View source for Ethnic groups in Europe

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{{redirect|Europeans|other uses|Europeans (disambiguation)|and|The Europeans (disambiguation)}}
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'''Europeans''' are the focus of European [[ethnology]], the field of [[anthropology]] related to the various [[ethnic groups]] that reside in the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|states of Europe]]. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, language, faith, historical continuity, etc. There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "[[ethnic group]]" and "[[nationality]]", but in the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ''ethnic group'', ''people'', ''nationality'' and ''ethno-linguistic group'' are used as mostly synonymous. Preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe, and the context in which they may be classified by those terms.<ref>Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii–xx.</ref>
 
The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans in 2002.<ref name="Pan&Pfeil2002">Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil (2002), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YRtnAAAAMAAJ Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen]'', Braumüller, {{ISBN|3700314221}} (Google Books, snippet view). Also [https://www.amazon.de/Minderheitenrechte-Europa-europ%C3%A4ischen-Volksgruppen-Europaischen/dp/3211353070 2006 reprint by Springer] (Amazon, no preview) {{ISBN|3211353070}}. {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRtnAAAAMAAJ |title=Minderheitenrechte in Europa |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205031959/https://books.google.com/books?id=YRtnAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=5 December 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown  |isbn=9783700314226 |last1=Pan |first1=Christoph |last2=Pfeil |first2=Beate Sibylle |year=2002 |publisher=Braumüller }}</ref> The [[Russians]] are the most populous among Europeans, with a population of roughly 120 million.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russische Federatie – feiten en cijfers |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] Encyclopedie [[Winkler Prins]] |date=1993–2002 |publisher=Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum |language=nl}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{Further|Demographics of Europe}}

In 2021, the number of non-EU nationals living in EU members states was 23.7 million (5.3% of the EU population). The countries with the largest population of non-nationals were Germany, Spain, France and Italy. These four Member States represented 70.3% of all non-EU nationals living in the EU Member States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non-EU citizens make up 5.3% of the EU population |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220330-2 |website=Eurostat |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> The [[Demographics of the European Union|population of the European Union]], with some 450 million residents, accounts for two thirds of the current European population.

Both [[Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom]] are special cases, in that the designation of [[nationality]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[British people|British]], may controversially{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups (see [[nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain]] and [[native populations of the United Kingdom]]). 
[[Switzerland]] is a similar case, but the [[linguistic geography of Switzerland|linguistic subgroups]] of the [[Swiss people|Swiss]] are discussed in terms of both ethnicity and language affiliations.

==Linguistic classifications==
{{Further|Languages of Europe}}

{{more citations needed section |reason=only one language has a reference of the dozens listed |date=June 2019}}
Of the total population of Europe of some 740 million (as of 2010), close to 90% (or some 650 million) fall within three large branches of [[Indo-European languages]], these being:

* [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], including [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[German language|German]], [[Gutnish language|Gutnish]], [[Hunsrik]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]], [[Low Saxon language|Low Saxon]], [[Luxembourgish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]].<ref>Total population of Yiddish estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in Ukraine. {{e18|yid|Yiddish}}, {{e18|ydd|Eastern Yiddish}}, {{e18|yih|Western Yiddish}}</ref> [[Afrikaans]], a daughter language of Dutch, is spoken by some South African and Namibian migrant populations.
* [[Romance languages|Romance]], including [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Arpitan]], [[Asturian language|Asturian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Corsican language|Corsican]], [[French language|French]] and other [[Langues d'oïl]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]], [[Ladin language|Ladin]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]].
* [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], including [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Silesian language|Silesian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].

Three stand-alone [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages do not fall within larger sub-groups and are not closely related to those larger language families, but are still languages that are used in areas considered part of the European continent:
* [[Greek language|Greek]] (about 12 million)
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (about 9 million)
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (about 3.5 million)

In addition, there are also smaller sub-groups within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages of Europe, including:

* [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], including [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Samogitian language|Samogitian]] and [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]].
* [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], including [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Manx language|Manx]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]], and [[Scottish Gaelic]].
* [[Iranic languages|Iranic]], mainly [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]] in the [[Caucasus]].
* [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] is represented by the [[Romani language|Romani]] language spoken by Roma people of eastern Europe, and is at root related to the Indo-Aryan languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

Besides the Indo-European languages, there are other [[language families]] on the European continent which are considered unrelated to Indo-European:

* [[Uralic languages]], including [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Komi language|Komi]], [[Livonian language|Livonian]], [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Mordvin language|Mordvin]], [[Sámi languages|Sámi]], [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]], and [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]].
* [[Turkic languages]], including [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Nogai language|Nogai]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]].
* [[Semitic languages]], including: [[Suret language|Suret]]/[[Turoyo language|Turoyo]] (dialects of [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]] spoken in parts of eastern Turkey and the Caucasus by ethnic [[Assyrians]]), [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] (spoken by some [[Jewish]] populations), and [[Maltese language|Maltese]]. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is spoken by some migrant communities from the Middle East and North Africa.
* [[Kartvelian languages]] (also known as South Caucasian languages), including [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Zan languages|Zan]] ([[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Laz language|Laz]]), and [[Svan language|Svan]].
* [[Northwest Caucasian languages]], including [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] ([[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] and [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]), and [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]].
* [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], including [[Avar language|Avar]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Dargin language|Dargin]], [[Ingush language|Ingush]], [[Lak language|Lak]], and [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]].
* [[Language isolate]]s: [[Basque language|Basque]], spoken in the Basque regions of Spain and France, is an isolate language, the only one in Europe, and is believed to be unrelated to any other living language; though it is related to the extinct [[Aquitanian language]].
* [[Mongolic languages]] exist in the form of [[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]], spoken in the South region of Russia.

==History==
===Prehistoric populations===
{{Further|Genetic history of Europe|Prehistoric Europe|Eurasian nomads|Indo-European expansion|Neolithic Revolution}}
[[File:Simplified model for the recent demographic history of Europeans.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the [[Neolithic]] period and the [[Neolithic Revolution|introduction of agriculture]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bustamante |first1=Carlos D. |last2=Cucca |first2=Francesco |title=Population Genomic Analysis of Ancient and Modern Genomes Yields New Insights into the Genetic Ancestry of the Tyrolean Iceman and the Genetic Structure of Europe |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=8 May 2014 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e1004353 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004353 |pmid=24809476 |language=en |issn=1553-7404|pmc=4014435 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
The [[Basques]] have been found to descend from the population of the late [[Neolithic]] or early [[Bronze Age]] directly.<ref>
{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.071036898 | volume=98 | title=Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles | year=2001 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=5078–5083 | last1 = Wilson | first1 = J. F. | issue=9 | pmid=11287634 | pmc=33166 | bibcode=2001PNAS...98.5078W| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="GüntherValdiosera2015">{{cite journal|last=Günther|first=Torsten|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=38|year=2015|pages=11917–11922|doi=10.1073/pnas.1509851112|pmid=26351665|pmc=4586848|bibcode=2015PNAS..11211917G|doi-access=free}}</ref>
By contrast, [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] groups of Europe (the [[Centum and satem languages#Centum languages|Centum]], [[Balto-Slavic]], and [[Albanians|Albanian]] groups) [[Indo-European migrations|migrated]] throughout most of Europe from the [[Proto-Indo-European homeland|Pontic steppe]]. They are assumed to have developed ''in situ'' through admixture of earlier [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic Europe#Basic cultural characteristics|Neolithic populations]] with Bronze Age, [[proto-Indo-European]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013433v1|title=Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe|first1=David|last1=Reich|first2=Kurt Werner|last2=Alt|first3=Alan|last3=Cooper|first4=David|last4=Anthony|first5=Dorcas|last5=Brown|first6=Johannes|last6=Krause|first7=Matthias|last7=Meyer|first8=Joachim|last8=Wahl|first9=Anna|last9=Szécsényi-Nagy|first10=Christina|last10=Roth|first11=Manuel A. Rojo|last11=Guerra|first12=Roberto|last12=Risch|first13=Sandra L.|last13=Pichler|first14=Nicole|last14=Nicklisch|first15=Vayacheslav|last15=Moiseyev|first16=Oleg|last16=Mochalov|first17=Harald|last17=Meller|first18=Pavel|last18=Kuznetsov|first19=Michael|last19=Kunst|first20=Aleksandr|last20=Khokhlov|first21=Valery|last21=Khartanovich|first22=Fredrik|last22=Hallgren|first23=Rafael Garrido|last23=Pena|first24=Susanne|last24=Friederich|first25=Michael|last25=Francken|first26=Christos|last26=Economou|first27=Eszter|last27=Bánffy|first28=Alissa|last28=Mittnik|first29=Qiaomei|last29=Fu|first30=Kristin|last30=Stewardson|first31=Eadaoin|last31=Harney|first32=Susanne|last32=Nordenfelt|first33=Guido|last33=Brandt|first34=Bastien|last34=Llamas|first35=Swapan|last35=Mallick|first36=Nadin|last36=Rohland|first37=Nick|last37=Patterson|first38=Iosif|last38=Lazaridis|first39=Wolfgang|last39=Haak|date=10 February 2015|journal=bioRxiv|pages=207–211|biorxiv=10.1101/013433|arxiv=1502.02783|doi=10.1038/NATURE14317|volume=522|issue=7555|bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H|pmid=25731166|pmc=5048219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia|date=7 June 2015|journal=Nature|volume=522|issue=7555|pages=167–172|doi=10.1038/nature14507|pmid=26062507|last1=Allentoft|first1=Morten E.|last2=Sikora|first2=Martin|last3=Sjögren|first3=Karl-Göran|last4=Rasmussen|first4=Simon|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Morten|last6=Stenderup|first6=Jesper|last7=Damgaard|first7=Peter B.|last8=Schroeder|first8=Hannes|last9=Ahlström|first9=Torbjörn|last10=Vinner|first10=Lasse|last11=Malaspinas|first11=Anna-Sapfo|last12=Margaryan|first12=Ashot|last13=Higham|first13=Tom|last14=Chivall|first14=David|last15=Lynnerup|first15=Niels|last16=Harvig|first16=Lise|last17=Baron|first17=Justyna|last18=Casa|first18=Philippe Della|last19=Dąbrowski|first19=Paweł|last20=Duffy|first20=Paul R.|last21=Ebel|first21=Alexander V.|last22=Epimakhov|first22=Andrey|last23=Frei|first23=Karin|last24=Furmanek|first24=Mirosław|last25=Gralak|first25=Tomasz|last26=Gromov|first26=Andrey|last27=Gronkiewicz|first27=Stanisław|last28=Grupe|first28=Gisela|last29=Hajdu|first29=Tamás|last30=Jarysz|first30=Radosław|display-authors=29|bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A|s2cid=4399103|url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016477v1|title=Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe|first1=David|last1=Reich|first2=Nick|last2=Patterson|first3=Wolfgang|last3=Haak|first4=Kurt W.|last4=Alt|first5=Alan|last5=Cooper|first6=Carles Lalueza|last6=Fox|first7=Dorcas|last7=Brown|first8=David|last8=Anthony|first9=Johannes|last9=Krause|first10=Manuel A. Rojo|last10=Guerra|first11=Harald|last11=Meller|first12=Joseph|last12=Pickrell|first13=Bastien|last13=Llamas|first14=Swapan|last14=Mallick|first15=Nadin|last15=Rohland|first16=Iosif|last16=Lazaridis|first17=Iain|last17=Mathieson|date=14 March 2015|journal=bioRxiv|pages=016477|via=www.biorxiv.org|doi=10.1101/016477|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The [[Baltic Finnic peoples|Finnic peoples]] are assumed to also be descended from [[Proto-Uralic]] populations further to the east, nearer to the [[Ural Mountains]], that had migrated to their historical homelands in Europe by about 3,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf |last=Richard |first= Lewis |year=2005 |publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-18-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1elm0fRlfsC&q=%22early+indigenous&pg=PA13}}{{cite journal|url=http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=57985&ProduktNr=224250&filename=57985.pdf|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers|access-date=8 October 2008|last=Laitinen|first=Virpi|author2=Päivi Lahermo|journal=Human Heredity|date=24 August 2001|volume=53|issue=2|pages=68–78|publisher=Department of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki|doi=10.1159/000057985|pmid=12037406|s2cid=29863635}}</ref>

