View source for European Economic and Social Committee

{{Short description|Institution of the European Union}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = European Economic and Social Committee
| full_name                = 
| native_name              = {{Name in official languages
|bg=Европейски икономически и социален комитет
|hr=Europski gospodarski i socijalni odbor
|cs=Evropský hospodářský a sociální výbor
|da=Det Europæiske Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg
|nl=Europees Economisch en Sociaal Comité
|en=European Economic and Social Committee
|et=Euroopa Majandus- ja Sotsiaalkomitee
|fi=Euroopan talous- ja sosiaalikomitea
|fr=Comité économique et social européen
|de=Europäischer Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss
|el=Ευρωπαϊκή Οικονομική και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή
|hu=Európai Gazdasági és Szociális Bizottság
|ga=Coiste Eacnamaíoch agus Sóisialta na hEorpa
|it=Comitato economico e sociale europeo
|lv=Eiropas Ekonomikas un sociālo lietu komiteja
|lt=Europos ekonomikos ir socialinių reikalų komitetas
|mt=Il-Kumitat Ekonomiku u Soċjali Ewropew
|pl=Europejski Komitet Ekonomiczno-Społeczny
|pt=Comité Económico e Social Europeu
|ro=Comitetul Economic și Social European
|sk=Európsky hospodársky a sociálny výbor
|sl=Evropski ekonomsko-socialni odbor
|es=Comité Económico y Social Europeo
|sv=Europeiska ekonomiska och sociala kommittén
}}
| native_name_lang         = 
| logo                     = European Economic and Social Committee Logo (2020).svg
| logo_size                = 150px
| logo_alt                 = European Economic and Social Committee logo
| logo_caption             = European Economic and Social Committee logo
| image                    = Jacques Delors Building 02.jpg
| image_size               = 
| alt                      = Jacques Delors building
| caption                  = [[Delors building|Jacques Delors building]], which houses the EESC and the [[European Committee of the Regions]]
| map                      = 
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| abbreviation             = EESC
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| formation                = {{Start date and age|1958}}
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| extinction               = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
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| type                     = [[Advisory bodies to the European Union|Advisory body to the European Union]]
| vat_id                   = 
| registration_id          = <!-- for non-profit org -->
| status                   = 
| purpose                  = Represent employers, employees and various interest groups
| professional_title       = 
| headquarters             = Jacques Delors building, Belliard 99, B-1040 [[Brussels]] {{Flag|Belgium}}
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| origins                  = 
| region                   = 
| products                 = 
| services                 = 
| methods                  = 
| fields                   = 
| membership               = 329
| membership_year          = 
| language                 = 
| owner                    = <!-- or | owners = -->
| sec_gen                  = [[Isabelle Le Galo Flores]] {{flag|France}} {{flag|Spain}}
| leader_title             = President
| leader_name              = [[Oliver Röpke]] {{flag|Austria}}
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}}
{{Politics of the European Union}}

The '''European Economic and Social Committee''' ('''EESC''') is a consultative [[body of the European Union]] (EU) established in 1958. It is an advisory assembly composed of representatives from [[employers' organization|employers' associations]], workers' unions ([[trade union]]s) and [[civil society]] organisations. Its seat, which it shares with the [[Committee of the Regions]], is the [[Delors building|Jacques Delors building]] on Belliardstraat / [[Rue Belliard]] 99 in [[Brussels]].

Once known by the acronym "EcoSoc", the body is now referred to as the "EESC", to avoid confusions with the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|ECOSOC]].

==Role==
The European Economic and Social Committee was established by the [[Treaty of Rome]] of 1957 in order to unite different economic [[interest group]]s to establish a [[European Community|Single Market]]. The creation of this committee gave them an institution to allow their voices to be heard by the [[European Commission]], the [[Council of the European Union|Council]] and the [[European Parliament]]. The EESC declares itself to be "a bridge between Europe and organised civil society".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/eesc-figures/secretary-general|title=Secretary-General - European Economic and Social Committee|work=European Economic and Social Committee|date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

It is mandatory for the committee to be consulted on those issues stipulated in the Treaties and in all cases where the institutions deem it appropriate. The [[Treaty of Maastricht]] considerably enlarged the committee's domain. Its influence now extends to matters such as social policy, social and economic cohesion, environment, education, health, customers protection, industry, [[Trans-European Networks]], indirect taxation and structural funds. On certain issues the EESC works in partnership with the [[Committee of the Regions]].

In latest years, the committee has taken up the challenge of civil society, opening up its forum to representatives of all sectors, developing two complementary missions:
* Involving civil society organisations more in the European venture, at both national and European level,
* Boosting the role of civil society organisations in non-member countries or country groupings where the committee is furthering structured dialogue with civil society organisations, and promoting the creation of consultative structures based on its experiences, not least in the countries applying for EU membership, the Mediterranean partner countries, African, Caribbean and Pacific countries, India, China, Latin America ([[Mercosur]]) and Brazil.

