1999
| {{No}}t yet{{#tag:ref|Current [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreement]] negotiations conducted without a [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]]. DCFTA negotiations possible after Azerbaijan obtains [[World Trade Organization accession and membership|WTO membership]].<ref name="Feb2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/press/press-releases/latest-press-releases/newsroomloaddocument?id=363&lang=en&directory=EN/foraff/&fileName=128197.pdf|title=Press - Consilium|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809040425/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| March 2005 || Autumn 2006 || 13 November 2006 || 14 November 2006 || 5 years
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [[Eastern Partnership|East]]
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:darkgrey"| '''Other regional partners'''
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mauritania]]
| colspan="7" | As one of the [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States|ACP]] countries [[Mauritania]] is in the process of negotiating the [[Economic Community of West African States|West African]] [[Economic Partnership Agreements|Economic Partnership Agreement]], but notwithstanding this it is a full member of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].
| {{No}} || {{No}} || NONE
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Russia]]
| PCA, December 1997 || {{No}}
| colspan="5" | Opted to cooperate through the formation of [[EU-Russia Common Spaces]] instead of the ENP. Roadmap (Action Plan substitute) adopted in May 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm |title=The four common spaces |website=ec.europa.eu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628065838/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm |archive-date=2008-06-28}}</ref>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || NONE
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kazakhstan]]
| PCA, July 1999 || {{No}}
| colspan="5" |The Kazakh Foreign Ministry has expressed interest in the ENP.<ref name="www.eu.int"/> Some [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s also discussed Kazakhstan's inclusion in the ENP.<ref name="charlestannock.com"/>
| {{No}} || {{No}} || NONE
|}
sources: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220011334/http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/050523_extra_update_faq.pdf], [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1467&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en], ENP official page [http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/index_en.htm]