[[Reconstructed language]]s of [[Iron Age Europe]] include [[Proto-Celtic]], [[Proto-Italic]] and [[Proto-Germanic]], all of these Indo-European languages of the [[centum]] group, and [[Proto-Slavic]] and [[Proto-Baltic]], of the [[satem]] group.  A group of [[Tyrrhenian languages]] appears to have included [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], [[Rhaetian language|Rhaetian]], [[Lemnian]], and perhaps [[Camunic]]. A pre-Roman stage of [[Proto-Basque]] can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the [[European Bronze Age]], the only relatively likely reconstruction is that of [[Proto-Greek]] (ca. 2000 BC). A [[Proto-Italo-Celtic]] ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the [[Bell beaker]] period), and a [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] language (assumed for roughly the [[Corded Ware]] horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. [[Old European hydronymy]] has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

According to geneticist [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]], based on [[Ancient DNA|ancient human genomes]] that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans descend from a mixture of four distinct ancestral components.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iosif Lazaridis|display-authors=et al|date=2016|title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East|url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/45861/1/cias2016_40.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=419–424|doi=10.1038/nature19310|pmid=27459054|pmc=5003663|bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L|quote=bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modeled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population|accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref>

===Historical populations===
{{Further|History of Europe}}
{{Unreferenced section |date=June 2019}}
[[File:Roman Empire 125.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the [[Roman Empire]] and barbarian tribes in 125 AD]]
[[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] (pre-[[Migration Period|Great Migrations]]) populations of Europe known from [[Greek historiography|Greco-Roman historiography]], notably [[Herodotus]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], [[Ptolemy]] and [[Tacitus]]:
*[[Aegean Sea|Aegean]]: the [[Greek tribes]], [[Pelasgians]], and [[Anatolians]].
*[[Balkans]]: the [[Illyrians]] ([[List of ancient tribes in Illyria]]), [[Dacians]], and [[Thracians]].
*[[Italian Peninsula]]: the [[Camunni]], [[Rhaetian people|Rhaetians]], [[Lepontii]], [[Adriatic Veneti]], [[Gauls]], [[Ligurians]], [[Etruscans]], [[Italic peoples]] and [[Greeks in Italy|Greek]] and [[Phoenician colonies]] in its neighboring Italian islands.
*[[Western Europe|Western]]/[[Central Europe]]: the [[Celts]] ([[list of peoples of Gaul]], [[List of Celtic tribes]]), [[Rhaetian people|Rhaetians]] and [[Swabians]], [[Vistula Veneti]], [[Lugii]] and [[Balts]].
*[[Iberian Peninsula]] and [[Pyrenees]] : the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Iberians]], [[Celts]], [[Celtiberians]], [[Lusitani]], [[Basques]], [[Turdetani]]), of the Pyrenean [[piedmont (geography)|piedmont]] ([[Aquitani]]) between the Pyrenees and the [[Atlantic Ocean]], and [[Greek colonisation|Greek]] and [[Phoenician colonies|Phoenician]] coastal Mediterranean colonies.
*[[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]]: the ancient [[Sardinians]] and [[Corsicans]] (also known as [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic]] and [[Torrean civilization|Torrean]] peoples), comprising the ''[[Corsi people|Corsi]]'', ''[[Balares]]'', ''[[Ilienses]]'' tribes and [[Phoenician colonies]].
*[[British Isles]]: the [[Insular Celts]].
*[[Northern Europe]]: the [[Baltic Finns]], [[Germanic peoples]] ([[list of Germanic peoples]]) and [[Normans]]. 
*[[Sicily]]: the [[Italic peoples|Italic]] [[Sicels]] and [[Morgetes]], the [[Sicani]], [[Elymians]] and [[Greek colonisation|Greek]] and [[Phoenician colonies]]. 
*[[Eastern Europe]]: the [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] ([[Early Slavs]]), [[Scythians]] and [[Sarmatians]].
*[[Armenian Highlands]]/[[Anatolia]]: the [[Armenians]].

===Historical immigration===
{{Further|Scythians|Huns|Turkic expansion|Early Muslim conquests}}
{{More citations needed section|reason=Only two refs (both for Berbers); everything else lacks a source |date=June 2019}}
[[File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Migration Period|Great Migrations]] of [[Late Antiquity]]]]
[[File:Slavic tribes in the 7th to 9th century.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|Map showing the distribution of [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes between the 7th–9th centuries AD]]
Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:
*[[Phoenicia]]n colonies in the Mediterranean (including regions in [[Spain]], [[Malta]], [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], [[Cyprus]] and the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]]), from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the [[Third Punic War]] in 146 BC.
*[[Assyria]]n conquest of [[Cyprus]], [[Southern Caucasus]] (including parts of modern [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]) and [[Cilicia]] during the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (911–605 BC).
*[[Ancient Iranian peoples|Iranian]] influence: [[Achaemenid]] control of [[Thrace]] (512–343 BC) and the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], [[Cimmerians]] (possible Iranians), [[Scythians]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Ossetes]], [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]], [[Talysh people|Talyshs]].
*The [[Jewish diaspora]] reached Europe in the [[Roman Empire]] period, the [[Italian Jews|Jewish]] community in Italy dating to around [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|AD 70]] and records of Jews settling Central Europe ([[Gaul]]) from the 5th century (see [[History of the Jews in Europe]]).
*The [[Hunnic Empire]] (5th century AD), converged with the [[Barbarian invasions]], contributing to the formation of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].
*The [[Slavic migrations]] (6th century AD), and the subsequent split into [[Eastern Slavs]], [[Western Slavs]] and [[Southern Slavs]].
*[[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar Khaganate]] (c. 560s–800).
*The [[Bulgars]] (or Proto-Bulgarians), a semi-[[nomad]]ic Turkic people, originally from [[Central Asia]], eventually absorbed by the [[Slavs]].
*The [[Magyars]] (Hungarians), a [[Uralic languages|Uralic-speaking people]], and the Turkic [[Pechenegs]] and [[Khazars]], arrived in Europe in about the 8th century (see [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]]).
*The [[Caliphate|Arabs]] conquered [[Cyprus]], [[Crete]], [[Sicily]] (establishing the [[Emirate of Sicily]] in 831, from which they would be expelled in 1224), [[History of Islam in southern Italy|some places along the coast of southern Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Byzantine Empire|Greek Empire]] and most of [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] (founding a [[polity]] known as [[Al-Andalus]] in 711, ruled also by [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasties of the [[Almoravides]] and the [[Almohads]], from whose domain they would be expelled in 1492).
*Exodus of [[Maghreb]] Christians, namely Berbers and [[African Romance]] speakers, from the 7th to the 12th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm|title=The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today|first=Fr Andrew|last=Phillips|website=Orthodoxengland.org.uk|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
*The western [[Kipchaks]] known as [[Cumans]] entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
*The [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol]]/[[Tatar invasions]] (1223–1480), and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control of the Balkans (1389–1912). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Tatars]].
*The [[Romani people]] arrived during the [[Late Middle Ages]].
*The [[Mongol]] [[Kalmyks]] arrived in [[Kalmykia]] in the 17th century.

===History of European ethnography===
{{More citations needed section |date=June 2019}}

[[File:Europe As A Queen Sebastian Munster 1570.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|''Europa Regina'' (representation of Europe printed by [[Sebastian Munster]]), 1570]]

[[File:Ethnographic map of Europe in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Ethnographic map of Europe in 1847 by [[Heinrich Berghaus]]]]
The earliest accounts of European [[ethnography]] date from [[Classical Antiquity]]. [[Herodotus]] described the [[Scythians]] and [[Thraco-Illyrian]]s. [[Dicaearchus]] gave a description of [[Greece]] itself, besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by [[Polybius]] and others.

[[Roman Empire]] period authors include [[Diodorus Siculus]], [[Strabo]] and [[Tacitus]]. [[Julius Caesar]] gives an account of the [[Celtic tribes]] of [[Gaul]], while [[Tacitus]] describes the [[Germanic tribes]] of [[Magna Germania]]. A number of authors like Diodorus Siculus, [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] and [[Sallust]] depict the ancient [[Sardinians|Sardinian]] and [[Corsicans|Corsican]] peoples.

The 4th century ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'' records the names of numerous peoples and tribes.
Ethnographers of [[Late Antiquity]] such as [[Agathias of Myrina]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], [[Jordanes]], and [[Theophylact Simocatta]] give early accounts of the [[Slavs]], the [[Franks]], the [[Alamanni]] and the [[Goths]].