==Operation==
It is mandatory for the committee to be consulted on those issues stipulated in the Treaties and in all cases where the institutions deem it appropriate. The EESC may also be consulted on an exploratory basis by one of the other institutions, and under Rule 29(2) of its Rules of Procedure may issue opinions on its own initiative.<ref>{{CELEX|32010Q1209(01)|text=Consolidated version of the Rules of Procedure of the European Economic and Social Committee — On 14 July 2010 the European Economic and Social Committee adopted the consolidated version of its Rules of Procedure}}</ref> Around 15% of its opinions are own-initiative opinions.

Own-initiative and exploratory opinions often raise the awareness of decision-making bodies, and of the commission in particular, about subjects which have hitherto barely attracted their attention, if at all. Exploratory opinions drawn up at the request of other institutions before the commission has even drafted its proposals enable the various components of organised civil society represented within the EESC to express the expectations, concerns and needs of grassroots stakeholders.

The Committee adopts on average 170 opinions a year on a wide range of subjects concerning European integration. It therefore plays an active role in the processes of shaping Community policies and preparing Community decisions.

==Membership==
Currently, EESC membership numbers 329 (same as the [[Committee of the Regions]]).<ref>{{CELEX|32019D0853|text=Council Decision (EU) 2019/853 of 21 May 2019 determining the composition of the European Economic and Social Committee}}</ref> The number of members per EU state varies according to the population of each state (see table below for state-by-state membership figures; the breakdown is the same for the Committee of the Regions). Members of the EESC are divided into three groups of equal number, employers, employees and a third group of various other changing interests such as: farmers, consumer groups, professional associations and so on.

Members are appointed by the council (by qualified majority) following nominations made by the government of the respective [[Member State of the European Union|Member State]]. However, once appointed, the members are completely independent of their governments. They have a renewable term of office of five years. The President of the EESC, elected for a {{frac|2|1|2}}-year term, is Oliver Röpke (since 2023),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/about/political-organisation/eesc-president/bio|title=The President - EESC|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref> and the previous presidents were [[Christa Schweng]] (2020–2023) [[Luca Jahier]] (2018–2020) [[:fr:Georges Dassis|Georges Dassis]] (2015–2018) and [[Henri Malosse]] (2013–2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/about/political-organisation/former-eesc-presidents|title=Former EESC Presidents|date=14 February 2010|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! Members
! State
! Members
! State
! Members
|-
| {{Flagu|Germany}}
| 24
| {{Flagu|Belgium}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Ireland}}
| 9
|-
| {{Flagu|Hungary}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Croatia}}
| 9
| {{Flagu|France}}
| 24
|-
| {{Flagu|Portugal}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Lithuania}}
| 9
| {{Flagu|Italy}}
| 24
|-
| {{Flagu|Sweden}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Latvia}}
| 7
| {{Flagu|Spain}}
| 21
|-
| {{Flagu|Bulgaria}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Slovenia}}
| 7
| {{Flagu|Poland}}
| 21
|-
| {{Flagu|Austria}}
| 12
| {{Flagu|Estonia}}
| 7
| {{Flagu|Romania}}
| 15
|-
| {{Flagu|Slovakia}}
| 9
| {{Flagu|Cyprus}}
| 6
| {{Flagu|Netherlands}}
| 12
|-
| {{Flagu|Denmark}}
| 9
| {{Flagu|Luxembourg}}
| 6
| {{Flagu|Greece}}
| 12
|-
| {{Flagu|Finland}}
| 9
| {{Flagu|Malta}}
| 5
| {{Flagu|Czech Republic}}
| 12
|- style="font-weight: bold;" 
! colspan="5" style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;"| Total !!style="text-align: left;"| 329
|}

==Opinions==
Selected own-initiative opinions include:
*Opinion on the Value and [[supply chain]] development in a European and global context (adopted 25 April 2007) which argued that EU and member state agencies should work to improve the environment in which "initial and intermediate companies" operate within supply chains. Initialised as "IICs", a term which was "coined specifically for this opinion", the opinion refers to the relatively less visible, generally smaller or medium sized enterprises, at the lower tiers of supply chains, operating at early stages of the value creation process, often in [[innovation|innovative]] ways, and playing an important role in employment. The opinion notes that there is "no established definition of IICs" and that attitudes to such companies vary across member states and regions.<ref>European Economic and Social Committee, [https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/our-work/opinions-information-reports/opinions/value-and-supply-chain-development Value and supply chain development], adopted 25 April 2007, accessed 31 January 2021</ref><ref>Official Journal of the European Union, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2007:168:FULL Value and supply chain development], C168, Volume 50, 20 July 2007, pages 3-11, accessed 14 January 2022</ref>
*Towards an ILO standard against [[gender-based violence]] at work (16 September 2015) <ref>European Economic and Social Committee, [https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/eesc-2015-01969-00-00-ac-tra-en.pdf Towards an ILO standard against gender-based violence at work], published 16 September 2015, accessed 31 January 2021</ref>

