View source for Eurobarometer

{{short description|Series of surveys conducted on behalf of the EU}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{More references|date=October 2013}}
[[File:Eurobarometer states Autumn 2024 by EU membership status.svg|thumb|States included in the Eurobarometer surveys, 2024]]
'''Eurobarometer''' is a series of [[public opinion]] [[statistical survey|surveys]] conducted regularly on behalf of the [[European Commission]] and other [[Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]] since 1974. These surveys address a wide variety of topical issues relating to the [[European Union]] throughout its [[Member state of the European Union|member states]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/about/eurobarometer |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=europa.eu}}</ref>

The Eurobarometer results are published by the European Commission's [[Directorate-General Communication (European Commission)|Directorate-General Communication]]. Its database since 1974 is one of the largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences |url=https://www.gesis.org/en/eurobarometer-data-service/data-and-documentation/publications |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.gesis.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Forerunners of Eurobarometer==
In 1970 and 1971, the [[European Commission]] conducted surveys in the six member countries (at that time) of the European Community ([[Belgium]], [[France]], [[West Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], and the [[Netherlands]]). These surveys assessed public opinion on individual national priorities as well as integrated European functions and organisations, including the [[European Community|Common Market]] (European Economic Community).

Regular semi-annual polls of member nations – now also including [[Denmark]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]] – began in September 1973, with the survey series first being given the name Eurobarometer in 1974. The fieldwork for Euro-Barometer 1 was conducted in April–May of that year, with results published in July.

A first international survey on attitudes towards European unification ("Attitudes towards Europe") was carried out in 1962 at the request of the Press, and Information Service of the European Communities in ([[Belgium]], [[France]], [[West Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]] and the [[Netherlands]]).

== Standard Eurobarometer survey ==
[[File:Poll about perceived EU balance benefit (2023).png|thumb|At 2023 Eurobarometer answered "Benefited" for question "Taking everything into account, would you say that [OUR COUNTRY] has on balance benefited or not from being a member of the EU?":<ref name="Parlameter2018">{{cite web|language=en|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/at-your-service/ro/be-heard/eurobarometer/socio-demographic-trends-edition-10|title=Socio-demographic trends in national public opinion|date=October 2023|access-date=29 July 2023|website=europarl.europa.eu}}</ref>{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}{{legend|#7F2AFF|91–100%}} {{legend|#0066FF|81–90%}} {{legend|#00AA00|71–80%}} {{Col-break}}{{legend|#FFCC00|61–70%}} {{legend|#FF6600|51–60%}}{{Col-end}}]]
This survey is carried out each autumn and spring. Although the range of questions has been expanded over the years, the programme aims to keep most of the survey constant, so that data is comparable over time. Starting with Eurobarometer 34 (1990), separate supplementary surveys on special topics have been conducted under almost every Eurobarometer wave. Special irregularly repeated modules investigate topics such as agriculture, biotechnology, [[consumer behaviour]], elderly people, energy, environment, family, gender issues, health, immigration, poverty, regional identity, science and technology, urban traffic, working conditions, youth, etc. from a European perspective. In the case of some supplementary studies, special youth and elderly samples have been drawn.

==Flash Eurobarometer==
The Flash Eurobarometer was introduced in the 1990s and consists of interviews, conducted by telephone, which are undertaken on an ad hoc basis. The main advantage of the Flash survey, as opposed to a normal Eurobarometer survey, is that it is much faster, providing results almost instantaneously. In addition, it is more suitable to the targeting of specific groups within the EU population.

==Central and Eastern Eurobarometer==
The Central and Eastern Eurobarometer series was carried out annually on behalf of the [[European Commission]] between 1990 and 1997. The CEEB surveys monitored economic and political changes, as well as attitudes towards Europe and the European Union, in up to 20 countries of the region.

==Candidate Countries Eurobarometer==
In 2001, the [[European Commission]] launched a series of surveys in the 13 countries that were applying for European Union membership under the title of "Candidate Countries Eurobarometer" (initially named "Applicant Countries Eurobarometer" or AC-EB). The CC-EB surveys were carried out in [[Bulgaria]], [[Republic of Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Malta]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Turkey]]. Since the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007, the CC-EB countries that have become Member States have been included in the Standard Eurobarometer.

As of 2024, the Standard Eurobarometer surveys included data from the [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|candidate countries]] of [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]] and Turkey, as well as the Turkish Cypriot Community ([[Northern Cyprus]]) and the former member state of the [[United Kingdom]]. Data from these states were presented separately to data from member states. Only [[Ukraine]], a candidate country, was not included in the surveys, and European states which had never been member states or candidate states were also not included.<ref>{{cite report |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=November 2024 |title=Standard Eurobarometer 102 – Autumn 2024 – Annex |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=95656 |publisher=European Commission |format=PDF |doi=10.2775/6217228 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-92-68-21830-3 |issn=1977-3927 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216061451/https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=95656 |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-01-05}}</ref>

==Transition to English unilingualism==
Until 2021, the website had menus and explanations in French and English. Since January 2022 (under the [[2022 French Presidency of the Council of the European Union|French presidency of the European Union]]), the site is only in English.<ref>Pierre Dieumegard, [https://imperatif-francais.org/a-vous-la-parole/parole-2023/lettre-ouverte-a-m-emmanuel-macron/ ''Lettre ouverte à M. Emmanuel Macron''], [[:fr:Europe-Démocratie-Espéranto|Europe-Démocratie-Espéranto]] – republished by [[:fr:Impératif français|Impératif français]].</ref>

Volunteer translations are available for some Eurobarometer reports in all official languages of the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek ! Eŭropo kune ! – Ni faru Eŭropon kune, libere, juste. |url=https://www.europokune.eu/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=europokune.eu}}</ref> as well as on sites in French,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe ensemble – Pour faire l'Europe ensemble, librement, équitablement. |url=http://www.europeensemble.eu/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=europeensemble.eu}}</ref> German,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa gemeinsam ! – um Europa gemeinsam, frei und fair zu gestalten. |url=http://www.europagemeinsam.eu/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=europagemeinsam.eu}}</ref> Italian<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa insieme ! – fare l'Europa insieme, liberamente, equamente |url=http://www.europa-insieme.eu/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=europa-insieme.eu}}</ref> and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=¡Europa, juntos! – Construir Europa juntos, libres, justamente. |url=http://www.europajuntos.eu/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=europajuntos.eu}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Afrobarometer]]
*[[European Social Survey]]
*[[Latin American Public Opinion Project|LAPOP Latin American Public Opinion Project]]
*[[Arab Barometer]]
*[[World Values Survey]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://europa.eu/eurobarometer Website] of the European Commission's Directorate-General Communication, providing public access to the official Eurobarometer reports 
* [http://www.gesis.org/eurobarometer/ Data Archive services] providing access to Eurobarometer primary data for re-use (statistical analysis) in social science research and training (GESIS)
* [https://archive.today/20130704015309/http://www.gesis.org/ComparativeSurveyOverview/ Cross-national survey programmes] historical overview and links to resources (GESIS)

{{Social surveys}}

[[Category:European Commission]]
[[Category:Polling]]
[[Category:Public opinion]]
[[Category:Statistical data sets]]
[[Category:Surveys (human research)]]