Book IX of [[Isidore of Seville|Isidore]]'s ''[[Etymologiae]]'' (7th century) treats ''de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus'' (concerning languages, peoples, realms, war and cities).
[[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]] in the 10th century gives an account of the [[Bolghar]] and the [[Rus' people]]s.
[[William Rubruck]], while most notable for his account of the [[Mongols]], in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the [[Tatars]] and the [[Alans]].
[[Saxo Grammaticus]] and [[Adam of Bremen]] give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The ''[[Chronicon Slavorum]]'' (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 ''[[Synopsis Universae Philologiae]]'' published one of the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the ''[[pater noster]]'' in the various European languages and scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lETAAAAQAAJ|title=Synopsis vniversæ philologiæ in qua miranda vnitas et harmonia lingvarvm: Totivs orbis terrarvm occvlta, e literarvm, syllabarvm, vocvmqve natvra & recessibvs ervitvr; cum grammatica ... mappisqve geographico-polyglottis ...|first=Gottfried|last=Hensel|date=12 December 2017|publisher=In commissis apvd heredes Homannianos|access-date=12 December 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, ''Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wie auch der Staats und Rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker'' (1851), p. 257.</ref>
In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of [[scientific racism]], and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "[[Race (classification of human beings)|races]]", [[Mediterranean race|Mediterranean]], [[Alpine race|Alpine]] and [[Nordic race|Nordic]], all part of a larger "[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]" group.

The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of [[ethnic nationalism|nationalism]], and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of [[fascist]] and [[Nazi propaganda]], so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a ''bona fide'' academic subdiscipline.<ref>A. Kumar, ''Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Geography'' (2002), p. 74 ff.; the tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book ''[[The Origin of Races]]'' (1962).</ref>

The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of [[Bronisław Malinowski]], who emphasized the importance of fieldwork.<ref>Andrew Barry, ''Political Machines'' (2001), p. 56</ref>
The emergence of [[population genetics]] further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the [[genetic history of Europe]] found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east–west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the indigenous [[Basques]], [[Sardinians]] and [[Sami people|Sami]] from other European populations.
Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."<ref>Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data, [http://vetinari.sitesled.com/euroaims.pdf Sitesled.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230512/http://vetinari.sitesled.com/euroaims.pdf |date=18 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = DNA heritage | url = http://www.dnaheritage.com/masterclass2.asp | access-date = 20 July 2007 | archive-date = 18 February 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040218085346/http://www.dnaheritage.com/masterclass2.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last =Dupanloup | first =Isabelle  |author2=Giorgio Bertorelle |author3=Lounès Chikhi |author4=Guido Barbujani| title =Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans | journal =Molecular Biology and Evolution | year =2004 | volume =21 | issue =7 | pages =1361–72 | doi =10.1093/molbev/msh135 | pmid =15044595 | doi-access =free }}</ref>

==Minorities==
{{Further|Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities|European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages}}
{{Further|Multilingual countries and regions of Europe}}
[[File:Gagauz-children.jpg|thumb|[[Gagauz people]] in Moldova]]
[[File:Sami family Finland 1936.jpg|thumb|[[Sámi people|Sámi]] family in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] of Finland, 1936]]
The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.<ref name="Pan&Pfeil2002"/>

The member states of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1995 signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]]. The broad aims of the convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states had signed and ratified the convention, with the notable exception of [[France]].

===Indigenous minorities===
The definitions that apply to who is considered an indigenous minority group in Europe can vary widely. One criterion is the so-called "time element", or how long the original inhabitants of a land occupied it before the arrival of later settlers. As there is no fixed time frame, considering a specific group to be indigenous is often context-dependent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Orgad |first1=Liav |last2=Koopmans |first2=Ruud |title=Majorities, Minorities, and the Future of Nationhood |date=24 November 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-23333-0 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OA-cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |access-date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> A number of ethnic groups in Europe claim indigenous status and are spread throughout the continent.

In Russia, the Uralic [[Nenets people|Nenets]] and [[Komi peoples|Komi]] peoples in the north are considered to be indigenous peoples; the Nenets are divided into three distinct groups based on their way of life, Tundra, Forest, and Yaran, and have two autonomous regions that mention them as the majority inhabitants ([[Nenets Autonomous Okrug|Nenets]], [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug|Yamalo-Nenets]]). Similarly, the Komi are divided into two main groups, the Zyryans and the Permiaks, which are individually divided into their own unique subgroupings.<ref>Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, ''The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective'' ([[Princeton University Press]], 1999; {{ISBN|0-691-00673-3}}), p. 238, n. 8.</ref> The Komi primarily live in the [[Komi Republic]], though much of the population of the Republic are ethnic Russians. The Nenets are one of the 40 groups in Russia that are recognized as indigenous small-numbered peoples, while the Komi are seeking this recognition.<ref>Official is attached to: Decree of the Russian Government Nr 255 "On the Unified Register of Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the Russian Federation", 24 March 2000 (''Постановление Правительства РФ от 24 марта 2000 г. N 255 "О Едином перечне коренных малочисленных народов Российской Федерации'' {{in lang|ru}}) http://base.garant.ru/181870.htm</ref> The [[Circassians]] of southern Russia and the [[North Caucasus]] are another indigenous people to the country, though following the [[Circassian genocide]], more Adyghe live in Turkey than in their ancestral homeland.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Circassian Association |url=http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035542/http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

In the [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]], which internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, the Turkic [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Krymchaks]] and [[Crimean Karaites]] are indigenous peoples. The Crimean Tatars were the majority ethnic group of the Crimean Peninsula until the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Illarionov |first=A. |year=2014 |title=The ethnic composition of Crimea during three centuries |url=http://aillarionov.livejournal.com/607335.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305162246/http://aillarionov.livejournal.com/607335.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |publisher=Institute of Economical Analysis |language=ru |location=Moscow, R.F.}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Krymchaks and Karaites differ by their much smaller population size (around 1–2,000 each) and their adherence to [[Judaism]], with more of both groups now residing in [[Israel]]. The Crimean Tatars were declared an indigenous peoples in the 1996 [[Constitution of Ukraine]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Humeniuk |first=Natalia |title=Самоповернення в Крим |trans-title=Self-return in Crimea |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/cdn/graphics/2021/samopovernennja_v_krym/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223014915/https://www.pravda.com.ua/cdn/graphics/2021/samopovernennja_v_krym/ |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> while plans were declared in 2021 to grant Karaites and other groups the same status.

In [[Scandinavia]], which comprises [[Norway]], [[Finland]], and [[Sweden]], the [[Sámi people]] inhabit the cultural region of [[Sápmi]] (which also includes parts of Russia). Up to today, the people have experienced great discrimination as an indigenous group, with the [[Norwegian government|Norwegian]] and [[Government of Sweden|Swedish governments]] having previously been accused of policies of [[Norwegianization of the Sámi|Norwegianization]] and [[Swedification]] against them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2013 |title=Sami Parliamentary Council |url=http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130417041442/http://suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru/2013/03/sami-parliamentary-council-wills-is.html |archive-date=17 April 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=Suingtheqevil.blogspot.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=John |last2=Nelson |first2=Marie C. |date=2003 |title="Lapps, Finns, Gypsies, Jews, and idiots"? Modernity and the use of statistical categories in Sweden |journal=Annales de démographie historique |volume=1 |pages=61–79 |doi=10.3917/adh.105.79 |number=105}}</ref> While challenges regarding the rights of the Sámi remain, the [[Church of Sweden]] made a formal apology for its role in forced conversions, and outlined a one-year plan for reconciliation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Last |first=John |date=27 November 2021 |title=Church of Sweden apologizes, embarks on reconciliation with Indigenous Sámi people |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/church-of-sweden-sami-indigenous-1.6263595 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903180514/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/church-of-sweden-sami-indigenous-1.6263595 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |access-date=3 September 2022 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

In southern France and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Catalans]], [[Basques]], and [[Galicians]] each have their own unique regions and are considered indigenous peoples ([[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Catalonia]], and [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]). They also have their own unique languages that denote their ethnic origins. This also applies to the [[Gaels]], a Celtic ethnic group originally from [[Ireland]], the [[Scottish Highlands]], and the [[Isle of Man]].

===Non-Indigenous minorities===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}} 
{{Main|Immigration to Europe}}
{{Further|Jews and Judaism in Europe|Islam in Europe|Hinduism in Europe|Buddhism in Europe|Afro-Europeans}}
[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|right|[[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|Expulsions of Jews]] in Europe from 1100 to 1600]]
Many non-European ethnic groups and nationalities have migrated to Europe over the centuries. Although some groups arrived centuries ago, the vast majority of non-indigenous ethnic groups have arrived more recently, mostly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Often, they come from former colonies of the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish empires.