==Critiques==
In a report reviewing 50 years of the EESC,<ref>The European Economic and Social Committee 50 years of participatory democracy, C.S. Dimitrioulas Scientific Direction, European Economic and Social Committee Brussels 2008</ref> C.S. Dimitrioulas cited [[Jacques Delors]] as saying that EESC contributions from 1958 to 2008 on civil and social matters were "remarkable". Dimitrioulas commented: "Thanks to its membership and unique role in the EU’s institutional framework, the Committee will in future have special responsibility for making a reality of [[participatory democracy]] and for working towards the development of structured dialogue between organised civil society and Union institutions."

The [[Lisbon Treaty]] has confirmed the EESC's role and influence. According to proponents of the EESC: "Indeed, significant prospects for the development of participatory democracy are opened through Article 11 of the new Treaty on the European Union, which lays the foundations for the future establishment of a genuine structured civil dialogue at European level alongside the political dialogue between the EU and its Member States and the [[social dialogue]] with the social partners, thereby ensuring sustainable participation of organised civil society in the European political process. In this context, the EESC has a particular responsibility in bringing participatory democracy to life. In view of its membership and role, as laid down in the Treaties, and in partnership with the other institutions, the Committee's purpose is to be even more in the future the means of developing participatory democracy and civil dialogue at Union level."{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In October 2020 reappointment of a Polish business representative Jacek Krawczyk for another five-year term as a member of the EESC became a target of harsh criticism as the EESC faced pressure to better prevent harassment in the organization. Mr. Krawczyk was himself accused of psychological harassment and is prosecuted by Belgian authorities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Von der Burchard|first=Hans|title='Zombie committee' member accused of harassment to be reappointed |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/jacek-krawczyk-eesc-zombie-committee-accused-harassment-reappointed/ |date=29 October 2020|access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> Besides that, the conduct of Jacek Krawczyk has been investigated by the EU’s anti-fraud office OLAF.<ref>{{cite news |last=Von der Burchard|first=Hans|title=The EU's €140M 'zombie committee' faces pressure to reform|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-zombie-committee/#|access-date=7 May 2023 |date=28 October 2020}}</ref> MEPs  therefore rejected the EESC’s 2018 financial accounts over its failure to deal with the issue of harassment. According to the words of MEP [[Tomáš Zdechovský]], who led the budget discharge procedure, the EESC was not able to answer questions regarding its various mistakes and take measures which would make MEPs believe that this particular institution is able to protect the interests of European citizens.<ref>{{cite news |last=Von der Burchard|first=Hans|title=Parliament rejects accounts of troubled EU social committee |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/meps-decline-to-clear-accounts-of-troubled-eu-social-committee/|date=20 October 2020|access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref>

Overall usefulness of the EESC has also been questioned recently. While the number of administrative staff has decreased from 727 in 2013 to 668 in 2019 and the number of opinions has gone down, the annual EESC's budget has continued to grow.<ref name=zzzz>{{cite news |last=Von der Burchard|first=Hans|title=The EU's €140M 'zombie committee' faces pressure to reform |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-zombie-committee/# |access-date=7 May 2023|date=28 October 2020}}</ref> Czech MEP [[Tomáš Zdechovský]] said, that  “very few lawmakers are reading the opinions of this committee. The impact is close to zero.” He also described the EESC as “a zombie committee that lost its purpose but still lives on.”<ref name=zzzz />

==See also==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
* [[BUSINESSEUROPE]]
* [[European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest]]
* [[European Trade Union Confederation]]
* [[UEAPME]]
* [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|European Economic and Social Committee}}
* {{Official website|http://eesc.europa.eu/ }}
* [https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/about/political-organisation/eesc-president Website of the EESC President]
* [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/institutions/eco-social.html Access to documents of the European Economic and Social Committee] on [[EUR-Lex]]
* [http://memberspage.eesc.europa.eu/ List of Members]
* [http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/67358?item=CES Historical archives] of the European Economic and Social Committee are at the [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/AbouttheHistoricalArchives/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the EU] in Florence
* [http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=8594 MCE European NAvigator], Economic and social committee
* [https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/members-groups/groups/employers-group Group I Employers Group of the Economic and social committee]
* [https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/members-groups/groups/workers-group Group II Employees Group of the Economic and social committee]
* [https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/members-groups/groups/diversity-europe-group-iii Group III Diversity Europe Group of the Economic and social committee]

{{European Union topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:European Economic And Social Committee}}
[[Category:Economy of the European Union]]
[[Category:Non-institutional bodies of the European Union]]