== Statistics ==
{{Update|date=October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! State (18)<ref>Only sovereign states are listed</ref>
! [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|GNI]]<ref>GNI (nominal) per capita 2007, World Development Indicators database [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,, contentMDK:20399244~menuPK:1504474~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html], World Bank, revised 17 October 2008 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf], Atlas method {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026014437/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf|date=26 October 2008}}</ref>
! [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP]]<ref>GDP per capita for year [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weoseladv.aspx?a=&c=512%2c446%2c914%2c666%2c612%2c668%2c614%2c672%2c311%2c946%2c213%2c137%2c911%2c962%2c193%2c674%2c122%2c676%2c912%2c548%2c313%2c556%2c419%2c678%2c513%2c181%2c316%2c682%2c913%2c684%2c124%2c273%2c339%2c921%2c638%2c948%2c514%2c943%2c218%2c686%2c963%2c688%2c616%2c518%2c223%2c728%2c516%2c558%2c918%2c138%2c748%2c196%2c618%2c278%2c522%2c692%2c622%2c694%2c156%2c142%2c624%2c449%2c626%2c564%2c628%2c283%2c228%2c853%2c924%2c288%2c233%2c293%2c632%2c566%2c636%2c964%2c634%2c182%2c238%2c453%2c662%2c968%2c960%2c922%2c423%2c714%2c935%2c862%2c128%2c716%2c611%2c456%2c321%2c722%2c243%2c942%2c248%2c718%2c469%2c724%2c253%2c576%2c642%2c936%2c643%2c961%2c939%2c813%2c644%2c199%2c819%2c184%2c172%2c524%2c132%2c361%2c646%2c362%2c648%2c364%2c915%2c732%2c134%2c366%2c652%2c734%2c174%2c144%2c328%2c146%2c258%2c463%2c656%2c528%2c654%2c923%2c336%2c738%2c263%2c578%2c268%2c537%2c532%2c742%2c944%2c866%2c176%2c369%2c534%2c744%2c536%2c186%2c429%2c925%2c178%2c746%2c436%2c926%2c136%2c466%2c343%2c112%2c158%2c111%2c439%2c298%2c916%2c927%2c664%2c846%2c826%2c299%2c542%2c582%2c443%2c474%2c917%2c754%2c544%2c698%2c941&s=NGDPDPC%2cPPPPC 2008] from IMF [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/data/changes.htm World Economic Outlook Database] 2008 [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/index.aspx October] Edition</ref>
! [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|GNI PPP]]<ref>GNI PPP per capita 2007, World Development Indicators database [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,, contentMDK:20399244~menuPK:1504474~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html], World Bank, revised 17 October 2008 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026014437/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf|date=26 October 2008}}</ref>
! [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP PPP]]<ref>GDP PPP per capita for year [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weoseladv.aspx?a=&c=512%2c446%2c914%2c666%2c612%2c668%2c614%2c672%2c311%2c946%2c213%2c137%2c911%2c962%2c193%2c674%2c122%2c676%2c912%2c548%2c313%2c556%2c419%2c678%2c513%2c181%2c316%2c682%2c913%2c684%2c124%2c273%2c339%2c921%2c638%2c948%2c514%2c943%2c218%2c686%2c963%2c688%2c616%2c518%2c223%2c728%2c516%2c558%2c918%2c138%2c748%2c196%2c618%2c278%2c522%2c692%2c622%2c694%2c156%2c142%2c624%2c449%2c626%2c564%2c628%2c283%2c228%2c853%2c924%2c288%2c233%2c293%2c632%2c566%2c636%2c964%2c634%2c182%2c238%2c453%2c662%2c968%2c960%2c922%2c423%2c714%2c935%2c862%2c128%2c716%2c611%2c456%2c321%2c722%2c243%2c942%2c248%2c718%2c469%2c724%2c253%2c576%2c642%2c936%2c643%2c961%2c939%2c813%2c644%2c199%2c819%2c184%2c172%2c524%2c132%2c361%2c646%2c362%2c648%2c364%2c915%2c732%2c134%2c366%2c652%2c734%2c174%2c144%2c328%2c146%2c258%2c463%2c656%2c528%2c654%2c923%2c336%2c738%2c263%2c578%2c268%2c537%2c532%2c742%2c944%2c866%2c176%2c369%2c534%2c744%2c536%2c186%2c429%2c925%2c178%2c746%2c436%2c926%2c136%2c466%2c343%2c112%2c158%2c111%2c439%2c298%2c916%2c927%2c664%2c846%2c826%2c299%2c542%2c582%2c443%2c474%2c917%2c754%2c544%2c698%2c941&s=NGDPDPC%2cPPPPC 2008] from IMF [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/data/changes.htm World Economic Outlook Database] 2008 [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/index.aspx October] Edition</ref>
! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>The [[Human Development Index]] ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]) is a comparative measure of [[life expectancy]], [[literacy]], education, and [[standard of living|standards of living]] for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of [[measuring well-being]], especially [[child welfare]]. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a [[developed country|developed]], a [[developing country|developing]], or [[Least Developed Countries|an under-developed country]], and also to measure the impact of economic policies on [[quality of life]].</ref>
! [[List of countries by life expectancy|life exp.]]<ref>[[life expectancy]] United Nations [https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf World Population Prospects]: 2006 revision – Table&nbsp;A.17 for 2005–2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926001505/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>
! [[Corruption Perceptions Index#Rankings|CPI]]<ref>[[List of countries by Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index]] ([[Corruption Perceptions Index|CPI]]) ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians". [[Transparency International]] defines corruption as "the abuse of public office for private gain".</ref>
! [[Reporters Without Borders#World Press Freedom Index|press freedom]]<ref>[[Reporters Without Borders#World Press Freedom Index|RWB Worldwide press freedom index]] (2022) compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organization's assessment of their press freedom records. Small countries, such as Malta, and Andorra, are excluded from this report.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reporters Without Borders Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/index |website=rsf.org |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>