*[[Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Western Asians]]
**[[Turkish people|Turks]]: There were 10 million Turks living in [[Western Europe]] and the [[Balkans]] in 1997 (excluding [[Northern Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]]).<ref>{{citation|last1=Bayram|first1=Servet|last2=Seels|first2=Barbara|year=1997|title=The Utilization of Instructional Technology in Turkey|journal=Educational Technology Research and Development|volume=45|issue=1|page=112|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|doi=10.1007/BF02299617|s2cid=62176630|quote=There are about 10 million Turks living in the Balkan area of southeastern Europe and in western Europe at present.}}</ref> By 2010, there were up to 15 million Turks living in the [[European Union]] (i.e. excluding Turkish communities in Turkey as well as several Balkan countries and [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet countries]] which are not in the EU).<ref>{{citation|year=2010|title=52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership|url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2010/02/02/turkey-europe/106730?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5cadc325e9d6de274da7044b445bd172c7b2029e-1604753955-0-AVhYEz2aOybvH-qEPBsvvTpaib38A35FbqAgn6teGWuWeh48U9WebMfgeB7pDyti835gLNeS-jECj7JcmXfoYgHhsVqp5x66C2BKTSFGiVGxiw5PqhftOHz7nsSSjTFeaTP0PCXi7AWAmZmQvPS_UAXOWa5sA89tJ0mQObkZjZs3YvMe4mPkL3GRVgW7lkY67Wbd2ObEVwY8WkH8mjSEmlh2nN0XPKt9uF4ez2dmVArsQ-OEeET6EbYl19R6K6OB_o1zllMxypQhTFvwELlCScPf432jttv_ho4iUHZPKOqyXiG_TqKXWttoh6QAbveQgyOmNvsevk84nDkqw_NQhUo|publisher=[[Aysor]]|quote=This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. “These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...|access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> According to Dr Araks Pashayan, 10 million "[[Turks in Europe|Euro-Turks]]" alone were living in [[Germany]], [[France]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]] in 2012.<ref name=Pashayan>{{citation |last=Pashayan|first=Araks|year=2012|chapter=Integration of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen|title=European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement|editor1-last=Weller|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Ihsan|editor2-first=Yilmaz|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMmIs4NmqIC&q=There+are+around+10+million+Euro-Turks+living+in+the+European+Union+countries+of+Germany%2C+France%2C+the+Netherlands+and+Belgium.&pg=PA82|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-4411-0207-2|quote=There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.}}</ref> In addition, there are 500,000 Turks in the [[UK]] (2011 estimate),<ref name="HomeAffairsCommittee">{{cite web |author=Home Affairs Committee|year=2011|title=Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union|url=http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/aug/eu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf|publisher=The Stationery Office|page=Ev 34}}</ref><ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|author=[[The Guardian]]|title=UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed|date= 1 August 2011|access-date=1 August 2011|quote=The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration.}}</ref> 500,000 in [[Austria]] (2011 estimate)<ref name=Guardian/><ref>{{cite web|last=[[Andreas Mölzer|Mölzer, Andreas]]|title=In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen|url=http://www.andreas-moelzer.at/index.php?id=24|access-date=30 October 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722212601/http://www.andreas-moelzer.at/index.php?id=24|archive-date=2012-07-22}}</ref> 150,000 in [[Sweden]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Sayıner|first=Arda|year=2018|title=Ankara Historia|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2018/06/25/swedish-touch-in-turkey|publisher=[[Daily Sabah]]|quote=Having said that, a few thousand Swedish citizens currently live in Turkey and the number went up 60 percent in 2017. According to Hyden, Turkish hospitality played an important part behind this increase. She said around 150,000 Turkish citizens live in Sweden, which has a total population of 10 million. }}</ref> 120,000 in [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{citation|year=2017|title=Türken in der Schweiz – Zahlen und Fakten zur Diaspora vom Bosporus|url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/tuerken-in-der-schweiz-zahlen-und-fakten-zur-diaspora-vom-bosporus-131116220|publisher=[[Aargauer Zeitung]]|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107175315/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/schweiz/tuerken-in-der-schweiz-zahlen-und-fakten-zur-diaspora-vom-bosporus-131116220|url-status=dead}}</ref> 70,000 in [[Denmark]] (2008 estimate),<ref>{{citation|last=Larsen|first=Nick Aagaard|year=2008|title=Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/tyrkisk-afstand-fra-islamisk-trossamfund|publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|Danish Broadcasting Corporation]]|quote=Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> as well as growing communities in [[Italy]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Finland]] and [[Spain]]. In addition, over one million Turks were living in the Balkans in 2019 (especially in [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Kosovo]], [[North Macedonia]] and [[Romania]]),<ref name=Dursun-Özkanca>{{citation |last=Dursun-Özkanca|first=Oya|year=2019|title=Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-alliance Opposition|page=40|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1108488624|quote=One-fifth of the Turkish population is estimated to have Balkan origins. Additionally, more than one million Turks live in Balkan countries, constituting a bridge between these countries and Turkey. }}</ref> and approximately 400,000 [[Meskhetian Turks]] were living in the Eastern European regions of the post-Soviet states (i.e. [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]) in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al Jazeera|title=Ahıska Türklerinin 70 yıllık sürgünü|url=http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/ahiska-turklerinin-70-yillik-surgunu|work=Al Jazeera|date=2014|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>
**[[Jews]]: approximately 2 million, mostly in [[France]], the [[UK]], [[Russia]] and [[Germany]]. They are descended from the [[Israelites#Historical Israelites|Israelites]] of the [[Middle East]] (Southwest Asia),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=57988 |script-title=ru:В России проживает около миллиона иудеев |trans-title=About 1 million Jews live in Russia |website=interfax-religion.ru |date=26 February 2015 |access-date= 11 June 2020 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227164356/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=57988 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tubb|1998|pp=13–14}}</ref><ref>Ann E. Killebrew, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 B.C.E. (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)], [[Society of Biblical Literature]], 2005</ref><ref name="Schama2014">{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |title=The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC-1492 AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHIpAgAAQBAJ|date=18 March 2014|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-233944-7}}</ref><ref>* "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament."
* "The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538&nbsp;BC)."
[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303358/Jew Jew] at [https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>"Israelite, in the broadest sense, a Jew, or a descendant of the Jewish patriarch Jacob"
[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296891/Israelite Israelite] at [https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>"Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259033/Hebrew Hebrew (People)] at [https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref name="Ostrer2012">{{cite book |last=Ostrer |first=Harry |title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIloAgAAQBAJ|date=19 April 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-970205-3}}</ref> originating from the [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah]].<ref name="Brenner2010">{{cite book |last=Brenner |first=Michael |title=A Short History of the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00bren|url-access=registration |date=13 June 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14351-4}}</ref><ref name="Scheindlin1998">{{cite book |last=Scheindlin |first=Raymond P. |title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513941-9}}</ref><ref name="Adams1840">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Hannah |title=The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjewsfrom00adamgoog|year=1840|publisher=Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim}}</ref><ref name=WhoAreTheJews>{{cite web|last=Diamond|first=Jared|url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|title=Who are the Jews?|year=1993|access-date=8 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133548/http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.</ref>
***[[Ashkenazi Jews]]: approximately 1.4 million, mostly in the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]] and [[Ukraine]]. They are believed by scholars to have arrived from Israel via southern Europe<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes| doi=10.1073/pnas.100115997|pmid=10801975|pmc=18733|volume=97|issue=12|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|pages=6769–6774|year=2000|last1=Hammer|first1=M. F. |last2=Redd|first2=A. J. |last3=Wood |first3=E. T. |last4=Bonner |first4=M. R. |last5=Jarjanazi |first5=H. |last6=Karafet |first6=T. |last7=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first7=S. |last8=Oppenheim |first8=A. |last9=Jobling |first9=M. A. |last10=Jenkins |first10=T. |last11=Ostrer |first11=H. |last12=Bonne-Tamir |first12=B. |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6769H| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 May 2000|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011082707/http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=live |title=No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews |date=2013 |access-date=11 June 2020 |journal=Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints |issue=Paper 41 |author1=Behar, Doron M. |author2=Metspalu, Mait |author3=Baran, Yael |author4=Kopelman, Naama M. |author5=Yunusbayev, Bayazit |author6=Gladstein, Ariella |author7=Tzur, Shay |author8=Sahakyan, Havhannes |author9=Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir |author10=Yepiskoposyan, Levon |author11=Tambets, Kristiina |author12=Khusnutdinova, Elza K. |author13=Kusniarevich, Aljona |author14=Balanovsky, Oleg |author15=Balanovsky, Elena |author16=Kovacevic, Lejla |author17=Marjanovic, Damir |author18=Mihailov, Evelin |author19=Kouvatsi, Anastasia |author20=Traintaphyllidis, Costas |author21=King, Roy J. |author22=Semino, Ornella |author23=Torroni, Antonio |author24=Hammer, Michael F. |author25=Metspalu, Ene |author26=Skorecki, Karl |author27=Rosset, Saharon |author28=Halperin, Eran |author29=Villems, Richard |author30=Rosenberg, Noah A. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages|first1=Marta D.|last1=Costa|first2=Joana B.|last2=Pereira|first3=Maria|last3=Pala|first4=Verónica|last4=Fernandes|first5=Anna|last5=Olivieri|first6=Alessandro|last6=Achilli|first7=Ugo A.|last7=Perego|first8=Sergei|last8=Rychkov|first9=Oksana|last9=Naumova|first10=Jiři|last10=Hatina|first11=Scott R.|last11=Woodward|first12=Ken Khong|last12=Eng|first13=Vincent|last13=Macaulay|first14=Martin|last14=Carr|first15=Pedro|last15=Soares|first16=Luísa|last16=Pereira|first17=Martin B.|last17=Richards|date=8 October 2013|journal=Nature Communications|volume=4|pages=2543|doi=10.1038/ncomms3543|pmid=24104924|pmc=3806353|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2543C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans |journal=Nature|volume=513|issue=7518|pages=409–13|arxiv=1312.6639|last1=Lazaridis|first1=Iosif|last2=Patterson|first2=Nick|last3=Mittnik|first3=Alissa|last4=Renaud|first4=Gabriel|last5=Mallick|first5=Swapan|last6=Kirsanow|first6=Karola|last7=Sudmant|first7=Peter H|last8=Schraiber|first8=Joshua G|last9=Castellano|first9=Sergi|last10=Lipson|first10=Mark|last11=Berger|first11=Bonnie|last12=Economou|first12=Christos|last13=Bollongino|first13=Ruth|last14=Fu|first14=Qiaomei|last15=Bos|first15=Kirsten I|last16=Nordenfelt|first16=Susanne|last17=Li|first17=Heng|author18=Cesare de Filippo|last19=Prüfer|first19=Kay|last20=Sawyer|first20=Susanna|last21=Posth|first21=Cosimo|last22=Haak|first22=Wolfgang|last23=Hallgren|first23=Fredrik|last24=Fornander|first24=Elin|last25=Rohland|first25=Nadin|last26=Delsate|first26=Dominique|last27=Francken|first27=Michael|last28=Guinet|first28=Jean-Michel|last29=Wahl|first29=Joachim|last30=Ayodo|first30=George|display-authors=29|year=2013|doi=10.1038/nature13673|pmid=25230663|pmc=4170574|bibcode=2014Natur.513..409L}}</ref> in the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] era<ref>Gregory Cochran, Henry Harpending, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VrpUh0rRYvsC&pg=PA187 ''The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution''], Basic Books, 2009 pp. 195–196.</ref> and settled in France and Germany towards the end of the first millennium. The Nazi [[Holocaust]] wiped out the vast majority during [[World War II]] and forced most to flee, with many of them going back to Israel.
***[[Bukharan Jews]]: from [[Uzbekistan]], approximately 320,000, now half in Israel, 12% in the United States (2/3 in the [[New York metropolitan area]]), 5% the United Kingdom, and 3% scattered in Austria, Germany, Uzbekistan, Canada, and Russia. 
***[[Sephardi Jews]]: approximately 300,000, mostly in [[France]]. They arrived via [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] in the pre-[[Ancient Rome|Roman]]<ref>Moses ben Machir, in ''Seder Ha-Yom'', p. 15a, Venice 1605 (Hebrew)</ref> and Roman<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Antiquities'', xi.v.2</ref> eras, and were forcibly converted or expelled in the 15th and 16th centuries.
***[[Mizrahi Jews]]: approximately 300,000, mostly in [[France]], via Islamic-majority countries of the Middle East.
***[[Italqim]]: approximately 50,000, mostly in [[Italy]], since the 2nd century BC.
***[[Romaniotes]]: approximately 6,000, mostly in [[Greece]], with communities dating at least from the 1st century AD.
***[[Crimean Karaites]] (Karaim): less than 4,000, mostly in [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]]. They arrived in [[Crimea]] in the [[Middle Ages]].
**[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]: In Sweden, Assyrians number of 150,000 people,<ref>[https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/sodertalje/statministerns-folkmordsbesked-kan-avgora-kommunvalet-underskatta-inte-fragan SVT: Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: ”Underskatta inte frågan”] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> and the city of [[Södertälje]] is considered the unofficial Assyrian capital of Europe. Other European countries that have a sizeable Assyrian population are Germany, France, the Netherlands, and in smaller numbers in Great Britain and Armenia. Depending on religious denomination, tribe, or country of origin, they may also [[Terms for Syriac Christians|identify]] as Syriac, Chaldean, or Aramean, and they have formed different organizations that aim to represent them under these labels.
**[[Kurds]]: approximately 2.5 million, mostly in the UK, Germany, and Sweden.
**[[Iraqi diaspora]]: mostly in the UK, Germany and Sweden, and can be of varying ethnic origin, including [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Kurds]], [[Armenians]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turks]], [[Kawliya]] and [[Yezidis]].
**[[Lebanese diaspora]]: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jul-14/180542-petition-for-expatriate-voting-officially-launched.ashx |title=Petition for expatriate voting officially launched |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=14 July 2012}}</ref>
**[[Syrian diaspora]]: The largest number of Syrians live in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden and can be of varying ethnic origin, including; [[Arabs]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Kurds]], [[Armenians]], [[Syrian Turkmen|Turks]], [[Mhallami]] and [[Yezidis]].
*[[List of ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]]
**[[List of ethnic groups of Africa#North Africa|North Africans]] ([[North African Arabs]], [[Copts|Egyptian Copts]], and [[Berber people|Berbers]]): approximately 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are [[Moroccan diaspora|Moroccans]], although France also has a large number of [[Algerians]], and others may be from [[Egypt]] (including [[Copts]]), [[Libya]] and [[Tunisia]].
**[[Horn of Africa|Horn Africans]] ([[Somalis]], [[People of Ethiopia|Ethiopians]], [[Demographics of Eritrea|Eritreans]], [[Demographics of Djibouti|Djiboutians]], and the [[Demographics of Sudan|Northern Sudanese]]): approximately 700,000, mostly in Scandinavia, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, and Italy. Majority arrived to Europe as [[refugee]]s. Proportionally few live in Italy despite former colonial ties, most live in the Nordic countries.
**[[Afro-European|Sub-Saharan Africans]] (many ethnicities including [[wikt:Afro-Caribbean|Afro-Caribbean]]s, [[African Americans|African-Americans]], [[Afro-Latin Americans|Afro-Latinos]] and others by descent): approximately 5 million in 2007, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/frances-blacks-stand-up-to-be-counted/article17990408/ |title=France's blacks stand up to be counted |last=Sachs |first=Susan |website=The Globe and Mail |date=5 February 2007 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611063026/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/frances-blacks-stand-up-to-be-counted/article17990408/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Latin Americans]]: approximately 2.2 million in 2007, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=609|title=Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe|date=28 June 2007|website=Migrationinformation.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> See also [[Latin American Britons]] (80,000 Latin American born in 2001).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm Born Abroad&nbsp;– Countries of birth], BBC News</ref>
**[[Brazilian diaspora|Brazilians]]: around 280,000 in Portugal, and 50,000 in Italy and Germany each (mainly [[German-Brazilians]]).<ref name="ComunidadeBrasileira2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/arquivos/ComunidadeBrasileira2020.pdf|title=Comunidade Brasileira no Exterior - Estimativas referentes ao ano de 2020 | language=pt |publisher= [[Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)|Ministry of External Relations]] |date=14 September 2020 | access-date =24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brasiliani in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione |url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/brasile/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Tuttitalia.it |language=it}}</ref>
** [[Chile]]an refugees escaping the [[Augusto Pinochet]] regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
**[[Mexicans]]: about 21,000 in Spain<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px|title=Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año.|website=INE}}</ref> and 14,000 in Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |title=Archived copy |website=www.destatis.de |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls |archive-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Venezuelans]]: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000).{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}
*[[South Asians]]: approximately 3-4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.[[File:Bihari Sándor Bíró előtt.jpg|thumb|A [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]] makes a complaint to a local magistrate in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]].By [[Sándor Bihari]], 1886.]]
**[[Romani people|Romani]] (Gypsies): approximately 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian and [[Europe]]an descent,<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 31389 | pmid=11299048 | volume=2 | title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review | year=2001 | journal=BMC Med. Genet. | pages=5 | last1 = Kalaydjieva | first1 = L | last2 = Gresham | first2 = D | last3 = Calafell | first3 = F | doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 | doi-access=free }}</ref> originating from the [[North India|northern]] regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].
**[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]]: approximately 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Netherlands, Italy, in Germany and France.
**[[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistanis]]: approximately 1 million, mostly in the UK, but also in France, Spain, Germany and Italy.
**[[Bangladesh]]i residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, mostly in the UK.
**[[British Sri Lankans|Sri Lankans]]: approximately 200,000, mainly in the UK.
**[[Nepalese in the United Kingdom|Nepalese]]: approximately 50,000 in the UK.
**[[Afghanistan|Afghans]], about 100,000 to 200,000, most happen to live in the UK, but Germany and Sweden have also been popular destinations for Afghan immigrants since the 1960s.
*[[Southeast Asians]]
**[[Overseas Filipino|Filipinos]]: above 1 million, mostly in Italy, the UK, France, Germany, and Spain.
**Others of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as [[Culture of Indonesia|Indonesians]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Thai people|Thai]]s in the UK and Sweden, [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] in France and former East Germany, and [[Khmer people|Cambodians]] in France, together with [[Myanmar|Burmese]], [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]], [[Singaporean]], [[Timorese]] and [[Lao people|Laotian]] migrants. See also [[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic]].
*[[Ethnic groups in Asia#East Asia|East Asians]]
**[[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]: approximately 1.7 million, mostly in France, Russia, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
**[[Japanese diaspora#Europe|Japanese]]: mostly in the UK and a sizable community in [[Düsseldorf, Germany]].
**[[Koreans]]: 100,000 estimated (excluding a possible 100,000 more in the [[North Asia|Asian section of Russia]]), mainly in the UK, France and Germany. See also [[Koryo-saram]].
**[[Mongols|Mongolians]] in Germany.
*[[North American]]s
**U.S. and Canadian immigrants: [[American British]] and [[Canadian British]], [[Canadiens]] and [[Acadians]] in [[France]], as well as Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
***[[African Americans]] (i.e. [[African American British]]) who are Americans of black/African ancestry reside in other countries. In the 1920s, African-American entertainers established a colony in [[Paris]] ([[African Americans in France|African American French]]) and descendants of World War II/Cold War-era black American soldiers stationed in [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Italy]] are well known.
*Others
**[[European diaspora]]&nbsp;– [[Australians]], [[New Zealanders]], [[South Africans]] (mostly [[White South Africans]] of [[Afrikaner]] and British descent), and white [[Namibians]], [[Demographics of Zimbabwe|Zimbabweans]], [[Kenyans]], [[Malawians]] and [[Zambians]] mainly in the UK, together with white [[Angola]]ns and [[Mozambique|Mozambicans]], mainly of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] descent.
**[[Pacific Islander]]s: A small population of [[Tahiti]]ans of [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] origin in mainland France, [[Fijians in the United Kingdom]] from [[Fiji]] and [[Māori in the United Kingdom]] of the [[Māori people]] of [[New Zealand]], a small number of [[Tongans]] and [[Samoans]], also in the United Kingdom.
**[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], a scant few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK; [[Inuit]] in [[Greenlandic people in Denmark|Denmark]]), but most may be children or grandchildren of U.S. soldiers from American Indian tribes by intermarriage with local European women.