! [[List of countries by number of Internet users|internet users]]<ref>Source; [http://www.internetworldstats.com/ InternetWorldStats] for countries of [http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm Europe], [http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm Asia] updated for 31 December 2008</ref>
! [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]<ref>[[World Trade Organization|WTO]] – [http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm Members and Observers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |date=29 December 2009}}</ref>
! [[Visa Waiver Program|VWP]]<ref>[[Visa Waiver Program|VWP]] is a program of the United States of America which allows citizens of countries with visa refusal rate less than 3% and some specific countries 10% to travel to the US for tourism or business for up to 90&nbsp;days without having to obtain a [[Visa (document)|visa]]. All countries participating in the program have high [[Human Development Index|HDI]] and most are regarded as [[developed country|developed countries]]; [https://travel.state.gov/pdf/CombinedRefusalRate.pdf Adjusted Visa Refusal Rate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405225425/http://travel.state.gov/pdf/CombinedRefusalRate.pdf |date=5 April 2013}} year [https://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY06.pdf 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405225425/http://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY06.pdf |date=5 April 2013}}, [https://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY07.pdf 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226023335/http://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY07.pdf |date=26 February 2009}}, [https://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY08.pdf 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622055048/http://travel.state.gov/pdf/FY08.pdf |date=22 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Algeria}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 3,620
| 4,922 || 7,640 || 6,927 || 0.748 || 72.4 || 3.2 || 45.53 || 10.4
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Armenia}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,640
| 3,400 || 5,900 || 5,436 || 0.777 || 72.1 || 2.9 || 68.97 || 5.8
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,550
| 6,142 || 6,260 || 8,958 || 0.758 || 67.5 || 1.9 || 39.4 || 18.3
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Belarus}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 4,220
| 6,058 || 10,740 || 12,344 || 0.817 || 69.0 || 2.0 || 39.62 || 29.0
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Egypt}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 1,580
| 2,108 || 5,400 || 5,904 || 0.716 || 71.3 || 2.8 || 30.23 || 12.9
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Georgia}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,120
| 3,060 || 4,770 || 5,001 || 0.763 || 71.0 || 3.9 || 59.3 || 7.8
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFE4FE | '''{{flag|Israel}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFE4FE | 21,900
| 26,535 || 25,930 || 28,245 || 0.930 || 83.04 || 6.0 || 59.62 || n/d
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| √
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Jordan}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,850
| 3,266 || 5,160 || 5,171 || 0.769 || 72.5 || 5.1 || 48.66 || n/d
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 5,060
| 9,075 || 9,700 || 11,563 || 0.807 || 67.2 || 2.2 || 48.28 || 12.4
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Lebanon}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 5,770
| 7,375 || 10,050 || 12,063 || 0.796 || 72.0 || 3.0 || 46.58 || n/d
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Libya}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 9,010
| 17,468 || 14,710 || 14,593 || 0.840 || 74.0 || 2.6 || 43.16 || 4.2
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Moldova}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 1,260
| 1,830 || 2,930 || 3,153 || 0.719 || 68.9 || 2.9 || 73.47 || 16.2
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Morocco}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,250
| 2,901 || 3,990 || 4,432 || 0.646 || 71.2 || 3.5 || 45.42 || 19.2
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| '''{{flagcountry|State of Palestine}}'''
| n/d || n/d || n/d || n/d || 0.731 || 73.4 || n/d || 28.98 || n/d || X || X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Russia}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 7,560
| 12,578 || 14,400 || 16,160 || 0.806 || 65.5 || 2.1 || 38.82 || 27.0
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Syria}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 1,760
| 2,237 || 4,370 || 4,668 || 0.736 || 74.1 || 2.1 || 28.94 || n/d
| bgcolor=#BFE4FF | [[WTO accession and membership#Members and observers|obs]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | '''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''
| bgcolor=#BFFFBF | 4,351
| 4,032 || 9,060 || 9,550 || 0.762 || 73.9 || 4.4 || 58.49 || 27.0
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|-
| bgcolor=#FF0 | '''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''
| bgcolor=#FF0 | 2,550
| 4,318 || 6,810 || 7,633 || 0.786 || 67.9 || 2.5 || 55.76 || 14.6
| bgcolor=#839DFF | [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
| X
|}
{{legend|#BFE4FE|[[High income country|high income]] ($11,456 or more) GNI ([[Gross National Income]])}}
{{legend|#BFFFBF|upper middle income ($3,706 to $11,455) GNI}}
{{legend|#FF0   |lower middle income ($936 to $3,705) GNI}}
{{legend|#FF2C00|low income (less than $935) GNI}}