==European identity==
===Historical===
{{Further|History of Western civilization}}
[[File:4 Gift Bringers of Otto III.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Personifications of [[Sclavinia]], [[Germania]], [[Gallia]], and [[Roman Empire|Roma]], bringing offerings to [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]; from a gospel book dated 990.]]
Medieval notions of a relation of the peoples of Europe are expressed in terms of [[genealogy]] of mythical founders of the individual groups.
The Europeans were considered the descendants of [[Japheth]] from early times, corresponding to the division of the known world into [[T and O map|three continents]], the descendants of [[Shem]] peopling [[Asia]] and those of [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]] peopling [[Roman North Africa|Africa]]. Identification of Europeans as "[[Japhetites]]" is also reflected in early suggestions for terming the [[Indo-European languages]] "Japhetic".

In this tradition, the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' (9th century) introduces a genealogy of the peoples of the [[Migration Period]] based on the sixth-century [[Frankish Table of Nations]] as follows:

{{blockquote|The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.

From Hisicion arose four nations—the [[Franks]], the [[Italic peoples|Latins]], the [[Alamanni|Germans]], and [[Britons (historical)|Britons]]; from Armenon, the [[Visigoths|Gothi]], [[Ostrogoths|Valagothi]], [[Gepids|Cibidi]], [[Burgundi]], and [[Longobardi people|Longobardi]]; from Neugio, the [[Bogari]], [[Vandali]], [[Saxones]], and [[Turingi|Tarincgi]]. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.<ref>{{lang|la|Ab Hisitione autem ortae sunt quattuor gentes Franci, Latini, Albani et Britti. ab Armenone autem quinque: Gothi, Valagothi, Gebidi, Burgundi, Longobardi. a Neguio vero quattuor Boguarii, Vandali, Saxones et Turingi.}} Nennius (1848) [8th century]. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html ''Historia Brittonum'']. Translated by J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727195712/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html |date=2009-07-27 }}.</ref>}}

The text goes then on to list the genealogy of Alanus, connecting him to Japheth via eighteen generations.

===European culture===
{{Main|Culture of Europe|Western culture}}
European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".<ref>Cf. Berting (2006:51).</ref> Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture.<ref>Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51).</ref> Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe.<ref>Cf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51–56).</ref> One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:<ref>K. Bochmann (1990) ''L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle'', quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism."</ref>
*A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from [[Greco-Roman]] antiquity, [[Christianity]], the [[Renaissance]] and its [[Humanism]], the political thinking of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and the [[French Revolution]], and the developments of [[Modernity]], including all types of [[socialism]];<ref name="Berting 2006 page=52">{{harvnb|Berting|2006|page=52}}</ref>
*A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of [[industrialization]] and [[colonialism]] during the "[[Great Divergence]]";<ref name="Berting 2006 page=52"/>
*A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees [[human rights]] and the [[Political freedom|liberty of the individual]];<ref name="Berting 2006 page=52"/>
*A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;<ref name="Berting 2006 page=52"/>
*Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.<ref name="Berting 2006 page=52"/>

Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".<ref>{{harvnb|Berting|2006|page=51}}</ref>
The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the [[Western world]]. In this definition, Western culture is the set of [[Western literature|literary]], [[Science|scientific]], [[Political modernity|political]], [[European art|art]]istic and [[European philosophy|philosophical]] principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the [[Western canon]].<ref>Duran (1995:81)</ref> The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as [[the Americas]], and [[Australasia]], and is not restricted to Europe.

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Europe|Christendom}}
{{Further| Christianity in Europe|Islam in Europe|Hinduism in Europe|Buddhism in Europe}}
[[File:Eurobarometer poll.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Eurobarometer Poll 2005 chart results]]
Since the [[High Middle Ages]], most of Europe has been dominated by [[Christianity]]. There are three major denominations: [[Roman Catholic]], [[Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]], with [[Protestantism]] restricted mostly to [[Northern Europe]], and Orthodoxy to [[Eastern Europe|East]] and [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] regions, [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], part of the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Church]], is also in Europe – another branch of Christianity (world's oldest National Church). [[Catholicism]], while typically centered in [[Western Europe]], also has a very significant following in [[Central Europe]] (especially among the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], [[West Slavs|Western Slavic]], [[Slovenes|Slovenian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2144.html|title=The World Factbook: Field listing – Location|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|year=2009|access-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524151212/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2144.html|archive-date=24 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prebivalstvo in katoličani v Sloveniji (page 72)|url=https://katoliska-cerkev.si/media/datoteke/Dokumenti%20in%20publikacije/LETNO%20POROCILO%202020-SPLET.pdf|publisher=katoliska-cerkev.si|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> and [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] peoples/regions) as well as in [[Ireland]] (with some in Great Britain).

==== Christianity ====
Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years.<ref>Peter Beyer, ''Religions in Global Society'', 2006, page 146</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series">Cambridge University Historical Series, ''An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects'', p. 40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.</ref><ref name="Caltron J.H Hayas">Caltron J.H. Hayas, ''Christianity and Western Civilization'' (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.</ref><ref name="Horst Hutter">Horst Hutter, University of New York, ''Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices'' (2004), p. 111: three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato.</ref><ref name="Fred Reinhard Dallmayr">Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, ''Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices'' (2004), p. 22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization.</ref> Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus, and throughout most of its history, Europe has been nearly equivalent to [[Christian culture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6|edition=reprint|author2=Glenn Olsen|page=108|publisher=CUA Press }}</ref> The [[Christian culture]] was the predominant force in [[Western culture|western civilization]], guiding the course of [[philosophy]], [[art]], and [[science]].<ref name="autogenerated1994">{{cite book|last=Koch|first=Carl|title=The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission|year=1994|publisher=St. Mary's Press|location=Early Middle Ages|isbn=978-0-88489-298-4|url=https://archive.org/details/catholicchurchjo00koch}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6|edition=reprint|author2=Glenn Olsen|publisher=CUA Press }}</ref> The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "[[Christendom|Christianity and Christendom]]" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified [[European identity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=9780813216836|edition=reprint|author2=Glenn Olsen|page=108|publisher=CUA Press }}</ref>

Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe; according to a 2011 survey, 76.2% of Europeans considered themselves [[Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx|title=Regional Distribution of Christians|date=19 December 2011|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |year=2011 |series=383 |page=130 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805020311/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Also according to a study on Religiosity in the European Union in 2012, by [[Eurobarometer]], Christianity is the largest religion in the [[European Union]], accounting for 72% of the [[European Union|EU]]'s population.<ref>{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=[[European Union]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref> As of 2010 [[Catholics]] were the largest [[Christians|Christian]] group in [[Europe]], accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. The second-largest Christian group in Europe were the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], who made up 32% of European Christians. About 19% of European Christians were part of the [[Protestant]] tradition.<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|date=19 December 2011}}</ref> [[Russia]] is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, followed by [[Germany]] and [[Italy]].<ref name="pewforum.org"/> According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017">{{cite book|title=Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017| first1=Gina|last1=Zurlo| first2=Vegard |last2=Skirbekk| first3=Brian |last3=Grim|year=2019| isbn=9789004346307| page=85|publisher=BRILL}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity| first1=Joseph|last1=Ogbonnaya|year=2017| isbn=9781443891592| pages=2–4|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref> these changes were largely result of the [[collapse of Communism]] and [[convert to Christianity|switching to Christianity]] in the former Soviet Union and [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017"/>

==== Islam ====
[[Islam]] has some tradition in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Caucasus]] due to conquest and colonization from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 16th to 19th centuries, as well as earlier though discontinued long-term presence in [[Al-Andalus|much of Iberia]] as well as [[Islam in Sicily|Sicily]]. [[Muslims]] account for the majority of the populations in [[Albania]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kosovo]], [[Northern Cyprus]] (controlled by [[Turkish people|Turks]]), and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Significant minorities are present in the rest of Europe. Russia also has one of the largest [[Islam in Russia|Muslim communities]] in Europe, including the [[Tatars]] of the [[Idel-Ural|Middle Volga]] and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including [[Chechens]], [[Caucasian Avars|Avars]], [[Ingush people|Ingush]] and others. With 20th-century migrations, [[Muslims in Western Europe]] have become a noticeable minority. According to the [[Pew Forum]], the total number of Muslims in Europe in 2010 was about 44 million (6%),<ref name="pewforum2011" >{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country|date=27 January 2011|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> while the total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million (3.2%).<ref name="islam.de">{{cite web|url=http://islam.de/8368.php|title=In Europa leben gegenwärtig knapp 53 Millionen Muslime|trans-title=Almost 53 million Muslims live in Europe at present|language=de|website=Islam.de|date=8 May 2007|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

==== Judaism ====
[[Judaism]] has a long [[History of the Jews in Europe|history in Europe]], but is a small minority religion, with [[History of the Jews in France|France]] (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is composed primarily of two [[Jewish ethnic divisions|groups]], the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]]. Ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to Central Europe [[Ashkenazi Jews#Origins|at least as early as the 8th century]], while Sephardi Jews established themselves [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|in Spain and Portugal]] at least one thousand years before that. Jews originated in the [[Levant]] where they resided for thousands of years until the 2nd century AD, when they spread around the Mediterranean and into Europe, although small communities were known to exist in Greece as well as the Balkans since at least the 1st century BC. Jewish history was notably affected by [[the Holocaust]] and emigration (including [[Aliyah]], as well as emigration to [[American Jews|America]]) in the 20th century. The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world's Jewish population.<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/|title=The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population|first=Michael|last=Lipka|date=9 February 2015 }}</ref> In the 21st century, [[France]] has the largest [[Jewish population by country|Jewish population]] in [[Europe]],<ref name="pewresearch.org"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/|title=Jews|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref> followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Secularisation ====
From the 20th century, there has been significant [[secularization]], notably in [[Secularism in France|secularist France]], Estonia and the Czech Republic.

==== Theism ====
Currently, distribution of [[theism]] in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic and Estonia. The 2005 [[Eurobarometer]] poll<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=EC.Europa.eu<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=24 May 2006}}</ref> found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God. According to a [[Pew Research Center]] Survey in 2012 the [[Irreligion|Religiously Unaffiliated]] ([[Atheists]] and [[Agnostics]]) make up about 18.2% of the [[Europe]]an population in 2010.<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> According to the same Survey the Religiously Unaffiliated make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%).<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated"/>

===Pan-European identity===
{{Main|Pan-European identity}}
"[[Pan-European identity]]" or "[[Europatriotism]]" is an emerging sense of personal identification with Europe, or the [[European Union]] as a result of the gradual process of [[European integration]] taking place over the last quarter of the 20th century, and especially in the period after the end of the [[Cold War]], since the 1990s. The foundation of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] following the 1990s [[Paris Charter]] has facilitated this process on a political level during the 1990s and 2000s.

From the later 20th century, 'Europe' has come to be widely used as a synonym for the [[European Union]] even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU member states. The prefix ''pan'' implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, and 'pan-European' is often contrasted with [[nation-state|national]] identity.<ref>This is particularly the case among proponents of the so-called [[confederation|confederalist]] or [[neofunctionalism|neo-functionalist]] position on European integration. Eder and Spohn (2005:3) note: "The evolutionary thesis of the making of a European identity often goes with the assumption of a simultaneous decline of national identities. This substitution thesis reiterates the well-known confederalist/neo-functionalist position in the debate on European integration, arguing for an increasing replacement of the nation-state by European institutions, against the intergovernmentalist/realist position, insisting on the continuing primacy of the nation-state."</ref>