== See also ==
* [[Arctic policy of European Union]]
* [[Countries bordering the European Union]]
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* ENPI Italy–Tunisia CBC Programme
* [[European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah|EUBAM]]
* [[Euronest Parliamentary Assembly]]
* [[European integration]]
* [[Eurosphere]]
* [[EU Strategy for the South Caucasus]]
* [[Northern Dimension]]
* [[Politics of Europe]]
* [[Third-country economic relationships with the European Union#Economic variation|Third-country economic relationships with the European Union]]
* [[Union for the Mediterranean]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
=== Academic policy papers ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140310140117/http://www.kent.ac.uk/politics/gec/GECpolicypaper1.pdf Building a Stronger Eastern Partnership: Towards an EaP&nbsp;2.0, Global Europe Centre, University of Kent, September 2013]
* [http://www.kent.ac.uk/politics/gec/research/documents/gec-belarus-survey-brief-2013.pdf Belarus and the Eastern Partnership: a National Values SurveyGlobal Europe Centre, University of Kent, October 2013]
* [http://www.kent.ac.uk/politics/gec/research/documents/gec-moldova-survey-brief-2014.pdf Moldova’s Values Survey: Widening a European Dialogue in Moldova, Global Europe Centre, University of Kent, January 2014]

=== Books ===
* Korosteleva, E.A, (2012), The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours: Towards a more ambitious partnership? London: BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies, {{ISBN|0-415-61261-6}}
* Korosteleva E.A, (Ed.) (2011), Eastern Partnership: A New Opportunity for the Neighbours?, London: Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-67607-X}}
* Korosteleva, E.A, (2011), The Eastern Partnership: Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Minsk: Belarusian State University

=== Book chapters ===
* Wolfgang Tiede und Jakob Schirmer: „The EU’s Eastern Partnership – Objectives and Legal Basis", in: "The European Legal Forum" (EuLF)&nbsp;3/2009, pp.&nbsp;168–174.

=== Academic journal articles ===
* Esther Barbé and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués: "The EU as a Modest 'Force for Good': The European Neighbourhood Policy", International Affairs, Vol.&nbsp;84, no.&nbsp;1 (Jan, 2008); pp.&nbsp;81–96.
* Elena Korosteleva: "Belarusian Foreign Policy in a Time of Crisis", Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Special Issue, 27(3–4) 2011, pp.&nbsp;566–86
* Elena Korosteleva: "Change or Continuity: Is the Eastern Partnership an Adequate Tool for the European Neighbourhood", International Relations, 25(2) 2011, pp.&nbsp;243–62
* Elena Korosteleva: "Eastern Partnership: a New Opportunity for the Neighbours?", Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Special Issue, 27(1) 2011, pp.&nbsp;1–21
* Wolfgang Tiede and Jakob Schirmer: "Strategische Notwendigkeit – Die Östliche Partnerschaft der Europäischen Union" ("Strategic Necessity – The EU’s Eastern Partnership"), in ''WeltTrends'' (Zeitschrift für internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien), 71/2010, pp.&nbsp;10–14.
* Elena Korosteleva: "Moldova's European Choice: Between Two Stools", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.&nbsp;62(8) 2010, pp.&nbsp;1267–89
* Elena Korosteleva: "The Limits of EU Governance: Belarus' Response to the European Neighbourhood Policy", Contemporary Politics, Vol.&nbsp;15, No.&nbsp;2, June 2009, pp.&nbsp;229–45
* Elena Korosteleva and Gisselle Bosse: "Changing Belarus? The Limits of EU Governance in Eastern Europe, Conflict and Cooperation", Vol.&nbsp;44, No.&nbsp;2 2009, pp.&nbsp;143–65
* Wolfgang Tiede and Jakob Schirmer: "Die Östliche Partnerschaft der Europäischen Union im Rahmen des Gemeinschaftsrechts" ("The European Union's Eastern Partnership under Community law") in Osteuropa-Recht (OER)) 2009 (German Law Journal), vol.&nbsp;2, pp.&nbsp;184–191
* Jaume Castan Pinos: "The Conflicting Aims of the European Neighborhood Policy and its Secondary Effects", Journal of Borderlands Studies&nbsp;29&nbsp;(2) 2014, pp.&nbsp;133–146.

== External links ==
* [http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/index_en.htm European Neighbourhood Policy at European Union External Action Service]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131214085320/http://www.enpi-info.eu/ EU Neighbourhood Info Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/ EU Neighbourhood Library]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/index_en.htm# European Neighbourhood Policy Website]
* [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/International_statistical_cooperation_-_European_Neighbourhood_Policy Eurostat – Statistics Explained – European Neighbourhood Policy] (statistical data)
* [http://www.enpi-programming.eu/wcm/ Website on the programming of EC development cooperation for the ENP region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912102518/http://www.enpi-programming.eu/wcm/ |date=12 September 2016 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111225202222/http://eastbook.eu/en/ Eastbook.eu – Portal on Eastern Partnership – (part of ENPI)]}}

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[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]
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