==European ethnic groups by sovereign state==
{{See also|List of countries by ethnic groups}}
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
{{Update section|date=September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country !! Majority !! % !! width="25%"| Regional majorities !! Minorities{{efn|Percentages from the [[CIA Factbook]] unless indicated otherwise.}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Albania}} [[demographics of Albania|Albania]] || [[Albanians]] || 97%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/613731/Albania_-_Eth_Mins_-_CPIN_-_v3.0.pdf|title=Country Policy and Information Note Albania: Ethnic minority groups}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions |date=9 October 2017|url=https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions_en}}</ref> || || [[Greeks in Albania|Greeks]] ≈3%,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OU1oAAAAMAAJ&q=200000 The Greeks: the land and people since the war.] James Pettifer. Penguin, 2000. {{ISBN|0-14-028899-6}}</ref> and other 2% ([[Aromanians in Albania|Aromanians]], Romani, [[Macedonians in Albania|Macedonians]], [[Montenegrins]], [[Bulgarians in Albania|Bulgarians]], [[Bosniaks in Albania|Bosniaks]], [[History of the Jews in Albania|Jews]] and [[Serbs]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/|title=CIA Factbook 2010|access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[demographics of Armenia|Armenia]]{{efn|name=Asia|Located in Asia, but sometimes considered part of Europe because of cultural ties, see [[boundaries of Europe]].}}|| [[Armenians]]{{efn|name=Non-European|Non-European ethnic group}}||  98.1% || || [[Russians in Armenia|Russians]], [[Yazidis]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Kurds in Armenia|Kurds]], [[Greeks in Armenia|Greeks]], [[History of the Jews in Armenia|Jews]], [[Lom people|Loms]] and [[Ukrainians in Armenia|Ukrainians]].
|-
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[demographics of Austria|Austria]] || [[Austrians]] || 92% || || 
|-
|{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[demographics of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]{{efn|name=transcontinental|[[Transcontinental country]], see [[boundaries of Europe]].}} ||[[Azerbaijanis]]{{efn|name=Non-European|Non-European ethnic group}}|| 91.6%|| [[Lezgians|Lezgin]] 2%, [[Armenians in Azerbaijan|Armenians]] 1.35% || [[Russians in Azerbaijan|Russians]], [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]], [[Talysh people|Talysh]], [[Kurds in Azerbaijan|Kurds]], Avars, Turks, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Poles.
|-
|{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[demographics of Belarus|Belarus]] || [[Belarusians]] || 83.7%|| || [[Russians in Belarus|Russians]] 8.3%, [[Polish minority in Belarus|Poles]] 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, and other 3.2%. (2009 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[demographics of Belgium|Belgium]] || [[Flemings]] || 58%||[[Walloons]] 31%, [[German-speaking Community of Belgium|Germans]] 1% || mixed or other (i.e. [[Luxembourgers]], Eastern Europeans or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians, and Latin Americans) 10%.
|-
|{{Flagicon|Bosnia}} [[Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] || [[Bosniaks]] || 50.11% || [[Bosnian Serbs|Serbs]] 30.78%, [[Bosnian Croats|Croats]] 15.43%|| [[Albanians in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Albanians]], [[Macedonians in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Macedonians]], [[Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Roma]] and [[Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Turks]] (2013 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[demographics of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || [[Bulgarians]] || 84%|| [[Turks in Bulgaria|Turks]] 8.8% || [[Roma in Bulgaria|Roma]] 5%, Others 2% (including [[Russians in Bulgaria|Russian]], [[Armenians in Bulgaria|Armenian]], [[Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria|Crimean Tatars]], [[Sarakatsani]], and "[[Vlachs|Vlach]]" [Romanians and Aromanians]). (2001 census)<ref name="nsi">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm |title=Census 2001, Population by Districts and Ethnic Groups as of 01.03.2001 |publisher=Nsi.bg |access-date=26 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[demographics of Croatia|Croatia]] || [[Croats]] || 91.6% || || [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] 3.2%, other 5.2% (including [[Bosniaks of Croatia|Bosniaks]], [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]], [[Albanians of Croatia|Albanians]], [[Italians of Croatia|Italians]], [[Hungarians of Croatia|Hungarians]] and [[Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities in the Republic of Croatia|others]]). (2021 census)<ref>{{Croatian Census 2021}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[demographics of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || [[Czech people|Czechs]] || 90.4%|| [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] 3.7% || [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]] 1.9%, and other 4%. (including Bulgarians, Croats, Germans, Poles, [[Romani people in the Czech Republic|Roma]] and Vietnamese). (2001 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[demographics of Denmark|Denmark]] || [[Danish people|Danes]] || 90%<ref>Persons of Danish origin:	4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 [http://www.dst.dk/HomeUK/Statistics/focus_on/focus_on_show.aspx?sci=565 Statistics Denmark]</ref>	|| [[Faroese people|Faroese]], [[Greenlanders]] ||  other [[Scandinavian people|Scandinavians]], [[North Schleswig Germans|Germans]], [[Frisians]], other European, Indigenous [[Greenlanders|Greenlandic]] people and others.
|-
|{{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[demographics of Estonia|Estonia]] || [[Estonians]] || 68.8%||<!-- Estonian Swedes are the only regional minority at present--> ||Russians 24.2% <!--mostly Soviet-era immigrants-->, Ukrainians 2.0%, Belarusians 0.8%, Finns 0.6%<!--, and other ([[Germans]], [[Estonian Swedes]] and Estonian [[Danes]]) 3.4%. (2021 official statistics) -->.
|-
|{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[demographics of Finland|Finland]]|| [[Finns]] || 93.4%|| [[Finland-Swedes]] 5.6%, [[Sami people|Sami]] 0.1%|| [[Russian-speaking Finns|Russians]] 1.1%, [[Estonians in Finland|Estonians]] 0.7%, [[Finnish Kale|Romani]] 0.1% and [[Latvians in Finland|Latvians]] 0.5%. (2019) also [[Somalis in Finland|Somalis]], [[Germans in Finland|Germans]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Demographics of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]{{efn|name=transcontinental|[[Transcontinental country]], see [[boundaries of Europe]].}}<ref>https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml United Nations Regional Eastern European Group</ref>  || [[Georgians]]{{efn|name=Non-European|Non-European ethnic group}}|| 86.8% |||| [[Russians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Kurds]], [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]], [[Armenians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Greeks]], [[Ossetians]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[demographics of Greece|Greece]] || [[Greeks]] || 93% || includes [[minorities in Greece|linguistic minorities]] 3%||  Albanians 4% and other (i.e. [[Aromanians in Greece|Aromanians]], [[Megleno-Romanians]], [[Cretan Turks]] and [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonian]]/[[Greek Slavic]] 3%. (2001 census){{efn|Percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity.}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[demographics of Hungary|Hungary]] ||[[Hungarians]] || 92.3%|| || [[Roma in Hungary|Romani]] 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. [[Croats of Hungary|Croats]], [[Romanians in Hungary|Romanians]], [[Bulgarians in Hungary|Bulgarians]], [[Turks in Hungary|Turks]] and Rusyns) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[demographics of Iceland|Iceland]] || [[Icelanders]]  || 91%|| || other (non-native/immigrants – mainly Polish, Lithuanians, Danes, Germans and Latvians) 9%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statice.is/statistics/population/inhabitants/background/|title=Background – Hagstofa|website=Hagstofa|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[demographics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || [[Irish people|Irish]] || 87.4%|| Ulster Scots and Irish Travellers 1.6%|| other white (large numbers of Lithuanian, Latvian, [[Polish minority in Ireland|Polish]] and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, [[Black people in Ireland|black]] 1.1%, mixed 1.1%. (2006 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[demographics of Italy|Italy]] || [[Italians]]|| 91.7%|| South Tyroleans in [[South Tyrol]] (South Tyroleans and Ladins), [[Franco-Provençal]] in [[Aosta Valley]] and {{ill|Valmaggiore|it}} (northwestern [[Apulia]]) || [[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|Historical ethno-linguistic minorities]] ([[Sardinian people|Sardinian]], [[French language|French]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Arpitan]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Arbëreshë language|Albanian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[German language|Austrian]], [[Greeks in Italy|Greek]], [[Ladin people|Ladin]], [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Romani people|Roma]] minorities),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm|title=Legge 482|website=www.camera.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4954ce0123&skip=0&query=sardinian&coi=ITA|title=Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Italy|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> regional language native speakers ([[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Endangered languages: the full list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered |website=The Guardian Datablog facts are sacred |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>   other Europeans (mostly Romanians, Albanians, Ukrainians and Polish) 4%, North Africans 1% and others (i.e. [[Chinese people in Italy|Chinese]], Filipino, Indian, Black African and Latin American) 2.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/149003|title=Indicatori demografici|date=30 November 2014|website=Istat.it|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2014/08/CITTADINI-NON-COMUNITARI.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari+regolarmente+presenti+-+05%2Fago%2F2014+-+Testo+integrale.pdf|title=CITTADINI NON COMUNITARI REGOLARMENTE SOGGIORNANTI : Anni 2013–2014|website=Istat.it|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=istat2012>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/str2012/index.html|title=Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente per sesso e cittadinanza al 31 Dicembre 2012 Italia – Tutti i Paesi|website=Demo.istat.it|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Италианските българи">{{cite web|script-title=bg:Италианските българи |url=http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=252055 |language=bg |publisher=24 Chasa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608162822/http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=252055 |archive-date=8 June 2015 }}</ref>

|-
|{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[demographics of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]{{efn|name=transcontinental|[[Transcontinental country]], see [[boundaries of Europe]].}} ||[[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]]{{efn|name=Non-European|Non-European ethnic group}}|| 63.1%|| [[Russian people|Russians]] 23.7% || [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]], [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], [[Tatar people|Tatars]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Tajik people|Tajiks]], [[German people|Germans]], [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Korean people|Koreans]].
|-
|{{Flagicon|Kosovo}} ''[[demographics of Kosovo|Kosovo]]''{{efn|name=Kosovo|[[Partially recognized state]], see [[international recognition of Kosovo]].}}|| [[Albanians in Kosovo|Albanians]] || 92%|| [[Serbs of Kosovo|Serbs]] 4% ||  other 4% ([[Bosniaks of Kosovo|Bosniaks]], [[Gorani people|Gorani]], Croats, [[History of the Jews in Kosovo|Jews]], [[Roma in Kosovo|Romani]], [[Turks in Kosovo|Turks]] and [[Ashkali and Egyptians]]).
|-
|{{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[demographics of Latvia|Latvia]] || [[Latvians]] || 62.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html |title=On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011 &#124; Latvijas statistika |publisher=Csb.gov.lv |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>|| [[Livonian people|Livonians]] 0.1% ||<!--Baltic "Soviet"--> Russians 26.9%, Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainian 2.2%, [[Poles in Latvia|Polish]] 2.2%, Lithuanian 1.2%, and other 2.0%. (2011)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[demographics of Lithuania|Lithuania]] || [[Lithuanians]] || 84.61%|| [[Poles in Lithuania|Poles]] 6.53% || [[Baltic Russians|Russians]] 5.02%, Belarusians 1.00%, Ukrainians 0.50%, other 2.34% ([[2021 Lithuanian census|2021 census]])
|-
|{{Flagicon|Malta}} [[demographics of Malta|Malta]] || [[Maltese people|Maltese]] || 95.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm|title=MALTA : general data|website=Populstat.info|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625153524/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| ||
|-
|{{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[demographics of Moldova|Moldova]]||[[Moldovans]]{{efn|name=fn1|There is an [[Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova|ongoing controversy in Moldova]] over whether Moldovans' self-identification constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group.}} || 75.1% || [[Gagauz people|Gagauzs]] 4.6%, [[Bessarabian Bulgarians|Bulgarians]] 1.9% || [[Romanians]]{{efn|name=fn1}} 7%, Ukrainians 6.6%, Russians 4.1%, and other 0.8% (2014 census).
|-
|{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[demographics of Montenegro|Montenegro]]||[[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] || 41.1% || [[Serbs of Montenegro|Serbs]] 32.9%|| [[Bosniaks of Montenegro|Bosniaks]] 9.45%, [[Albanians in Montenegro|Albanians]] 4.99%, and other ([[Croats of Boka Kotorska|Croats]], Turks, Greeks, Romani and [[Macedonians in Montenegro|Macedonians]]) 11.56%. (2011 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Demographics of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]] || [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]]||  64%|| [[Albanians in North Macedonia|Albanians]] 25.2%, [[Turks in North Macedonia|Turks]] 4%|| [[Romani people in North Macedonia|Romani]] 2.7%, [[Serbs in North Macedonia|Serbs]] 1.8%, and other (i.e. [[Aromanians in North Macedonia|Aromanians]], [[Greeks in North Macedonia|Greeks]], [[Bulgarians in North Macedonia|Bulgarians]], [[Megleno-Romanians]], [[Gorani people|Gorani]], and [[Croats in North Macedonia|Croats]]) 2.2%. (2002 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[demographics of Norway|Norway]] || [[Norwegians]]{{efn|There is no legal or generally accepted definitions of who is of Norwegian ethnicity in Norway. 87% of population have at least one parent who is born in Norway.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}}} || 85–87% || [[Sami people|Sami]] 0.7%{{efn|In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |title=Focus on Sámi in Norway |website=[[Statistics Norway]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309115644/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/samer_en/ |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> [[Kven people|Kvens]] 0.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odin.dep.no/krd/norsk/dok/regpubl/stmeld/016001-040003/hov005-bn.html|title=St.meld. nr. 15 (2000–2001)|first=Kommunal- og|last=regionaldepartementet|date=8 December 2000|website=Regjeringa.no}}</ref> || [[Polish people|Poles]] 2.10%. A variety of other ethnicities with background from 219 countries that together make up approximately 15% ([[Swedes]], [[Danes]], [[Somalis]], [[Syrians]], [[Kurds]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Germans]], [[Lithuanians]], [[Russians]] and different [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian]] ethnicities) (2020).<ref>[http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2012-04-26-04.html Personer med innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn. 1. januar 2012] ( {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918155443/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2012-04-26-04.html |date=18 September 2012 }} SSB (Statistics Norway), Retrieved 6 November 2012</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[demographics of Poland|Poland]]||[[Polish people|Poles]] || 97% || || [[German minority in Poland|Germans]] 0.4%, [[Belarusian minority in Poland|Belarusians]] 0.1%, [[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]] 0.1%, other and unspecified (i.e. [[Silesians]], [[Kashubians]], [[Masurians]] and [[Prussian Lithuanians]]) 2.7%, and about 5,000 [[Polish Jews]] reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[demographics of Portugal|Portugal]]|| [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] || 95% ||Portuguese Mirandese speakers 15.000~ (i.e. [[Mirandese language|Mirandese-language]] speakers) || other 5% – other Europeans (British, German, French, Spanish, Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Moldavians, Russians, Serbs, Kosovars and Albanians); [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Africans from Portuguese-speaking Africa]], [[Brazilians]], [[Chinese people in Portugal|Chinese]], [[Indians in Portugal|Indians]], [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Jews]], [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese Gypsies]] and [[Latin Americans]].
|-
|{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[demographics of Romania|Romania]]|| [[Romanians]] || 83.4%|| [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] 6.1%  || [[Romani people in Romania|Romani]] 3.0%, [[Germans of Romania|Germans]] 0.2%, [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]] 0.2%, [[Turks of Romania|Turks]] 0.2%, [[Lipovans|Russians]] 0.1% ([[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]])
|-
|{{Flagicon|Russia}}{{efn|name=transcontinental|[[Transcontinental country]], see [[boundaries of Europe]].}} [[Demographics of Russia|Russia]]||[[Russians]] || 81%|| [[Tatars]] 3.9%, [[Chuvashes]] 1%, [[Chechens]] 1%, [[Ossetians]] 0.4%, [[Kabardians|Kabardin]] 0.4%, [[Ingushes]] 0.3%, [[Kalmyks]] 0.1%|| [[Ukrainians]] 1.4%, [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] 1.2%, [[Armenians]] 0.9%, [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]] 0.7%, [[Mordvins]] 0.5% and other. (2010 census, includes Asian Russia, excludes unspecified people (3.94% of population)).<ref name="ru2010">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110329/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="rureg2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls|title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения РФ 2010|website=Gks.ru|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[demographics of Serbia|Serbia]]{{efn|Excluding [[Kosovo]]}} || [[Serbs]] || 83% || || [[Hungarians in Vojvodina|Hungarians]] 3.9%, [[Roma in Serbia|Romani]] 1.4%, [[Yugoslavs]] 1.1%, [[Bosniaks of Serbia|Bosniaks]] 1.8%, [[Montenegrins of Serbia|Montenegrin]] 0.9%, and other 8%. i.e. [[Macedonians in Serbia|Macedonians]], [[Slovaks in Vojvodina|Slovaks]], [[Romanians of Serbia|Romanians]], [[Croats of Serbia|Croats]], [[Ruthenes]], [[Bulgarians in Serbia|Bulgarians]], [[Germans of Serbia|Germans]], [[Albanians of Serbia|Albanians]], and other (2002 census).
|-
|{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[demographics of Slovakia|Slovakia]] || [[Slovaks]] || 86%|| [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarians]] 9.7%|| [[Roma in Slovakia|Romani]] 1.7%, Rusyn/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
|-
|{{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[demographics of Slovenia|Slovenia]] || [[Slovenes]] || 83.1% || || [[Serbs in Slovenia|Serbs]] 2%, [[Croats of Slovenia|Croats]] 1.8%, [[Bosniaks of Slovenia|Bosniaks]] 1.1%, other ([[Dalmatian Italians]], [[ethnic Germans]], Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12% (2002 census).
|-
|{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[demographics of Sweden|Sweden]]|| [[Swedish people|Swedes]] || 88% || Finns ([[Tornedalians]]) || foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns ([[Sweden-Finns]]), Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks), Danes, Norwegians, [[Russians in Sweden|Russians]], Syrians, Lebanese, Syriacs, [[Greeks in Sweden|Greeks]], [[Turks in Sweden|Turks]], [[Iranians in Sweden|Iranians]], [[Iraqis in Sweden|Iraqis]], [[Pakistanis in Sweden|Pakistanis]], Thais, Koreans, and Chileans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/statistik/BE/BE0101/2006A01/Be0101KomJmfBef_2006.xls|title=SCB.se|website=Scb.se|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406020127/http://www.scb.se/statistik/BE/BE0101/2006A01/Be0101KomJmfBef_2006.xls|archive-date=6 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25785.aspx|title=SCB.se|website=Scb.se|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312010521/http://www.scb.se/Pages/Product____25785.aspx|archive-date=12 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Swiss German people|Swiss Germans]]
|65%<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Statistical information about Switzerland |url=https://www.about.ch/statistics/index.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.about.ch}}</ref>
|[[French people|French]] 18%, [[Italians]] 10%<ref name=":0" />
|[[Romansh people|Romansh]] people in [[Grisons]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[demographics of Turkey|Turkey]]{{efn|name=transcontinental}}||[[Turkish people|Turks]]{{efn|name=Non-European|Non-European ethnic group}}|| 75% || [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] 18% || Other 7%: [[Albanians in Turkey|Albanians]], [[Syrians]], [[Armenians in Turkey|Armenians]] (including [[Hemshin peoples|Hemshin]]), [[Assyrians in Turkey|Assyrians]], [[Azerbaijanis in Turkey|Azerbaijanis]], [[Bosniaks in Turkey|Bosniaks]], [[Bulgarians in Turkey|Bulgarians]] (including [[Pomaks in Turkey|Pomaks]]), [[Chechens in Turkey|Chechens]], [[Circassians in Turkey|Circassians]], [[Crimean Tatars in Turkey|Crimean Tatars]], [[Georgians in Turkey|Georgians]] (including [[Laz people in Turkey|Laz]]), [[Greeks in Turkey|Greeks]], [[Romani people in Turkey|Romani]], [[Ossetians in Turkey|Ossetians]] and [[Zazas|Zaza]].
|-
|{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[demographics of Ukraine|Ukraine]] || [[Ukrainians]] || 77.8%|| [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]] 17.3% || Belarusians 0.6%, [[Moldovans in Ukraine|Moldovans]]{{efn|name=fn1}} 0.5%, [[Crimean Tatars]] 0.5%, [[Bulgarians in Ukraine|Bulgarians]] 0.4%, [[Hungarians in Ukraine|Hungarians]] 0.3%, [[Romanians in Ukraine|Romanians]] 0.3%, [[Poles in Ukraine|Poles]] 0.3%, [[Ukrainian Jew|Jews]] 0.2%, [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]] 0.1%, [[Urums]] 0.1% and other 1.8% (2001 census).
|}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Ethnic groups in Europe}}
{{Wikisource}}
*[[European diaspora]]
*[[Central Asians]]
*[[Demographics of Europe]]
*[[Emigration from Europe]]
**[[European American]]
**[[White Latin American]]
*[[Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
*[[Eurolinguistics]]
*[[Federal Union of European Nationalities]]
*[[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]]
*[[Genetic history of Europe]]
**[[Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe]]
*[[Immigration to Europe]]
**[[Afro-Europeans]]
**[[Turks in Europe]]
*[[Languages of Europe]]
*[[List of ethnic groups]]
*[[Nomadic peoples of Europe]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
*[[White people]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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==Further reading==
* ''GROWup – Geographical Research On War'', Unified Platform, ETH Zurich, ''[https://growup.ethz.ch/ Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas]''
* Ron Balsdon, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926140009/http://stedwards.edu/business/pdf/PerspectivesV0201_09.pdf The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter]''
* [http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/comparative.cfm Migration Policy Institute – Country and Comparative Data]
* {{Cite NIE |last=Mason |first=Otis Tufton |authorlink=Otis Tufton Mason |wstitle=Europe, Peoples of |year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/theres-no-such-thing-pure-european-or-anyone-else|title=There's no such thing as a 'pure' European—or anyone else|first=Ann|last=Gibbons|date=15 May 2019|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aal1186|url-access=subscription}}
{{Ethnic groups in Europe |state=collapsed}}

{{Europe topic|Ethnic groups in}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
{{Ethnicity}}
{{White people}}
{{Western world}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups by region]]